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Taglish

May 16, 2023

Not to be confused with Tanglish or Tagish language.

Taglish or Englog is code-switching and/or code-mixing in the use of Tagalog and English, the most common languages of the Philippines. The words Taglish and Englog are portmanteaux of the words Tagalog and English. The earliest use of the word Taglish dates back to 1973, while the less common form Tanglish is recorded from 1999.[1]

Taglish is widely used in the Philippines, but is also used by Filipinos in overseas communities. It also has several variants, including coño English, jejenese and swardspeak.

Description

Taglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de facto lingua franca among the urbanized and/or educated middle class. It is largely considered the "normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing" in informal settings. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English.[2][3][4]

According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, there are two contrasting types of code-switching in the Philippines: deficiency-driven and proficiency-driven. Deficiency-driven code-switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar. That is common among younger children, as in the example below given by Bautista:[2][4]

(English is in italic; Tagalog is in boldface.) Mother: Francis, why don't you play the piano for your godmother? Francis: Mommy, I don't want to. It's so hirap eh. ([in Tagalog] "Because it's so difficult.")

Proficiency-driven code-switching, on the other hand, occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily. That is the main type of code-switching in the islands. This example is given by Bautista, taken from an interview with the television journalist Jessica Soho:[4]

Sa GMA ’yung objectivity has become part na of the culture ([in Tagalog] "At GMA, objectivity has already become part of the culture.") I can tell you with a straight face na wala kaming age-agenda ([in Tagalog] "...that we have nothing like an agenda") – you know, make this person look good and that person look bad. It’s really plain and simple journalism. Kung mayroon kang binira, kunin mo ’yung kabilang side ([in Tagalog] "If you attacked somebody, then get the other side") so that both sides are fairly presented.

Proficiency-driven code-switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language (ML) between Tagalog and English, demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages. There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g. Nagse-sweat ako = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (like enclitics, conjunctions, etc.) within long stretches of ML content; and even the inversion of the verb–subject–object word order of Tagalog into the subject-verb-object order of English.[4]

According to Bautista, the reason for this type of code-switching is what she termed "communicative efficiency" in which a speaker can "convey meaning using the most accurate, expressive, or succinct lexical items available to them."[2][4] The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code-switching. They are: "for precision, for transition, for comic effect, for atmosphere, to bridge or create social distance, for snob appeal, and for secrecy."[3]

Characteristics

Taglish was originally a manner of speaking in Metro Manila involving the mixing of Tagalog/Filipino and English together.[5][6][7] However, this practice has spread to other areas where both English and Tagalog/Filipino are spoken, including in areas where Tagalog is not the native language. It is characteristically a form of Tagalog/Filipino that mixes in English words, where Tagalog/Filipino is the substratum and English is the superstratum. Next to code-switching between sentences, clauses, and phrases in "pure" Tagalog and English, Taglish speech also code-mixes especially with sentences that follow the rules of Tagalog grammar with Tagalog syntax and morphology, but that occasionally employs English nouns and verbs in place of their Tagalog counterparts. Examples:

English Tagalog Taglish / Englog
Could you explain it to me? Maaaring ipaunawà mo sa akin. Maaaring i-explain mo sa akin.
Could you shed light on it for me? Pakipaliwanag mo sa akin. Paki-explain mo sa akin.
Have you finished your homework? Natapos mo na ba ang iyong takdáng-aralín? Finished/Natapos na ba 'yung homework mo?
Please call the driver. Pakitawag ang tsuper. Pakitawag ang driver.

English verbs and even some nouns can be employed as Tagalog verb roots. This is done by the addition of one or more prefixes or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the noun or verb, consistent with Tagalog morphology but usually retaining English spelling for the roots.

The English verb drive can be changed to the Tagalog word magda-drive meaning will drive (used in place of the Tagalog word magmamaneho). The English noun Internet can also be changed to the Tagalog word nag-Internet meaning have used the Internet.

Taglish also uses sentences of mixed English or Tagalog words and phrases. The conjunctions used to connect them can come from any of the two. Some examples include:

English Tagalog Taglish / Englog
I will shop at the mall later. Bibilí ako sa pámilihan mámayâ. Magsya-shopping ako sa mall mámayâ.
Have you printed the report? Nailathala/Naiimprenta mo na ba ang ulat? Na-print mo na ba ang report?
Please turn on the aircon. Pakibuksán iyong érkon. Pakibuksan 'yung aircon.
Take the LRT to school. Mag-tren ka papuntáng paaralán/eskuwela. Mag-LRT ka papuntáng school.
I cannot understand the topic of his lecture. Hindi kó maíntindihán ang paksâ ng pagtuturò niya. Hindi kó ma-understand ang topic ng lecture niya.[8]
Could you fax your estimate tomorrow. Pakipadalá na lang ng tantiyá mo sa akin bukas. Paki-fax na lang ng estimate mo sa akin bukas.[8]
Eat now or else, you will not get fat. Kumain ka na ngayon, kundi, hindi ka tátabâ. Eat now or else, hindi ka tátabâ.[9]

Because of its informal nature, experts of English and Tagalog discourage its use.[10][11][12][13]

There are examples of modern books in Taglish: the adventure novel Bullet With A Name (2018) by Kirsten Nimwey,[14] the love novel Aeternum Dream (2018) by Harkin Deximire,[15][16] and more.

Forms

Swardspeak

Swardspeak is a kind of Taglish/Englog LGBT slang used by the LGBT demographic of the Philippines. It is a form of slang that uses words and terms primarily from Philippine English, Tagalog/Filipino, and/or Cebuano and Hiligaynon, and occasionally as well as Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Sanskrit, or other languages. Names of celebrities, fictional characters, and trademarks are also often used.[17][18]

Coño English

Coño English (Tagalog: Konyo) or Colegiala English (Spanish: [koleˈxjala]) is a sociolect of Taglish/Englog that originated from the younger generations of affluent families in Manila.[19] The word coño or Tagalog: konyo, itself came from Spanish: Coño, lit. 'Cunt'. It is a form of Philippine English that mixes Tagalog/Filipino words, where opposite to Taglish, English is the substratum and Tagalog/Filipino is the superstratum.

The most common aspect of Coño English is the building of verbs by using the English word "make" with the root word of a Tagalog verb:

English Tagalog Coño English
Let's skewer the fishballs. Tusukin natin ang mga pishbol. Let's tusok-tusok the fishballs.[8]
Tell me the story of what happened... Ikuwento mo sa akin kung ano ang nangyari... Make kuwento to me what happened...

And adding the English conjunctions "like so" before using a Tagalog adjective to finish the sentence. Examples:

English Tagalog Coño English
He stinks! Ang baho niya! He's like so mabaho!
We were all annoyed with him. Kinaiinisan namin siya. We're like so inis sa kaniya!

Sometimes, Tagalog interjections such as ano, naman, pa, na (or nah), no (or noh), a (or ha), e (or eh), and o (or oh) are placed to add emphasis. However, eh as an interjective in English is found chiefly in Canadian English, although stereotypically, and as a tag question or an expression of apathy or lack of enthusiasm in English varieties within the Western world including Australia and New Zealand. But especially in New Zealand, eh? is used much more than in Canada to elicit a response.[20]

Tagalog: 'No/Noh / A/Ah (contractions from Tagalog: Ano, lit. 'What') are used for questions and are added only to the end of a sentence. Tagalog: Ano, lit. 'What', is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end. It may also be used as an interjection, no?, (equal to the Spanish ¿no? and the German nicht?) and is pronounced as /no/ or /nɔ/, with a pure vowel instead of the English glide, which shows influence from Spanish in Filipino.

"E"/"Eh" (added to answers to questions) and "o"/"oh" (for statements) are used for exclamations and are added to the front only. Tagalog: pa, lit. 'yet' (not yet; not yet done; to continue; still) and Tagalog: na, lit. 'already; now' can be placed in the middle or end. Tagalog: naman (particle used to soften requests or put emphasis) is placed anywhere.

English Tagalog Coño English
I feel so hot already; please fan me now. Naiinitan na ako; paypayan mo naman ako. I'm so init na; please paypay me naman.
You wait here while I fetch my friend, all right? Hintayin mo ako habang sinusundo ko ang kaibigan ko, a? You make hintay here while I make sundo my friend, a?
What, you will still eat that apple after it already fell on the floor? Ano, kakainin mo pa ang mansanas na'yan matapos mahulog na iyan sa sahig? Ano, you will make kain pa that apple after it made hulog na on the sahig?

English adjectives are often replaced with Tagalog verbs. The language also occasionally uses Spanish words or Spanish loanwords from Filipino/Tagalog, like baño/banyo ("bathroom"), tostado ("toasted") and jamón ("ham").

English Tagalog Coño English
They're so competent! Magaling sila! They're so galing!
Where's the bathroom? Nasaan ang palikuran/banyo? Where's the baño?
Keep my ham on the grill. Itago mo lang ang hamon ko sa ihawan. Make tago my jamón on the grill.
I want my ham toasted. Gusto kong tostado ang hamon ko. I want my jamón tostado.

The feminine sound of Coño English makes male speakers sometimes overuse the Tagalog: pare, lit. 'dude; pal; bro; buddy' to make it sound more masculine. Sometimes Tagalog: tsong, lit. 'dude; pal; bro; buddy' is used instead of pare or along with it:

English Tagalog Coño English
Dude, he's so unreliable. Pare, ang labo niya. Pare, he's so malabo, pare.
Dude, he's so unreliable. Tsong, ang labo niya. Tsong, he's so malabo, tsong.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 31. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  2. ^ a b c Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). "Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. 5 (2): 226–233. doi:10.1007/BF03024960. S2CID 145684166.
  3. ^ a b Goulet, Rosalina Morales (1971). "English, Spanish, and Tagalog; a study of grammatical, lexical, and cultural interference". Philippine Journal of Linguistics (Special Monograph Issue № 1).
  4. ^ a b c d e Lesada, Joseph D. (2017). Taglish in Metro Manila: An Analysis of Tagalog-English Code-Switching (PDF) (BA). University of Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  5. ^ . WebProNews. March 7, 2005. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
  6. ^ Virgilio S. Almario. Wikang Taglish, Kamulatang Taglish.
  7. ^ PAGASA VOWS : No more jargon, just plain 'Taglish,' in weather reports. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 23, 2011.
  8. ^ a b c "Taglish is not the enemy". October 30, 2006, 12:00 AM. The Philippine Star.
  9. ^ . Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015.
  10. ^ "Tagalog, English, or Taglish?". Manila Bulletin. March 20, 2005
  11. ^ "Filipino English, not Taglish". Manila Bulletin. September 7, 2004.
  12. ^ "Stop using 'Taglish,' teachers, students told". Manila Bulletin. June 1, 2006.
  13. ^ "Manila Journal; Land of 100 Tongues, but Not a Single Language". The New York Times. Published: December 2, 1987.
  14. ^ Nimwey, Kirsten (April 15, 2018). Bullet With A Name (in Tagalog). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 302. ISBN 9781982011222.
  15. ^ Deximire, Harkin (July 12, 2018). Aeternum Dream (in Tagalog). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 372. ISBN 9781718940918.
  16. ^ "Aeternum Dream (Second Book)". DeviantArt. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  17. ^ . Philippine Online Chronicles. April 30, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  18. ^ . Kritika Kultura, Issue 11. August 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  19. ^ The Routledge concise history of Southeast Asian writing in English. Routledge. 2010. New York City.
  20. ^ MacManus, Joel (June 29, 2019). "Why do New Zealanders say 'eh' so much?". Stuff. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

External links

May 16, 2023
taglish, confused, with, tanglish, tagish, language, englog, code, switching, code, mixing, tagalog, english, most, common, languages, philippines, words, englog, portmanteaux, words, tagalog, english, earliest, word, dates, back, 1973, while, less, common, fo. Not to be confused with Tanglish or Tagish language Taglish or Englog is code switching and or code mixing in the use of Tagalog and English the most common languages of the Philippines The words Taglish and Englog are portmanteaux of the words Tagalog and English The earliest use of the word Taglish dates back to 1973 while the less common form Tanglish is recorded from 1999 1 Taglish is widely used in the Philippines but is also used by Filipinos in overseas communities It also has several variants including cono English jejenese and swardspeak Contents 1 Description 2 Characteristics 3 Forms 3 1 Swardspeak 3 2 Cono English 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditTaglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de facto lingua franca among the urbanized and or educated middle class It is largely considered the normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing in informal settings It is so widespread that a non native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English 2 3 4 According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S Bautista there are two contrasting types of code switching in the Philippines deficiency driven and proficiency driven Deficiency driven code switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar That is common among younger children as in the example below given by Bautista 2 4 English is in italic Tagalog is in boldface Mother Francis why don t you play the piano for your godmother Francis Mommy I don t want to It s so hirap eh in Tagalog Because it s so difficult Proficiency driven code switching on the other hand occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily That is the main type of code switching in the islands This example is given by Bautista taken from an interview with the television journalist Jessica Soho 4 Sa GMA yung objectivity has become part na of the culture in Tagalog At GMA objectivity has already become part of the culture I can tell you with a straight face na wala kaming age agenda in Tagalog that we have nothing like an agenda you know make this person look good and that person look bad It s really plain and simple journalism Kung mayroon kang binira kunin mo yung kabilang side in Tagalog If you attacked somebody then get the other side so that both sides are fairly presented Proficiency driven code switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language ML between Tagalog and English demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages There are also a wide range of strategies involved including the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes suffixes and infixes e g Nagse sweat ako I was sweating switching at the morphological word phrasal or clausal levels and the use of system morphemes like enclitics conjunctions etc within long stretches of ML content and even the inversion of the verb subject object word order of Tagalog into the subject verb object order of English 4 According to Bautista the reason for this type of code switching is what she termed communicative efficiency in which a speaker can convey meaning using the most accurate expressive or succinct lexical items available to them 2 4 The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code switching They are for precision for transition for comic effect for atmosphere to bridge or create social distance for snob appeal and for secrecy 3 Characteristics EditTaglish was originally a manner of speaking in Metro Manila involving the mixing of Tagalog Filipino and English together 5 6 7 However this practice has spread to other areas where both English and Tagalog Filipino are spoken including in areas where Tagalog is not the native language It is characteristically a form of Tagalog Filipino that mixes in English words where Tagalog Filipino is the substratum and English is the superstratum Next to code switching between sentences clauses and phrases in pure Tagalog and English Taglish speech also code mixes especially with sentences that follow the rules of Tagalog grammar with Tagalog syntax and morphology but that occasionally employs English nouns and verbs in place of their Tagalog counterparts Examples English Tagalog Taglish EnglogCould you explain it to me Maaaring ipaunawa mo sa akin Maaaring i explain mo sa akin Could you shed light on it for me Pakipaliwanag mo sa akin Paki explain mo sa akin Have you finished your homework Natapos mo na ba ang iyong takdang aralin Finished Natapos na ba yung homework mo Please call the driver Pakitawag ang tsuper Pakitawag ang driver English verbs and even some nouns can be employed as Tagalog verb roots This is done by the addition of one or more prefixes or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the noun or verb consistent with Tagalog morphology but usually retaining English spelling for the roots The English verb drive can be changed to the Tagalog word magda drive meaning will drive used in place of the Tagalog word magmamaneho The English noun Internet can also be changed to the Tagalog word nag Internet meaning have used the Internet Taglish also uses sentences of mixed English or Tagalog words and phrases The conjunctions used to connect them can come from any of the two Some examples include English Tagalog Taglish EnglogI will shop at the mall later Bibili ako sa pamilihan mamaya Magsya shopping ako sa mall mamaya Have you printed the report Nailathala Naiimprenta mo na ba ang ulat Na print mo na ba ang report Please turn on the aircon Pakibuksan iyong erkon Pakibuksan yung aircon Take the LRT to school Mag tren ka papuntang paaralan eskuwela Mag LRT ka papuntang school I cannot understand the topic of his lecture Hindi ko maintindihan ang paksa ng pagtuturo niya Hindi ko ma understand ang topic ng lecture niya 8 Could you fax your estimate tomorrow Pakipadala na lang ng tantiya mo sa akin bukas Paki fax na lang ng estimate mo sa akin bukas 8 Eat now or else you will not get fat Kumain ka na ngayon kundi hindi ka tataba Eat now or else hindi ka tataba 9 Because of its informal nature experts of English and Tagalog discourage its use 10 11 12 13 There are examples of modern books in Taglish the adventure novel Bullet With A Name 2018 by Kirsten Nimwey 14 the love novel Aeternum Dream 2018 by Harkin Deximire 15 16 and more Forms EditSwardspeak Edit Swardspeak is a kind of Taglish Englog LGBT slang used by the LGBT demographic of the Philippines It is a form of slang that uses words and terms primarily from Philippine English Tagalog Filipino and or Cebuano and Hiligaynon and occasionally as well as Japanese Korean Chinese Sanskrit or other languages Names of celebrities fictional characters and trademarks are also often used 17 18 Cono English Edit Cono English Tagalog Konyo or Colegiala English Spanish koleˈxjala is a sociolect of Taglish Englog that originated from the younger generations of affluent families in Manila 19 The word cono or Tagalog konyo itself came from Spanish Cono lit Cunt It is a form of Philippine English that mixes Tagalog Filipino words where opposite to Taglish English is the substratum and Tagalog Filipino is the superstratum The most common aspect of Cono English is the building of verbs by using the English word make with the root word of a Tagalog verb English Tagalog Cono EnglishLet s skewer the fishballs Tusukin natin ang mga pishbol Let s tusok tusok the fishballs 8 Tell me the story of what happened Ikuwento mo sa akin kung ano ang nangyari Make kuwento to me what happened And adding the English conjunctions like so before using a Tagalog adjective to finish the sentence Examples English Tagalog Cono EnglishHe stinks Ang baho niya He s like so mabaho We were all annoyed with him Kinaiinisan namin siya We re like so inis sa kaniya Sometimes Tagalog interjections such as ano naman pa na or nah no or noh a or ha e or eh and o or oh are placed to add emphasis However eh as an interjective in English is found chiefly in Canadian English although stereotypically and as a tag question or an expression of apathy or lack of enthusiasm in English varieties within the Western world including Australia and New Zealand But especially in New Zealand eh is used much more than in Canada to elicit a response 20 Tagalog No Noh A Ah contractions from Tagalog Ano lit What are used for questions and are added only to the end of a sentence Tagalog Ano lit What is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end It may also be used as an interjection no equal to the Spanish no and the German nicht and is pronounced as no or nɔ with a pure vowel instead of the English glide which shows influence from Spanish in Filipino E Eh added to answers to questions and o oh for statements are used for exclamations and are added to the front only Tagalog pa lit yet not yet not yet done to continue still and Tagalog na lit already now can be placed in the middle or end Tagalog naman particle used to soften requests or put emphasis is placed anywhere English Tagalog Cono EnglishI feel so hot already please fan me now Naiinitan na ako paypayan mo naman ako I m so init na please paypay me naman You wait here while I fetch my friend all right Hintayin mo ako habang sinusundo ko ang kaibigan ko a You make hintay here while I make sundo my friend a What you will still eat that apple after it already fell on the floor Ano kakainin mo pa ang mansanas na yan matapos mahulog na iyan sa sahig Ano you will make kain pa that apple after it made hulog na on the sahig English adjectives are often replaced with Tagalog verbs The language also occasionally uses Spanish words or Spanish loanwords from Filipino Tagalog like bano banyo bathroom tostado toasted and jamon ham English Tagalog Cono EnglishThey re so competent Magaling sila They re so galing Where s the bathroom Nasaan ang palikuran banyo Where s the bano Keep my ham on the grill Itago mo lang ang hamon ko sa ihawan Make tago my jamon on the grill I want my ham toasted Gusto kong tostado ang hamon ko I want my jamon tostado The feminine sound of Cono English makes male speakers sometimes overuse the Tagalog pare lit dude pal bro buddy to make it sound more masculine Sometimes Tagalog tsong lit dude pal bro buddy is used instead of pare or along with it English Tagalog Cono EnglishDude he s so unreliable Pare ang labo niya Pare he s so malabo pare Dude he s so unreliable Tsong ang labo niya Tsong he s so malabo tsong See also EditPseudo anglicism Code switching Bisalog code switching between Visayan and Tagalog Bislish code switching between Visayan and English Hokaglish a mixed language of Philippine Hokkien Tagalog and EnglishReferences Edit Lambert James 2018 A multitude of lishes The nomenclature of hybridity English World wide 39 1 31 DOI 10 1075 eww 38 3 04lam a b c Bautista Maria Lourdes S 2004 Tagalog English Code switching as a Mode of Discourse PDF Asia Pacific Education Review 5 2 226 233 doi 10 1007 BF03024960 S2CID 145684166 a b Goulet Rosalina Morales 1971 English Spanish and Tagalog a study of grammatical lexical and cultural interference Philippine Journal of Linguistics Special Monograph Issue 1 a b c d e Lesada Joseph D 2017 Taglish in Metro Manila An Analysis of Tagalog English Code Switching PDF BA University of Michigan Retrieved October 31 2021 The Globalization of English WebProNews March 7 2005 Archived from the original on December 30 2007 Retrieved January 1 2008 Virgilio S Almario Wikang Taglish Kamulatang Taglish PAGASA VOWS No more jargon just plain Taglish in weather reports The Philippine Daily Inquirer March 23 2011 a b c Taglish is not the enemy October 30 2006 12 00 AM The Philippine Star Experts discourage use of Taglish Philippine Daily Inquirer November 4 2009 Archived from the original on February 11 2015 Tagalog English or Taglish Manila Bulletin March 20 2005 Filipino English not Taglish Manila Bulletin September 7 2004 Stop using Taglish teachers students told Manila Bulletin June 1 2006 Manila Journal Land of 100 Tongues but Not a Single Language The New York Times Published December 2 1987 Nimwey Kirsten April 15 2018 Bullet With A Name in Tagalog CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform p 302 ISBN 9781982011222 Deximire Harkin July 12 2018 Aeternum Dream in Tagalog CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform p 372 ISBN 9781718940918 Aeternum Dream Second Book DeviantArt Retrieved November 14 2018 Gayspeak Not for gays only Philippine Online Chronicles April 30 2010 Archived from the original on December 1 2010 Retrieved December 23 2010 GAY LANGUAGE DEFYING THE STRUCTURAL LIMITS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Kritika Kultura Issue 11 August 2008 Archived from the original on March 24 2009 Retrieved December 25 2010 The Routledge concise history of Southeast Asian writing in English Routledge 2010 New York City MacManus Joel June 29 2019 Why do New Zealanders say eh so much Stuff Retrieved July 8 2021 External links EditWikang Taglish Kamulatang Taglish article by Virgilio S Almario Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Taglish amp oldid 1152610014, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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