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Tristan da Cunha

January 23, 2024

This article is about the South Atlantic island group. For the Portuguese explorer, see Tristão da Cunha.

Tristan da Cunha (/ˌtrɪstən də ˈkuːn(j)ə/), colloquially Tristan, is a remote group of volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying approximately 2,787 kilometres (1,732 mi) from Cape Town in South Africa, 2,437 kilometres (1,514 mi) from Saint Helena, 3,949 kilometres (2,454 mi) from Mar del Plata[6] in Argentina, South America and 4,002 kilometres (2,487 mi) from the Falkland Islands.[7][8]

Tristan da Cunha
Constituent part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Flag

Coat of arms
Motto: 
"Our faith is our strength"
Anthem: "God Save the King"
Territorial song: "The Cutty Wren"
Map of Tristan da Cunha
Location of Tristan da Cunha archipelago (circled in red) in the southern Atlantic Ocean
Sovereign state United Kingdom
First settlement1810
Dependency of Cape Colony14 August 1816[1]
Dependency of Saint Helena12 January 1938
Current constitution1 September 2009
Capital
and largest settlement
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
37°4′S 12°19′W / 37.067°S 12.317°W / -37.067; -12.317
Official languagesEnglish
Demonym(s)Tristanian
GovernmentDevolved locally governing dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Nigel Phillips
Philip Kendall [2]
James Glass[3]
LegislatureIsland Council
Government of the United Kingdom
• Minister
Vacant
Area
• Total
207 km2 (80 sq mi)
• Main island
98 km2 (38 sq mi)
Highest elevation
2,062 m (6,765 ft)
Population
• 2023 estimate
238[4]
• 2016 census
293[5]
• Density
1.4/km2 (3.6/sq mi)
CurrencyPound sterling (£) (GBP)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideleft
Calling code+44 20 (assigned +290)
UK postcode
TDCU 1ZZ
ISO 3166 codeSH-TA
Internet TLD

The territory consists of the inhabited island, Tristan da Cunha, which has a diameter of roughly 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) and an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi); the wildlife reserves of Gough Island and Inaccessible Island; and the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands. As of October 2018, the main island has 250 permanent inhabitants, who all carry British Overseas Territories citizenship.[9] The other islands are uninhabited, except for the South African personnel of a weather station on Gough Island.

Tristan da Cunha is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, with its own constitution.[10] There is no airstrip on the main island; the only way of travelling in and out of Tristan is by ship, a six-day trip from South Africa.[11]

History edit

Main article: History of Tristan da Cunha

Discovery edit

 
Portuguese explorer and conquistador Tristão da Cunha is both the namesake of Tristan da Cunha and the first person to sight the island, in 1506.

The uninhabited islands were first recorded as sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha, though rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha. It was later anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water.[12]

The first undisputed landing was made on 7 February 1643 by the crew of the Dutch East India Company ship Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot. The Dutch stopped at the island four more times in the next 25 years, and in 1656 created the first rough charts of the archipelago.[13]

The first full survey of the archipelago was made by the crew of the French corvette Heure du Berger in 1767. The first scientific exploration was conducted by French naturalist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, who stayed on the island for three days in January 1793, during a French mercantile expedition from Brest, France to Mauritius. Thouars made botanical collections and reported traces of human habitation, including fireplaces and overgrown gardens, probably left by Dutch explorers in the 17th century.[13]

On his voyage out from Europe to East Africa and India in command of the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste and Antwerp ship, Joseph et Therese, William Bolts sighted Tristan da Cunha, put a landing party ashore on 2 February 1777 and hoisted the Imperial flag, naming it and its neighbouring islets the Isles de Brabant.[14][15] However, no settlement or facilities were ever set up there by the company.[citation needed]

After the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War halted penal transportation to the Thirteen Colonies, British prisons started to overcrowd. As several stopgap measures proved to be ineffective, the British Government announced in December 1785 that it would proceed with the settlement of New South Wales. In September 1786 Alexander Dalrymple, presumably goaded by Bolts's actions, published a pamphlet[16] with an alternative proposal of his own for settlements on Tristan da Cunha, St. Paul and Amsterdam islands in the Southern Ocean.[citation needed]

Captain John Blankett, R.N., also suggested independently to his superiors in August 1786 that convicts be used to establish a British settlement on Tristan.[18] In consequence, the Admiralty received orders from the government in October 1789 to examine the island as part of a general survey of the South Atlantic and the coasts of southern Africa.[19] That did not happen, but an investigation of Tristan, Amsterdam and St. Paul was undertaken in December 1792 and January 1793 by George Macartney, Britain's first ambassador to China. During his voyage to China, he established that none of the islands were suitable for settlement.[20]

19th century edit

The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert of Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who moved to the island in December 1810 with two other men, to be joined later by a fourth.[21] Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. Three of the four men died in 1812 and Thomas Currie (Tommaso Corri, from Livorno, Italy), one of the original three, remained as a farmer on the island.[22]

On 14 August 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands by sending a garrison to secure possession, and making them a dependency of the Cape Colony in South Africa. This was explained as a measure to prevent the islands' use as a base for any attempt to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena.[23] The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base for naval cruisers, as it had during the War of 1812.[21] The garrison left the islands in November 1817, although some members of the garrison, notably William Glass, stayed and formed the nucleus of a permanent population.[24]

On the fifteenth of July, the snow-clad mountains of Tristan da Cunha appeared, lighted by a brilliant morning-sun, and towering to a height estimated at between nine and ten thousand feet."[23]

Edmund Roberts, Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat, 1837

The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines, and a civilian population gradually grew. Berwick stopped there on 25 March 1824 and reported that it had a population of twenty-two men and three women. The barque South Australia stayed there on 18–20 February 1836 when a certain Glass was Governor, as reported in a chapter on the island by W. H. Leigh.[25]

Whalers set up bases on the islands for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual transition from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, which were no longer needed as a stopping port for lengthy sail voyages, or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.[21] A parson arrived in February 1851, the Bishop of Cape Town visited in March 1856 and the island was included within the diocese of Cape Town.[26]: 63–50 

In 1836, the schooner Emily ran aground with the Dutch fisherman Pieter Groen from Katwijk. He stayed, married there, changed his name to Peter Green and in 1865 became spokesman/governor of the community. In 1856, there were already 97 people living there.[citation needed]

In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The only settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit.[a] On 15 October 1873, the Royal Navy scientific survey vessel HMS Challenger docked at Tristan to conduct geographic and zoological surveys on Tristan, Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands.[28] In his log, Captain George Nares recorded a total of fifteen families and eighty-six individuals living on the island.[29] Tristan became a dependency of the British Crown in October 1875.[30]

Victims of the 1885 Lifeboat disaster:

  • Joe Beetham
  • Thomas & Cornelius Cotton
  • Thomas Glass
  • John, William & Alfred Green
  • Jacob, William & Jeremiah Green
  • Albert, James & William Hagan
  • Samuel & Thomas Swain

On 27 November 1885, the island suffered one of its worst tragedies after an iron barque named West Riding approached the island, whilst en route to Sydney, Australia from Bristol.[31] Due to the loss of regular trading opportunities, almost all of the island's able-bodied men approached the ship in a lifeboat attempting to trade with the passing vessel. The boat, recently donated by the British government, sailed despite rough waters and, although the lifeboat was spotted sailing alongside the ship for some time, it never returned. Various reports were given following the event, with rumours ranging from the men drowning,[32] to reports of them being taken to Australia and sold as slaves.[33] In total, 15 men were lost, leaving behind an island of widows. A plaque at St. Mary's Church commemorates the lost men.[34]

20th century edit

 
Augustus Earle, (Self Portrait) Solitude, Tristan da Cunha, 1824

Hard winter of 1906 edit

After years of hardship since the 1880s and an especially difficult winter in 1906, the British government offered to evacuate the island in 1907. The Tristanians held a meeting and decided to refuse, despite the government's warning that it could not promise further help in the future.[12]

Occasional pre-war visits edit

No ships called at the islands from 1909 until 1919, when HMS Yarmouth stopped to inform the islanders of the outcome of World War I.[35]

The Shackleton–Rowett Expedition stopped in Tristan for five days in May 1922, collecting geological and botanical samples before returning to Cape Town.[36] Among the few ships that visited in the coming years were the RMS Asturias, a Royal Mail Steam Packet Company passenger liner, in 1927, and the ocean liners RMS Empress of France in 1928,[37] RMS Duchess of Atholl in 1929,[38] and RMS Empress of Australia in 1935.[39][40]

In 1936, The Daily Telegraph of London reported that the population of the island was 167 people, with 185 cattle and 42 horses.[41][self-published source]

From December 1937 to March 1938, a Norwegian party made a dedicated scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha, and sociologist Peter A. Munch extensively documented island culture; he visited the island again in 1964–1965.[42] The island was also visited in 1938 by W. Robert Foran, reporting for the National Geographic Society.[43] His account was published that same year.[44]

On 12 January 1938 by letters patent, Britain declared the islands a dependency of Saint Helena, creating the British Crown Colony of Saint Helena and Dependencies, which also included Ascension Island.[45]

 
Gough and Inaccessible Islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

WW II military development edit

During the Second World War, Tristan was commissioned by the Royal Navy as the so-called "stone frigate" HMS Atlantic Isle and used as a secret signals intelligence station, to monitor German U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping in the South Atlantic Ocean. The weather and radio stations led to extensive new infrastructure being built on the island, including a school, a hospital, and a cash-based general store.[citation needed]

The first colonial official sent to rule the island was Sir Hugh Elliott in the rank of Administrator (because the settlement was too small to merit a Governor) 1950–1953. Development continued as the island's first canning factory expanded paid employment in 1949.[46]

Rare post-war ship visits edit

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen's consort, visited the islands in 1957 as part of a world tour on board the royal yacht HMY Britannia.[47]

On 2 January 1954, Tristan da Cunha was visited by the Dutch ship Willem Ruys, a passenger-cargo liner,[48] carrying science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, his wife Ginny and other passengers. The Ruys was travelling from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Cape Town, South Africa. The visit is described in Heinlein's book "Tramp Royale". The captain told Heinlein the island was the most isolated inhabited spot on Earth and ships rarely visited. Heinlein mailed a letter there to L. Ron Hubbard, a friend who also liked to travel, "for the curiosity value of the postmark". Biographer William H. Patterson, Jr. in his two volume "Robert A. Heinlein In Dialogue with his Century," wrote that lack of "cultural context" made it "nearly impossible to converse" with the islanders, "a stark contrast with the way they had managed to chat with strangers" while travelling in South America. Members of the crew bought penguins during their brief visit to the island.[citation needed]

1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak edit

On 10 October 1961, the eruption of a parasitic cone of Queen Mary's Peak, very close to Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, forced evacuation of all 264 people.[49][50] The evacuees took to the water in open boats, taken by the local lobster-fishing boats Tristania and Frances Repetto to uninhabited Nightingale Island.[51]

The next day, they were picked up by the diverted Dutch passenger ship Tjisadane that took them to Cape Town.[51] The islanders later arrived in the U.K. aboard the liner M.V. Stirling Castle to a big press reception and, after a short period at Pendell Army Camp in Merstham, Surrey, were settled in an old Royal Air Force camp near Calshot, Hampshire.[50][52]

The following year, a Royal Society expedition reported that Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had survived. Most families returned in 1963.[53]

Gough and Inaccessible Islands wildlife reserves edit

 
Cleaning oil off penguins after the spillage from the MS Oliva, Tristan da Cunha

Gough Island was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 as Gough Island Wildlife Reserve.[54] This was further extended in 2004 as Gough and Inaccessible Islands, with its marine zone extended from 3 to 12 nautical miles.

These islands have been Ramsar sites – wetlands of international importance – since 20 November 2008.[55][56]

21st century edit

 
Tristan da Cunha in 2012

On 23 May 2001, the islands were hit by an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged, and numerous cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid provided by the British government.[57] In 2005, the islands were given a United Kingdom post code (TDCU 1ZZ), to make it easier for the residents to order goods online.[58]

On 13 February 2008, a fire destroyed the island's four power generators and fish canning factory, severely disrupting the economy. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and power restored, and a new factory opened in July 2009. While the replacement factory was built, M/V Kelso came to the island as a factory ship.[59][60] The St. Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 reorganized Tristan da Cunha as a constituent of the new British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, giving Tristan and Ascension equal status with Saint Helena.[10]

On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean. The resulting oil slick threatened the island's population of rockhopper penguins.[61] Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.[62]

On 13 November 2020 it was announced that the 687,247 square kilometres (265,348 sq mi) of the waters surrounding the islands will become a Marine Protection Zone. The move will make the zone the largest no-take zone in the Atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet. The move follows 20 years of conservation work by the RSPB and the island government and five years of the UK government's Blue Belt programme support.[63][64]

A total solar eclipse will pass over the island on 5 December 2048. The island is calculated to be on the centre line of the umbra's path for nearly three and a half minutes of totality.[65]

 
Edinburgh of The Seven Seas, the only settlement on the island. The parasitic cone from the 1961 eruption can be seen in the foreground, centre left.

Geography edit

Main article: Geography of Tristan da Cunha
 
Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha

Tristan da Cunha is thought to have been formed by a long-lived centre of upwelling mantle called the Tristan hotspot. Tristan da Cunha is the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, which consists of the following islands:[citation needed]

Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are 35 kilometres (22 mi) SW by W and SSW away from the main island, respectively, whereas Gough Island is 350 kilometres (217 mi) SSE.[68]

 
Tristan da Cunha on 6 February 2012, as seen from the International Space Station

The main island is generally mountainous. The only flat area is on the north-west coast, which is the location of the only settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, and the agricultural area of Potato Patches. The highest point is the summit of a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak at an elevation of 2,062 metres (6,765 ft), high enough to develop snow cover in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for a weather station with a staff of six on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 and has been at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast since 1963.[69][70]

 
View of Tristan da Cunha

Climate edit

The archipelago has a Cfb, wet oceanic climate, under the Köppen system, with mild temperatures and very limited sunshine but consistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall due to the persistent westerly winds.[71] Under the Trewartha classification, Tristan da Cunha has a humid subtropical climate due to the lack of cold weather. The number of rainy days is comparable to the Aleutian Islands at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, while sunshine hours are comparable to Juneau, Alaska, 20° farther from the equator. Frost is unknown below elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft), and summer temperatures are similarly mild, never reaching 25 °C (77 °F). Sandy Point on the east coast is reputed to be the warmest and driest place on the island, being in the lee of the prevailing winds.[72]

Climate data for Tristan da Cunha
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.3
(63.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.8
(58.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		12.4
(54.3)
Record low °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.6
(40.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 93
(3.7) 		113
(4.4) 		121
(4.8) 		129
(5.1) 		155
(6.1) 		160
(6.3) 		160
(6.3) 		175
(6.9) 		169
(6.7) 		151
(5.9) 		128
(5.0) 		127
(5.0) 		1,681
(66.2)
Average rainy days 18 17 17 20 23 23 25 26 24 22 18 19 252
Average relative humidity (%) 79 77 75 78 78 79 79 79 78 79 79 80 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 139.5 144.0 145.7 129.0 108.5 99.0 105.4 105.4 120.0 133.3 138.0 130.2 1,498
Percent possible sunshine 31 35 38 38 35 34 34 32 33 33 32 29 34
Source 1: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System[73]
Source 2: Climate and Temperature[74][75]

Geology edit

Tristan, and its neighbouring islands, lies about 400 km east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The volcanic activity is unrelated to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; rather, it is due to a hotspot. [76] The steep central cone (The Peak) predominantly is composed of pyroclastic deposits erupted from the central vent. The Base and Main Cliffs are composed mainly of thin basaltic lava flows, commonly separated by thin pyroclastic layers. There are over 30 cinder cones on the flanks of the main volcano, many of which have produced small lava flows. The October 1961 eruption was preceded by earthquake swarms and rock falls from the Main Cliffs, then lava was erupted on the plain immediately east of the settlement. The growing lava mound breached and lava flows were erupted toward the coast. As the eruption waned, an elongate lava dome grew and sealed the vent. Inaccessible Island, 35 km southwest of Tristan, is the relic of an older volcanic cone. Most of the island is composed of basaltic lava flows, but the southwestern part of Inaccessible has numerous trachyte domes and flows. Nightingale Island, and nearby Middle and Stoltenhoff Islands, are 34 km south-southwest of Tristan. Nightingale mostly is composed of trachyte domes and flows, with some pyroclastic deposits. Middle Island is entirely composed of pyroclastic deposits (intruded by dykes), whereas Stoltenhoff Island is entirely composed of trachyte.

Volcanoes edit

Tristan da Cunha has two volcanoes: Queen Mary's Peak and Edinburgh Peak. Queen Mary's Peak (37°05′31″S 12°16′48″W / 37.092°S 12.28°W / -37.092; -12.28 (Queen Mary's Peak)) has a height of 2,062 m (6,765 ft 1 in) and remains active, with its last eruption reported to have occurred in 1961. Edinburgh Peak (40°18′7″S 9°57′47″W / 40.30194°S 9.96306°W / -40.30194; -9.96306 (Edinburgh Peak)) has a height of 902 m (2,959 ft 4 in) and is classified as extinct.[77][78]

Geochemistry and tectonic significance edit

The volcanic rocks range from ankaramitic basanite through tephrite to phonolite [79] and some have ultra-potassic compositions, which is unusual for rocks that erupted close to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They exemplify the EM1 pole in compilations of isotopic compositions of mantle-derived rocks.[80] The unusual composition is explained by the presence of enriched material in the plume source, either recycled sediments or metasomatized lithosphere.[80] The origin of the islands is commonly attributed to partial melting in a mantle plume.[80] The islands are located at the western end of the Walvis Ridge, which links the islands to the Etendeka large igneous province. This association has been cited as an example of plume head and tail hypothesis,[81] but the geochemical characteristics of Tristan lavas differ from those of the Etendeka province, which suggests that the plume was heterogeneous.

Flora and fauna edit

 
Subantarctic fur seals at Gough and Inaccessible Islands
 
French nobleman and botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, commemorated in the nomenclature of a variety of plants (e.g. Carex thouarsii) native to Tristan da Cunha.
See also: Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Many of the flora and fauna of the archipelago have a broad circumpolar distribution in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. For example, the plant species Nertera granadensis was first collected in Tristan da Cunha,[82] but has since been recorded as far away as New Zealand.[83]

Invasive species edit

The islands of Tristan da Cunha have a high significance of global biodiversity: two of them, Gough and Inaccessible, form a UNESCO natural World Heritage Site. This designation is largely due to the seabird population found there. The biodiversity of the island is vulnerable to introduction of invasive species. Due to Tristan da Cunha's isolated archipelago ecology, and increase of tourism with cruise ships and research vessels, invasive species are a particular concern for Tristan da Cunha.[84] The islands' vegetation and mammal species are not equipped to defend against or control introduced species, increasing island vulnerability, due to lack of defensive behavioural mechanisms and slow generational output rates. Efforts to decrease and eradicate invasive flora, fauna, and marine species have been undertaken, including a programme aimed at eradicating predatory invasive mice on Gough Island.[85] The following described invasive species have been known to have harmful effects on the islands' vegetation and native species.[citation needed]

Invasive house mice on these islands have adapted to be 50% larger than average house mice. They are thought to have been accidentally introduced by 19th-century seal hunters who would dock on the islands.[86] These mice have adapted by consuming sea bird eggs and chicks (as they nest on the ground). Gathering at night in groups of 9 or 10, the mice gather at the bird's nest to feast. With no natural predators, the invasive mice population is able to expand by producing new generations twice a year.[citation needed]

In order to prevent the growth of the invasive mice population and extinction of the Albatross bird species, a 2019 Gough Island mouse eradication project was announced (Grundy, 2018). The RSPB and Tristan da Cunha Government have partnered to spread cereal pellets with rodenticide bait across Gough Island, in hopes to eradicate the invasive mice population.[87] The goal of this operation is to restore Tristan da Cunha back to its natural state, ensuring it will still be one of the world's most important seabird nesting sites.[87]

Flora edit

Native plants edit

 
Phylica arborea, the only tree species native (though not endemic) to Tristan da Cunha.
 
A stand of Tristan's endemic tree fern, Lomariocycas palmiformis, the fernbush.
 
Sophora macnabiana (Fabaceae): coloured plate depicting the shrub in flower from Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
 
Pelargonium cucullatum an attractive species native to both Tristan da Cunha and South Africa.

A combination of the list on Kew's Plants of the World Online site with information from a paper by Wace and Holdgate[88] yields the following list (by no means exhaustive) of plant species recorded as native to Tristan da Cunha.

Eudicots

Commelinids

Ferns, mosses and clubmosses

Introduced plants edit

 
Sonchus asper a common introduced weed on Tristan.
 
Fumaria muralis.
 
Veronica agrestis.

Tristan da Cunha acquired an estimated 137 non-native vascular plants that can be categorized into four species types; weeds (trees, shrubs, agricultural weeds), grassland species (grasses), garden escapes (vegetables), and other ruderal species.[90] Vascular plants were accidentally introduced in a variety of ways including; impurities in flower or vegetable seeds, seeds or plant fragments from other imported plants and in soil, attached to containers, cars or people.[90] The majority of invasive weed species that has been introduced to the island are spread by seed and cover 50% of arable land in widely distributed patches.[90] These species include prickly sow-thistle (Sonchus asper), smooth sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), smooth hawksbeard (Crepis capillaris), scrambling fumitory (Fumaria muralis), green field speedwell (Veronica agrestis), groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), and nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus).[90] Other invasive weed species that have a more localized distribution in plots include prickly sow-thistle (Sonchus asper), smooth sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), smooth hawksbeard (Crepis capillaris), and groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).[90] Whether a species is distributed locally or widely depends on the seed's dispersal mechanisms; larger seeds that have not adapted to wind dispersal will be distributed locally, while smaller seeds have adapted to wind dispersal will be widely distributed.[90]

The invasive plants have had several negative impacts on native island plant species, including the competitive exclusion of many such species.[90] The out-competition will and can alter the structure of plant communities and the quality of the islands' soil. Introduced vegetation has altered long-term carbon storage as well as the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere.[90] Native plants such as fern bushes, Phylica bushes, fern brakes, mires, and bogs, contain high organic content matter which functions as storage for carbon.[90] With the introduction of harmful species, the islands will see a decrease in carbon storage of both the soil and vegetation. With multiple changes occurring within the soil due to invasive plant species, the nutrient cycle is bound to be negatively influenced. Invasive plants are also affecting the human population of Tristan da Cunha by being disease carriers and becoming agricultural pests in gardens and pastures.[90]

The alien plants are able to survive and continue to grow and spread successfully on the islands because they have the ability to naturalize in temperate regions and have limited necessities needed to survive.[90] The islands' isolation increases archipelago ecology uniqueness which increases susceptibility for foreign invaders.[84] A small human population with minimal development encourages flora and fauna development within a limited food web which increases the invasive species abilities for self-defense.[84]

Plants are being controlled by taking surveys of the invasive species, evaluating their impact on biodiversity, and evaluating the feasibility of their eradication.[86] It would be nearly impossible to try and eradicate all invasive plant species so scientists are narrowing down to control particular species based on their impact and feasibility to eradicate. Mitigation plans that are taking place on Tristan are time-consuming and labor-intensive that will take several years using mechanical and chemical procedures.[84]

Fauna edit

Land edit

 
Tristan thrush Turdus eremita (formerly Nesocichla eremita).

Tristan is primarily known for its wildlife. The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because there are 13 known species of breeding seabirds on the island and two species of resident land birds. The seabirds include northern rockhopper penguins, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses, sooty albatrosses, Atlantic petrels, great-winged petrels, soft-plumaged petrels, broad-billed prions, grey petrels, great shearwaters, sooty shearwaters, Tristan skuas, Antarctic terns and brown noddies.[91] Tristan and Gough Islands are the only known breeding sites in the world for the Atlantic petrel. Inaccessible Island is also the only known breeding ground of the spectacled petrel.[92] The Tristan albatross is known to breed only on Gough and Inaccessible Islands: all nest on Gough, except for one or two pairs which nest on Inaccessible Island.[93]

The endemic Tristan thrush, also known as the "starchy", occurs on all of the northern islands and each has its own subspecies, with Tristan birds being slightly smaller and duller than those on Nightingale and Inaccessible. The endemic Inaccessible Island rail, the smallest extant flightless bird in the world, is found only on Inaccessible Island. In 1956, eight Gough moorhens were released at Sandy Point on Tristan and have subsequently colonised the island.[94]

Marine edit

 
1954 Tristan da Cunha stamp depicting "elephant seal at Gough Island"
 
Tristan da Cunha 1960 Marine Life stamps

The largest no take zone in the Atlantic, and at 687,247 square kilometres (265,348 sq mi), the fourth largest in the world, was designated on 13 November 2020. The Marine Protected Area bans mining and fishing (except the local lobster fishery), with enforcement the responsibility of the UK government via satellite surveillance. According to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), the islands and surrounding ocean is one of the most pristine temperate ecosystems on the planet.[95][96]

Various species of whales and dolphins can be seen around Tristan from time to time with increasing sighting rates, although recovery of baleen whales, especially the southern right whale, were severely hindered by illegal whaling by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the 1960 volcanic eruption.[97] The subantarctic fur seal (Arctophoca tropicalis) can also be found in the Tristan archipelago, mostly on Gough Island.[98]

The biodiversity of marine life is limited given the islands' isolation, making identifying the impacts of invasion difficult. While much of the marine life is unknown there has been an invasive species identified in the waters around the islands. This species is the South American silver porgy (Diplodus argenteus argenteus) which is thought to have sought refuge in the area due to the wreck of an oil platform off the coast of Tristan in 2006. The silver porgy is omnivorous but is not linked to the consumption of the valued lobster populations that the islanders fish.[99] The silver porgy is however suspected to be consuming components of the islands’ fragile kelp forest. The giant kelp forests of Macrocystis pyrifera were extremely limited in biodiversity and has a simple, short-chain food web. While this species is considered non-native and invasive, removal efforts are currently not prioritized. Continued monitoring is suggested and expedition research for all invasive marine species are ongoing.[99]

Economy edit

The island has a unique social and economic structure in which all resident families farm and all land is communally owned. Outsiders are prohibited from buying land or settling on Tristan. Besides subsistence agriculture, major industries are commercial fishing and government. Major export industries are the Tristan rock lobster (Jasus) fishery, the sale of the island's postage stamps and coins, and limited tourism.[100] Like most British Overseas Territories, it was never a part of the European Union but was a member of the EU's Overseas Countries and Territories Association.[101]

The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. This bank does not have a physical presence on Tristan da Cunha, but residents of Tristan are entitled to its services.[102] Although Tristan da Cunha is part of the same overseas territory as Saint Helena, it does not use the local Saint Helena pound; sterling is used directly instead.[103]

The island is located in the South Atlantic Anomaly, an area of the Earth with an abnormally weak magnetic field. On 14 November 2008 a geomagnetic observatory was inaugurated on the island as part of a joint venture between the Danish Meteorological Institute and DTU Space.[104]

Transport edit

 
Map of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

The remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult. Tristan da Cunha has no airstrip and is not generally accessible to air travel, though the wider territory is served by Saint Helena Airport[105][106] and RAF Ascension Island.[107] Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times per year.[citation needed]

The RMS St Helena used to connect the main island to St Helena and South Africa once each year during its January voyage but has done so only a few times in the last years, in 2006, in 2011,[7] and most recently in 2018.[108] In the same year the RMS St Helena was withdrawn from service. Three ships regularly service Tristan da Cunha, with typically fewer than a dozen visits a year. Other vessels may occasionally visit the island. The harbour at Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is called Calshot Harbour, named after the place in Hampshire, England where the islanders temporarily stayed during the volcanic eruption.[109]

Tourism edit

Unlike Saint Helena with its airport, hotels and restaurants, due to its remoteness Tristan da Cunha has a very small tourism industry. As the island can only be reached from Cape Town in rough seas on vessels with limited vacancies, a trip must be planned months in advance, and only after a visit request is approved by the Island Council.[citation needed]

Occasional boats or cruises may include a short visit to the island in their itinerary; but as there is no deep harbour, setting ashore is highly dependent on the maritime conditions. With all these limitations and in spite of the spectacular natural landscapes, visiting the territory is an attractive challenge for more adventurous travellers who can afford the time and money to get there. All visitors staying on Tristan must have a confirmed and fully paid return ticket, health insurance to include cover in case of medical evacuation to Cape Town, and sufficient funds to cover their entire stay. There are no hotels on the island. A visitor can rent a guest house (catered or self-catering) or stay in a private home on a full-board basis. There is a Tourism Post Office that sells souvenirs that might take months to arrive if ordered online.[citation needed]

Communications edit

Telecommunication edit

The ITU has assigned telephone country code +290 for Tristan da Cunha;[110] however, residents have access to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Telecommunications Network, provided by Global Crossing.[111] This service uses a London 020 numbering range, meaning that numbers are accessed via the UK telephone numbering plan.[112] Satellite-delivered internet access arrived in Tristan da Cunha in 1998, but its high cost initially made it almost unaffordable for the local population, who primarily used it only to send email.[113] The connection was also extremely unreliable, connecting through a 64 kbit/s satellite phone connection provided by Inmarsat.[citation needed]

Since 2006, a very-small-aperture terminal has provided bandwidth for government purposes that is also made available via an internet café and (after office hours) via Wi-Fi to island homes.[114] As of 2016, there is not yet any mobile telephone coverage on the islands.[115]

The Government and Tristan da Cunha Association[116] jointly run the island official website[117] with all practical information, news and facts about the island. While the site is updated from mainland UK,[118] due to slow internet the photos taken and uploaded from Tristan da Cunha are all in low resolution, which allows online navigation in the territory with acceptable speed.[citation needed]

Amateur radio edit

Amateur radio operator groups sometimes conduct DX-peditions on the island. One group operated as station ZD9ZS in September–October 2014.[119][120][121] Nigel (G3TXF) was part of this DX-pedition.[citation needed]

Government edit

There are no political parties or trade unions on Tristan. Executive authority is vested in the King, who is represented in the territory by the Governor of Tristan da Cunha. Prior to 2009 Tristan de Cunha was a dependency of Saint Helena and therefore directly represented by the Governor of Saint Helena. The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 made Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha equal constituent parts of the territory with their own governments and established the position of Governor of Tristan da Cunha.[122] Per Section 208 of the Constitution Order the person appointed as Governor of Saint Helena is ex officio Governor of Tristan da Cunha. However, as Tristan da Cunha is 1,350 miles (2,170 km) away from Saint Helena, an Administrator of Tristan da Cunha is appointed to act as the Governor's representative on the Island. This arrangement predates the current constitutional structure, and the first Administrator was appointed in the 1940s. Previously the Administrator also acted as the local magistrate, but the appointment is to be transferred to a non-member of the executive or legislative branches of government. The Administrator is a career civil servant in the Foreign Office, selected by London, who acts as the local head of government and takes advice from the Tristan da Cunha Island Council. Since 1998, each Administrator has usually served a three-year term (which begins in September, upon arrival of the supply ship from Cape Town). Fiona Kilpatrick and Stephen Townsend were exceptions to this rule, having taken up their job-share office in January 2020.[123]

The Administrator and Island Council work from the Government Building, which is the only two-storey building on the island. The building is sometimes referred to as "Whitehall" or the "H'admin Building" and contains the Administrator's Office, Treasury Department, Administration Offices, and the Council Chamber where Island Council meetings are held. Policing is undertaken by one full-time police inspector and three special constables. Tristan da Cunha has some legislation of its own, but the law of Saint Helena applies generally to the extent that it is not inconsistent with local law, insofar as it is suitable for local circumstances and subject to such modifications as local circumstances make necessary.[124]

Chief Islander edit

The Island Council is made up of eight elected and three appointed members, who serve a three-year term which begins in February or March. A separate but simultaneous vote is held to select the Chief Islander, who is the community's political leader. James Glass was re-elected to the position in March 2022 to a record-breaking fifth term in the role.[125]

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1856 71[126]—    
1880 109[127]+1.80%
1892 50[128]−6.29%
1897 64[127]+5.06%
1901 74[127]+3.70%
1909 95[127]+3.17%
1934 167[129]+2.28%
1961 268[126]+1.77%
1969 271[130]+0.14%
1987 296[126][131]+0.49%
1999 286[132][133]−0.29%
2000 280[132]−2.10%
2008 269[131]−0.50%
2016 293[131][5]+1.07%
2018 250[9]−7.63%

Tristan da Cunha recorded a population of 243 in the June 2021 census.[134] The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement"). The current residents are thought to have descended from fifteen outside ancestors, eight male and seven female, who arrived on the island at various dates between 1816 and 1908. The men were European, and the women were mixed race. Now all of the population has mixed ancestry. In addition, a male contributor of eastern European / Russian descent arrived in the early 1900s.[135] In 1963, when families returned after the evacuation due to the 1961 volcanic eruption, the 200 settlers included four Tristan da Cunha women who brought with them new English husbands.[136]

 
Housing in Tristan da Cunha
 
Potato patches
 
Guest houses provide accommodation for visitors as there are no hotels in the island.

The female descendants have been traced by genetic study to five female founders, believed to be mixed-race (African, Asian and European descent) and from Saint Helena. The historical data recounted that there were two pairs of sisters, but the mtDNA evidence showed only one pair of sisters.[137]

The early male founders originated from Scotland, England, the Netherlands, the United States, and Italy, who belonged to three Y-haplogroups: I (M170), R-SRY10831.2, and R (M207) (xSRY10831.2).[138] The male founders shared seven surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, Repetto, Rogers, and Swain.[9][b] The surnames Collins, Squibb, and Patterson were brought to the island by Tristanian women, returning with their English husbands from the evacuation of the early 1960s.[139] The surnames Collins and Squibb continue to be used on the island. In addition, a new haplotype was found that is associated with men of eastern Europe and Russia. It entered the population in the early 1900s, at a time when the island was visited by Russian sailing ships. There is "evidence for the contribution of a hidden ancestor who left his genes, but not his name, on the island."[138] Another four instances of non-paternity were found among male descendants, but researchers believed their fathers were probably among the early island population.[138]

 
St Joseph's Catholic church
 
St Joseph's Catholic Church

There are eighty families on the island.[140] Like many remote island communities, Tristan da Cunha has a shrinking, aging population.[141] In the past, Tristan da Cunha mothers had to travel to Cape Town to give birth, but since the opening of the Camogli Healthcare Centre in 2017 have been able to give birth on the island.[142]

Language edit

Phonetics and phonology edit

  • Tristan da Cunha English, spoken on the isolated island in the South Atlantic, is the smallest and most isolated native-speaker community of English.
  • The variety of English spoken in Tristan da Cunha features unique phonetic and phonological characteristics.
  • The vowel in words like "face" is non-diphthongized, pronounced as [fe:s].
  • Stops, such as the medial consonants in "button," "bottle," and "people," are glottalized.
  • Extensive insertion of the sound [h] occurs in words like "happle" and "hafter," merging the pronunciation of "island" with "highland."
  • Devoicing of the medial -z- and -zh- sounds is common, resulting in pronunciations like "sea[s]on" and "televi[sh]ion" with [s] and [sh] respectively.
  • Tristan da Cunha English is non-rhotic, with linking and intrusive [r] sounds.

Grammar:

  • Tristan da Cunha English shares non-standard grammatical features with other English varieties in the Falkland Islands and St. Helena.
  • Plural marking after numbers is absent, as seen in constructions like "five pound."
  • Distinct second person plural pronouns are used, such as "y'all" and "you's."
  • Verbal inflectional morphology is simplified, as in "She sing real good" and "They never eat much them days."
  • The pronoun "them" is used to mark definite noun phrases, as seen in sentences like "They never eat much them days."
  • Expressiveness drives peculiarities in Tristan da Cunha English, including double comparatives (e.g., "I like that more better") and double negation (e.g., "nobody never come out or nothing").
  • In questions, inversion is not used, as in constructions like "Where they is?"

Vocabulary:

  • The use of nicknames is extremely common on Tristan da Cunha, serving an important social function.
  • Phrases and words associated with holidays, festivals, clothing, farming, fishing, etc., are typical of the island's vocabulary.
  • Various aspects of vocabulary related to birds, habitation names, fish, hills, ridges, craters, slopes, inland rocks, plants, rocks in the sea or on the coast, hardies, bluffs, fauna, points, headlands, capes, daily work, plains, plateaus, districts, woods, food, gulches, valleys, clothes, brooks, waterfalls, crater lakes, illness, bays, beaches, caves, nature, tracks, paths, roads, the sea, personal names, nicknames, people, the community, holidays, parties, games, and buildings are mentioned in relation to the vocabulary of Tristan da Cunha.

Education edit

See also: Education in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Children leave school at age 16, and although they can take GCSEs a year later, few do.[143][144] The school on the island is St. Mary's School, which serves children from ages 4 to 16. The Naval Station had established a school building during World War II. The current facility opened in 1975 and has five classrooms, a kitchen, a stage, a computer room, and a craft and science room.[145] Tristan students doing post-16 education receive assistance from the Tristan da Cunha Association Education Trust Fund and typically do so in the United Kingdom and South Africa.[146]

The Tristan Song Project was a collaboration between St. Mary's School and amateur composers in Britain, led by music teacher Tony Triggs. It began in 2010 and involved St. Mary's pupils writing poems and Triggs providing musical settings by himself and his pupils.[147] A desktop publication entitled Rockhopper Penguins and Other Songs (2010) embraced most of the songs completed that year and funded a consignment of guitars to the school.[148] In February 2013, the Tristan Post Office issued a set of four Song Project stamps featuring island musical instruments and lyrics from Song Project songs about Tristan's volcano and wildlife. In 2014, the project broadened its scope and continues as the International Song Project.[149][150]

Religion edit

The only religion is Christianity, with the only denominations being Anglican and Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic population is served by the Mission Sui Iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, which is administratively a part of the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands. Edwin Dodgson, youngest brother of Lewis Carroll, spent several years as a missionary on the island in the nineteenth century.[citation needed]

Health edit

Healthcare is funded by the government, undertaken at most times by one resident doctor. Surgery or facilities for complex childbirth are therefore limited, and emergencies can necessitate communicating with passing fishing vessels so the injured person can be ferried to Cape Town.[151]

As of late 2007, IBM and Beacon Equity Partners, co-operating with Medweb, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the island's government on "Project Tristan", had supplied the island's doctor with access to long distance tele-medical help, making it possible to send EKG and X-ray pictures to doctors in other countries for instant consultation.[152]

The Camogli Healthcare Centre, usually referred to as the hospital, was built and equipped in 2016-2017 to the latest UK National Health Service (NHS) standards and was officially opened on 7 June 2017.[153] It is located in the southwestern corner of the settlement below the previous hospital (built in 1971), which is now used by the veterinarians and for general storage. The new hospital was funded by the UK Department for International Development with the intention the improved facilities would allow more procedures to be performed locally by visiting specialists, and therefore reduce the need for expensive referrals to Cape Town.[154]

There are normally two expatriate doctors on the island, who provide 24 hour cover. There are also normally two expatriate and four local nurses, as well as two dental technicians, a hospital manager and ancillary staff. The medical staff deal with day-to-day medical matters, handle emergency cases, and undertake minor surgery. More complex and serious cases are transported to Cape Town for treatment, as were all expectant mothers for their deliveries until the Camogli Healthcare Centre was completed in 2017 and new medical facilities enabled local mothers to give birth on the island.[155] As of 2022, five babies have been born in the island's Camogli Healthcare Centre.[156][157][158]

There are instances of health problems attributed to endogamy, including glaucoma. In addition, there is a very high (42%) incidence of asthma among the population and research by Noe Zamel of the University of Toronto has led to discoveries about the genetic nature of the disease.[159] Three of the original settlers of the island had asthma.[160]

Culture edit

Music and traditional dance edit

Tristan residents Mary Swain and Percy Lavarello were recorded in 1962 whilst evacuated in Calshot, Hampshire by Maud Karpeles and Peter Kennedy singing traditional songs and discussing the culture of the island, mainly music and dance; the full recording (split between seven tapes and also including other Tristan residents) can be heard on the British Library Sound Archive website.[161][162][163][164][165][166][167] On these tapes, Mary Swain sings traditional English folk songs learnt from her mother, including seventeenth-century Child Ballads such as "Barbara Allen"[168] and "The Golden Vanity".[169] She also describes how dance was an important element of life on Tristan; well-known dances such as step dances, waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and schottisches were common, as well as many unique traditional dances such as "The Donkey Dance", "The Pillow Dance", "The Chair Dance" and something called "Tabby Oaker's Big Toe" which involved displaying one's feet.[161] It seems that the music and dance of Tristan was ultimately derived from English traditions, but various peculiarities had developed.[citation needed]

 
(BFBS TV) provides six TV channels: BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4, Sky News and BFBS Extra, relayed to islanders via local transmitters.
 
Longboats in front of the administrator's residence
 
The supermarket provides the islands with all necessary goods.

Crime edit

No one has ever been arrested for crime by the single policeman on the island.[170]

Radio and television edit

Local television began in 1984 using taped programming on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday evenings.[171] Live television did not arrive on the island until 2001, with the introduction of the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS TV), which now provides six channels: BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4, Sky News and BFBS Extra, relayed to islanders via local transmitters. Recently the service was upgraded to digital, most TV screens are modern and DTV while some older analogue CRT equipments still are in use with digital boxes connected and there is at least one TV set per house. BFBS Radio 2 is the locally available radio station.[172]

Newspapers edit

The Tristan Times was an online newspaper for the island published from 2003 to 2019.[173] The island government also posts news announcements on its website, which is maintained by the UK-based Tristan da Cunha Association.[174]

Holidays and holiday traditions edit

The island holds an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for three weeks. The beginning of the holiday, called Break-Up Day, is usually marked with parties and celebrations.[175] The islanders would traditionally have parties on Boxing Day but not on Christmas Day.[167]

Traditionally, on "Old Year's Day/Night" (meaning "New Year's Eve"), the islanders would conceal their identities with masks or blackface and the men would wear women's clothing; everyone would celebrate anonymously moving between households, singing songs, dancing, shouting, playing instruments and firing guns. At the stroke of midnight, a bell would announce the new year. On New Year's Day, the islanders would play cricket and football, and once again party later in the day.[162][167] The disguises sometimes recall English Border Morris dancers. Similarly, in England in the Middle Ages, this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking, which climaxed on Twelfth Night, the traditional end of the Christmas season on 6 January. In Tudor England, Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays, titled Twelfth Night. Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels.[176]

Sport edit

Football, cricket and baseball were all historically played on the island.[162][167]

It has been reported that football was introduced to the locals in the 1920s by Rev. Henry Rogers, and it remains the island’s favourite sport.[177] Rose, Henry’s wife, wrote about informal kick-abouts continuing for years, and these fast became a part of Tristanian culture.[178] The islanders would split themselves into two teams and play friendly matches, especially on dates of special occasions, such as weddings, christenings etc.[citation needed]

In 1940 Tristan da Cunha's footballers played their first "international" game against the crew of a Norwegian ship. No record remains of the score. In the ensuing years, the game flourished, with the islanders playing matches against crews from vessels of various nationalities, including ships from the Royal Navy.[citation needed]

With live transmissions of televised football, the sport regained its former popularity.[179] Tristan da Cunha FC was formed in 2002.[180] A local fishing company bought them a kit (white shirts and blue shorts). They had a very basic pitch on American Field, named in recognition of the American forces stationed there during World War II.[181] However, opponents were in short supply. It was a case of waiting for visiting opponents, and sometimes years might go by without any opportunities to play foreign opposition.[182] Their first match was against a South African fishing vessel and they lost 10–6. The remoteness of Tristan da Cunha makes it virtually impossible for the team to travel abroad to play against foreign opposition. In recent times, the club's numbers have dropped to a level where only 5-a-side matches are being played.[179]

Notable people edit

In popular culture edit

 
The Inaccessible Island rail (Atlantisia rogersi) (1927), the world's smallest flightless bird, which is found only on Inaccessible Island

Film edit

  • In Wim Wenders's Wings of Desire, a dying man recollecting the things that have apparently meant most to him mentions "Tristan da Cunha".[187]
  • 37°4 S is a short film about two teenagers who live on the island.[188]

Literature edit

Non-fiction edit

  • Frank T. Bullen provides details of visiting the island in the 1870s in his book The Cruise of the Cachalot, first published in 1898.[193]
  • Francis Pease’s book To the Ends of the Earth (Hurst and Blackett Ltd., 1935) describes the RRS Discovery’s trip to Antartica in 1925, which stopped at Tristan da Cunha. Chapter 2 is titled Folk of Tristan.[citation needed]
  • Simon Winchester's book Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire (1985, reprinted in 2003), devotes a chapter to the island, which he visited in the mid-1980s. In the foreword to the reprint, the author states that he was banned from Tristan da Cunha because of his writing about the war-time romance of a local woman. He published a longer account of his banishment in Lapham's Quarterly.[194]
  • In 2005, Rockhopper Copper, the first book about the island written by an Islander, was published. It was written by Conrad Glass, Tristan da Cunha's longtime policeman and conservation officer.[195]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The visit took place during the Duke of Edinburgh's circumnavigation undertaken while commanding HMS Galatea. Tristan da Cunha post office issued four stamps in 1967 to celebrate the centenary of this visit.[27]
  2. ^ The seven surnames are thought to have been immigrants who were Scottish (Rogers), Dutch (Glass), English (Green, Swain), Irish (Hagan), Italian (Lavarello, Repetto) (both probably Ligurian).

References edit

  1. ^ Crawford, Allan (1982). Tristan da Cunha and the Roaring Forties. Charles Skilton. p. 20. ISBN 9780284985897. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  2. ^ Grundy, Richard. "Philip Kendall sworn-in as Tristan Administrator". www.tristandc.com.
  3. ^ "Tristan da Cunha Chief Islander". Tristan da Cunha Government & Tristan da Cunha Association. from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  4. ^ Green, Cynthia. "Tristan da Cunha Population Update". www.tristandc.com.
  5. ^ a b (PDF). St. Helena Government. June 2016. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  6. ^ "tristan da cunha to mar del plata distance - Google Search". www.google.com.
  7. ^ a b Winkler, Sarah (25 August 2009). "Where is the Most Remote Spot on Earth? Tristan da Cunha: The World's Most Remote Inhabited Island". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  8. ^ Rosenberg, Matt (6 March 2017). "Tristan da Cunha: The World's Most Remote Island". ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  9. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  10. ^ a b "The St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009". The National Archives. 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  11. ^ Corne, Lucy. "Tristan da Cunha: a journey to the centre of the ocean". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  12. ^ a b Faustini, Arnaldo (14 September 2003). Carrol, Paul (ed.). The Annals of Tristan da Cunha (PDF). Translated by Nysven, Liz; Conrad, Larry. p. 9. (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  13. ^ a b Headland, J.K. (1989). Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521309035. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  14. ^ Fontana, Nicolaus (1782). Tagebuch der Reise des k.k. Schiffes Joseph und Theresia nach den neuen österreichischen Pflanzorten in Asia und Afrika. Translated by Eyerel, Joseph. Dessau und Leipzig.
    re-published as Pilleri, G., ed. (1982). Maria Teresa e le Indie orientali: La spedizione alle Isole Nicobare della nave Joseph und Theresia e il diario del chirurgo di bordo. Bern, CH: Verlag de hirnanatomischen Institutes. p. 9.
  15. ^ Bolts, Guillaume (1785). Précis de l'Origine, de la Marche et de la Chûte de la Compagnie d'Asie et d'Afrique dans les Ports du Littoral Autrichien. Liege. p. 14.
    cited in van Bruyssel, Ernest Jean (1865). Histoire du commerce et de la marine en Belgique. Vol. 3. Bruxelles. pp. 295–299.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    and cited in Brander, Jan (1940). Tristan da Cunha, 1506-1902. London, UK: Unwin. pp. 49–50.
    and cited in article "Charles Proli". Biographie nationale ... de Belgique. Bruxelles. 1905.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Dalrymple, A. A Serious Admonition to the Publick on the Intended Thief Colony at Botany Bay. National Library of Australia. London: Sewell. p. n 2. NLA part ID 19595227. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b Frost, Alan (1980). Convicts & Empire: A naval question, 1776–1811. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
  18. ^ Blankett, John, Captain R.N. (6 August 1786). "[settlement on Tristan da Cunha]". Letter to Howe. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum. HOW 3.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    cited in Frost (1980)[17]: 119, 216 
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Further reading edit

Guides
  • A Short Guide to Tristan da Cunha by James Glass and Anne Green, Tristan Chief Islanders (2005, Whitby Press, 12 pages).
  • Field Guides to the Animals and Plants of Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island Edited by Peter Ryan (2007, RSPB Publication, 168 pages).
  • Gough Island: A Natural History by Christine Hanel, Steven Chown and Kevin Gaston (2005, Sun Press, 169 pages).
  • Crawford, Allan (1982). Tristan Da Cunha and the Roaring Forties. Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-2849-8589-7.
Culture
  • Tristan da Cunha: History, People, Language by Daniel Schreier and Karen Lavarello-Schreier (2003, Battlebridge, 88 pages).
  • Rockhopper Copper: The life and times of the people of the most remote inhabited island on Earth by Conrad Glass MBE, Tristan Police Officer (2005, Polperro Heritage Press, 176 pages).
  • Recipes from Tristan da Cunha by Dawn Repetto, Tristan Tourism Co-ordinator (2010, Tristan Books, 32 pages).
  • Corporal Glass's Island: The Story of Tristan da Cunha by Nancy Hosegood (1966, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 192 pages, with several pages of photographs).
  • Three Years in Tristan da Cunha by Katherine Mary Barrow (1910, Skeffington & Son, 200 pages, with 37 photographs).

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tristan da Cunha.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tristan da Cunha.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Tristan da Cunha
  • Forum about the island's spoken English

News and government edit

  • Tristan da Cunha – news from the Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association
  • – former newspaper

History of the island edit

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tristan da Cunha" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 294–296.
  • History of Tristan da Cunha (2 books, and other material)
  • TRISTAN DA CUNHA (Spanish)
  • LIFE Magazine article about 1961 evacuation.

Videos of the island edit

  • Return to Trista da Cunha, Global Nomad, National Geographic (2012).
  • A Day on Tristan da Cunha, Global Nomad, National Geographic (2011).
  • Tristan da Cunha: The story of Asthma Island, part 1 and part 2, BBC Four (2008).
  • Tristan da Cunha: Life on the island in 1963 (1963).
  • Tristan da Cunha: Life of an islander in 1963 (1963).

37°7′S 12°18′W / 37.117°S 12.300°W / -37.117; -12.300

January 23, 2024
tristan, cunha, this, article, about, south, atlantic, island, group, portuguese, explorer, tristão, cunha, colloquially, tristan, remote, group, volcanic, islands, south, atlantic, ocean, most, remote, inhabited, archipelago, world, lying, approximately, kilo. This article is about the South Atlantic island group For the Portuguese explorer see Tristao da Cunha Tristan da Cunha ˌ t r ɪ s t en d e ˈ k uː n j e colloquially Tristan is a remote group of volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world lying approximately 2 787 kilometres 1 732 mi from Cape Town in South Africa 2 437 kilometres 1 514 mi from Saint Helena 3 949 kilometres 2 454 mi from Mar del Plata 6 in Argentina South America and 4 002 kilometres 2 487 mi from the Falkland Islands 7 8 Tristan da CunhaConstituent part of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da CunhaFlagCoat of armsMotto Our faith is our strength Anthem God Save the King source source track track track track track Territorial song The Cutty Wren Map of Tristan da CunhaLocation of Tristan da Cunha archipelago circled in red in the southern Atlantic OceanSovereign state United KingdomFirst settlement1810Dependency of Cape Colony14 August 1816 1 Dependency of Saint Helena12 January 1938Current constitution1 September 2009Capitaland largest settlementEdinburgh of the Seven Seas37 4 S 12 19 W 37 067 S 12 317 W 37 067 12 317Official languagesEnglishDemonym s TristanianGovernmentDevolved locally governing dependency under a constitutional monarchy MonarchCharles III GovernorNigel Phillips AdministratorPhilip Kendall 2 Chief IslanderJames Glass 3 LegislatureIsland CouncilGovernment of the United Kingdom MinisterVacantArea Total207 km2 80 sq mi Main island98 km2 38 sq mi Highest elevation2 062 m 6 765 ft Population 2023 estimate238 4 2016 census293 5 Density1 4 km2 3 6 sq mi CurrencyPound sterling GBP Time zoneUTC 00 00 GMT Date formatdd mm yyyyDriving sideleftCalling code 44 20 assigned 290 UK postcodeTDCU 1ZZISO 3166 codeSH TAInternet TLD sh ukThe territory consists of the inhabited island Tristan da Cunha which has a diameter of roughly 11 kilometres 6 8 mi and an area of 98 square kilometres 38 sq mi the wildlife reserves of Gough Island and Inaccessible Island and the smaller uninhabited Nightingale Islands As of October 2018 update the main island has 250 permanent inhabitants who all carry British Overseas Territories citizenship 9 The other islands are uninhabited except for the South African personnel of a weather station on Gough Island Tristan da Cunha is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha with its own constitution 10 There is no airstrip on the main island the only way of travelling in and out of Tristan is by ship a six day trip from South Africa 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Discovery 1 2 19th century 1 3 20th century 1 3 1 Hard winter of 1906 1 3 2 Occasional pre war visits 1 3 3 WW II military development 1 3 4 Rare post war ship visits 1 3 5 1961 eruption of Queen Mary s Peak 1 3 6 Gough and Inaccessible Islands wildlife reserves 1 4 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Geology 3 1 Volcanoes 4 Geochemistry and tectonic significance 5 Flora and fauna 5 1 Invasive species 5 2 Flora 5 2 1 Native plants 5 2 2 Introduced plants 5 3 Fauna 5 3 1 Land 5 3 2 Marine 6 Economy 6 1 Transport 6 2 Tourism 6 3 Communications 6 3 1 Telecommunication 6 3 2 Amateur radio 7 Government 7 1 Chief Islander 8 Demographics 9 Language 9 1 Phonetics and phonology 9 2 Education 9 3 Religion 9 4 Health 10 Culture 10 1 Music and traditional dance 10 2 Crime 10 3 Radio and television 10 4 Newspapers 10 5 Holidays and holiday traditions 10 6 Sport 11 Notable people 12 In popular culture 12 1 Film 12 2 Literature 12 3 Non fiction 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links 17 1 News and government 17 2 History of the island 17 3 Videos of the islandHistory editMain article History of Tristan da Cunha Discovery edit nbsp Portuguese explorer and conquistador Tristao da Cunha is both the namesake of Tristan da Cunha and the first person to sight the island in 1506 The uninhabited islands were first recorded as sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristao da Cunha though rough seas prevented a landing He named the main island after himself Ilha de Tristao da Cunha It was later anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520 when the Las Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water 12 The first undisputed landing was made on 7 February 1643 by the crew of the Dutch East India Company ship Heemstede captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot The Dutch stopped at the island four more times in the next 25 years and in 1656 created the first rough charts of the archipelago 13 The first full survey of the archipelago was made by the crew of the French corvette Heure du Berger in 1767 The first scientific exploration was conducted by French naturalist Louis Marie Aubert du Petit Thouars who stayed on the island for three days in January 1793 during a French mercantile expedition from Brest France to Mauritius Thouars made botanical collections and reported traces of human habitation including fireplaces and overgrown gardens probably left by Dutch explorers in the 17th century 13 On his voyage out from Europe to East Africa and India in command of the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste and Antwerp ship Joseph et Therese William Bolts sighted Tristan da Cunha put a landing party ashore on 2 February 1777 and hoisted the Imperial flag naming it and its neighbouring islets the Isles de Brabant 14 15 However no settlement or facilities were ever set up there by the company citation needed After the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War halted penal transportation to the Thirteen Colonies British prisons started to overcrowd As several stopgap measures proved to be ineffective the British Government announced in December 1785 that it would proceed with the settlement of New South Wales In September 1786 Alexander Dalrymple presumably goaded by Bolts s actions published a pamphlet 16 with an alternative proposal of his own for settlements on Tristan da Cunha St Paul and Amsterdam islands in the Southern Ocean citation needed Captain John Blankett R N also suggested independently to his superiors in August 1786 that convicts be used to establish a British settlement on Tristan 18 In consequence the Admiralty received orders from the government in October 1789 to examine the island as part of a general survey of the South Atlantic and the coasts of southern Africa 19 That did not happen but an investigation of Tristan Amsterdam and St Paul was undertaken in December 1792 and January 1793 by George Macartney Britain s first ambassador to China During his voyage to China he established that none of the islands were suitable for settlement 20 19th century edit The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert of Salem Massachusetts United States who moved to the island in December 1810 with two other men to be joined later by a fourth 21 Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment Three of the four men died in 1812 and Thomas Currie Tommaso Corri from Livorno Italy one of the original three remained as a farmer on the island 22 On 14 August 1816 the United Kingdom annexed the islands by sending a garrison to secure possession and making them a dependency of the Cape Colony in South Africa This was explained as a measure to prevent the islands use as a base for any attempt to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena 23 The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base for naval cruisers as it had during the War of 1812 21 The garrison left the islands in November 1817 although some members of the garrison notably William Glass stayed and formed the nucleus of a permanent population 24 On the fifteenth of July the snow clad mountains of Tristan da Cunha appeared lighted by a brilliant morning sun and towering to a height estimated at between nine and ten thousand feet 23 Edmund Roberts Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin China Siam and Muscat 1837 The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population gradually grew Berwick stopped there on 25 March 1824 and reported that it had a population of twenty two men and three women The barque South Australia stayed there on 18 20 February 1836 when a certain Glass was Governor as reported in a chapter on the island by W H Leigh 25 Whalers set up bases on the islands for operations in the Southern Atlantic However the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 together with the gradual transition from sailing ships to coal fired steam ships increased the isolation of the islands which were no longer needed as a stopping port for lengthy sail voyages or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia 21 A parson arrived in February 1851 the Bishop of Cape Town visited in March 1856 and the island was included within the diocese of Cape Town 26 63 50 In 1836 the schooner Emily ran aground with the Dutch fisherman Pieter Groen from Katwijk He stayed married there changed his name to Peter Green and in 1865 became spokesman governor of the community In 1856 there were already 97 people living there citation needed In 1867 Prince Alfred Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria visited the islands The only settlement Edinburgh of the Seven Seas was named in honour of his visit a On 15 October 1873 the Royal Navy scientific survey vessel HMS Challenger docked at Tristan to conduct geographic and zoological surveys on Tristan Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands 28 In his log Captain George Nares recorded a total of fifteen families and eighty six individuals living on the island 29 Tristan became a dependency of the British Crown in October 1875 30 Victims of the 1885 Lifeboat disaster Joe Beetham Thomas amp Cornelius Cotton Thomas Glass John William amp Alfred Green Jacob William amp Jeremiah Green Albert James amp William Hagan Samuel amp Thomas Swain On 27 November 1885 the island suffered one of its worst tragedies after an iron barque named West Riding approached the island whilst en route to Sydney Australia from Bristol 31 Due to the loss of regular trading opportunities almost all of the island s able bodied men approached the ship in a lifeboat attempting to trade with the passing vessel The boat recently donated by the British government sailed despite rough waters and although the lifeboat was spotted sailing alongside the ship for some time it never returned Various reports were given following the event with rumours ranging from the men drowning 32 to reports of them being taken to Australia and sold as slaves 33 In total 15 men were lost leaving behind an island of widows A plaque at St Mary s Church commemorates the lost men 34 20th century edit nbsp Augustus Earle Self Portrait Solitude Tristan da Cunha 1824Hard winter of 1906 edit After years of hardship since the 1880s and an especially difficult winter in 1906 the British government offered to evacuate the island in 1907 The Tristanians held a meeting and decided to refuse despite the government s warning that it could not promise further help in the future 12 Occasional pre war visits edit No ships called at the islands from 1909 until 1919 when HMS Yarmouth stopped to inform the islanders of the outcome of World War I 35 The Shackleton Rowett Expedition stopped in Tristan for five days in May 1922 collecting geological and botanical samples before returning to Cape Town 36 Among the few ships that visited in the coming years were the RMS Asturias a Royal Mail Steam Packet Company passenger liner in 1927 and the ocean liners RMS Empress of France in 1928 37 RMS Duchess of Atholl in 1929 38 and RMS Empress of Australia in 1935 39 40 In 1936 The Daily Telegraph of London reported that the population of the island was 167 people with 185 cattle and 42 horses 41 self published source From December 1937 to March 1938 a Norwegian party made a dedicated scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha and sociologist Peter A Munch extensively documented island culture he visited the island again in 1964 1965 42 The island was also visited in 1938 by W Robert Foran reporting for the National Geographic Society 43 His account was published that same year 44 On 12 January 1938 by letters patent Britain declared the islands a dependency of Saint Helena creating the British Crown Colony of Saint Helena and Dependencies which also included Ascension Island 45 nbsp Gough and Inaccessible Islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site WW II military development edit During the Second World War Tristan was commissioned by the Royal Navy as the so called stone frigate HMS Atlantic Isle and used as a secret signals intelligence station to monitor German U boats which were required to maintain radio contact and shipping in the South Atlantic Ocean The weather and radio stations led to extensive new infrastructure being built on the island including a school a hospital and a cash based general store citation needed The first colonial official sent to rule the island was Sir Hugh Elliott in the rank of Administrator because the settlement was too small to merit a Governor 1950 1953 Development continued as the island s first canning factory expanded paid employment in 1949 46 Rare post war ship visits edit Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh the Queen s consort visited the islands in 1957 as part of a world tour on board the royal yacht HMY Britannia 47 On 2 January 1954 Tristan da Cunha was visited by the Dutch ship Willem Ruys a passenger cargo liner 48 carrying science fiction writer Robert A Heinlein his wife Ginny and other passengers The Ruys was travelling from Rio de Janeiro Brazil to Cape Town South Africa The visit is described in Heinlein s book Tramp Royale The captain told Heinlein the island was the most isolated inhabited spot on Earth and ships rarely visited Heinlein mailed a letter there to L Ron Hubbard a friend who also liked to travel for the curiosity value of the postmark Biographer William H Patterson Jr in his two volume Robert A Heinlein In Dialogue with his Century wrote that lack of cultural context made it nearly impossible to converse with the islanders a stark contrast with the way they had managed to chat with strangers while travelling in South America Members of the crew bought penguins during their brief visit to the island citation needed 1961 eruption of Queen Mary s Peak edit On 10 October 1961 the eruption of a parasitic cone of Queen Mary s Peak very close to Edinburgh of the Seven Seas forced evacuation of all 264 people 49 50 The evacuees took to the water in open boats taken by the local lobster fishing boats Tristania and Frances Repetto to uninhabited Nightingale Island 51 The next day they were picked up by the diverted Dutch passenger ship Tjisadane that took them to Cape Town 51 The islanders later arrived in the U K aboard the liner M V Stirling Castle to a big press reception and after a short period at Pendell Army Camp in Merstham Surrey were settled in an old Royal Air Force camp near Calshot Hampshire 50 52 The following year a Royal Society expedition reported that Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had survived Most families returned in 1963 53 Gough and Inaccessible Islands wildlife reserves edit nbsp Cleaning oil off penguins after the spillage from the MS Oliva Tristan da CunhaGough Island was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 as Gough Island Wildlife Reserve 54 This was further extended in 2004 as Gough and Inaccessible Islands with its marine zone extended from 3 to 12 nautical miles These islands have been Ramsar sites wetlands of international importance since 20 November 2008 55 56 21st century edit nbsp Tristan da Cunha in 2012On 23 May 2001 the islands were hit by an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour 120 mph A number of structures were severely damaged and numerous cattle were killed prompting emergency aid provided by the British government 57 In 2005 the islands were given a United Kingdom post code TDCU 1ZZ to make it easier for the residents to order goods online 58 On 13 February 2008 a fire destroyed the island s four power generators and fish canning factory severely disrupting the economy On 14 March 2008 new generators were installed and power restored and a new factory opened in July 2009 While the replacement factory was built M V Kelso came to the island as a factory ship 59 60 The St Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 reorganized Tristan da Cunha as a constituent of the new British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha giving Tristan and Ascension equal status with Saint Helena 10 On 16 March 2011 the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean The resulting oil slick threatened the island s population of rockhopper penguins 61 Nightingale Island has no fresh water so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning 62 On 13 November 2020 it was announced that the 687 247 square kilometres 265 348 sq mi of the waters surrounding the islands will become a Marine Protection Zone The move will make the zone the largest no take zone in the Atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet The move follows 20 years of conservation work by the RSPB and the island government and five years of the UK government s Blue Belt programme support 63 64 A total solar eclipse will pass over the island on 5 December 2048 The island is calculated to be on the centre line of the umbra s path for nearly three and a half minutes of totality 65 nbsp Edinburgh of The Seven Seas the only settlement on the island The parasitic cone from the 1961 eruption can be seen in the foreground centre left Geography editMain article Geography of Tristan da Cunha nbsp Gough Island Tristan da CunhaTristan da Cunha is thought to have been formed by a long lived centre of upwelling mantle called the Tristan hotspot Tristan da Cunha is the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago which consists of the following islands citation needed Tristan da Cunha the main and largest island area 99 square kilometres 38 2 sq mi 66 37 6 44 S 12 16 56 W 37 11222 S 12 28222 W 37 11222 12 28222 Tristan da Cunha Inaccessible Island area 14 square kilometres 5 4 sq mi Nightingale Islands area 3 4 square kilometres 1 3 sq mi Nightingale Island area 3 2 square kilometres 1 2 sq mi Middle Island area 0 1 square kilometres 25 acres Stoltenhoff Island area 0 1 square kilometres 25 acres Gough Island Diego Alvarez area 91 square kilometres 35 sq mi 67 Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are 35 kilometres 22 mi SW by W and SSW away from the main island respectively whereas Gough Island is 350 kilometres 217 mi SSE 68 nbsp Tristan da Cunha on 6 February 2012 as seen from the International Space StationThe main island is generally mountainous The only flat area is on the north west coast which is the location of the only settlement Edinburgh of the Seven Seas and the agricultural area of Potato Patches The highest point is the summit of a volcano called Queen Mary s Peak at an elevation of 2 062 metres 6 765 ft high enough to develop snow cover in winter The other islands of the group are uninhabited except for a weather station with a staff of six on Gough Island which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 and has been at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast since 1963 69 70 nbsp View of Tristan da CunhaClimate editThe archipelago has a Cfb wet oceanic climate under the Koppen system with mild temperatures and very limited sunshine but consistent moderate to heavy rainfall due to the persistent westerly winds 71 Under the Trewartha classification Tristan da Cunha has a humid subtropical climate due to the lack of cold weather The number of rainy days is comparable to the Aleutian Islands at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere while sunshine hours are comparable to Juneau Alaska 20 farther from the equator Frost is unknown below elevations of 500 metres 1 600 ft and summer temperatures are similarly mild never reaching 25 C 77 F Sandy Point on the east coast is reputed to be the warmest and driest place on the island being in the lee of the prevailing winds 72 Climate data for Tristan da CunhaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 23 7 74 7 24 4 75 9 24 4 75 9 22 4 72 3 20 3 68 5 18 7 65 7 17 8 64 0 17 3 63 1 17 1 62 8 18 4 65 1 20 4 68 7 21 8 71 2 24 4 75 9 Mean daily maximum C F 20 4 68 7 21 2 70 2 20 5 68 9 18 9 66 0 16 9 62 4 15 3 59 5 14 4 57 9 14 2 57 6 14 3 57 7 15 4 59 7 17 0 62 6 18 9 66 0 17 3 63 1 Daily mean C F 17 9 64 2 18 8 65 8 17 9 64 2 15 4 59 7 14 6 58 3 13 1 55 6 12 2 54 0 11 9 53 4 12 0 53 6 13 0 55 4 14 6 58 3 16 5 61 7 14 8 58 6 Mean daily minimum C F 15 4 59 7 16 2 61 2 15 3 59 5 11 9 53 4 12 3 54 1 10 9 51 6 10 0 50 0 9 6 49 3 9 7 49 5 10 6 51 1 12 2 54 0 14 1 57 4 12 4 54 3 Record low C F 10 9 51 6 11 8 53 2 10 3 50 5 9 5 49 1 7 4 45 3 6 3 43 3 4 8 40 6 4 6 40 3 5 1 41 2 6 4 43 5 8 3 46 9 9 7 49 5 4 6 40 3 Average rainfall mm inches 93 3 7 113 4 4 121 4 8 129 5 1 155 6 1 160 6 3 160 6 3 175 6 9 169 6 7 151 5 9 128 5 0 127 5 0 1 681 66 2 Average rainy days 18 17 17 20 23 23 25 26 24 22 18 19 252Average relative humidity 79 77 75 78 78 79 79 79 78 79 79 80 78Mean monthly sunshine hours 139 5 144 0 145 7 129 0 108 5 99 0 105 4 105 4 120 0 133 3 138 0 130 2 1 498Percent possible sunshine 31 35 38 38 35 34 34 32 33 33 32 29 34Source 1 Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System 73 Source 2 Climate and Temperature 74 75 Geology editTristan and its neighbouring islands lies about 400 km east of the Mid Atlantic Ridge The volcanic activity is unrelated to the Mid Atlantic Ridge rather it is due to a hotspot 76 The steep central cone The Peak predominantly is composed of pyroclastic deposits erupted from the central vent The Base and Main Cliffs are composed mainly of thin basaltic lava flows commonly separated by thin pyroclastic layers There are over 30 cinder cones on the flanks of the main volcano many of which have produced small lava flows The October 1961 eruption was preceded by earthquake swarms and rock falls from the Main Cliffs then lava was erupted on the plain immediately east of the settlement The growing lava mound breached and lava flows were erupted toward the coast As the eruption waned an elongate lava dome grew and sealed the vent Inaccessible Island 35 km southwest of Tristan is the relic of an older volcanic cone Most of the island is composed of basaltic lava flows but the southwestern part of Inaccessible has numerous trachyte domes and flows Nightingale Island and nearby Middle and Stoltenhoff Islands are 34 km south southwest of Tristan Nightingale mostly is composed of trachyte domes and flows with some pyroclastic deposits Middle Island is entirely composed of pyroclastic deposits intruded by dykes whereas Stoltenhoff Island is entirely composed of trachyte Volcanoes edit Tristan da Cunha has two volcanoes Queen Mary s Peak and Edinburgh Peak Queen Mary s Peak 37 05 31 S 12 16 48 W 37 092 S 12 28 W 37 092 12 28 Queen Mary s Peak has a height of 2 062 m 6 765 ft 1 in and remains active with its last eruption reported to have occurred in 1961 Edinburgh Peak 40 18 7 S 9 57 47 W 40 30194 S 9 96306 W 40 30194 9 96306 Edinburgh Peak has a height of 902 m 2 959 ft 4 in and is classified as extinct 77 78 Geochemistry and tectonic significance editThe volcanic rocks range from ankaramitic basanite through tephrite to phonolite 79 and some have ultra potassic compositions which is unusual for rocks that erupted close to the Mid Atlantic Ridge They exemplify the EM1 pole in compilations of isotopic compositions of mantle derived rocks 80 The unusual composition is explained by the presence of enriched material in the plume source either recycled sediments or metasomatized lithosphere 80 The origin of the islands is commonly attributed to partial melting in a mantle plume 80 The islands are located at the western end of the Walvis Ridge which links the islands to the Etendeka large igneous province This association has been cited as an example of plume head and tail hypothesis 81 but the geochemical characteristics of Tristan lavas differ from those of the Etendeka province which suggests that the plume was heterogeneous Flora and fauna edit nbsp Subantarctic fur seals at Gough and Inaccessible Islands nbsp French nobleman and botanist Louis Marie Aubert du Petit Thouars commemorated in the nomenclature of a variety of plants e g Carex thouarsii native to Tristan da Cunha See also Wildlife of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Many of the flora and fauna of the archipelago have a broad circumpolar distribution in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans For example the plant species Nertera granadensis was first collected in Tristan da Cunha 82 but has since been recorded as far away as New Zealand 83 Invasive species edit The islands of Tristan da Cunha have a high significance of global biodiversity two of them Gough and Inaccessible form a UNESCO natural World Heritage Site This designation is largely due to the seabird population found there The biodiversity of the island is vulnerable to introduction of invasive species Due to Tristan da Cunha s isolated archipelago ecology and increase of tourism with cruise ships and research vessels invasive species are a particular concern for Tristan da Cunha 84 The islands vegetation and mammal species are not equipped to defend against or control introduced species increasing island vulnerability due to lack of defensive behavioural mechanisms and slow generational output rates Efforts to decrease and eradicate invasive flora fauna and marine species have been undertaken including a programme aimed at eradicating predatory invasive mice on Gough Island 85 The following described invasive species have been known to have harmful effects on the islands vegetation and native species citation needed Invasive house mice on these islands have adapted to be 50 larger than average house mice They are thought to have been accidentally introduced by 19th century seal hunters who would dock on the islands 86 These mice have adapted by consuming sea bird eggs and chicks as they nest on the ground Gathering at night in groups of 9 or 10 the mice gather at the bird s nest to feast With no natural predators the invasive mice population is able to expand by producing new generations twice a year citation needed In order to prevent the growth of the invasive mice population and extinction of the Albatross bird species a 2019 Gough Island mouse eradication project was announced Grundy 2018 The RSPB and Tristan da Cunha Government have partnered to spread cereal pellets with rodenticide bait across Gough Island in hopes to eradicate the invasive mice population 87 The goal of this operation is to restore Tristan da Cunha back to its natural state ensuring it will still be one of the world s most important seabird nesting sites 87 Flora edit Native plants edit nbsp Phylica arborea the only tree species native though not endemic to Tristan da Cunha nbsp A stand of Tristan s endemic tree fern Lomariocycas palmiformis the fernbush nbsp Sophora macnabiana Fabaceae coloured plate depicting the shrub in flower from Curtis s Botanical Magazine nbsp Pelargonium cucullatum an attractive species native to both Tristan da Cunha and South Africa A combination of the list on Kew s Plants of the World Online site with information from a paper by Wace and Holdgate 88 yields the following list by no means exhaustive of plant species recorded as native to Tristan da Cunha Eudicots Apium australe Thouars Apiaceae Atriplex plebeia Carmich Amaranthaceae Callitriche christensenii Christoph Plantaginaceae Chevreulia sarmentosa Pers S F Blake Asteraceae Cotula goughensis Rud Brown Asteraceae Cotula moseleyi Hemsl Asteraceae Dysphania tomentosa Thouars Mosyakin amp Clemants Amaranthaceae Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willd Ericaceae Gamochaeta thouarsii Spreng Anderb Asteraceae Gnaphalium thouarsii Spreng Asteraceae Hydrocotyle capitata Thouars Araliaceae Nertera granadensis Druce Rubiaceae Pelargonium cucullatum L L Her Geraniaceae Pelargonium grossularioides L L Her Geraniaceae Phylica arborea Thouars Rhamnaceae Rumex frutescens Thouars Polygonaceae Sophora macnabiana Graham Skottsb Fabaceae Commelinids Agrostis carmichaelii Schult amp Schult f Poaceae Agrostis crinum ursi Mez Poaceae Agrostis media Carmich Poaceae Agrostis trachychlaena C E Hubbard Poaceae Carex insularis Carmich Cyperaceae Carex thouarsii Carmich Cyperaceae Deschampsia wacei C E Hubb Poaceae Isolepis bicolor Carmich Cyperaceae Isolepis moseleyana Boeckeler Muasya Cyperaceae Isolepis prolifera Rottb R Br Cyperaceae Isolepis sulcata Thouars Carmich Cyperaceae Sporobolus mobberleyanus P M Peterson amp Saarela Poaceae Rostkovia tristanensis Christoph Juncaceae Ferns mosses and clubmosses Asplenium aequibasis C Chr J P Roux Aspleniaceae Asplenium alvarezense Rudm Brown Aspleniaceae Athyrium medium Carmich T Moore Athyriaceae Austroblechnum penna marina Poir Gasper amp V A O Dittrich Blechnaceae Elaphoglossum laurifolium Thouars T Moore Dryopteridaceae Lomariocycas palmiformis Thouars C Chr Blechnaceae Lycopodium diaphanum P Beauv Sw Lycopodiaceae Notogrammitis billardierei Willdenow Parris Polypodiaceae Polyphlebium angustatum Carmich Ebihara amp Dubuisson Hymenophyllaceae Racomitrium lanuginosum Hedw Brid Grimmiaceae 89 Rumohra adiantiformis G Forst Ching Dryopteridaceae Introduced plants edit nbsp Sonchus asper a common introduced weed on Tristan nbsp Fumaria muralis nbsp Veronica agrestis Tristan da Cunha acquired an estimated 137 non native vascular plants that can be categorized into four species types weeds trees shrubs agricultural weeds grassland species grasses garden escapes vegetables and other ruderal species 90 Vascular plants were accidentally introduced in a variety of ways including impurities in flower or vegetable seeds seeds or plant fragments from other imported plants and in soil attached to containers cars or people 90 The majority of invasive weed species that has been introduced to the island are spread by seed and cover 50 of arable land in widely distributed patches 90 These species include prickly sow thistle Sonchus asper smooth sow thistle Sonchus oleraceus smooth hawksbeard Crepis capillaris scrambling fumitory Fumaria muralis green field speedwell Veronica agrestis groundsel Senecio vulgaris and nutgrass Cyperus esculentus 90 Other invasive weed species that have a more localized distribution in plots include prickly sow thistle Sonchus asper smooth sow thistle Sonchus oleraceus smooth hawksbeard Crepis capillaris and groundsel Senecio vulgaris 90 Whether a species is distributed locally or widely depends on the seed s dispersal mechanisms larger seeds that have not adapted to wind dispersal will be distributed locally while smaller seeds have adapted to wind dispersal will be widely distributed 90 The invasive plants have had several negative impacts on native island plant species including the competitive exclusion of many such species 90 The out competition will and can alter the structure of plant communities and the quality of the islands soil Introduced vegetation has altered long term carbon storage as well as the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere 90 Native plants such as fern bushes Phylica bushes fern brakes mires and bogs contain high organic content matter which functions as storage for carbon 90 With the introduction of harmful species the islands will see a decrease in carbon storage of both the soil and vegetation With multiple changes occurring within the soil due to invasive plant species the nutrient cycle is bound to be negatively influenced Invasive plants are also affecting the human population of Tristan da Cunha by being disease carriers and becoming agricultural pests in gardens and pastures 90 The alien plants are able to survive and continue to grow and spread successfully on the islands because they have the ability to naturalize in temperate regions and have limited necessities needed to survive 90 The islands isolation increases archipelago ecology uniqueness which increases susceptibility for foreign invaders 84 A small human population with minimal development encourages flora and fauna development within a limited food web which increases the invasive species abilities for self defense 84 Plants are being controlled by taking surveys of the invasive species evaluating their impact on biodiversity and evaluating the feasibility of their eradication 86 It would be nearly impossible to try and eradicate all invasive plant species so scientists are narrowing down to control particular species based on their impact and feasibility to eradicate Mitigation plans that are taking place on Tristan are time consuming and labor intensive that will take several years using mechanical and chemical procedures 84 Fauna edit Land edit nbsp Tristan thrush Turdus eremita formerly Nesocichla eremita Tristan is primarily known for its wildlife The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because there are 13 known species of breeding seabirds on the island and two species of resident land birds The seabirds include northern rockhopper penguins Atlantic yellow nosed albatrosses sooty albatrosses Atlantic petrels great winged petrels soft plumaged petrels broad billed prions grey petrels great shearwaters sooty shearwaters Tristan skuas Antarctic terns and brown noddies 91 Tristan and Gough Islands are the only known breeding sites in the world for the Atlantic petrel Inaccessible Island is also the only known breeding ground of the spectacled petrel 92 The Tristan albatross is known to breed only on Gough and Inaccessible Islands all nest on Gough except for one or two pairs which nest on Inaccessible Island 93 The endemic Tristan thrush also known as the starchy occurs on all of the northern islands and each has its own subspecies with Tristan birds being slightly smaller and duller than those on Nightingale and Inaccessible The endemic Inaccessible Island rail the smallest extant flightless bird in the world is found only on Inaccessible Island In 1956 eight Gough moorhens were released at Sandy Point on Tristan and have subsequently colonised the island 94 Marine edit nbsp 1954 Tristan da Cunha stamp depicting elephant seal at Gough Island nbsp Tristan da Cunha 1960 Marine Life stampsThe largest no take zone in the Atlantic and at 687 247 square kilometres 265 348 sq mi the fourth largest in the world was designated on 13 November 2020 The Marine Protected Area bans mining and fishing except the local lobster fishery with enforcement the responsibility of the UK government via satellite surveillance According to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSPB the islands and surrounding ocean is one of the most pristine temperate ecosystems on the planet 95 96 Various species of whales and dolphins can be seen around Tristan from time to time with increasing sighting rates although recovery of baleen whales especially the southern right whale were severely hindered by illegal whaling by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the 1960 volcanic eruption 97 The subantarctic fur seal Arctophoca tropicalis can also be found in the Tristan archipelago mostly on Gough Island 98 The biodiversity of marine life is limited given the islands isolation making identifying the impacts of invasion difficult While much of the marine life is unknown there has been an invasive species identified in the waters around the islands This species is the South American silver porgy Diplodus argenteus argenteus which is thought to have sought refuge in the area due to the wreck of an oil platform off the coast of Tristan in 2006 The silver porgy is omnivorous but is not linked to the consumption of the valued lobster populations that the islanders fish 99 The silver porgy is however suspected to be consuming components of the islands fragile kelp forest The giant kelp forests of Macrocystis pyrifera were extremely limited in biodiversity and has a simple short chain food web While this species is considered non native and invasive removal efforts are currently not prioritized Continued monitoring is suggested and expedition research for all invasive marine species are ongoing 99 Economy editThe island has a unique social and economic structure in which all resident families farm and all land is communally owned Outsiders are prohibited from buying land or settling on Tristan Besides subsistence agriculture major industries are commercial fishing and government Major export industries are the Tristan rock lobster Jasus fishery the sale of the island s postage stamps and coins and limited tourism 100 Like most British Overseas Territories it was never a part of the European Union but was a member of the EU s Overseas Countries and Territories Association 101 The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004 This bank does not have a physical presence on Tristan da Cunha but residents of Tristan are entitled to its services 102 Although Tristan da Cunha is part of the same overseas territory as Saint Helena it does not use the local Saint Helena pound sterling is used directly instead 103 The island is located in the South Atlantic Anomaly an area of the Earth with an abnormally weak magnetic field On 14 November 2008 a geomagnetic observatory was inaugurated on the island as part of a joint venture between the Danish Meteorological Institute and DTU Space 104 Transport edit nbsp Map of Edinburgh of the Seven SeasThe remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult Tristan da Cunha has no airstrip and is not generally accessible to air travel though the wider territory is served by Saint Helena Airport 105 106 and RAF Ascension Island 107 Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times per year citation needed The RMS St Helena used to connect the main island to St Helena and South Africa once each year during its January voyage but has done so only a few times in the last years in 2006 in 2011 7 and most recently in 2018 108 In the same year the RMS St Helena was withdrawn from service Three ships regularly service Tristan da Cunha with typically fewer than a dozen visits a year Other vessels may occasionally visit the island The harbour at Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is called Calshot Harbour named after the place in Hampshire England where the islanders temporarily stayed during the volcanic eruption 109 Tourism edit Unlike Saint Helena with its airport hotels and restaurants due to its remoteness Tristan da Cunha has a very small tourism industry As the island can only be reached from Cape Town in rough seas on vessels with limited vacancies a trip must be planned months in advance and only after a visit request is approved by the Island Council citation needed Occasional boats or cruises may include a short visit to the island in their itinerary but as there is no deep harbour setting ashore is highly dependent on the maritime conditions With all these limitations and in spite of the spectacular natural landscapes visiting the territory is an attractive challenge for more adventurous travellers who can afford the time and money to get there All visitors staying on Tristan must have a confirmed and fully paid return ticket health insurance to include cover in case of medical evacuation to Cape Town and sufficient funds to cover their entire stay There are no hotels on the island A visitor can rent a guest house catered or self catering or stay in a private home on a full board basis There is a Tourism Post Office that sells souvenirs that might take months to arrive if ordered online citation needed Communications edit Telecommunication edit The ITU has assigned telephone country code 290 for Tristan da Cunha 110 however residents have access to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Telecommunications Network provided by Global Crossing 111 This service uses a London 020 numbering range meaning that numbers are accessed via the UK telephone numbering plan 112 Satellite delivered internet access arrived in Tristan da Cunha in 1998 but its high cost initially made it almost unaffordable for the local population who primarily used it only to send email 113 The connection was also extremely unreliable connecting through a 64 kbit s satellite phone connection provided by Inmarsat citation needed Since 2006 a very small aperture terminal has provided bandwidth for government purposes that is also made available via an internet cafe and after office hours via Wi Fi to island homes 114 As of 2016 update there is not yet any mobile telephone coverage on the islands 115 The Government and Tristan da Cunha Association 116 jointly run the island official website 117 with all practical information news and facts about the island While the site is updated from mainland UK 118 due to slow internet the photos taken and uploaded from Tristan da Cunha are all in low resolution which allows online navigation in the territory with acceptable speed citation needed Amateur radio edit Amateur radio operator groups sometimes conduct DX peditions on the island One group operated as station ZD9ZS in September October 2014 119 120 121 Nigel G3TXF was part of this DX pedition citation needed Government editThere are no political parties or trade unions on Tristan Executive authority is vested in the King who is represented in the territory by the Governor of Tristan da Cunha Prior to 2009 Tristan de Cunha was a dependency of Saint Helena and therefore directly represented by the Governor of Saint Helena The St Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 made Saint Helena Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha equal constituent parts of the territory with their own governments and established the position of Governor of Tristan da Cunha 122 Per Section 208 of the Constitution Order the person appointed as Governor of Saint Helena is ex officio Governor of Tristan da Cunha However as Tristan da Cunha is 1 350 miles 2 170 km away from Saint Helena an Administrator of Tristan da Cunha is appointed to act as the Governor s representative on the Island This arrangement predates the current constitutional structure and the first Administrator was appointed in the 1940s Previously the Administrator also acted as the local magistrate but the appointment is to be transferred to a non member of the executive or legislative branches of government The Administrator is a career civil servant in the Foreign Office selected by London who acts as the local head of government and takes advice from the Tristan da Cunha Island Council Since 1998 each Administrator has usually served a three year term which begins in September upon arrival of the supply ship from Cape Town Fiona Kilpatrick and Stephen Townsend were exceptions to this rule having taken up their job share office in January 2020 123 The Administrator and Island Council work from the Government Building which is the only two storey building on the island The building is sometimes referred to as Whitehall or the H admin Building and contains the Administrator s Office Treasury Department Administration Offices and the Council Chamber where Island Council meetings are held Policing is undertaken by one full time police inspector and three special constables Tristan da Cunha has some legislation of its own but the law of Saint Helena applies generally to the extent that it is not inconsistent with local law insofar as it is suitable for local circumstances and subject to such modifications as local circumstances make necessary 124 Chief Islander edit The Island Council is made up of eight elected and three appointed members who serve a three year term which begins in February or March A separate but simultaneous vote is held to select the Chief Islander who is the community s political leader James Glass was re elected to the position in March 2022 to a record breaking fifth term in the role 125 Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop p a 185671 126 1880109 127 1 80 189250 128 6 29 189764 127 5 06 190174 127 3 70 190995 127 3 17 1934167 129 2 28 1961268 126 1 77 1969271 130 0 14 1987296 126 131 0 49 1999286 132 133 0 29 2000280 132 2 10 2008269 131 0 50 2016293 131 5 1 07 2018250 9 7 63 Tristan da Cunha recorded a population of 243 in the June 2021 census 134 The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas known locally as The Settlement The current residents are thought to have descended from fifteen outside ancestors eight male and seven female who arrived on the island at various dates between 1816 and 1908 The men were European and the women were mixed race Now all of the population has mixed ancestry In addition a male contributor of eastern European Russian descent arrived in the early 1900s 135 In 1963 when families returned after the evacuation due to the 1961 volcanic eruption the 200 settlers included four Tristan da Cunha women who brought with them new English husbands 136 nbsp Housing in Tristan da Cunha nbsp Potato patches nbsp Guest houses provide accommodation for visitors as there are no hotels in the island The female descendants have been traced by genetic study to five female founders believed to be mixed race African Asian and European descent and from Saint Helena The historical data recounted that there were two pairs of sisters but the mtDNA evidence showed only one pair of sisters 137 The early male founders originated from Scotland England the Netherlands the United States and Italy who belonged to three Y haplogroups I M170 R SRY10831 2 and R M207 xSRY10831 2 138 The male founders shared seven surnames Glass Green Hagan Lavarello Repetto Rogers and Swain 9 b The surnames Collins Squibb and Patterson were brought to the island by Tristanian women returning with their English husbands from the evacuation of the early 1960s 139 The surnames Collins and Squibb continue to be used on the island In addition a new haplotype was found that is associated with men of eastern Europe and Russia It entered the population in the early 1900s at a time when the island was visited by Russian sailing ships There is evidence for the contribution of a hidden ancestor who left his genes but not his name on the island 138 Another four instances of non paternity were found among male descendants but researchers believed their fathers were probably among the early island population 138 nbsp St Joseph s Catholic church nbsp St Joseph s Catholic ChurchThere are eighty families on the island 140 Like many remote island communities Tristan da Cunha has a shrinking aging population 141 In the past Tristan da Cunha mothers had to travel to Cape Town to give birth but since the opening of the Camogli Healthcare Centre in 2017 have been able to give birth on the island 142 Language editThis section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is text expanded from original few sentences needs tidying formatting citations etc Please help improve this section if you can June 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Phonetics and phonology edit Tristan da Cunha English spoken on the isolated island in the South Atlantic is the smallest and most isolated native speaker community of English The variety of English spoken in Tristan da Cunha features unique phonetic and phonological characteristics The vowel in words like face is non diphthongized pronounced as fe s Stops such as the medial consonants in button bottle and people are glottalized Extensive insertion of the sound h occurs in words like happle and hafter merging the pronunciation of island with highland Devoicing of the medial z and zh sounds is common resulting in pronunciations like sea s on and televi sh ion with s and sh respectively Tristan da Cunha English is non rhotic with linking and intrusive r sounds Grammar Tristan da Cunha English shares non standard grammatical features with other English varieties in the Falkland Islands and St Helena Plural marking after numbers is absent as seen in constructions like five pound Distinct second person plural pronouns are used such as y all and you s Verbal inflectional morphology is simplified as in She sing real good and They never eat much them days The pronoun them is used to mark definite noun phrases as seen in sentences like They never eat much them days Expressiveness drives peculiarities in Tristan da Cunha English including double comparatives e g I like that more better and double negation e g nobody never come out or nothing In questions inversion is not used as in constructions like Where they is Vocabulary The use of nicknames is extremely common on Tristan da Cunha serving an important social function Phrases and words associated with holidays festivals clothing farming fishing etc are typical of the island s vocabulary Various aspects of vocabulary related to birds habitation names fish hills ridges craters slopes inland rocks plants rocks in the sea or on the coast hardies bluffs fauna points headlands capes daily work plains plateaus districts woods food gulches valleys clothes brooks waterfalls crater lakes illness bays beaches caves nature tracks paths roads the sea personal names nicknames people the community holidays parties games and buildings are mentioned in relation to the vocabulary of Tristan da Cunha Education edit See also Education in Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Children leave school at age 16 and although they can take GCSEs a year later few do 143 144 The school on the island is St Mary s School which serves children from ages 4 to 16 The Naval Station had established a school building during World War II The current facility opened in 1975 and has five classrooms a kitchen a stage a computer room and a craft and science room 145 Tristan students doing post 16 education receive assistance from the Tristan da Cunha Association Education Trust Fund and typically do so in the United Kingdom and South Africa 146 The Tristan Song Project was a collaboration between St Mary s School and amateur composers in Britain led by music teacher Tony Triggs It began in 2010 and involved St Mary s pupils writing poems and Triggs providing musical settings by himself and his pupils 147 A desktop publication entitled Rockhopper Penguins and Other Songs 2010 embraced most of the songs completed that year and funded a consignment of guitars to the school 148 In February 2013 the Tristan Post Office issued a set of four Song Project stamps featuring island musical instruments and lyrics from Song Project songs about Tristan s volcano and wildlife In 2014 the project broadened its scope and continues as the International Song Project 149 150 Religion edit The only religion is Christianity with the only denominations being Anglican and Roman Catholic The Roman Catholic population is served by the Mission Sui Iuris of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which is administratively a part of the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands Edwin Dodgson youngest brother of Lewis Carroll spent several years as a missionary on the island in the nineteenth century citation needed Health edit Healthcare is funded by the government undertaken at most times by one resident doctor Surgery or facilities for complex childbirth are therefore limited and emergencies can necessitate communicating with passing fishing vessels so the injured person can be ferried to Cape Town 151 As of late 2007 IBM and Beacon Equity Partners co operating with Medweb the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the island s government on Project Tristan had supplied the island s doctor with access to long distance tele medical help making it possible to send EKG and X ray pictures to doctors in other countries for instant consultation 152 The Camogli Healthcare Centre usually referred to as the hospital was built and equipped in 2016 2017 to the latest UK National Health Service NHS standards and was officially opened on 7 June 2017 153 It is located in the southwestern corner of the settlement below the previous hospital built in 1971 which is now used by the veterinarians and for general storage The new hospital was funded by the UK Department for International Development with the intention the improved facilities would allow more procedures to be performed locally by visiting specialists and therefore reduce the need for expensive referrals to Cape Town 154 There are normally two expatriate doctors on the island who provide 24 hour cover There are also normally two expatriate and four local nurses as well as two dental technicians a hospital manager and ancillary staff The medical staff deal with day to day medical matters handle emergency cases and undertake minor surgery More complex and serious cases are transported to Cape Town for treatment as were all expectant mothers for their deliveries until the Camogli Healthcare Centre was completed in 2017 and new medical facilities enabled local mothers to give birth on the island 155 As of 2022 five babies have been born in the island s Camogli Healthcare Centre 156 157 158 There are instances of health problems attributed to endogamy including glaucoma In addition there is a very high 42 incidence of asthma among the population and research by Noe Zamel of the University of Toronto has led to discoveries about the genetic nature of the disease 159 Three of the original settlers of the island had asthma 160 Culture editMusic and traditional dance edit Tristan residents Mary Swain and Percy Lavarello were recorded in 1962 whilst evacuated in Calshot Hampshire by Maud Karpeles and Peter Kennedy singing traditional songs and discussing the culture of the island mainly music and dance the full recording split between seven tapes and also including other Tristan residents can be heard on the British Library Sound Archive website 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 On these tapes Mary Swain sings traditional English folk songs learnt from her mother including seventeenth century Child Ballads such as Barbara Allen 168 and The Golden Vanity 169 She also describes how dance was an important element of life on Tristan well known dances such as step dances waltzes polkas mazurkas and schottisches were common as well as many unique traditional dances such as The Donkey Dance The Pillow Dance The Chair Dance and something called Tabby Oaker s Big Toe which involved displaying one s feet 161 It seems that the music and dance of Tristan was ultimately derived from English traditions but various peculiarities had developed citation needed nbsp BFBS TV provides six TV channels BBC One BBC Two ITV Channel 4 Sky News and BFBS Extra relayed to islanders via local transmitters nbsp Longboats in front of the administrator s residence nbsp The supermarket provides the islands with all necessary goods Crime edit No one has ever been arrested for crime by the single policeman on the island 170 Radio and television edit Local television began in 1984 using taped programming on Tuesday Thursday and Sunday evenings 171 Live television did not arrive on the island until 2001 with the introduction of the British Forces Broadcasting Service BFBS TV which now provides six channels BBC One BBC Two ITV Channel 4 Sky News and BFBS Extra relayed to islanders via local transmitters Recently the service was upgraded to digital most TV screens are modern and DTV while some older analogue CRT equipments still are in use with digital boxes connected and there is at least one TV set per house BFBS Radio 2 is the locally available radio station 172 Newspapers edit The Tristan Times was an online newspaper for the island published from 2003 to 2019 173 The island government also posts news announcements on its website which is maintained by the UK based Tristan da Cunha Association 174 Holidays and holiday traditions edit The island holds an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for three weeks The beginning of the holiday called Break Up Day is usually marked with parties and celebrations 175 The islanders would traditionally have parties on Boxing Day but not on Christmas Day 167 Traditionally on Old Year s Day Night meaning New Year s Eve the islanders would conceal their identities with masks or blackface and the men would wear women s clothing everyone would celebrate anonymously moving between households singing songs dancing shouting playing instruments and firing guns At the stroke of midnight a bell would announce the new year On New Year s Day the islanders would play cricket and football and once again party later in the day 162 167 The disguises sometimes recall English Border Morris dancers Similarly in England in the Middle Ages this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking which climaxed on Twelfth Night the traditional end of the Christmas season on 6 January In Tudor England Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays titled Twelfth Night Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels 176 Sport edit Football cricket and baseball were all historically played on the island 162 167 It has been reported that football was introduced to the locals in the 1920s by Rev Henry Rogers and it remains the island s favourite sport 177 Rose Henry s wife wrote about informal kick abouts continuing for years and these fast became a part of Tristanian culture 178 The islanders would split themselves into two teams and play friendly matches especially on dates of special occasions such as weddings christenings etc citation needed In 1940 Tristan da Cunha s footballers played their first international game against the crew of a Norwegian ship No record remains of the score In the ensuing years the game flourished with the islanders playing matches against crews from vessels of various nationalities including ships from the Royal Navy citation needed With live transmissions of televised football the sport regained its former popularity 179 Tristan da Cunha FC was formed in 2002 180 A local fishing company bought them a kit white shirts and blue shorts They had a very basic pitch on American Field named in recognition of the American forces stationed there during World War II 181 However opponents were in short supply It was a case of waiting for visiting opponents and sometimes years might go by without any opportunities to play foreign opposition 182 Their first match was against a South African fishing vessel and they lost 10 6 The remoteness of Tristan da Cunha makes it virtually impossible for the team to travel abroad to play against foreign opposition In recent times the club s numbers have dropped to a level where only 5 a side matches are being played 179 Notable people editEdwin Heron Dodgson 1846 1918 a clergyman in the Church of England was the youngest brother of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Lewis Carroll author of Alice s Adventures in Wonderland He is primarily remembered for his work as a missionary in the island of Tristan da Cunha from 1880 to 1884 183 184 citation needed Conrad Jack Glass MBE born 1961 is a Tristanian police officer and a former Chief Islander 185 He is the first islander to have written a book about it Rockhopper Copper 2005 186 William Glass 1786 1853 Scottish Corporal and founder of the island s settlement citation needed Anne Green born 1952 first female Chief Islander and teacher citation needed In popular culture edit nbsp The Inaccessible Island rail Atlantisia rogersi 1927 the world s smallest flightless bird which is found only on Inaccessible IslandFilm edit In Wim Wenders s Wings of Desire a dying man recollecting the things that have apparently meant most to him mentions Tristan da Cunha 187 37 4 S is a short film about two teenagers who live on the island 188 Literature edit Edgar Allan Poe s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 1838 Chapter 15 has a detailed history and description of the island 189 In Jules Verne s novel In Search of the Castaways one of the chapters is set on Tristan da Cunha and a brief history of the island is mentioned 190 Zinnie Harris s play Further Than the Furthest Thing 2000 is inspired by events on the island notably the 1961 volcanic eruption and evacuation of the islanders 191 Alice Munro s short story Deep Holes in her 2009 short story collection Too Much Happiness The female protagonist a mother confides to her young son about her fascination with remote islands like Tristan da Cunha and the Faroe Islands Later when her son goes missing she fantasises that he has found his way to one of these islands and is living there 192 Non fiction edit Frank T Bullen provides details of visiting the island in the 1870s in his book The Cruise of the Cachalot first published in 1898 193 Francis Pease s book To the Ends of the Earth Hurst and Blackett Ltd 1935 describes the RRS Discovery s trip to Antartica in 1925 which stopped at Tristan da Cunha Chapter 2 is titled Folk of Tristan citation needed Simon Winchester s book Outposts Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire 1985 reprinted in 2003 devotes a chapter to the island which he visited in the mid 1980s In the foreword to the reprint the author states that he was banned from Tristan da Cunha because of his writing about the war time romance of a local woman He published a longer account of his banishment in Lapham s Quarterly 194 In 2005 Rockhopper Copper the first book about the island written by an Islander was published It was written by Conrad Glass Tristan da Cunha s longtime policeman and conservation officer 195 See also editOutline of Tristan da Cunha Sandy Point Tristan da CunhaPortals nbsp Islands nbsp Africa nbsp United Kingdom nbsp British EmpireNotes edit The visit took place during the Duke of Edinburgh s circumnavigation undertaken while commanding HMS Galatea Tristan da Cunha post office issued four stamps in 1967 to celebrate the centenary of this visit 27 The seven surnames are thought to have been immigrants who were Scottish Rogers Dutch Glass English Green Swain Irish Hagan Italian Lavarello Repetto both probably Ligurian References edit Crawford Allan 1982 Tristan da Cunha and the Roaring Forties Charles Skilton p 20 ISBN 9780284985897 Retrieved 13 August 2013 Grundy Richard Philip Kendall sworn in as Tristan Administrator www tristandc com Tristan da Cunha Chief Islander Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 Retrieved 11 October 2017 Green Cynthia Tristan da Cunha Population Update www tristandc com a b Census 2016 summary report PDF St Helena Government June 2016 p 9 Archived from the original PDF on 17 October 2016 Retrieved 23 January 2017 tristan da cunha to mar del plata distance Google Search www google com a b Winkler Sarah 25 August 2009 Where is the Most Remote Spot on Earth Tristan da Cunha The World s Most Remote Inhabited Island How Stuff Works Retrieved 28 December 2018 Rosenberg Matt 6 March 2017 Tristan da Cunha The World s Most Remote Island ThoughtCo com Retrieved 28 December 2018 a b c Tristan da Cunha Family News Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 a b The St Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 The National Archives 2009 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Corne Lucy Tristan da Cunha a journey to the centre of the ocean Lonely Planet Retrieved 9 April 2020 a b Faustini Arnaldo 14 September 2003 Carrol Paul ed The Annals of Tristan da Cunha PDF Translated by Nysven Liz Conrad Larry p 9 Archived PDF from the original on 10 May 2015 Retrieved 28 December 2018 a b Headland J K 1989 Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521309035 Retrieved 28 December 2018 Fontana Nicolaus 1782 Tagebuch der Reise des k k Schiffes Joseph und Theresia nach den neuen osterreichischen Pflanzorten in Asia und Afrika Translated by Eyerel Joseph Dessau und Leipzig re published as Pilleri G ed 1982 Maria Teresa e le Indie orientali La spedizione alle Isole Nicobare della nave Joseph und Theresia e il diario del chirurgo di bordo Bern CH Verlag de hirnanatomischen Institutes p 9 Bolts Guillaume 1785 Precis de l Origine de la Marche et de la Chute de la Compagnie d Asie et d Afrique dans les Ports du Littoral Autrichien Liege p 14 cited in van Bruyssel Ernest Jean 1865 Histoire du commerce et de la marine en Belgique Vol 3 Bruxelles pp 295 299 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link and cited in Brander Jan 1940 Tristan da Cunha 1506 1902 London UK Unwin pp 49 50 and cited in article Charles Proli Biographie nationale de Belgique Bruxelles 1905 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Dalrymple A A Serious Admonition to the Publick on the Intended Thief Colony at Botany Bay National Library of Australia London Sewell p n 2 NLA part ID 19595227 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help a b Frost Alan 1980 Convicts amp Empire A naval question 1776 1811 Melbourne Oxford University Press Blankett John Captain R N 6 August 1786 settlement on Tristan da Cunha Letter to Howe Greenwich National Maritime Museum HOW 3 a href Template Cite press release html title Template Cite press release cite press release a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link cited in Frost 1980 17 119 216 Grenville 3 October 1789 general survey of the South Atlantic Letter to Admiralty Lords Public Record Office ADM 1 4154 43 cited in Frost 1980 17 148 220 Robbins Helen H 1908 Our First Ambassador to China London UK Murray pp 197 210 a b c Mackay Margaret 1963 Angry Island The Story of Tristan da Cunha 1506 1963 London Arthur Barker p 30 Tristan d Acunha etc Jonathan Lambert late Sovereign thereof Blackwood s Edinburgh Magazine Vol 4 no 21 December 1818 pp 280 285 via Google Books a b Roberts Edmund 1837 Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin China Siam and Muscat New York Harper amp Brothers p 33 Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 11 October 2013 Flower Robin May 1935 Tristan da Cunha Records The British Museum Quarterly 9 4 121 123 doi 10 2307 4421742 JSTOR 4421742 Leigh W H esq 1982 1839 Travels and Adventures in South Australia facsimile ed London UK The Currawong Press a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jan Brander Tristan da Cunha 1506 1902 London Unwin 1940 Courtney Nicholas 2004 The Queen s Stamps Methuen p 28 ISBN 0 413 77228 4 Thomson C Wyville 1885 Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H M S Challenger During the Years 1873 76 London UK Her Majesty s Stationery Office pp 240 252 Retrieved 28 December 2018 H M S Challenger Station 135 Tristan da Cunha Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 Retrieved 29 August 2016 St Helena Ascension Tristan da Cunha profiles 14 May 2018 Retrieved 12 January 2020 Millington Peter The Lifeboat Disaster Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Archived from the original on 4 June 2019 Retrieved 18 April 2021 Grundy Richard 9 November 2015 Tristan da Cunha Isolation amp Hardship 1853 1942 Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Retrieved 18 April 2021 Millington Peter The Lifeboat Disaster www tristandc com Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 Retrieved 18 April 2021 Glass Conrad 1 January 2014 Rockhopper Copper Polperro Heritage Press ISBN 978 0 9530012 3 1 Tristan da Cunha Isolation amp Hardship 1853 1942 Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Retrieved 1 January 2019 Faustini Arnaldo 14 September 2003 Carrol Paul ed The Annals of Tristan da Cunha PDF Translated by Nysven Liz Conrad Larry p 58 Archived PDF from the original on 10 May 2015 Retrieved 18 February 2023 Tristan da Cunha Stamps Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association 8 December 2015 Retrieved 2 January 2019 Millington Peter 12 November 2018 Tristan da Cunha News 1920s Lantern Slides of Tristan for Sale on eBay Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 2 January 2019 Lawrence Nigel 8 August 2017 Tristan da Cunha Shipping Today amp Yesterday Magazine Retrieved 2 January 2019 Outgoing Ship Mail Daniel F Kelleher Auctions LLC Sale 4010 Web Internet Archived from the original on 16 January 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2019 Wollenberg Ken 2000 Chapter XI Tristan da Cunha The Bottom of the Map Bloomington Indiana Xlibris ISBN 9781453565759 Retrieved 28 December 2018 self published source Results of the Norwegian scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937 1938 OUR Heritage University of Otago 1945 Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 Retrieved 3 June 2015 Evans Andrew 22 April 2011 Holy Grail National Geographic Travel Archived from the original on 16 January 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2019 Foran W R November 1938 Tristan da Cunha isles of contentment National Geographic pp 671 694 Royal gifts gladden 172 on lonely Atlantic island The New York Times New York NY 24 March 1935 second news section p N4 Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 Retrieved 15 October 2008 Tristan da Cunha joining the modern world 1942 1961 Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 28 December 2018 H R H the Duke of Edinburgh s Antarctic tour January 1957 Imperial War Museum Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 Retrieved 2 July 2018 Single ship report Miramar Ship Index Wellington NZ R B Haworth 5302635 Retrieved 22 December 2020 Tristan da Cunha Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 25 June 2021 a b A voyage to Tristan da Cunha Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 Retrieved 29 August 2016 a b Griggs Lee 10 November 1961 Violent end for a lonely island Life Vol 51 no 19 pp 21 22 Retrieved 31 October 2020 Refugees from Tristan Birmingham Daily Post No 32151 4 November 1961 p 26 Retrieved 1 November 2020 via British Newspaper Archive Gila Oscar Alvarez Refugees for the media evacuees for the government The 1961 Tristan da Cunha volcano eruption and its displaced inhabitants Global Change and Resilience Brno Czech Republic permanent dead link UNESCO Committee Decision 2004 28COM 14B 17 Archived from the original on 3 January 2019 Retrieved 12 February 2014 Gough Island Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 Inaccessible Island Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 Barwick Sandra 7 June 2001 120 mph storm devastates Tristan da Cunha The Daily Telegraph London UK Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 Retrieved 4 April 2018 First postcode for remote UK isle 7 August 2005 Retrieved 11 June 2020 Factory Fire on 13 February 2008 The Tristan da Cunha Website Retrieved 5 January 2019 Building a 21st century Tristan fishing factory The Tristan da Cunha website Retrieved 5 January 2019 MS Oliva runs aground on Nightingale Island The Tristan da Cunha Website Archived from the original on 25 May 2011 Retrieved 23 March 2011 Oil soaked rockhopper penguins in rehabilitation BBC News Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 Retrieved 28 March 2011 Grundy Richard Tristan s Marine Protection Zone Announced www tristandc com Retrieved 13 November 2020 UK Overseas Territory becomes one of the world s biggest sanctuaries for wildlife The RSPB Retrieved 13 November 2020 Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 December 05 Eclipse gsfc nasa gov Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 Retrieved 11 January 2014 Rosenberg Mark 6 March 2017 Tristan da Cunha ThoughtCo Retrieved 5 January 2019 Gough Island South African National Antarctic Programme Archived from the original on 30 December 2008 Retrieved 25 October 2012 Tristan da Cunha Outer Islands www tristandc com Retrieved 3 September 2020 Tristan da Cunha Gough Island Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 5 January 2019 ZD9A Gough Island DX News 23 June 2016 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Kottek M Grieser J Beck C Rudolf B Rubel F 2006 World Map of the Koppen Geiger climate classification updated PDF Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 3 259 263 Bibcode 2006MetZe 15 259K doi 10 1127 0941 2948 2006 0130 Tristan da Cunha Sandy Point Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 5 January 2019 South Africa Tristan Da Cunha March 2012 Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 Tristan Da Cunha Climate Guide to the Average Weather amp Temperatures with Graphs Elucidating Sunshine and Rainfall Data amp Information about Wind Speeds amp Humidity March 2012 Archived from the original on 17 November 2011 Tristan da Cunha s Climate Geology of Tristan da Cunha Alaska Volcano Observatory Volcanoes of the world an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions avo alaska edu Retrieved 15 December 2023 Global Volcanism Program Database Search volcano si edu Retrieved 15 December 2023 Le Roex A P Cliff R A Adair B J I 1990 Tristan da Cunha South Atlantic geochemistry and petrogenesis of a basanite phonolite lava series Am J Petrology 31 779 812 a b c Gibson S A Thompson R N Day S E 2005 Melt generation processes associated with the Tristan mantle plume Constraints on the origin of EM 1 Am Earth and Planetary Science Letters 237 744 767 Richards M A Duncan R A Courtillot V E 1989 Flood Basalts and Hot Spot Tracks Plume Heads and Tails Science 246 103 107 Brown R N Rudmose 1905 The Botany of Gough Island The Journal of the Linnean Society of London 37 259 238 250 page 242 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1905 TB00834 x Hogan C Michael 2009 Stromberg N ed Crown Fern Blechnum discolor Globaltwitcher com Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 a b c d Reddy Simon 22 March 2017 On a remote archipelago rich biodiversity faces threats PewTrusts org report Pew Memorial Trusts Archived from the original on 6 April 2023 Retrieved 1 August 2023 Gough Island Restoration Programme Conservation Project The RSPB a b Law Jessica 22 October 2018 Ambitious plan to remove mega mice to save millions of seabirds Bird Life a b Grundy 15 May 2018 Tristan da Cunha Wildlife News Tristandc com Wace N M Holdgate M W November 1958 The Vegetation of Tristan Da Cunha Journal of Ecology 46 3 593 620 doi 10 2307 2257541 JSTOR 2257541 Location Tristan da Cunha Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Retrieved 23 July 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k Gremmen Niek 2009 Alien plants and their impact on Tristan da Cunha PDF Brahms Online Tristan Island Important Bird Areas Important Bird Areas factsheet BirdLife International 2012 Retrieved 28 December 2018 BirdLife International Spectacled Petrel Data Zone BirdLife Species Factsheet Archived from the original on 2 January 2009 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena BirdLife Data Zone Retrieved 5 January 2019 Gough Moorhens Beauty of Birds Retrieved 5 January 2019 Blackman Stuart February 2021 Hugh marine sanctuary created in South Atlantic BBC Wildlife pp 22 3 UK Overseas Territory becomes one of the world s biggest sanctuaries for wildlife RSPB Retrieved 18 February 2021 Cetacea Whales and Dolphins around the Tristan da Cunha Islands The Tristan da Cunha Website Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 Tyler P and A Rothwell The Natural History of Tristan da Cunha PDF UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum Archived from the original PDF on 27 May 2015 Retrieved 30 June 2016 a b Tristan da Cunha National Geographic February 2017 Economy of Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association June 2005 Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 Retrieved 12 March 2008 OCTA Presentation octassociation org Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 Retrieved 11 October 2017 The Bank of Saint Helena Sainthelenabank com Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 Retrieved 18 April 2010 Tristan da Cunha Coins The Tristan da Cunha Website Retrieved 5 January 2019 Matzka Jurgen 20 November 2008 Danish researchers build magnetic observatory in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean Technical University of Denmark Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 Building St Helena Airport Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2017 St Helena Flights to remote Atlantic island begin at last BBC Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2017 Ascension Island Travel Company Archived from the original on 26 November 2015 Retrieved 26 November 2015 Repetto Dawn Burns Sean Last Voyage to Tristan by the RMS St Helena www tristandc com Tristan da Cunha s Calshot Harbour Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 Retrieved 14 August 2015 List of Recommendation ITU T E 164 Assigned Country Codes International Telecommunication Union 15 December 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2021 Global Crossing extends FCO network to Tristan da Cunha Telecom Paper 22 May 2006 Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Tristan Da Cunha Contact Information Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Telecommunications expert sets the record straight Internet access is too expensive for Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha News 11 August 2005 Archived from the original on 4 December 2014 Retrieved 28 November 2014 Tristan da Cunha communications news Archived from the original on 20 July 2015 Retrieved 14 August 2015 Tristan da Cunha s Development and Public Works Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association 6 October 2016 Archived from the original on 30 April 2018 Retrieved 18 November 2018 Tristan da Cunha Association Official website Grundy Richard About tristandc com www tristandc com Retrieved 25 April 2022 ZD9ZS Tristan da Cunha Island DX News 9 September 2016 Retrieved 5 January 2019 ZD9ZS Tristan da Cunha DX World 22 August 2014 Retrieved 5 January 2019 ZD9XF ZD9ZS Sep 2014 Tristan da Cunha G3TXF 9 September 2016 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Constitution of St Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Order 2009 legislation gov uk Retrieved 25 March 2023 Tristan da Cunha Administrator Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 5 January 2019 Tristan da Cunha Government Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 5 January 2019 Tristan da Cunha Chief Islander www tristandc com Retrieved 10 June 2020 a b c Rosenberg Matt 6 March 2018 Tristan da Cunha ThoughtCo com Retrieved 2 January 2019 a b c d Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Tristan da Cunha Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 294 296 see page 295 The population in 1897 was only 64 in 1901 it was 74 and in 1909 95 Tristan da Cunha Isolation amp Hardship 1853 1942 Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Retrieved 2 January 2019 Answers to Yesterday s Questions Can You Tell Dundee Evening Telegraph 24 May 1934 p 7 Retrieved 3 January 2019 When the French training cruiser Jeanne d Arc recently called at Tristan da Cunha there were 167 inhabitants living in 40 low built thatched cottages The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3rd ed 1970 1979 a b c St Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha City Population 6 March 2018 Retrieved 2 January 2019 a b Tristan Da Cunha The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed Retrieved 2 January 2019 via Encyclopedia com The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Columbia University Press 2013 Population Update Tristan da Cunha Families Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 Retrieved 20 July 2021 Munch Peter 1970 Crisis in Utopia New York Longmans p 55 ISBN 978 0582105119 Cavendish Richard October 2011 The evacuation of Tristan da Cunha History Today Vol 61 no 10 Archived from the original on 7 June 2016 Retrieved 25 May 2016 Soodyall H Jenkins T Mukherjee A du Toit E Roberts D F Stoneking M 1997 The founding mitochondrial DNA lineages of Tristan da Cunha Islanders Am J Phys Anthropol 104 2 157 166 doi 10 1002 SICI 1096 8644 199710 104 2 lt 157 AID AJPA2 gt 3 0 CO 2 W PMID 9386823 a b c Soodyall Himla Nebel Almut Morar Bharti Jenkins Trefor 2003 Genealogy and genes Tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha European Journal of Human Genetics 11 9 705 709 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201022 PMID 12939658 Weaver Barry 2003 Tristan da Cunha College of Atmospheric amp Geographic Sciences University of Oklahoma Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 Ultimate Remote Tourist Destination Tristan da Cunha Sometimes Interesting 14 March 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Green Cynthia 24 May 2016 Tristan da Cunha Population Update Tristan da Cunha Website Retrieved 27 August 2023 Millington Peter 8 July 2021 Birth of Jake Peter Swain Tristan da Cunha Website Retrieved 27 August 2023 Crossan Rob 11 November 2002 Return to the Last Outpost Telegraph Magazine CNN Traveler A long way from anywhere Cnntraveller com 1 January 2007 Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 Retrieved 18 April 2010 Tristan School Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 21 June 2009 Education in Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha Government amp Tristan da Cunha Association Retrieved 6 January 2020 see cited material in the right hand panel Triggs Tony writing as Aquila July August 2012 The Rockhopper songbook Aquila pp 4 5 SARTMA 19 June 2011 full citation needed Tristan da Cunha Education News Tristan Song Project www tristandc com Retrieved 3 September 2020 Copyright Norfolk Home Learning INTERNATIONAL SONG PROJECT Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 Bulger Gerald 11 January 2012 The most isolated UK GP in the world GP Online Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 Retrieved 23 December 2016 IBM connects world s most remote island to health care Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology 14 November 2007 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Millington Peter Tristan da Cunha Camogli Healthcare Centre www tristandc com Retrieved 3 May 2021 Grundy Richard Tristan da Cunha Healthcare History www tristandc com Retrieved 22 January 2024 Grundy Richard Tristan da Cunha Births and Christenings www tristandc com Retrieved 22 January 2024 Millington Peter Birth of Jake Peter Swain www tristandc com Retrieved 22 January 2024 Carter Hazel Birth of Riley Glass www tristandc com Retrieved 22 January 2024 Carter Hazel Birth of Liam Herbert Glass www tristandc com Retrieved 22 January 2024 Worldwide search for asthma clue BBC News 9 December 2008 Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 Retrieved 15 March 2012 Mantle John Pepys J 1974 Asthma amongst Tristan da Cunha islanders Clinical amp Experimental Allergy 4 2 161 170 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2222 1974 tb01373 x PMID 4842938 S2CID 37210057 Retrieved 14 August 2015 dead link a b Mary Swain Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 1 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 Retrieved 11 November 2020 a b c Mary Swain Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 2 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 16 August 2022 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Mary Swain and Percy Lavarello Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 3 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Mary Swain and Percy Lavarello Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 4 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Mary Swain Percy Lavarello and Basil Lavarello Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 5 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Mary Swain and Percy Lavarello Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 6 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 a b c d Percy Lavarello Calshot Hampshire 1962 Tristan de Cunha islanders Tape 7 Peter Kennedy Collection World and traditional music British Library Sounds sounds bl uk Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Barbara Allen Roud Folksong Index S228343 The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Retrieved 11 November 2020 The Golden Vanitie Roud Folksong Index S236397 The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Retrieved 11 November 2020 The world s loneliest police beat 13 January 2010 The Guardian Winchester Simon 2003 originally published 1985 Outposts Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire p 85 St Helena Ascension Tristan da Cunha profiles media BBC 4 October 2022 Retrieved 18 February 2023 The Tristan Times Newspaper News from Tristan da Cunha Tristan Times Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Tristan da Cunha Community News 2005 2011 Tristan da Cunha Retrieved 6 January 2019 2013 2014 Tristan da Cunha Summer Holiday Christmas and New Years News Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 Retrieved 29 January 2014 Frazer James 1922 The Golden Bough New York Macmillan ISBN 1 58734 083 6 Bartleby com TRISTAN DA CUNHA FC THE CLUB WITHOUT AN OPPOSITION Archived from the original on 27 December 2022 Tristan da Cunha il calcio ai confini del mondo Archived from the original on 27 December 2022 a b Rizzitelli Christian 22 September 2022 EXCLUSIVE Interview to Leon Glass the remotest football manager of the world WordPress Retrieved 18 February 2023 Far away football the South Atlantic islands thesefootballtimes co 15 November 2014 TRISTAN DA CUNHA FC OUT ON THEIR OWN Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 The remotest national football team of the world Tristan da Cunha Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 The Dodgson Family The Lewis Carroll Society 11 June 2020 Retrieved 18 February 2023 Descendants of Robert Dodgson PDF Gisburn Village Retrieved 18 February 2023 Profile of Conrad Glass Chief Islander 2007 2010 Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 Retrieved 11 October 2017 Glass Conrad J 2005 Rockhopper Copper The life and times of the people of the most remote inhabited island on Earth Leominster Orphans Press ISBN 9781903360101 Wings of Desire 1987 IMDb Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 Retrieved 15 September 2018 37 4 S 2013 IMDb May 2015 Archived from the original on 12 February 2017 Retrieved 25 October 2018 Poe Edgar Allan 1838 The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym Chapter 15 via Wikisource Verne Jules 1867 68 In Search of the Castaways or Captain Grant s Children Chapter XXVIII via Wikisource Harris Zinnie 2000 Further than the furthest thing London Faber and Faber pp v ISBN 0 571 20544 5 OCLC 45280870 Everything is funny A review of Alice Munro s Too Much Happiness BC BookLook 16 September 2012 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Retrieved 12 March 2020 Gray Stephan 2013 A Small Colony of Persons Tristan English and the Outside World PDF Alternation Special Edition 6 ed 130 143 ISSN 1023 1757 Winchester Simon 16 August 2023 Take Nothing Leave Nothing How I came to be banned from the world s most remote island Tristan da Cunha Lapham s Quarterly 2 3 Tristan Times 14 March 2005 Tristan Rockhopper Copper set to Hit Bookshelves Tristan Times Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 5 April 2014 Further reading editGuidesA Short Guide to Tristan da Cunha by James Glass and Anne Green Tristan Chief Islanders 2005 Whitby Press 12 pages Field Guides to the Animals and Plants of Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island Edited by Peter Ryan 2007 RSPB Publication 168 pages Gough Island A Natural History by Christine Hanel Steven Chown and Kevin Gaston 2005 Sun Press 169 pages Crawford Allan 1982 Tristan Da Cunha and the Roaring Forties Anchor Press ISBN 978 0 2849 8589 7 CultureTristan da Cunha History People Language by Daniel Schreier and Karen Lavarello Schreier 2003 Battlebridge 88 pages Rockhopper Copper The life and times of the people of the most remote inhabited island on Earth by Conrad Glass MBE Tristan Police Officer 2005 Polperro Heritage Press 176 pages Recipes from Tristan da Cunha by Dawn Repetto Tristan Tourism Co ordinator 2010 Tristan Books 32 pages Corporal Glass s Island The Story of Tristan da Cunha by Nancy Hosegood 1966 Farrar Straus Giroux 192 pages with several pages of photographs Three Years in Tristan da Cunha by Katherine Mary Barrow 1910 Skeffington amp Son 200 pages with 37 photographs External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tristan da Cunha nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tristan da Cunha nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Tristan da Cunha Forum about the island s spoken EnglishNews and government edit Tristan da Cunha news from the Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association Tristan Times former newspaperHistory of the island edit Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Tristan da Cunha Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 294 296 History of Tristan da Cunha 2 books and other material TRISTAN DA CUNHA Spanish LIFE Magazine article about 1961 evacuation Videos of the island edit Return to Trista da Cunha Global Nomad National Geographic 2012 A Day on Tristan da Cunha Global Nomad National Geographic 2011 Tristan da Cunha The story of Asthma Island part 1 and part 2 BBC Four 2008 Tristan da Cunha Life on the island in 1963 1963 Tristan da Cunha Life of an islander in 1963 1963 37 7 S 12 18 W 37 117 S 12 300 W 37 117 12 300 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tristan da Cunha amp oldid 1197914264, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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