North American English (NAmE, NAE) is the most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in the United States and Canada.[2] Because of their related histories and cultures,[3] plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of American English and Canadian English, the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category.[4][5] Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, with British spellings of certain words (e.g., colour) being favored in more formal settings and in Canadian print media; for some other words the American spelling prevails over the British (e.g., tire rather than tyre).[6]
Dialects of American English spoken by United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots.[7] Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms diaper and gasoline are widely used instead of nappy and petrol). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct Americanisms, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.[8][better source needed] The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the Atlantic provinces and parts of Vancouver Island where significant pockets of British culture still remain.
There are a considerable number of different accents within the regions of both the United States and Canada. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, and other regions of the British Isles mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new dialects in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American dialect mixture that solidified by the mid-18th century.[9]
The American English major regional dialects (in all caps), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al.'s The Atlas of North American English,[10] as well as the related Telsur Project's regional maps. Many regions also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in all caps), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al.'s The Atlas of North American English,[11] as well as the related Telsur Project's regional maps. Many regions also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as rhoticity (full pronunciation of all /r/ sounds), conditioned T-glottalization (with satin pronounced [ˈsæʔn̩], not [ˈsætn̩]), T- and D-flapping (with metal and medal pronounced the same, as [ˈmɛɾɫ̩]), L-velarization (with filling pronounced [ˈfɪɫɪŋ], not [ˈfɪlɪŋ]), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before /r/ (so that, Mary, marry, and merry are all commonly pronounced the same), raising of pre-voiceless /aɪ/ (with price and bright using a higher vowel sound than prize and bride), the weak vowel merger (with affected and effected often pronounced the same), at least one of the LOT vowel mergers (the LOT–PALM merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the LOT–THOUGHT merger among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and yod-dropping (with tuesday pronounced /ˈtuzdeɪ/, not /ˈtjuzdeɪ/). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English.
^Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th. London: Arnold. ISBN0-340-80834-9.
^Patti Tasko. (2004). The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors, 13th. Toronto: The Canadian Press. ISBN0-920009-32-8, p. 308.
^M.H. Scargill. (1957). "Sources of Canadian English", The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 56.4, pp. 610-614.
^John Woitkowitz (2012). "Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War: Asymmetry, Interdependence, and Ambiguity". Retrieved 2012-03-13.
^Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT. 37 (4): 513–542.
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd ed., p. xi.
Clark, Joe (2008). Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English (e-book). ISBN978-0-9809525-0-6.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN3-11-016746-8
March 29, 2023
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For the regional dialect in the northern United States see Northern American English North American English NAmE NAE is the most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in the United States and Canada 2 Because of their related histories and cultures 3 plus the similarities between the pronunciations accents vocabulary and grammar of American English and Canadian English the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category 4 5 Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings with British spellings of certain words e g colour being favored in more formal settings and in Canadian print media for some other words the American spelling prevails over the British e g tire rather than tyre 6 North American EnglishRegionNorthern America United States Canada Language familyIndo European GermanicWest GermanicNorth Sea GermanicAnglo FrisianAnglicEnglishNorth American EnglishEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Germanic Old English Middle English Early Modern EnglishDialectsAmerican English Canadian English and their subdivisionsWriting systemLatin English alphabet Unified English Braille 1 Language codesISO 639 3 Glottolognort3314IETFen 021Dialects of American English spoken by United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution 1775 1783 have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots 7 Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States for example the terms diaper and gasoline are widely used instead of nappy and petrol Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct Americanisms they are just as common in Canada mainly due to the effects of heavy cross border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media 8 better source needed The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects especially as spoken in the Atlantic provinces and parts of Vancouver Island where significant pockets of British culture still remain There are a considerable number of different accents within the regions of both the United States and Canada In North America different English dialects of immigrants from England Scotland Ireland and other regions of the British Isles mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries These were developed built upon and blended together as new waves of immigration and migration across the North American continent developed new dialects in new areas and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American dialect mixture that solidified by the mid 18th century 9 Contents 1 Dialects 1 1 American English 1 1 1 Ethnic American English 1 1 2 Regional American English 1 2 Canadian English 1 3 Table of accents 2 Phonology 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyDialects Edit ENE WNE NYC PHILADELPHIA INLAND NORTH WPA NORTH CENTRAL WEST MIDLAND SOUTH Texas California Appalachia Boston Pacific Northwest Chesapeake amp Outer Banks Maine New Orleans BaltimoreThe American English major regional dialects in all caps plus smaller and more local dialects as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al s The Atlas of North American English 10 as well as the related Telsur Project s regional maps Many regions also contain speakers of a General American accent that resists the marked features of their region This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects STANDARD CANADIAN Pacific Northwest Aboriginal Canadian Quebec Ottawa Valley ATLANTIC CANADIAN Lunenburg NewfoundlandThe Canadian English s major regional dialects in all caps plus smaller and more local dialects as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al s The Atlas of North American English 11 as well as the related Telsur Project s regional maps Many regions also contain speakers of a General American accent that resists the marked features of their region This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects American English Edit Main article American English General AmericanEthnic American English Edit African American English African American Vernacular English American Indian English Cajun English Chicano English Miami Latino English New York Latino English Pennsylvania Dutch English Yeshiva EnglishRegional American English Edit Midland American English New York City English Northern American English Inland Northern American Great Lakes English New England English Eastern New England English Boston English Maine English Western New England English North Central American Upper Midwest English Philadelphia English Baltimore English Southern American English Appalachian English High Tider English New Orleans English Older Southern American English Texan English Western American English California English Pacific Northwest English Western Pennsylvania Pittsburgh EnglishCanadian English Edit Main article Canadian English Aboriginal Canadian English Atlantic Canadian English Lunenburg English Newfoundland English Ottawa Valley English Quebec English Standard Canadian EnglishTable of accents Edit Below thirteen major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics Accent name Most populous urban center Strong aʊ fronting Strong oʊ fronting Strong u fronting Strong ɑr fronting Cot caught merger Pin pen merger ae raising system Other defining criteria 12 African American Mixed No No No Mixed Yes 13 pre nasal Southern drawl African American Vowel Shift Variable non rhoticityAtlantic Canadian Halifax Mixed No Yes Yes Yes No various Canadian raisingGeneral American No No No No Mixed No pre nasalInland Northern U S Chicago No No No Yes No No general Northern Cities Vowel ShiftMid Atlantic U S Philadelphia Yes Yes Yes No No No splitMidland U S Indianapolis Yes Yes Yes No Mixed Mixed pre nasalNew York City New York City Yes No No 14 No No No split Variable non rhoticityNorth Central Upper Midwestern U S Minneapolis No No No Yes Yes No pre nasal amp pre velarNorthern New England Boston No No No Yes Yes No pre nasalSouthern U S San Antonio Yes Yes Yes No Mixed Yes pre nasal Southern drawl Southern Vowel ShiftStandard Canadian Toronto No No Yes No Yes No pre nasal amp pre velar Canadian raising Canadian Vowel ShiftWestern U S Los Angeles No No Yes No Yes No pre nasalWestern Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Yes Yes Yes No Yes Mixed pre nasal aʊ glide weakeningPhonology EditMain article American English Phonology A majority of North American English for example in contrast to British English includes phonological features that concern consonants such as rhoticity full pronunciation of all r sounds conditioned T glottalization with satin pronounced ˈsaeʔn not ˈsaetn T and D flapping with metal and medal pronounced the same as ˈmɛɾɫ L velarization with filling pronounced ˈfɪɫɪŋ not ˈfɪlɪŋ as well as features that concern vowel sounds such as various vowel mergers before r so that Mary marry and merry are all commonly pronounced the same raising of pre voiceless aɪ with price and bright using a higher vowel sound than prize and bride the weak vowel merger with affected and effected often pronounced the same at least one of the LOT vowel mergers the LOT PALM merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the LOT THOUGHT merger among nearly half while both are completed among virtually all Canadians and yod dropping with tuesday pronounced ˈtuzdeɪ not ˈtjuzdeɪ The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English See also EditBelizean English Caribbean English Commonwealth English Comparison of American and British English List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom List of words having different meanings in British and American English North American French North American Spanish Regional accents of EnglishReferences Edit Unified English Braille UEB Braille Authority of North America BANA 2 November 2016 Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 Retrieved 2 January 2017 Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms Chambers J K 1998 Canadian English 250 Years in the Making The Canadian Oxford Dictionary 2nd ed p xi Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 Trudgill Peter amp Jean Hannah 2002 International English A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English 4th London Arnold ISBN 0 340 80834 9 Patti Tasko 2004 The Canadian Press Stylebook A Guide for Writers and Editors 13th Toronto The Canadian Press ISBN 0 920009 32 8 p 308 M H Scargill 1957 Sources of Canadian English The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 56 4 pp 610 614 John Woitkowitz 2012 Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War Asymmetry Interdependence and Ambiguity Retrieved 2012 03 13 Longmore Paul K 2007 Good English without Idiom or Tone The Colonial Origins of American Speech The Journal of Interdisciplinary History MIT 37 4 513 542 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 148 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 148 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 146 Labov 1972 p 19 sfnp error no target CITEREFLabov1972 help Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 101 103 Bibliography EditChambers J K 1998 Canadian English 250 Years in the Making in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary 2nd ed p xi Clark Joe 2008 Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours How to Feel Good About Canadian English e book ISBN 978 0 9809525 0 6 Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 016746 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North American English amp oldid 1125267664, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
