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Brunei English

March 03, 2023

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Brunei English (similar and related to British English) is a regional dialect of English that is widely spoken in Brunei Darussalam, even though the national language is Malay. Although the lingua franca in the country is generally the local dialect of Malay,[1] all educated people are proficient in English, as it has been the medium of instruction from the fourth year of primary school since 1985.[2]

There are various features that make Brunei English distinct: for pronunciation, the sound at the start of a word such as three is often [t] rather than [θ], and there is usually a full vowel rather than [ə] in function words such as as, than, and of; for grammar, furnitures and jewelleries are treated as plural nouns, and there is variable use of the third-person −s suffix on present-tense verbs; and for lexis, many words are borrowed from Malay to reflect local customs, including titah (a speech by the Sultan) and tudung (a head scarf). Some of these features are shared with other varieties of Southeast Asian English, but others make Brunei English a distinct variety.

Colloquial portmanteau words for Brunei English are 'Brulish' (recorded from 2003) and 'Brunglish' (recorded from 2007).[3]

History and education

Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 until it became independent in 1984, when it joined ASEAN.[4][5] Not surprisingly, English became widely used, even though Brunei Malay[6] (a dialect of Malay that is substantially different from Standard Malay[7]) continues to be the main language that is spoken.[8]

In 1985, the Bilingual Education Policy was implemented, with Malay as the medium of instruction for the first three years of primary school, and then English as the medium of instruction for most subjects from the fourth year of primary school on.[9] In 1993, history switched from being English-medium to being Malay-medium.[10]

In January 2009, a new education policy was implemented. It is termed SPN21 (Sistem Pendidikan Negara – Abad 21, 'National Education System for the 21st Century'). In this new system, mathematics and science are taught in English from the start of primary school.[11][12]

Clearly, English is well-established in Brunei, though it does not seem to be challenging the position of Malay. Rather more threatened are the minority languages such as Dusun, Tutong and Murut (Lun Bawang), which seem to be getting squeezed out by the two dominant languages,[13] though recent research in Temburong District suggests that Murut is surviving better than the other two.[14]

Variation

There is, of course, substantial variation in the English spoken in Brunei. Two sources of variation are mentioned here: education and ethnicity.

There is rather a wide educational divide. Those who attend private schools and the best government schools usually achieve an excellent standard in English; but those who go to less fashionable schools often end up with only rudimentary skills in English.[15]

There is also some variation in Brunei English arising from the ethnicity of speakers. Recent research has shown that undergraduates at the University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD) can identify whether a fellow undergraduate is Malay or Chinese on the basis of 10 seconds of spoken English with an accuracy of about 74%, which suggests that the English pronunciation of the two ethnic groups differs to some extent.[16]

Pronunciation

Some of the salient features of the pronunciation of English in Brunei are:

  • The consonant at the start of words like thin and thank tends to be pronounced as [t] rather than [θ].[17]
  • The vowel in function words such as of and that tends to be a full vowel rather than [ə].[18]
  • Pairs of long and short vowels are merged by some speakers,[19] with the result that beat and bit may be homophones, and similarly fool and full often sound the same. In an investigation of the speech of 53 undergraduates, 14 were found to have the same vowel quality in feast and fist,[20] but the proportion of speakers who merge these two vowels is almost certainly higher for less well-educated speakers.
  • Spelling pronunciation affects some words, so salmon tends to have an [l] in it, and the first syllable of company has [ɒ] rather than [ʌ] for about half of undergraduates at the University of Brunei Darussalam.[21]

One current change that seems to be taking place is that Brunei English is becoming more rhotic, partly influenced by American English and also by the rhoticity of the Malay spoken in Brunei,[22][23] although English in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore remains mostly non-rhotic.

Grammar

A few of the salient features of Brunei English grammar are:

  • Logically plural nouns are found with an −s suffix, even if they are uncount nouns in other varieties of English. Examples are 'equipments', 'infrastructures' and 'jewelleries'.[24] This is found in a wide range of other New Varieties of English around the world.[25]
  • one of is often followed by a singular noun, so one finds utterances like 'one of the queen were beheaded' and 'he is one of the main character'.[26]
  • Use of the −s suffix on verbs to indicate a third-person singular subject is variable.[27]
  • would is often used to indicate something tentative.[28]

Lexis

There is widespread borrowing of words from Malay into Brunei English. These include titah (a speech by the Sultan), sabda (a speech by another member of the Royal Family), tudung (a head-dress worn by women) and puasa ('fasting').[29] Words for local food are often borrowed from Malay, such as kuih ('a local cake'), as in 'A variety of Malay kuih and sliced fruits will also be served'.[30]

Use of Malay terms in the English spoken in Brunei can sometimes lead to loss of intelligibility, such as Ugama Schools ('religious schools') being misunderstood as 'government schools' by someone from the Maldives.[31]

Many initialisms are found, including:[32]

  • UBD : Universiti Brunei Darusslam
  • BSB : Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)
  • PTE : Pusat Tingkatan Enam ('Sixth Form Centre')
  • OGDC : Oil and Gas Discovery Centre
  • GOFR : General Order Financial Regulations

Acronyms (where the letters create a word) are not so common, but we find:[33]

  • RIPAS [ripas] : Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha (the Hospital in BSB, named after the Queen)
  • MOFAT [mɒfæt] : Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  • SHBIE [ʃɪbɪ] : Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Institute of Education

There are some idiosyncratic expressions in Brunei English, such as dry season to refer to the period just before payday when people are short of money, as in 'I cannot pay now: dry season bah!'[34]

Mixing

Mixing of English and Malay is widespread in informal discourse in Brunei. An investigation of the language used in an English-medium discussion forum showed that nearly half of all postings were partly or completely in Malay.[35] In data involving a map task, where one participant has to guide a second participant along a route, a speaker said:[36]

uh so jalan saja uh continue macam ada a bit cornering

with four words of Malay in the English utterance: jalan (walk), saja (just), macam (like) and ada (there is). This utterance means 'just go and continue, like there's a bit of cornering'.

Conclusion

It is hard to know whether English in Brunei is following an established pattern and emerging as a distinct variety of English or not.[37] Many of the trends found, including the use of plural nouns such as equipments and the variable use of the 3rd person singular −s suffix on verbs, seem to be similar to the ways English is used as a lingua franca around the world.[38] Furthermore, the avoidance of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is consistent with the way English is spoken elsewhere in South-East Asia.[39] So Brunei English may be contributing to the ways that English is evolving around the world today.[40]

References

  1. ^ Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An overview. In P. Sercombe, M. Boutin & A. Clynes (Eds.), Advances in research on linguistic and cultural practices in Borneo (pp. 153-200). Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council.
  2. ^ McLellan, J., Noor Azam Haji-Othman, & Deterding, D. (2016). The Language Situation in Brunei Darussalam. In Noor Azam Haji-Othman., J. McLellan & D. Deterding (Eds.), The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam: A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity (pp. 9–16). Singapore: Springer.
  3. ^ Lambert, J. (2018). A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1), 23. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  4. ^ Saunders, G. (1994). A History of Brunei. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Hussainmiya, B. A. (1995). Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III: The Making of Brunei Darusslam. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Deterding, D., & Ishamina Athirah (2017). Brunei Malay. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47(1), 99–108. On-line Version
  7. ^ Clynes, A., & Deterding, D. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41, 259–268. On-line Version 2015-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Martin, P. W., & Poedjoesoedarmo, G. (1996). An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, A. C. K. Ozog & G. Poedjoesoedarmo (eds.), Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 1–23). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
  9. ^ Jones, G. (1996). The Brunei education policy in Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, A. C. K. Ozog & G. Poedjoesoedarmo (eds.), Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 123–132). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
  10. ^ Gunn, G. C. (1997). Language, Power, & Ideology in Brunei Darussalam. Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies. page 155.
  11. ^ Jones, G. M. (2012). Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam. In E. L. Low & Azirah Hashim (Eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use (pp. 175–187). Amseterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  12. ^ Jones, G. M. (2016). Changing patterns of education in Brunei: How past plans have shaped future trends. In Noor Azam Haji-Othman., J. McLellan & D. Deterding (Eds.), The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam: A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity (pp. 267–278). Singapore: Springer.
  13. ^ Noor Azam (2012). It's not always English: "Duelling Aunties" in Brunei Darussalam. In V. Rapatahana & P. Bunce (eds.), English Language as Hydra (pp. 175-190). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  14. ^ Coluzzi, P. (2010). Endangered languages in Borneo: a survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei. Oceanic Linguistics, 49(1), 119–143.
  15. ^ Wood, A., Henry, A., Malai Ayla Hj Abd., & Clynes, A. (2011). English in Brunei: “She speaks excellent English” – “No he doesn’t”. In L. J. Zhang, R. Rubdy & L. Alsagoff (Eds.), Asian Englishes: Changing Perspectives in a Globalized World (pp. 52–66). Singapore: Pearson.
  16. ^ Ishamina Athirah (2011). Identification of Bruneian ethnic groups from their English pronunciation. Southeast Asia, 11, 37–45. On-line Version 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Mossop, J. (1996). Some phonological features of Brunei English. In P. W. Martin, A. C. K. Ozog & G. Poedjoesoedarmo (eds.), Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 189–208). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
  18. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 40.
  19. ^ Salbrina, S. (2006). The vowels of Brunei English: An acoustic investigation. English World-Wide, 27, 247–264.
  20. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 38.
  21. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 41.
  22. ^ Salbrina, S., & Deterding, D. (2010). Rhoticity in Brunei English. English World-Wide, 31, 121–137.
  23. ^ Nur Raihan Mohamad (2017). Rhoticity in Brunei English : A diachronic approach. Southeast Asia, 17, 1-7. PDF Version
  24. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 53.
  25. ^ Mesthrie, R., & Bhatt, R. M. (2008). World Englishes: The Study of Linguistic varieties, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
  26. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 54.
  27. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 56.
  28. ^ Ho, D. G. E. (2009). Exponents of politeness in Brunei English. World Englishes, 28, 35–51.
  29. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 94.
  30. ^ McLellan, J., & Noor Azam H-J. (2012). Brunei English. In E. L. Low & Azirah Hashim (Eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language Use (pp. 75-90). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 82.
  31. ^ Ishamina Athirah, & Deterding, D. (2017). English medium education in a university in Brunei Darussalam: Code-switching and intelligibility. In I. Walkinshaw, B. Fenton-Smith & P. Humphreys (Eds.), English medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific (pp. 281–297). Singapore: Springer.
  32. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 101.
  33. ^ Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 99.
  34. ^ McLellan, J., & Noor Azam H-J. (2012). Brunei English. In E. L. Low & Azirah Hashim (Eds.), English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language Use (pp. 75-90). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 83
  35. ^ McLellan, J. (2010). Mixed codes or varieties of English. In A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 425–441). London/New York: Routledge.
  36. ^ Faahirah, R. (2016). Code-switching in Brunei: Evidence from the map task. South East Asia, 16, pp. 65–81. On-line Version
  37. ^ Schnieder, E. W. (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  38. ^ Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  39. ^ Deterding, D. (2010). Norms for pronunciation in Southeast Asia. World Englishes, 29(3), 364–367.
  40. ^ Deterding, D. (2014). The evolution of Brunei English: How it is contributing to the development of English in the world. In S. Buschfeld, T. Hoffmann, M. Huber, & A. Kautzsch (Eds.), The Evolution of Englishes. The Dynamic Model and Beyond (pp. 420–433). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

March 03, 2023
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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Brunei English similar and related to British English is a regional dialect of English that is widely spoken in Brunei Darussalam even though the national language is Malay Although the lingua franca in the country is generally the local dialect of Malay 1 all educated people are proficient in English as it has been the medium of instruction from the fourth year of primary school since 1985 2 There are various features that make Brunei English distinct for pronunciation the sound at the start of a word such as three is often t rather than 8 and there is usually a full vowel rather than e in function words such as as than and of for grammar furnitures and jewelleries are treated as plural nouns and there is variable use of the third person s suffix on present tense verbs and for lexis many words are borrowed from Malay to reflect local customs including titah a speech by the Sultan and tudung a head scarf Some of these features are shared with other varieties of Southeast Asian English but others make Brunei English a distinct variety Colloquial portmanteau words for Brunei English are Brulish recorded from 2003 and Brunglish recorded from 2007 3 Contents 1 History and education 2 Variation 3 Pronunciation 4 Grammar 5 Lexis 6 Mixing 7 Conclusion 8 ReferencesHistory and education EditBrunei was a British protectorate from 1888 until it became independent in 1984 when it joined ASEAN 4 5 Not surprisingly English became widely used even though Brunei Malay 6 a dialect of Malay that is substantially different from Standard Malay 7 continues to be the main language that is spoken 8 In 1985 the Bilingual Education Policy was implemented with Malay as the medium of instruction for the first three years of primary school and then English as the medium of instruction for most subjects from the fourth year of primary school on 9 In 1993 history switched from being English medium to being Malay medium 10 In January 2009 a new education policy was implemented It is termed SPN21 Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad 21 National Education System for the 21st Century In this new system mathematics and science are taught in English from the start of primary school 11 12 Clearly English is well established in Brunei though it does not seem to be challenging the position of Malay Rather more threatened are the minority languages such as Dusun Tutong and Murut Lun Bawang which seem to be getting squeezed out by the two dominant languages 13 though recent research in Temburong District suggests that Murut is surviving better than the other two 14 Variation EditThere is of course substantial variation in the English spoken in Brunei Two sources of variation are mentioned here education and ethnicity There is rather a wide educational divide Those who attend private schools and the best government schools usually achieve an excellent standard in English but those who go to less fashionable schools often end up with only rudimentary skills in English 15 There is also some variation in Brunei English arising from the ethnicity of speakers Recent research has shown that undergraduates at the University of Brunei Darussalam UBD can identify whether a fellow undergraduate is Malay or Chinese on the basis of 10 seconds of spoken English with an accuracy of about 74 which suggests that the English pronunciation of the two ethnic groups differs to some extent 16 Pronunciation EditSome of the salient features of the pronunciation of English in Brunei are The consonant at the start of words like thin and thank tends to be pronounced as t rather than 8 17 The vowel in function words such as of and that tends to be a full vowel rather than e 18 Pairs of long and short vowels are merged by some speakers 19 with the result that beat and bit may be homophones and similarly fool and full often sound the same In an investigation of the speech of 53 undergraduates 14 were found to have the same vowel quality in feast and fist 20 but the proportion of speakers who merge these two vowels is almost certainly higher for less well educated speakers Spelling pronunciation affects some words so salmon tends to have an l in it and the first syllable of company has ɒ rather than ʌ for about half of undergraduates at the University of Brunei Darussalam 21 One current change that seems to be taking place is that Brunei English is becoming more rhotic partly influenced by American English and also by the rhoticity of the Malay spoken in Brunei 22 23 although English in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore remains mostly non rhotic Grammar EditA few of the salient features of Brunei English grammar are Logically plural nouns are found with an s suffix even if they are uncount nouns in other varieties of English Examples are equipments infrastructures and jewelleries 24 This is found in a wide range of other New Varieties of English around the world 25 one of is often followed by a singular noun so one finds utterances like one of the queen were beheaded and he is one of the main character 26 Use of the s suffix on verbs to indicate a third person singular subject is variable 27 would is often used to indicate something tentative 28 Lexis EditThere is widespread borrowing of words from Malay into Brunei English These include titah a speech by the Sultan sabda a speech by another member of the Royal Family tudung a head dress worn by women and puasa fasting 29 Words for local food are often borrowed from Malay such as kuih a local cake as in A variety of Malay kuih and sliced fruits will also be served 30 Use of Malay terms in the English spoken in Brunei can sometimes lead to loss of intelligibility such as Ugama Schools religious schools being misunderstood as government schools by someone from the Maldives 31 Many initialisms are found including 32 UBD Universiti Brunei Darusslam BSB Bandar Seri Begawan the capital of Brunei PTE Pusat Tingkatan Enam Sixth Form Centre OGDC Oil and Gas Discovery Centre GOFR General Order Financial RegulationsAcronyms where the letters create a word are not so common but we find 33 RIPAS ripas Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha the Hospital in BSB named after the Queen MOFAT mɒfaet Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade SHBIE ʃɪbɪ Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Institute of EducationThere are some idiosyncratic expressions in Brunei English such as dry season to refer to the period just before payday when people are short of money as in I cannot pay now dry season bah 34 Mixing EditMixing of English and Malay is widespread in informal discourse in Brunei An investigation of the language used in an English medium discussion forum showed that nearly half of all postings were partly or completely in Malay 35 In data involving a map task where one participant has to guide a second participant along a route a speaker said 36 uh so jalan saja uh continue macam ada a bit cornering with four words of Malay in the English utterance jalan walk saja just macam like and ada there is This utterance means just go and continue like there s a bit of cornering Conclusion EditIt is hard to know whether English in Brunei is following an established pattern and emerging as a distinct variety of English or not 37 Many of the trends found including the use of plural nouns such as equipments and the variable use of the 3rd person singular s suffix on verbs seem to be similar to the ways English is used as a lingua franca around the world 38 Furthermore the avoidance of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is consistent with the way English is spoken elsewhere in South East Asia 39 So Brunei English may be contributing to the ways that English is evolving around the world today 40 References Edit Clynes A 2014 Brunei Malay An overview In P Sercombe M Boutin amp A Clynes Eds Advances in research on linguistic and cultural practices in Borneo pp 153 200 Phillips ME Borneo Research Council McLellan J Noor Azam Haji Othman amp Deterding D 2016 The Language Situation in Brunei Darussalam In Noor Azam Haji Othman J McLellan amp D Deterding Eds The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity pp 9 16 Singapore Springer Lambert J 2018 A multitude of lishes The nomenclature of hybridity English World wide 39 1 23 DOI 10 1075 eww 38 3 04lam Saunders G 1994 A History of Brunei Oxford Oxford University Press Hussainmiya B A 1995 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III The Making of Brunei Darusslam Kuala Lumpur Oxford University Press Deterding D amp Ishamina Athirah 2017 Brunei Malay Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 1 99 108 On line Version Clynes A amp Deterding D 2011 Standard Malay Brunei Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41 259 268 On line Version Archived 2015 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Martin P W amp Poedjoesoedarmo G 1996 An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam In P W Martin A C K Ozog amp G Poedjoesoedarmo eds Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam pp 1 23 Athens OH Ohio University Center for International Studies Jones G 1996 The Brunei education policy in Brunei Darussalam In P W Martin A C K Ozog amp G Poedjoesoedarmo eds Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam pp 123 132 Athens OH Ohio University Center for International Studies Gunn G C 1997 Language Power amp Ideology in Brunei Darussalam Athens OH Ohio University Center for International Studies page 155 Jones G M 2012 Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam In E L Low amp Azirah Hashim Eds English in Southeast Asia Features Policy and Language in Use pp 175 187 Amseterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins Jones G M 2016 Changing patterns of education in Brunei How past plans have shaped future trends In Noor Azam Haji Othman J McLellan amp D Deterding Eds The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity pp 267 278 Singapore Springer Noor Azam 2012 It s not always English Duelling Aunties in Brunei Darussalam In V Rapatahana amp P Bunce eds English Language as Hydra pp 175 190 Bristol Multilingual Matters Coluzzi P 2010 Endangered languages in Borneo a survey among the Iban and Murut Lun Bawang in Temburong Brunei Oceanic Linguistics 49 1 119 143 Wood A Henry A Malai Ayla Hj Abd amp Clynes A 2011 English in Brunei She speaks excellent English No he doesn t In L J Zhang R Rubdy amp L Alsagoff Eds Asian Englishes Changing Perspectives in a Globalized World pp 52 66 Singapore Pearson Ishamina Athirah 2011 Identification of Bruneian ethnic groups from their English pronunciation Southeast Asia 11 37 45 On line Version Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Mossop J 1996 Some phonological features of Brunei English In P W Martin A C K Ozog amp G Poedjoesoedarmo eds Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam pp 189 208 Athens OH Ohio University Center for International Studies Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 40 Salbrina S 2006 The vowels of Brunei English An acoustic investigation English World Wide 27 247 264 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 38 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 41 Salbrina S amp Deterding D 2010 Rhoticity in Brunei English English World Wide 31 121 137 Nur Raihan Mohamad 2017 Rhoticity in Brunei English A diachronic approach Southeast Asia 17 1 7 PDF Version Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 53 Mesthrie R amp Bhatt R M 2008 World Englishes The Study of Linguistic varieties Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 53 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 54 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 56 Ho D G E 2009 Exponents of politeness in Brunei English World Englishes 28 35 51 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 94 McLellan J amp Noor Azam H J 2012 Brunei English In E L Low amp Azirah Hashim Eds English in Southeast Asia Features Policy and Language Use pp 75 90 Amsterdam John Benjamins p 82 Ishamina Athirah amp Deterding D 2017 English medium education in a university in Brunei Darussalam Code switching and intelligibility In I Walkinshaw B Fenton Smith amp P Humphreys Eds English medium instruction in higher education in Asia Pacific pp 281 297 Singapore Springer Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 101 Deterding D amp Salbrina S 2013 Brunei English A New Variety in a Multilingual Society Dordrecht Springer p 99 McLellan J amp Noor Azam H J 2012 Brunei English In E L Low amp Azirah Hashim Eds English in Southeast Asia Features Policy and Language Use pp 75 90 Amsterdam John Benjamins p 83 McLellan J 2010 Mixed codes or varieties of English In A Kirkpatrick ed The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes pp 425 441 London New York Routledge Faahirah R 2016 Code switching in Brunei Evidence from the map task South East Asia 16 pp 65 81 On line Version Schnieder E W 2007 Postcolonial English Varieties around the World Cambridge Cambridge University Press Seidlhofer B 2011 Understanding English as a Lingua Franca Oxford Oxford University Press Deterding D 2010 Norms for pronunciation in Southeast Asia World Englishes 29 3 364 367 Deterding D 2014 The evolution of Brunei English How it is contributing to the development of English in the world In S Buschfeld T Hoffmann M Huber amp A Kautzsch Eds The Evolution of Englishes The Dynamic Model and Beyond pp 420 433 Amsterdam John Benjamins Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brunei English amp oldid 1117636612, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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