fbpx
Wikipedia

List of German inventions and discoveries

January 01, 1970

"What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored."

American writer Mark Twain (1835−1910)[1]

German inventions and discoveries are ideas, objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in Germany or abroad by a person from Germany (that is, someone born in Germany – including to non-German parents – or born abroad with at least one German parent and who had the majority of their education or career in Germany). Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.

German-born Albert Einstein, world-famous physicist

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors, discoverers and engineers, including Carl von Linde, who developed the modern refrigerator;[2] Paul Nipkow and Karl Ferdinand Braun, who laid the foundation of the television with their Nipkow disk and cathode-ray tube (or Braun tube) respectively;[3][4] Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer (Z3) and the first commercial computer (Z4).[5][6] Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[7] Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[8] Philipp Reis constructed the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone,[9][10]while also coining the term.[11]

Emil Behring, Ferdinand Cohn, Paul Ehrlich, Robert Koch, Friedrich Loeffler and Rudolph Virchow were among the key figures in the creation of modern medicine, while Koch and Cohn were also founders of microbiology.[12]

Georgius Agricola gave chemistry it´s modern name. He is generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and the founder of geology as a scientific discipline, while Justus von Liebig is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.[13] Otto Hahn is the father of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, the scientific and technological basis for the utilization of atomic energy.

Johannes Kepler was one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science[14][15][16] Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively. Along with Max Planck, he was instrumental in the creation of modern physics with the introduction of quantum mechanics, in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions.[17] Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays.[18]

The movable-type printing press was invented by German blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. In 1997, Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.[19] In 1998, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg as the most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown.[19]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Anatomy

 
Pepsin in complex with pepstatin
 
Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right)

Animals

 
Hagenbeck with his lions

Archaeology and Paleontology

 
The Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen (A. siemensii)

Arts

 
The Venus of Hohle Fels
 
The Bauhaus emblem

Astronomy

 
Illustration of Kepler's second law
 
Neptune

Biology, genetics and memory

 
Three types of cell division
 
Overview of the citric acid cycle

Chemistry

 
Illustration of a sugar beet. Achard's findings were the start of the modern sugar industry.
 
Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter
 
The Haber process is fundamental in creating fertiliser.
 
The bottom half of a glass Petri dish
 
GSI's linear particle accelerator UNILAC, where hassium was discovered

Clothing, cosmetics and fashion

 
A pair of jeans

Computing

 
Gottfried Leibniz created the modern binary numeral system.
 
Konrad Zuse is regarded as the inventor of the (modern) computer.

Construction, architecture and shops

 
Werner von Siemens invented the first electric elevator.
 
Electric chainsaw

Cuisine

See also: German cuisine
 
Black Forest cake
 
Currywurst
 
Gummy bears were first created by Haribo.
 
Hamburger with French fries and a beer
 
A glass of Bitburger, a German-style Pilsner. The Pilsner was invented by Bavarian Josef Groll.
 
Hot dog
 
Jägerschnitzel with fettuccine
 
The German döner kebap

Education, language and printing

 
Recreated Gutenberg press
 
Lithograph of Alois Senefelder

Entertainment, electronics and media

 
The Nipkow disk laid the foundation for the television.
 
A cathode-ray tube as found in an oscilloscope
 
A SMS shown on a mobile phone

Geography, geology and mining

 
Map of Pangaea

Household and office appliance

 
Justus von Liebig invented the modern mirror.
 
Food and drinks into a refrigerator

Mathematics

 
Illustration the intersection of two sets (set theory)

Medicine and drugs

 
Friedrich Sertürner was the first to isolate morphine.
 
Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation
 
A pair of contact lenses
 
Aspirin was invented by Bayer.
 
Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
 
The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924

Military and (chemical) weapons

 
German flamethrowers during World War I (1917)
 
MP 18
 
Jerrycans
 
Replica of the V-2 rocket

Musical instruments

 
Tuba
 
Emile Berliner with his disc record gramophone

Physics and scientific instruments

 
Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation of modern telecommunications with his discoveries.
 
The first "medical" X-ray, by Wilhelm Röntgen (1895)
 
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory.
 
Sculpture of Einstein's 1905 E = mc2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas, Berlin
 
Geiger-Müller counter
 
Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype
 
Induced nuclear fission reaction

Sociology, philosophy and politics

 
Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right)
 
Otto von Bismarck created the first modern welfare state worldwide.

Religion, ethics and festivities

 
Martin Luther
 
Christmas tree

Sport

See also: Category:Sports originating in Germany
 
A handball game in progress
 
The first Olympic torch relay finished in Berlin (1936)

Tourism and recreation

 
Prinzessin Victoria Luise

Toys and games

 
A replica Steiff model of the 55PB
 
Magnavox Odyssey

Transportation

 
Original Laufmaschine of 1817; the first bicycle
 
Benz Patent-Motorwagen
 
A Reitwagen replica at the Mercedes-Benz Museum
 
Otto Lilienthal testing one of his gliders (1895)
 
The Daimler Motor-Lastwagen was the world's first truck.

See also

References

  1. ^ Childress, Diana (2008). Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9.
  2. ^ a b "Carl von Linde". Science History Institute. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  3. ^ a b Bellis, Mary (6 April 2017). "Television History - Paul Nipkow". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  4. ^ "Pioneers' Page".
  5. ^ Bianchi, Luigi. . York University. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  6. ^ a b Kaisler, Stephen H. (2016). Birthing the Computer: From Relays to Vacuum Tubes. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 9781443896313.
  7. ^ . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  8. ^ . International Telecommunication Union. 14 January 2004. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  9. ^ Coe, Lewis (2006). The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History. McFarland. pp. 16–24. ISBN 9780786426096.
  10. ^ a b c Turner, Gerard L'Estrange; Weston, Margaret (1983). Nineteenth-century Scientific Instruments. University of California Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780520051607.
  11. ^ "Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main für das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books".
  12. ^ Weindling, Paul (1986). "Medicine and Modernization: The Social History of German Health and Medicine". History of Science. 24 (3): 277–301. doi:10.1177/007327538602400302. S2CID 160121976.
  13. ^ Jackson, Catherine Mary (December 2008). Analysis and Synthesis in Nineteenth-Century Organic Chemistry (PDF) (PhD). University of London. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  14. ^ "DPMA | Johannes Kepler".
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Johannes Kepler".
  17. ^ Roberts, J. M. (2002). The New Penguin History of the World. Allen Lane. p. 1014. ISBN 978-0-7139-9611-1.
  18. ^ . Deutsche Welle. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  19. ^ a b c . Gutenberg.de. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  20. ^ "Johann Georg Wirsung". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  21. ^ Dissertatio anatomica quo novum bilis dicetilicum circa orifucum ductus choledochi ut et valvulosam colli vesicæ felleæ constructionem ad disceptandum proponit, 1720
  22. ^ "Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  23. ^ "Leopold Auerbach". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  24. ^ Meissner, G. (1857). "Über die Nerven der Darmwand". Zeitschrift für rationelle Medizin. 8: 364–366.
  25. ^ Karenberg, Axel (26 October 2000). "Chapter 7. The Schwann cell". In Koehler, Peter J.; Bruyn, George W.; Pearce, John M. S. (eds.). Neurological eponyms. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–50. ISBN 9780195133660. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  26. ^ Asimov, Isaac (1980). A short history of biology. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780313225833.
  27. ^ "History of polio". BBC News. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  28. ^ Meissner, G.; Wagner, R. (February 1852). "Ueber das Vorhandensein bisher unbekannter eigenthümlicher Tastkörperchen (Corpuscula tactus) in den Gefühlswärzchen der mensclichen Haut und über die Endausbreitung sensitiver Nerven". Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts-Universität und der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. 2: 17–30.
  29. ^ Langerhans, P. (1868). "Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut". Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin. 44 (2–3): 325–337. doi:10.1007/BF01959006. S2CID 6282875.
  30. ^ Sakula, A. (July 1988). "Paul Langerhans (1847–1888): a centenary tribute". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 81 (7): 414–5. doi:10.1177/014107688808100718. PMC 1291675. PMID 3045317.
  31. ^ Merkel, F. S. (1875). "Tastzellen und Tastkörperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen". Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. 11: 636–652. doi:10.1007/BF02933819. S2CID 83793552.
  32. ^ Jarnagin, William R; Belghiti, J; Blumgart, LH (2012). Blumgart's surgery of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas (5th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4557-4606-4.
  33. ^ Berchtold, N. C.; Cotman, C. W. (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.
  34. ^ Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Leipzig : Johann Ambrosius Bart, 1909
  35. ^ "The Developments of Plastination". Body Worlds. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  36. ^ Rothfels, Nigel (2008). Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo (Animals, History, Culture). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801889752.
  37. ^ . www.igdf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  38. ^ Witton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9781400847655.
  39. ^ von Meyer, C. E. H. (1837). "Mitteilung an Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 1837: 316.
  40. ^ King, W. (1864). "The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Science. 1: 88–97.
  41. ^ Drell, J. R. R. (2002). "Neanderthals: a history of interpretation". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 19: 1–24. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00096.
  42. ^ von Meyer, C. E. H. (1861). "Reptilien aus dem Stubensandstein des oberen Keupers". Palaeontographica. 7: 253–346.
  43. ^ Meyer, Hermann von (15 August 1861). "Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen" [Bird feathers and Palpipes priscus [a crustacean] from Solenhofen]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde (in German): 561. "Aus dem lithographischen Schiefer der Brüche von Solenhofen in Bayern ist mir in den beiden Gegenplatten eine auf der Ablösungs- oder Spaltungs-Fläche des Gesteins liegende Versteinerung mitgetheilt worden, die mit grosser Deutlichkeit eine Feder erkennen lässt, welche von den Vogel-Federn nicht zu unterscheiden ist." (From the lithographic slates of the faults of Solenhofen in Bavaria, there has been reported to me a fossil lying on the stone's surface of detachment or cleavage, in both opposing slabs, which can be recognized with great clarity [to be] a feather, which is indistinguishable from a bird's feather.)
  44. ^ Schuchhardt, Carl (1891). Schliemann's Ausgrabungen in Troja, Tiryns, Mykenae, Orchomenos, Ithaka im Lichte der heutigen Wissenschaft. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
  45. ^ Körte, A.; Körte, G. (1904). Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900. Berlin: Verlag Georg Reimer.
  46. ^ Elborough, Travis (2019). Atlas of Vanishing Places: The lost worlds as they were and as they are today. White Lion Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9781781318959.
  47. ^ Schoetensack, Otto (1908). Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann.
  48. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (6 December 2012). "The Bust of Nefertiti: Remembering Ancient Egypt's Famous Queen". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  49. ^ Stromer, E. (1915). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec". Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 28: 1–32.
  50. ^ Stromer, E. (1925). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 7. Stomatosuchus inermis Stromer, ein schwach bezahnter Krokodilier und 8. Ein Skelettrest des Pristiden Onchopristis numidus Haug sp". Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. 30: 1–22.
  51. ^ Stromer, E. (1931). "Wirbeltiere-Reste der Baharijestufe (unterestes Canoman). Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen". Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. 9: 1–23.
  52. ^ Stromer, E. (1932). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 11. Sauropoda". Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. Neue Folge. 10: 1–21.
  53. ^ Stromer, E. (1934). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman)." 13. Dinosauria". Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung n.f. 22: 1–79.
  54. ^ Squires, Nick (29 September 2008). "Oetzi The Iceman's discoverers finally compensated". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  55. ^ . The Art Newspaper. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
  56. ^ Archäologie erleben - Mission Eiszeit | SWR Geschichte & Entdeckungen, retrieved 2024-02-16
  57. ^ Universität Tübingen. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  58. ^ "Explaining the Drypoint Etching". Widewalls. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  59. ^ Hofmann, Georg Rainer (May 1990). "Who invented ray tracing?". The Visual Computer. 6 (3): 120–124. doi:10.1007/BF01911003. S2CID 26348610.
  60. ^ The Discovery of European Porcelain Technology by C.M. Queiroz & S. Agathopoulos, 2005.
  61. ^ . London: John Murray. 1840. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  62. ^ a b Woodcroft, Bennet (1865). Alphabetical Index of Patentees and Applicants for Patents of Invention for the Year 1864. Printed and Published by Order at the Commissioners of Patents, Under the Act of 15 & 16 Victoriae, Cap. 83. Sec. XXXII. Holborn: Office Of The Commissioners Of Patents For Inventions. pp. 204, 208.
  63. ^ a b Woodcroft, Bennet (1865). Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted for the Year 1864. Printed and Published by Order of the Commissioners of Patents, Under the Act of 15 & 16 VICTORIAE, Cap. 83. Sec. XXXII. Holborn: Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions. p. 161.
  64. ^ "Expressionism Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  65. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 319.
  66. ^ "Theories of the world from antiquity to the Copernican revolution". Choice Reviews Online. 28 (8): 28–4513-28-4513. 1991-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.28-4513. ISSN 0009-4978.
  67. ^ Holton, Gerald James; Brush, Stephen G. (2001). Physics, the Human Adventure: From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond (3rd paperback ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-8135-2908-0. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  68. ^ "Herschel Program - Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel". www.astroleague.org. 21 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  69. ^ Hamilton, Calvin J. (4 August 2001). "Neptune". Views of the Solar System. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  70. ^ Steinhagen, Hans (2005). Der Wettermann - Leben und Werk Richard Aßmanns. Neuenhagen: Findling. ISBN 978-3-933603-33-3.
  71. ^ Hörandel, J. R. (4 December 2012). "Early Cosmic-Ray Work Published in German". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1516: 52–60. arXiv:1212.0706. doi:10.1063/1.4792540. S2CID 73534390.
  72. ^ Schwarzschild, K. (1916). "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie". Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 7: 189–196. Bibcode:1916SPAW.......189S.
  73. ^ Schwarzschild, K. (1916). "Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flussigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie". Sitzungsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Mathematik, Physik, und Technik: 424. Bibcode:1916skpa.conf..424S.
  74. ^ Fritz, Marc A.; Speroff, Leon (2005). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 325. ISBN 9780781747950.
  75. ^ Mayr, Ernst (1994). "Recapitulation Reinterpreted: The Somatic Program". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 69 (2): 223–232. doi:10.1086/418541. S2CID 84670449.
  76. ^ Böhme, H. (1999). "Ästhetische Wissenschaft". Matices: 37–41.
  77. ^ McCarthy, Eugene M. "Humboldt Penguin - Online Biology Dictionary". www.macroevolution.net. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  78. ^ Rogers, Kara (2011). The Cell. Britannica Educational Pub. p. 172. ISBN 978-1615303144.
  79. ^ von Mohl, Hugo (1835). Ueber die Vermehrung der Pflanzenzellen durch Theilung. Tübingen: Fues.
  80. ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
  81. ^ Hünefeld F.L. (1840). "Die Chemismus in der thierischen Organization". Leipzig.
  82. ^ Levitt, Theresa (2009). The Shadow of Enlightenment: Optical and Political Transparency in France, 1789-1848. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-954470-7.
  83. ^ Svedelius, N. (1927). "Alternation of Generations in Relation to Reduction Division". Botanical Gazette. 83 (4): 362–384. doi:10.1086/333745. S2CID 84406292.
  84. ^ Ruvinsky, Anatoly (2009). Genetics and Randomness. CRC Press. p. 93. ISBN 9781420078879.
  85. ^ Beaton, Alan (2004). Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research. Psychology Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781135422752.
  86. ^ "Robert Koch (1843-1910)". broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  87. ^ "SEEKS LIFE'S SECRET IN STUDY OF CELLS; Prof. Albrecht Kossel of Heidelberg Comes to Lecture at Johns Hopkins University". The New York Times. 27 August 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  88. ^ Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1885). Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
  89. ^ Boveri, Theodor (1888). Zellen-Studien II: Die Befruchtung und Teilung des Eies von Ascaris megalocephala. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
  90. ^ Altmann, Richard (1890). Die Elementarorganismen und ihre Beziehungen zu den Zellen. Leipzig: Veit.
  91. ^ Weismann, August (1892). Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: Fischer.
  92. ^ Stern, Curt (1962). "Wilhelm Weinberg". Genetics. 47: 1–5.
  93. ^ Speert, Harold (1973). Iconographia Gyniatrica. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-8070-8.
  94. ^ De Robertis, EM (April 2006). "Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (4): 296–302. doi:10.1038/nrm1855. PMC 2464568. PMID 16482093.
  95. ^ Bailey, L. E.; Ong, S. D. (1978). "Krebs–Henseleit solution as a physiological buffer in perfused and superfused preparations". Journal of Pharmacological Methods. 1 (2): 171–175. doi:10.1016/0160-5402(78)90022-0.
  96. ^ Krebs, H. A.; Johnson, W. A. (April 1937). "Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues". The Biochemical Journal. 31 (4): 645–660. doi:10.1042/bj0310645. PMC 1266984. PMID 16746382.
  97. ^ Jaenisch, R.; Mintz, B. (April 1974). "Simian Virus 40 DNA Sequences in DNA of Healthy Adult Mice Derived from Preimplantation Blastocysts Injected with Viral DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 71 (4): 1250–1254. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71.1250J. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1250. PMC 388203. PMID 4364530.
  98. ^ "Vertical gardens that 'eat' air pollution and how Hong Kong could use them". South China Morning Post. 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  99. ^ Szydlo, Zbigniew (1994). Water which does not wet hands: The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius. London–Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-8386062454.
  100. ^ Beatty, Richard (2000). Phosphorus. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 7. ISBN 0-7614-0946-7.
  101. ^ Jens Bartoll. "The early use of prussian blue in paintings" (PDF). 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25–30 May 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  102. ^ Balmer, Robert T. (2010). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics. Academic Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-12-374996-3.
  103. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, Pennsylvania: Journal of Chemical Education. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8.
  104. ^ Lepora, Nathan (2007). Molybdenum. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 11. ISBN 9780761422013.
  105. ^ "Oxygen". www.rsc.org. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  106. ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A to Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 476–482. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  107. ^ Krebs, Robert E. (1998). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 98–100. ISBN 978-0-313-30123-0.
  108. ^ Kent, James A. (2007). Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Springer. p. 1658. ISBN 978-0387278421.
  109. ^ Sack, Harald (28 April 2016). "Franz Achard and the Sugar Beet Revolution". SciHi Blog. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  110. ^ Dunglison, Robley (1838). Dunglison's American medical library. A. Waldie. p. 192.
  111. ^ Hermann, C. S. (1818). "Noch ein schreiben über das neue Metall". Annalen der Physik. 59 (5): 113–116. Bibcode:1818AnP....59..113H. doi:10.1002/andp.18180590511.
  112. ^ "Oechsle, Christian Ferdinand (1774-1852) (in German)". Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Weines e.V. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  113. ^ Hoffmann, Roald (August 1998). "Döbereiner's Feuerzeug". American Scientist. 86. doi:10.1511/1998.4.326.
  114. ^ "Döbereiner's Lamp - History of the First Lighter". www.historyofmatches.com. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  115. ^ Schorlemmer, C. (1885). "The history of creosote, cedriret, and pittacal". Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 4: 152–157.
  116. ^ Henningfield, J. E.; Zeller, M. (March 2006). "Nicotine psychopharmacology research contributions to United States and global tobacco regulation: a look back and a look forward". Psychopharmacology. 184 (3–4): 286–291. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0308-4. PMID 16463054. S2CID 38290573.
  117. ^ Pinner, A. (1893). "Ueber Nicotin. Die Constitution des Alkaloïds". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 26: 292–305. doi:10.1002/cber.18930260165.
  118. ^ Wöhler, F. (1828). "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 88 (2): 253–256. Bibcode:1828AnP....88..253W. doi:10.1002/andp.18280880206 – via Gallica.
  119. ^ Asinger, F. (2016). Paraffins: Chemistry and Technology. Elsevier. p. 734. ISBN 9781483146621.
  120. ^ Graham, Thomas (2015). Elements of Chemistry: Including the Applications of the Science in the Arts. Palala Press. ISBN 978-1341237980.
  121. ^ Handbook on Textile Auxiliaries, Dyes and Dye Intermediates Technology. National Institute of Industrial Research. 2009. p. 82. ISBN 978-8178331225.
  122. ^ F. F. Runge (1834) "Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation" (On some products of coal distillation), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 31 : 65-78. On page 69 of volume 31, Runge names phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid). Runge characterizes phenol in: F. F. Runge (1834) "Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation," Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 32 : 308-328.
  123. ^ Klebs, Florian (December 17, 2001). (in German). Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Archived from the original on November 17, 2002. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  124. ^ Bührke, Thomas; Wengenmayr, Roland (2013). Renewable Energy: Sustainable Energy Concepts for the Energy Change. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9783527671366.
  125. ^ Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001). (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 26 (1): 40–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  126. ^ Bellis, Mary (24 January 2019). "The Long History of Polystyrene and Styrofoam". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  127. ^ "Justus von Liebig: Feeding billions of people - Halfapage.com". Halfapage.com. 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  128. ^ Horn, Jeff (2016). The Industrial Revolution: History, Documents, and Key Questions. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 978-1610698849.
  129. ^ a b Harford, Tim (2 January 2017). "How fertiliser helped feed the world". BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  130. ^ Bown, Stephen R. (2005). A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World. Macmillan. ISBN 9781466817050.
  131. ^ Siemens, C. W. (June 1862). "On a regenerative gas furnace, as applied to glasshouses, puddling, heating, etc". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 13: 21–26. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1862_013_007_02.
  132. ^ Jensen, W. B. (2005). "The Origin of the Bunsen Burner". Journal of Chemical Education. 82 (4): 518. Bibcode:2005JChEd..82..518J. doi:10.1021/ed082p518.
  133. ^ Runge, F. F. (1855). Der Bildungstrieb der Stoffe, veranschaulicht in selbstständig gewachsenen Bilder. Oranienburg, Germany: self-published.
  134. ^ a b . Kryolab. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  135. ^ Fittig, R. (1859). "Ueber einige Metamorphosen des Acetons der Essigsäure". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 110: 23–45. doi:10.1002/jlac.18591100104.
  136. ^ Kirchhoff, G.; Bunsen, R. (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen" (PDF). Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 189 (7): 337–381. Bibcode:1861AnP...189..337K. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702.
  137. ^ Erlenmeyer, E. (January 1860). "Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik". Zeitschrift für Chemie und Pharmacie. 3: 21–22.
  138. ^ Venetskii, S. (1971). "Indium". Metallurgist. 15 (2): 148–150. doi:10.1007/BF01088126.
  139. ^ Reich, F.; Richter, T. (1864). "Ueber das Indium". Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 92 (1): 480–485. doi:10.1002/prac.18640920180.
  140. ^ Schwarz-Schampera, Ulrich; Herzig, Peter M. (2002). Indium: Geology, Mineralogy, and Economics. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43135-0.
  141. ^ Wilbrand, J. (1863). "Notiz über Trinitrotoluol". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 128 (2): 178–179. doi:10.1002/jlac.18631280206.
  142. ^ "Barbiturates". Retrieved 31 October 2007.
  143. ^ "Cooperative Research - Formula for Success". BASF. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  144. ^ Figoni, Paula I. (2010). How Baking Works: Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. ISBN 9780470392676.
  145. ^ Baumann, E. (1872). "Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 163 (3): 308–322. doi:10.1002/jlac.18721630303. hdl:2027/wu.89101101970.
  146. ^ . World of Plexiglas. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  147. ^ Tollens, B. (1882). "Ueber ammon-alkalische Silberlösung als Reagens auf Aldehyd" [On an ammonical alkaline silver solution as a reagent for aldehydes]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 15 (2): 1635–1639. doi:10.1002/cber.18820150243.
  148. ^ Steudel, R.; West, L. (December 2015). "Carl Friedrich Claus (1827-1900) - inventor of the Claus Process for sulfur production from hydrogen sulfide". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1712.2644.
  149. ^ Khaghaninejad, Soheila; Heravi, Majid M. (2014). Paal–Knorr Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Vol. 111. pp. 95–146. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420160-6.00003-3. ISBN 9780124202092.
  150. ^ Winkler, Clemens (1887). "Germanium, Ge, a New Nonmetal Element" (). Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 19 (1): 210–211. doi:10.1002/cber.18860190156. {{cite journal}}: External link in |format= (help)
  151. ^ Yahoo Education:Petri dish 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
  152. ^ Jensen, William B. (September 2006). (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (9): 1283. Bibcode:2006JChEd..83.1283J. doi:10.1021/ed083p1283. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
  153. ^ Trimborn, Christel. "Galalith - Jewelry Milk Stone". Ganoksin. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  154. ^ "Hermann Schnell". Plastics Hall of Fame. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  155. ^ von Pechmann, H. (1898). "Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. 31: 2640–2646.
  156. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  157. ^ Royal Society of Chemistry :Classic Kit: Schlenk apparatus
  158. ^ GB 190208300, Ostwald, Wilhelm, "Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Oxides of Nitrogen", published December 18, 1902, issued February 26, 1903
  159. ^ "Decaffeination 101: Four Ways to Decaffeinate Coffee". Coffee Confidential. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  160. ^ Thiele, J. (February 1907). "Ein neuer Apparat zur Schmelzpunktsbestimmung". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 40: 996–997. doi:10.1002/cber.190704001148.
  161. ^ Bergius, Friedrich (May 21, 1932). "Chemical reactions under high pressure" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  162. ^ D. Valentin: Kohleverflüssigung - Chancen und Grenzen, Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, 1/58 (2009), S. 17-19.
  163. ^ Scerri, Eric (2013). A tale of seven elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–74. ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2.
  164. ^ Noddack, W.; Tacke, I.; Berg, O. (1925). "Die Ekamangane". Naturwissenschaften. 13 (26): 567–574. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..567.. doi:10.1007/BF01558746. S2CID 32974087.
  165. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  166. ^ Lohmann, K. (August 1929). "Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel". Naturwissenschaften. 17 (31): 624–625. Bibcode:1929NW.....17..624.. doi:10.1007/BF01506215. S2CID 20328411.
  167. ^ "The Difference between Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Styrene-Butadiene Latex". Mallard Creek Polymers. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  168. ^ Fischer, K. (1935). "Neues Verfahren zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes von Flüssigkeiten und festen Körpern". Angew. Chem. 48 (26): 394–396. Bibcode:1935AngCh..48..394F. doi:10.1002/ange.19350482605.
  169. ^ DE 728981, IG Farben, published 1937
  170. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  171. ^ Hoffmann, R. W. (2001). "Wittig and His Accomplishments: Still Relevant Beyond His 100th Birthday". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 40 (8): 1411–1416. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1411::AID-ANIE1411>3.0.CO;2-U.
  172. ^ a b Barber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993). "Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 65 (8): 1757. doi:10.1351/pac199365081757. S2CID 195819585.
  173. ^ Münzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Schneider, W. F. W.; et al. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction 58Fe on 209Bi→267109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 309 (1): 89. Bibcode:1982ZPhyA.309...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01420157. S2CID 120062541.
  174. ^ Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. (2001). "On the discovery of the elements 110-112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (6): 959. doi:10.1351/pac200173060959. S2CID 97615948.
  175. ^ Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F. P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; et al. (1995). "The new element 111". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 (4): 281. Bibcode:1995ZPhyA.350..281H. doi:10.1007/BF01291182. S2CID 18804192.
  176. ^ Hofmann, S.; et al. (1996). "The new element 112". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 354 (3): 229–230. doi:10.1007/BF02769517. S2CID 119975957.
  177. ^ Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486–500 (497f. & 500)
  178. ^ "How German Traditions Work". HowStuffWorks. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  179. ^ Möderler, Catrin (13 July 2009). "Original eau de Cologne celebrates 300 years". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  180. ^ "Who Made America? | Innovators | Levi Strauss". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  181. ^ A Revolutionist Dies. LIFE Magazine. Vol. 30 no. 6. Time Inc. Feb 5, 1951. p. 37. ISSN 0024-3019.
  182. ^ Rähse, Wilfried (2019). Cosmetic Creams: Development, Manufacture and Marketing of Effective Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9783527812431.
  183. ^ "Milestones". Beiersdorf. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  184. ^ Chang, Katie (29 March 2012). "Vain Glorious | BB Creams Are Here!". T Magazine. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  185. ^ Leibniz G., Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, Die Mathematische Schriften, ed. C. Gerhardt, Berlin 1879, vol.7, p.223; Engl. transl.[1]
  186. ^ Singh, Simon (2011). The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-78784-2.
  187. ^ "Rudolf Hell". The Independent. 2002-04-08. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  188. ^ "HELL". www.cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  189. ^ "75 Years of the Z3, World's First Modern Computer". Inverse. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  190. ^ Giloi, W. K. (1997). (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 17–24. doi:10.1109/85.586068. S2CID 8657307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-30.
  191. ^ "Friedrich L. Bauer, inventor of the stack and of the term software engineering". people.idsia.ch. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  192. ^ Chen, Zhiqun (2000). Java Card Technology for Smart Cards: Architecture and Programmer's Guide. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780201703290.
  193. ^ "73. "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg". YouTube.
  194. ^ "On the 20th Birthday of the MP3, an Interview with the "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg".
  195. ^ "Wilhelm Albert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  196. ^ Koetsier,Teun; Ceccarelli, Marc (2012). Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer Publishing. p. 388. ISBN 9789400741324. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  197. ^ Donald Sayenga. "Modern History of Wire Rope". History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy (atlantic-cable.com). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  198. ^ Heeney, Gwen (2003). Brickworks. A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 9780812237825.
  199. ^ "Rings of fire: Hoffmann kilns". LOW-TECH MAGAZINE. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  200. ^ Bellis, Mary (11 August 2019). "The History of Elevators From Top to Bottom". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  201. ^ Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Zacny, Kris (2009). Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 9783527626632.
  202. ^ H. Goldschmidt, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben" (Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same), Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317 (13 March 1895).
  203. ^ Thöny, Philip (12 December 2007). "The History of the Chainsaw". Waldwissen. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  204. ^ "History of the Chainsaw - Celebrating 60 Years". Husqvarna. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  205. ^ Cramer, Dietmar; Hesse, Daniela (2013). "Die Geschichte des Transportbetons (in German)". Unternehmensgeschichte und Unternehmenskultur. 9: 13.
  206. ^ . swr.online (in German). 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  207. ^ "History". Flex. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  208. ^ Schwarzmann, Thomas (2015). "Von der Flex zur Giraffe Erfinder des Winkelschleifers bringen neuen Langhalsschleifer heraus". Bauhandwerk (in German). Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  209. ^ "Artur Fischer's plastic wall plug transforms construction industry". Financial Times. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  210. ^ Office, European Patent. "Artur Fischer (Germany)". www.epo.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  211. ^ "Uitvinder en pluggenkoning Arthur Fischer overleden". Historiek (in Dutch). 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  212. ^ Strebe, Amy Goodpaster; Beckman, Trish (2007). Flying for her country: the American and Soviet women military pilots of World War II. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-275-99434-1.
  213. ^ Sleight, Chris (1 October 2013). "Hydraulic breakers turn 50". KHL. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  214. ^ "The first Passive House: Interview with Dr. Wolfgang Feist". iPHA Blog. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  215. ^ Hayes, Annie (5 October 2016). "Angostura: a brand history". The Spirits Business. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  216. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0199397020.
  217. ^ Unger, Richard W. (1992). "Technical Change in the Brewing Industry in Germany, the Low Countries and England in the Late Middle Ages". www.jeeh.it. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  218. ^ Kasko, Cyndie. . www.oldworld.ws. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  219. ^ Hart, James A. (1995). U.S. Business and Today's Germany: A Guide for Corporate Executives and Attorneys. Abc-Clio. p. 220. ISBN 9780899308395.
  220. ^ Paterson, Tony (15 August 2009). "Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin". The Independent. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  221. ^ . 2012-11-19. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
  222. ^ "Doner kebab 'inventor' dies at 80". BBC. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  223. ^ "Where Did Hamburgers Originate?". Community Table. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  224. ^ "How the Hamburger Became an American Favorite". Time. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  225. ^ "frankfurter | Origin and meaning of frankfurter by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  226. ^ "History of the Hot Dog: Such a Fantastic German Invention!". The Sausage Man. 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  227. ^ Watson, Mike (30 September 2012). "The History of Lager". Beer Expert. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  228. ^ "Ten things you'll love/hate to know about Marmite". BBC. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  229. ^ Martin, Kathy (2017). Famous Brand Names and Their Origins. Barnsley: Pen and Sword History. p. 21. ISBN 978-1781590157.
  230. ^ Brock, William H. (1997). Justus von Liebig : the chemical gatekeeper. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 9780521562249.
  231. ^ Kik, M. C.; Williams, R. R. (June 1945). "Manual for the Study of Food Habits". Bulletin of the National Research Council. 112: 61.
  232. ^ Weyermann, Sabine (2012-04-06). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  233. ^ (in German). 2012-04-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  234. ^ "Potato Salad". www.guampedia.com. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  235. ^ "The Food Timeline: salad". www.foodtimeline.org. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  236. ^ "The History of Pretzels". Today I Found Out. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  237. ^ Price, Freddy (2004). Riesling Renaissance. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 16–18. ISBN 1-84000-777-X.
  238. ^ Fisher, Ben (16 June 2020). "The untold truth of Sprite". Mashed.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  239. ^ "200 Jahre Frankfurter Würstel-Fantasien". Der Standard (in German). 11 November 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  240. ^ Foer, Joshua (17 December 2012). "Utopian for Beginners". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  241. ^ . 2010-03-10. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  242. ^ Göttsching, L.; Pakarinen, H. (2000). "Recycled Fiber and Deinking". Papermaking Science and Technology. 7: 12–14.
  243. ^ Meggs, Philip Baxter (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
  244. ^ Berglar, Peter (1970). Wilhelm von Humboldt. Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-499-50161-6.
  245. ^ Mund, Heike (22 June 2017). "Knowledge is power: Humboldt's educational vision resonates on 250th birthday". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  246. ^ Östling, Johan (2018). Humboldt and the modern German university: An intellectual history. Manchester University Press. pp. xiii, 9, 227. ISBN 9789198376821.
  247. ^ Zipes, Jack (2015). "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  248. ^ Puckett, Margaret B.; Diffily, Deborah (2004). Teaching Young Children: An Introduction to the Early Childhood Profession. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1401825836.
  249. ^ Sjöström, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press. ISBN 9780126474817.
  250. ^ "Volapük language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  251. ^ "Ottmar Mergenthaler". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  252. ^ "Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich". Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift: 413–414. 27 April 1905. The three Morse sequences were: Ruhezeichen (Cease Sending)   ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ , Notzeichen (Distress)   ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ , and Suchzeichen (Calling)   ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 
  253. ^ "German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy". The Electrician: 94–95. 5 May 1905.
January 01, 1970
list, german, inventions, discoveries, what, world, today, good, owes, gutenberg, everything, traced, this, source, bound, bring, homage, that, colossal, invention, brought, about, overshadowed, thousand, times, good, with, which, mankind, been, favored, ameri. What the world is today good and bad it owes to Gutenberg Everything can be traced to this source but we are bound to bring him homage for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored American writer Mark Twain 1835 1910 1 German inventions and discoveries are ideas objects processes or techniques invented innovated or discovered partially or entirely in Germany or abroad by a person from Germany that is someone born in Germany including to non German parents or born abroad with at least one German parent and who had the majority of their education or career in Germany Often things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases there is no clear line between the two German born Albert Einstein world famous physicist Germany has been the home of many famous inventors discoverers and engineers including Carl von Linde who developed the modern refrigerator 2 Paul Nipkow and Karl Ferdinand Braun who laid the foundation of the television with their Nipkow disk and cathode ray tube or Braun tube respectively 3 4 Hans Geiger the creator of the Geiger counter and Konrad Zuse who built the first fully automatic digital computer Z3 and the first commercial computer Z4 5 6 Such German inventors engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 7 Otto Lilienthal Gottlieb Daimler Rudolf Diesel Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemunde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket Heinrich Rudolf Hertz s work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication 8 Philipp Reis constructed the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone 9 10 while also coining the term 11 Emil Behring Ferdinand Cohn Paul Ehrlich Robert Koch Friedrich Loeffler and Rudolph Virchow were among the key figures in the creation of modern medicine while Koch and Cohn were also founders of microbiology 12 Georgius Agricola gave chemistry it s modern name He is generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and the founder of geology as a scientific discipline while Justus von Liebig is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry 13 Otto Hahn is the father of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission the scientific and technological basis for the utilization of atomic energy Johannes Kepler was one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy the scientific method natural and modern science 14 15 16 Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively Along with Max Planck he was instrumental in the creation of modern physics with the introduction of quantum mechanics in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions 17 Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X rays 18 The movable type printing press was invented by German blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century In 1997 Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg s invention as the most important of the second millennium 19 In 1998 the A amp E Network ranked Gutenberg as the most influential person of the second millennium on their Biographies of the Millennium countdown 19 The following is a list of inventions innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Animals 3 Archaeology and Paleontology 4 Arts 5 Astronomy 6 Biology genetics and memory 7 Chemistry 8 Clothing cosmetics and fashion 9 Computing 10 Construction architecture and shops 11 Cuisine 12 Education language and printing 13 Entertainment electronics and media 14 Geography geology and mining 15 Household and office appliance 16 Mathematics 17 Medicine and drugs 18 Military and chemical weapons 19 Musical instruments 20 Physics and scientific instruments 21 Sociology philosophy and politics 22 Religion ethics and festivities 23 Sport 24 Tourism and recreation 25 Toys and games 26 Transportation 27 See also 28 ReferencesAnatomy nbsp Pepsin in complex with pepstatin nbsp Comparison of a normal aged brain left and the brain of a person with Alzheimer s right 17th century First description of duct of Wirsung by Johann Georg Wirsung 20 1720 Discovery of the ampulla of Vater by Abraham Vater 21 1745 First description of crypts of Lieberkuhn by Johann Nathanael Lieberkuhn 22 19th century First description of Auerbach s plexus by Leopold Auerbach 23 19th century First description of Meissner s plexus by Georg Meissner 24 19th century Discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system by Theodor Schwann 25 1836 Discovery and study of pepsin by Theodor Schwann 26 1840 First medical report on poliomyelitis Heine Medin disease and the first to recognize the illness as a clinical entity by Jakob Heine 27 1852 First description of tactile corpuscle by Georg Meissner and Rudolf Wagner 28 1868 Discovery of Langerhans cell by Paul Langerhans 29 1869 Discovery of islets of Langerhans by Paul Langerhans 30 1875 First description of Merkel cell by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel 31 1882 First successful cholecystectomy by Carl Langenbuch in Berlin 32 1906 Discovery of the Alzheimer s disease by Alois Alzheimer 33 1909 First description of Brodmann s areas by Korbinian Brodmann 34 1977 Plastination by Gunther von Hagens 35 Animals nbsp Hagenbeck with his lions 1907 Modern zoo Tierpark Hagenbeck by Carl Hagenbeck in Hamburg 36 1916 Guide dog the world s first training school established by Dr Gerhard Stalling in Oldenburg 37 Archaeology and Paleontology nbsp The Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen A siemensii 1825 Rhamphorhynchus by Samuel Thomas von Sommerring 38 1834 Plateosaurus by Johann Friedrich Engelhardt near Nuremberg described in 1837 by Hermann von Meyer 39 1856 Neanderthal 1 near Dusseldorf 40 1856 1857 First description of the Neanderthal by Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen 41 1860 Teratosaurus by Sixt Friedrich Jakob von Kapff near Stuttgart described in 1861 by Hermann von Meyer 42 1861 Archaeopteryx by Hermann von Meyer near Solnhofen 43 1868 1879 Troy by Heinrich Schliemann 44 c 1900 Gordium by Alfred and Gustav Korte 45 1906 1913 Hattusa by Hugo Winckler 46 1908 Homo heidelbergensis by Daniel Hartmann and Otto Schoetensack near Heidelberg 47 1912 The Nefertiti Bust by Ludwig Borchardt 48 1915 Description of Spinosaurus the largest known theropod by Ernst Stromer 49 1925 Stomatosuchus by Ernst Stromer 50 1931 Description of Carcharodontosaurus by Ernst Stromer 51 1932 Aegyptosaurus by Ernst Stromer 52 1934 Bahariasaurus by Ernst Stromer 53 1991 Otzi by Helmut and Erika Simon from Nuremberg 54 Arts nbsp The Venus of Hohle Fels nbsp The Bauhaus emblem 40 000 BC The oldest confirmed sculptures in the world the 41 000 to 39 000 year old Lion Man 55 and the 42 000 to 41 000 year old Venus of Hohle Fels 56 57 6th century BC Celtic art 3th century Germanic art 8th century Carolingian art 10th century Ottonian art 11th century Romanesque art 13th century Brick Gothic 15th century Drypoint by the Housebook Master a south German artist 58 1525 Ray tracing by Albrecht Durer 59 1642 Mezzotint by Ludwig von Siegen 1708 Meissen porcelain the first European hard paste porcelain by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in Meissen 60 1810 Theory of Colours by Johann Wolfgang Goethe 61 1864 Wothlytype uranium based photographic printing process 62 63 Early 1900s The modernist movement Expressionism 64 1919 Bauhaus by Walter Gropius 65 Astronomy nbsp Illustration of Kepler s second law nbsp Neptune 1450 1550 Copernican heliocentrism developed by Regiomontanus and Nicolaus Copernicus 66 1609 1619 Kepler s laws of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler 67 1781 Discovery of Uranus with two of its major moons Titania and Oberon by William Herschel 68 1846 Discovery of Neptune by Johann Galle 69 1902 Discovery of the stratosphere by Richard Assmann 70 1909 Discovery of cosmic ray by Theodor Wulf 71 1916 Schwarzschild metric 72 and Schwarzschild radius 73 by Karl SchwarzschildBiology genetics and memory nbsp Three types of cell division nbsp Overview of the citric acid cycle 1759 Description of mesonephros by Caspar Friedrich Wolff 74 1790s Recapitulation theory by Johann Friedrich Meckel and Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer 75 Late 1790s early 1800s Humboldtian science by Alexander von Humboldt 76 1834 Humboldt penguin by Franz Meyen after its initial discovery by Alexander von Humboldt 77 1835 Cell division by Hugo von Mohl 78 1835 Discovery and description of mitosis by Hugo von Mohl 79 1839 Cell theory by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden with contributions from Rudolf Virchow 80 1840 Discovery of hemoglobin by Friedrich Ludwig Hunefeld 81 1845 Odic force by Carl Reichenbach 82 1851 Discovery of alternation of generations as a general principle in plant life by Wilhelm Hofmeister 83 1876 Discovery and description of meiosis by Oscar Hertwig 84 1877 Description of dyslexia by Adolf Kussmaul 85 1880s Bacteriology by Robert Koch 86 Late 19th century Isolated the non protein component of nuclein determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids and later isolated its five primary nucleobases adenine cytosine guanine thymine and uracil by Albrecht Kossel 87 1885 Forgetting curve and learning curve by Hermann Ebbinghaus 88 1888 Description and naming of the centrosome by Theodor Boveri 89 1890 Description of mitochondrion by Richard Altmann 90 1892 Weismann barrier and germ plasm by August Weismann 91 1908 Hardy Weinberg principle by Wilhelm Weinberg 92 1928 First reliable pregnancy test by Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek 93 1928 Artificial cloning of organisms by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold 94 1932 Urea cycle by Kurt Henseleit and Hans Adolf Krebs 95 1937 Citric acid cycle by Hans Adolf Krebs 96 1974 First genetically modified animal a mouse by Rudolf Jaenisch 97 2014 CityTree a large scale urban air purifier intended to filter smog in cities by Green City Solutions 98 Chemistry nbsp Illustration of a sugar beet Achard s findings were the start of the modern sugar industry nbsp Dobereiner s lamp often hailed as the first lighter nbsp The Haber process is fundamental in creating fertiliser nbsp The bottom half of a glass Petri dish nbsp GSI s linear particle accelerator UNILAC where hassium was discovered 1625 Glauber s salt by Johann Rudolf Glauber 99 1669 Discovery of phosphorus by Hennig Brand in Hamburg 100 1706 Prussian blue by Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin 101 1724 Temperature scale Fahrenheit by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 102 1746 Basic theory of isolating zinc by Andreas Marggraf 103 c 1770 c 1785 Identification of molybdenum tungsten barium and chlorine by Carl Wilhelm Scheele 104 1773 or earlier discovery of oxygen although Joseph Priestley published his findings first by Carl Wilhelm Scheele 105 1789 Discovery of the elements uranium 106 and zirconium 107 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1799 Production of sugar from sugar beets the beginning of the modern sugar industry 108 by Franz Karl Achard after foundations were laid by Andreas Marggraf 109 19th century Eupione by Carl Reichenbach 110 1817 Discovery of cadmium by Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer 111 1820s Oechsle scale by Ferdinand Oechsle 112 1823 Dobereiner s lamp often hailed as the first lighter 113 114 by Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner 1828 Discovery of creosote by Carl Reichenbach 115 1828 1893 Isolation 1828 of nicotine by Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann 116 The structure 1893 of nicotine was later discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein 117 1828 Synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wohler Wohler synthesis 118 1830 Creation of paraffin wax by Carl Reichenbach 119 1832 Discovery of pittacal by Carl Reichenbach 120 1834 Melamine by Justus von Liebig 121 1834 Discovery of phenol by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge 122 1836 or 1837 Discovery of diatomaceous earth Kieselgur in German by Peter Kasten on the northern slopes of the Hausselberg hill in the Luneburg Heath in North Germany 123 1838 Fuel cell by Christian Friedrich Schonbein 124 1839 Discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schonbein 125 1839 1930 Discovery of polystyrene by Eduard Simon was made a commercial product by IG Farben in 1930 126 c 1840 Nitrogen based fertiliser by Justus von Liebig 127 128 important innovations were later made by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch Haber process in the 1900s 129 1846 Discovery of guncotton by Christian Friedrich Schonbein 130 1850s Siemens Martin process by Carl Wilhelm Siemens 131 c 1855 Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga 132 1855 Chromatography by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge 133 1857 Siemens cycle by Carl Wilhelm Siemens 134 1859 Pinacol coupling reaction by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig 135 1860 61 Discovery of caesium and rubidium by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff 136 1860 Erlenmeyer flask by Emil Erlenmeyer 137 1863 64 Discovery of indium by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter 138 139 140 1863 First synthesis of trinitrotoluene TNT by Julius Wilbrand 141 1864 First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer first marketed by Bayer under the name Veronal in 1903 142 1864 Wothlytype uranium based photographic printing process patented 62 63 1865 Synthetic indigo dye by Adolf von Baeyer first marketed by BASF in 1897 143 c 1870 Brix unit by Adolf Brix 144 1872 Synthesis of polyvinyl chloride PVC by Eugen Baumann 145 1877 Poly methyl methacrylate by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig was made a commercial product Plexiglas by Otto Rohm in 1933 146 1882 Tollens reagent by Bernhard Tollens 147 1883 Claus process by Carl Friedrich Claus 148 1884 Paal Knorr synthesis by Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr 149 1885 1886 Discovery of germanium by Clemens Winkler 150 1887 Petri dish by Julius Richard Petri 151 1888 Buchner flask and Buchner funnel by Ernst Buchner 152 1895 Hampson Linde cycle by Carl von Linde 134 1897 Galalith by Wilhelm Krische 153 1898 Polycarbonate by Alfred Einhorn was made an commercial product by Hermann Schnell at Bayer in 1953 in Uerdingen 154 1898 Synthesis of polyethylene the most common plastic by Hans von Pechmann 155 1898 First synthesis of purine by Emil Fischer He had also coined the word in 1884 156 Early 20th century Schlenk flask by Wilhelm Schlenk 157 1900s Haber process by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber 129 1902 Ostwald process by Wilhelm Ostwald 158 1903 First commercially successful decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius later of Cafe HAG after foundations were laid by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1820 159 1907 Thiele tube by Johannes Thiele 160 1913 Coal liquefaction Bergius process by Friedrich Bergius 161 162 1913 Identification of protactinium by Oswald Helmuth Gohring 163 1925 Discovery of rhenium by Otto Berg Ida Noddack and Walter Noddack 164 1928 Diels Alder reaction by Kurt Alder and Otto Diels 165 1929 Discovery of adenosine triphosphate ATP by Karl Lohmann 166 1929 Creation of styrene butadiene synthetic rubber by Walter Bock 167 1935 Karl Fischer titration by Karl Fischer 168 1937 Creation of polyurethane by Otto Bayer at IG Farben in Leverkusen 169 1953 Ziegler Natta catalyst by Karl Ziegler 170 1954 Wittig reaction by Georg Wittig 171 1981 1996 Discovery and creation of bohrium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt 172 1982 Discovery and creation of meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 173 1984 Discovery and creation of hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 172 1994 Discovery and creation of darmstadtium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 174 1994 Discovery and creation of roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 175 1996 Discovery and creation of copernicium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 176 Clothing cosmetics and fashion nbsp A pair of jeans 13th century Functional buttons with buttonholes for fastening or closing clothes 177 18th century or earlier Dirndl Lederhosen and Tracht 178 1709 Eau de Cologne by Johann Maria Farina Giovanni Maria Farina in Cologne 179 1871 1873 Jeans by German born Levi Strauss together with Russian American Jacob Davis 180 1905 Permanent wave that was suitable for use on people by Karl Nessler 181 1911 Nivea the first modern cream 182 by Beiersdorf AG 183 1960s BB cream by Christine Schrammek 184 Computing nbsp Gottfried Leibniz created the modern binary numeral system nbsp Konrad Zuse is regarded as the inventor of the modern computer Late 17th century Modern binary numeral system by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 185 1918 1923 Enigma machine by Arthur Scherbius 186 1920s Hellschreiber precursor of the impact dot matrix printers and faxes by Rudolf Hell 187 188 1941 First programmable fully automatic digital computer Z3 by Konrad Zuse 189 1942 1945 Programming language Plankalkul the first high level programming language to be designed for a computer 190 by Konrad Zuse 1945 The world s first commercial digital computer Z4 by Konrad Zuse 6 1957 Stack abstract data type by Klaus Samelson and Friedrich L Bauer of Technical University Munich 191 1960s Smart card by Jurgen Dethloff and Helmut Grottrup 192 1990s MP3 format by Karlheinz Brandenburg and others at the Fraunhofer Society 193 194 Construction architecture and shops nbsp Werner von Siemens invented the first electric elevator nbsp Electric chainsaw 1831 1834 Wire rope by Wilhelm Albert 195 196 197 1858 Hoffmann kiln by Friedrich Hoffmann 198 199 1880 The world s first electric elevator by Werner von Siemens 200 1895 Electrically driven hand drill by Carl and Wilhelm Fein in Stuttgart 201 1895 Exothermic welding process by Hans Goldschmidt 202 1926 1927 Portable electric by Andreas Stihl in 1926 in Cannstatt and the first petrol chainsaw by Emil Lerp in 1927 203 A precursor of chainsaws was made around 1830 by Bernhard Heine osteotome 204 1927 Concrete pump by Max Giese and Fritz Hull 205 1930s Particle board by Max Himmelheber 206 1954 Angle grinder by Ackermann Schmitt FLEX Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH in Steinheim an der Murr 207 208 1958 Modern plastic wall plug Fischer Wall Plug by Artur Fischer 209 210 211 1962 The world s first sex shop by Beate Uhse AG in Flensburg 212 1963 1967 First hydraulic breaker by Krupp in Essen 213 1988 1990 The concept of the Passivhaus Passive house standard by Wolfgang Feist in Darmstadt 214 CuisineSee also German cuisine nbsp Black Forest cake nbsp Currywurst nbsp Gummy bears were first created by Haribo nbsp Hamburger with French fries and a beer nbsp A glass of Bitburger a German style Pilsner The Pilsner was invented by Bavarian Josef Groll nbsp Hot dog nbsp Jagerschnitzel with fettuccine nbsp The German doner kebap Altbier Angostura bitters by Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert in Venezuela 1824 215 First automat restaurant Quisisana in Berlin 1895 216 Baumkuchen Modern beer Reinheitsgebot 217 218 and developing the beverage beer to its highest perfection 219 Berliner doughnut Bethmannchen Berliner Weisse Bienenstich Black Forest cake Bock Bratwurst Braunschweiger Currywurst by Herta Heuwer 220 Dominostein by Herbert Wendler 221 Donauwelle Modern doner kebab sandwich in Berlin 1972 222 Dortmunder Export Fanta Frankfurter Kranz Frankfurter Wurstchen Gummy bear Hamburger the founder is unknown but it has German origins 223 224 Hamburg steak Hedgehog slice Kalter Hund Helles Hot Dog 225 226 Jagermeister Kolsch Lager 227 Lebkuchen Marmite by Justus von Liebig 228 229 Marzen Meat extract by Justus von Liebig 230 Obatzda Parboiled rice Huzenlaub Process by Erich Huzenlaub 231 Pilsener by Josef Groll 232 233 Pinkel Potato salad Kartoffelsalat 234 235 Pretzel the origin is disputed but the earliest recorded evidence of pretzels appeared in Germany 236 Prinzregententorte Pumpernickel Radler Riesling wine 237 Rye beer Saumagen Schwarzbier Sprite 238 Strammer Max Stollen Streuselkuchen Teewurst Thuringian sausage Toast Hawaii Vienna sausage by Johann Georg Lahner de in 1805 239 Welf pudding Wheat beer Zwieback ZwiebelkuchenEducation language and printing nbsp Recreated Gutenberg press nbsp Lithograph of Alois Senefelder 12th century Lingua Ignota the first entirely artificial language by St Hildegard of Bingen OSB 240 c 1440 Printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg 19 starting the global spread of the printing press 1605 First newspaper Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg then part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 241 1774 The process of deinking by Justus Claproth 242 1796 Lithography by Alois Senefelder 243 Early 19th century Humboldtian model of higher education by Wilhelm von Humboldt 244 which led to the creation of the first modern university Universitat zu Berlin in 1810 245 although the University of Halle is also regarded as the first truly modern university 246 1812 1858 Grimms Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm 247 1830s Kindergarten concept by Friedrich Frobel 248 1844 Wood pulp process for use in papermaking by Friedrich Gottlob Keller 249 1879 80 The constructed language Volapuk by Johann Martin Schleyer 250 1884 1886 Linotype machine by Ottmar Mergenthaler 251 1905 The Morse code distress signal SOS 252 253 1919 Waldorf education by Emil Molt and Rudolf Steiner in Stuttgart 254 1937 1951 Interlingua by Alexander Gode 255 Entertainment electronics and media nbsp The Nipkow disk laid the foundation for the television nbsp A cathode ray tube as found in an oscilloscope nbsp A SMS shown on a mobile phone c 1151 The earliest known morality play Ordo Virtutum by St Hildegard of Bingen OSB 256 1505 The world s first pocket watch Watch 1505 by Peter Henlein 257 258 1663 First magazine Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen 259 1885 Nipkow disk fundamental component in the earliest televisions by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow 3 1897 Cathode ray tube CRT and the oscilloscope by Ferdinand Braun 260 1903 Printed circuit board by Albert Hanson of Berlin 261 1907 Earplug by Max Negwer Ohropax 262 1907 Pigeon photography by Julius Neubronner 263 1920s Small format camera 35mm format by Oskar Barnack 264 1928 Magnetic tape in Dresden later developed and commercialized by AEG 265 1930s Modern tape recorder by BASF then part of the chemical giant IG Farben and AEG in cooperation with the state radio RRG 266 267 1934 Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow TV Station Paul Nipkow in Berlin first public television station in the world 268 269 1949 Integrated circuit by Werner Jacobi Siemens AG 270 271 1961 Phase Alternating Line PAL a colour encoding system for analogue television by Walter Bruch of Telefunken in Hanover 272 1970 Twisted nematic field effect by Wolfgang Helfrich with Swiss physicist Martin Schadt 273 1983 Controller Area Network CAN bus by Robert Bosch GmbH 274 1984 Short Message Service SMS concept by Friedhelm Hillebrand 275 Late 1980s and early 1990s MP3 compression algorithm fundamental for MP3 players by i a Karlheinz Brandenburg Fraunhofer Society 276 1990 First radio controlled wristwatch MEGA 1 by Junghans 277 1991 SIM card by Giesecke amp Devrient in Munich 278 279 2005 YouTube co founded by Jawed Karim 280 2011 or earlier Li Fi by Harald Haas 281 Geography geology and mining nbsp Map of Pangaea 1812 Mohs scale of mineral hardness by Friedrich Mohs 282 1855 Stauroscope by Wolfgang Franz von Kobell 283 1884 Koppen climate classification by Wladimir Koppen 284 Changes were later made by Rudolf Geiger it is thus sometimes hailed as the Koppen Geiger climate classification system 285 1912 Theory of continental drift and the postulation of the existence of Pangaea by Alfred Wegener 286 1933 Central place theory by Walter Christaller 287 1935 Richter magnitude scale by Beno Gutenberg together with Charles Francis Richter 288 Household and office appliance nbsp Justus von Liebig invented the modern mirror nbsp Food and drinks into a refrigerator 1835 Modern silvered glass mirror by Justus von Liebig 289 290 291 1864 Ingrain wallpaper by Hugo Erfurt 292 1870 1895 Modern refrigerator and modern refrigeration by Carl von Linde 2 293 294 295 1871 Modern mattress the innerspring mattress by Heinrich Westphal in Berlin 296 297 1886 Hole punch and ring binder by Friedrich Soennecken in Bonn 298 1886 Folding ruler by Anton Ullrich in Maikammer 299 1901 Adhesive tape by company Beiersdorf AG 300 1907 Modern Laundry detergent Persil by Henkel 301 1908 Paper coffee filter by Melitta Bentz 302 1909 Egg slicer by Willy Abel in Berlin 303 1929 1949 First machine produced tea bag 1929 and the modern tea bag 1949 by Adolf Rambold and Teekanne 304 305 1930s Ink eraser by Pelikan 306 1941 Chemex Coffeemaker by Peter Schlumbohm 307 1954 Wigomat the first electrical drip coffee maker 308 1969 Glue stick by Henkel 309 Mathematics nbsp Illustration the intersection of two sets set theory 1489 The and symbols first appeared in print in Johannes Widmann s book Behende und hupsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft published in Leipzig in 1489 in reference to surpluses and deficits in business problems 310 1490 Prosthaphaeresis invented by Johannes Werner 311 1525 The symbol first published by Christoph Rudolff 312 1611 Kepler conjecture by Johannes Kepler 313 1623 Mechanical calculator by Wilhelm Schickard 314 315 Late 17th century Calculus 316 and Leibniz s notation 317 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1673 1676 Leibniz formula for p by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 318 1675 Integral symbol by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 319 1795 Least squares by Carl Friedrich Gauss 320 c 1810 Gaussian elimination by Carl Friedrich Gauss 321 1824 Generalization of the Bessel function by Friedrich Bessel 322 1827 Gauss map 323 and Gaussian curvature 324 by Carl Friedrich Gauss 1837 Analytic number theory by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet 325 c 1850 Riemann geometry by Bernhard Riemann 326 1859 Riemann hypothesis by Bernhard Riemann 327 1874 Cantor s first uncountability proof and set theory by Georg Cantor 328 1882 Klein bottle by Felix Klein 329 1891 Cantor s diagonal argument and Cantor s theorem by Georg Cantor 330 1897 Cantor Bernstein Schroeder theorem by Felix Bernstein and Ernst Schroder 331 c 1900 Runge Kutta methods by Wilhelm Kutta and Carl Runge 332 333 1900s Hilbert space by David Hilbert 334 Early 20th century Weyl tensor by Hermann Weyl 335 Medicine and drugs nbsp Friedrich Serturner was the first to isolate morphine nbsp Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation nbsp A pair of contact lenses nbsp Aspirin was invented by Bayer nbsp Advertisement for Bayer Heroin nbsp The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924 1796 Homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann 336 1803 1827 First isolation of morphine by Friedrich Serturner in Paderborn first marketed to the general public by Serturner and Company in 1817 as a pain medication and the first commercial production began in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck 337 1832 First synthesis of chloral hydrate the first hypnotic drug 338 by Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen 339 Oscar Liebreich introduced the drug into medicine in 1869 and discovered its hypnotic and sedative qualities 340 1840 Discovery and description of Graves Basedow disease by Karl Adolph von Basedow 341 1847 Kymograph by Carl Ludwig 342 1850s Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow 343 1850 51 Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz 344 345 1852 First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt 346 1854 Sphygmograph by Karl von Vierordt 347 1855 First synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid by Friedrich Gaedcke 348 development of an improved purification process by Albert Niemann in 1859 1860 who also coined the name cocaine 349 First commercial production of cocaine began in 1862 in Darmstadt by Merck 350 1881 First modern caesarean section performed by Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer introduction of the transverse incision technique 351 1882 Adhesive bandage Guttaperchapflastermulle by Paul Carl Beiersdorf 352 1882 Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB bacteria which causes tuberculosis by Robert Koch 353 1884 Discovery of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Loffler 354 1884 Koch s postulates by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle 355 1884 Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera by Robert Koch 356 1887 Amphetamine by Romanian born Lazăr Edeleanu in Berlin 357 1887 Loffler s medium by Friedrich Loeffler 358 1888 First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick 359 1890 Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring 360 1890s 1910s modern scientific psychiatry psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics by Emil Kraepelin 1897 1899 Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrun at Bayer in Elberfeld 361 1897 Heroin by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in Elberfeld 362 1897 Protargol by Arthur Eichengrun 363 1897 Discovery of the cause of foot and mouth disease Aphthovirus by Friedrich Loeffler 364 1907 1910 First synthesis of arsphenamine the first antibiotic 365 by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim 366 In 1910 marketed by Hoechst under the name Salvarsan 367 1908 1911 Creation of dihydrocodeine 368 1909 1929 First intrauterine device IUD by Richard Richter of Waldenburg then part of Germany in 1909 and the first ring Grafenberg s ring 1929 used by a significant number of women by Ernst Grafenberg 369 1909 Labello by Dr Oscar Troplowitz 370 1912 1916 Invention of the modern condom by Poland born Julius Fromm in Berlin 371 1912 MDMA by Merck chemist Anton Kollisch 372 373 1914 Development and creation of oxymorphone 374 1916 Creation of oxycodone by Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer at the University of Frankfurt 375 1920 1924 First synthesis of hydrocodone by Carl Mannich and Helene Lowenheim in 1920 376 first marketed by former German drug development company Knoll as Dicodid in 1924 377 1922 Discovery and creation of desomorphine by Knoll 378 1923 Creation of hydromorphone Dilaudid by Knoll 379 1924 First human electroencephalography EEG recording by Hans Berger He also invented the electroencephalogram and discovered alpha waves 380 1929 Cardiac catheterization by Werner Forssmann 381 1932 Prontosil by Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch at Bayer 382 1934 Synthesis of Chloroquine by Italian born Johann Hans Andersag working for Bayer AG 383 1937 1939 Creation of methadone by Max Bockmuhl and Gustav Ehrhart of IG Farben 384 1939 Intramedullary rod by Gerhard Kuntscher 385 1943 Luria Delbruck experiment by Max Delbruck 386 1953 Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz with Swedish physician Inge Edler 387 1961 Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG 388 389 1969 Articaine Ultracain a dental local anesthetic first synthesized by pharmacologist Roman Muschaweck and chemist Robert Rippel former Hoechst AG 390 391 1997 C Leg by Ottobock 392 2007 Small incision lenticule extraction SMILE by Walter Sekundo and Marcus Blum 393 2020 mRNA based COVID 19 vaccine BNT162b2 based on research by Ugur Sahin and Ozlem Tureci 394 395 Military and chemical weapons nbsp German flamethrowers during World War I 1917 nbsp MP 18 nbsp Jerrycans nbsp Replica of the V 2 rocket 1498 Barrel rifling in Augsburg 396 1836 Dreyse needle gun by Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse 397 1842 Pickelhaube by King Frederick William IV of Prussia 398 1901 Modern flamethrower by Richard Fiedler 399 1916 First anti tank grenade 400 1916 Stahlhelm by Dr Friedrich Schwerd 401 1918 First anti tank rifle Mauser 1918 T Gewehr by Mauser 402 1918 First practical submachine gun MP 18 by Theodor Bergmann 403 1920s Creation of Zyklon B by Walter Heerdt and Bruno Tesch at Degesch 404 1935 Flecktarn by Johann Georg Otto Schick 405 1935 37 Jerrycan by Muller amp Co in Schwelm 406 1936 The first ever nerve agent tabun by Gerhard Schrader IG Farben in Leverkusen 407 408 1938 The nerve agent sarin by IG Farben in Wuppertal Elberfeld 409 1939 Warfare method of blitzkrieg by i a Heinz Guderian 410 411 1941 The only rocket powered fighter aircraft ever to have been operational and the first piloted aircraft of any type to exceed 1000 km h 621 mph in level flight the Messerschmitt Me 163 by Alexander Lippisch 412 1942 First modern assault rifle StG 44 by Hugo Schmeisser 413 1943 First aviation unit Kampfgeschwader 100 to use precision guided munition 414 c 1944 First anti tank missile the X 7 415 1944 First operational cruise missile V 1 flying bomb by Robert Lusser at Fieseler 416 1944 A modern pioneer and the world s first long range guided ballistic missile V 2 rocket under the direction of Wernher von Braun 417 418 1944 The nerve agent soman by Konrad Henkel in Heidelberg 419 Musical instruments nbsp Tuba nbsp Emile Berliner with his disc record gramophone c 1700 Clarinet by Johann Christoph Denner in Nuremberg 420 421 1805 Panharmonicon by Johann Nepomuk Malzel 422 1814 1816 Metronome by Johann Nepomuk Malzel and Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel 423 1818 Modern French horn by Heinrich Stolzel and Friedrich Bluhmel 424 1821 Harmonica by Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann 425 1828 Flugelhorn by Heinrich Stolzel in Berlin 426 1830 or earlier Accordion in Nuremberg 427 1835 Tuba by Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz in Berlin 428 1850s Wagner tuba by Richard Wagner 429 1854 Bandoneon by Heinrich Band 430 1877 Microphone by Emile Berliner 431 432 1887 Gramophone record by Emile Berliner 432 433 1914 Hornbostel Sachs the most used system in musical instrument classification by Curt Sachs together with Erich Moritz von Hornbostel 434 Physics and scientific instruments nbsp Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation of modern telecommunications with his discoveries nbsp The first medical X ray by Wilhelm Rontgen 1895 nbsp Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory nbsp Sculpture of Einstein s 1905 E mc2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas Berlin nbsp Geiger Muller counter nbsp Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933 two years after his first prototype nbsp Induced nuclear fission reaction 1512 1576 Theodolite by Gregorius Reisch and Martin Waldseemuller 1512 435 although the first true version was created by Erasmus Habermehl 1576 436 1608 Telescope by Hans Lippershey 437 1650 First vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke 438 1654 Magdeburg hemispheres by Otto von Guericke 439 1663 First electrostatic generator by Otto von Guericke 440 1745 Leyden jar Kleistian jar by Ewald Georg von Kleist 441 1777 Discovery of Lichtenberg figures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg 442 1801 Discovery of ultraviolet by Johann Wilhelm Ritter 443 1813 Gauss s law by Carl Friedrich Gauss 444 1814 Discovery of Fraunhofer lines by Joseph von Fraunhofer 445 1817 Ackermann steering geometry by Georg Lankensperger in Munich 446 447 1817 or earlier Gyroscope by Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger in Tubingen 448 1820 Galvanometer by Johann Schweigger in Halle 449 1827 Ohm s law by Georg Ohm 450 1833 Magnetometer by Carl Friedrich Gauss 451 1845 Kirchhoff s circuit laws by Gustav Kirchhoff 452 1850 Formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius 453 454 1852 First experimental investigation of the Magnus effect by Heinrich Gustav Magnus 455 1857 Geissler tube by Heinrich Geissler 456 1959 Helmholtz resonance by Hermann von Helmholtz 457 1859 Spectrometer by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff 458 1861 First telephone transmitter by Johann Philipp Reis 459 10 he also coined the term telephone 10 1864 1875 Centrifuge by brothers Alexander and Antonin Prandtl from Munich 460 1865 Concept of entropy by Rudolf Clausius 461 1869 First observation of cathode rays by Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Julius Plucker 462 1870 Virial theorem by Rudolf Clausius 463 1874 Refractometer by Ernst Abbe 464 465 1883 First accurate electricity meter Pendelzahler by Hermann Aron 466 1886 Discovery of anode rays by Eugen Goldstein 467 1887 Discoveries of electromagnetic radiation photoelectric effect and radio waves by Heinrich Hertz 468 1887 First parabolic antenna by Heinrich Hertz 469 1893 1896 Wien approximation 1896 470 and Wien s displacement law 1893 471 by Wilhelm Wien 1895 Discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Rontgen in Wurzburg 472 1897 Nernst lamp by Walther Nernst in Gottingen 473 1900 Drude model by Paul Drude 474 1900 Planck constant and Planck s law by Max Planck 475 1900 1930 Quantum mechanics by i a Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg 476 1901 Modern pyrometer by Ludwig Holborn and Ferdinand Kurlbaum 477 1904 Boundary layer theory by Ludwig Prandtl 478 1904 First radar system by Christian Hulsmeyer Telemobiloscope 479 1905 Mass energy equivalence E mc2 480 and special relativity 481 by Albert Einstein 1905 Rubens tube by Heinrich Rubens 482 1906 1912 Third law of thermodynamics Nernst s theorem by Walther Nernst 483 1913 Echo sounding by Alexander Behm 484 485 1913 Discovery of the Stark effect by Johannes Stark 486 1915 Noether s theorem by Emmy Noether 487 1916 General relativity by Albert Einstein 488 1917 Laser s theoretical foundation by Albert Einstein 489 1919 Discovery of the Barkhausen effect by Heinrich Barkhausen 490 1919 Betz s law by Albert Betz 491 1920s Modern hand held metal detector by Gerhard Fischer 492 1921 Discovery of nuclear isomerism by Otto Hahn 493 1921 22 Stern Gerlach experiment by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach 494 1924 Description of coincidence method by Walther Bothe 495 1924 25 Bose Einstein statistics Bose Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein 496 1927 Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld 497 1927 Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg 498 1928 Geiger Muller counter by Hans Geiger and Walther Muller 499 1931 Electron microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll 500 1933 Discovery of the Meissner effect by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld 501 1937 39 CNO cycle Bethe Weizsacker process by Carl von Weizsacker and Hans Bethe 502 1937 Scanning electron microscope SEM by Manfred von Ardenne 503 1938 Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin 504 505 1949 Development of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert Mayer and J Hans D Jensen 506 1950s Quadrupole ion trap by Wolfgang Paul 507 1958 Discovery of the Mossbauer effect by Rudolf Mossbauer 508 1959 Penning trap by Hans Georg Dehmelt 509 1961 Bark scale by Eberhard Zwicker 510 1963 Proposition of heterojunction by Herbert Kroemer 511 1980 Quantum Hall effect by Klaus von Klitzing 512 1980s Atomic force microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig 513 514 1988 Discovery of giant magnetoresistance by Peter Grunberg 515 1994 STED microscopy by Stefan Hell and Jan Wichmann 516 1998 Frequency comb by Theodor W Hansch 517 Sociology philosophy and politics nbsp Karl Marx left and Friedrich Engels right nbsp Otto von Bismarck created the first modern welfare state worldwide Late 18th century German idealism by Immanuel Kant 518 19th century Marxism by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 519 1852 Credit union by Franz Hermann Schulze Delitzsch in Saxony later further developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 520 Late 19th century Verstehen by Max Weber 521 1879 Psychology by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig 522 523 1880s The German Empire 1871 1918 became the first modern welfare state in the world under statesman Otto von Bismarck 524 when he e g innovatively implemented the following Health insurance Krankenversicherung in 1883 525 Accident insurance Unfallversicherung in 1884 525 Pension insurance Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung in 1889 525 1897 Scientific Humanitarian Committee first LGBT rights organization in history 526 527 founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin 1916 The German Empire became the first country in the world to implement daylight saving time DST 528 1930s Critical theory by the Frankfurt School 529 1966 Private copying levy also known as blank media tax or levy 530 1978 Blue Angel Der Blaue Engel certification the world s first ecolabel 531 Religion ethics and festivities nbsp Martin Luther nbsp Christmas tree 1434 The world s first christmas market Striezelmarkt in Dresden 532 1517 Protestantism and Lutheranism by Martin Luther 533 16th century Modern Christmas tree 534 535 17th century Easter Bunny 536 c 1610 Tinsel in Nuremberg 537 1776 Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt 538 1810 Oktoberfest the world s largest Volksfest 539 in Munich 1839 Advent wreath by Johann Hinrich Wichern 540 c 1850 Advent calendar by German Lutherans 541 the modern version was created by Gerhard Lang 1881 1974 from Munich 542 SportSee also Category Sports originating in Germany nbsp A handball game in progress nbsp The first Olympic torch relay finished in Berlin 1936 c 1790 Balance beam by Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths 543 c 1810 Horizontal bar parallel bars rings and the vault apparatus by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn who is often hailed as the father of modern gymnastics 544 545 546 1901 Modern bodybuilding by Eugen Sandow 547 1906 Schutzhund a dog sport that tests a dog s tracking 548 c 1910 Loop jump in figure skating by Werner Rittberger 549 1917 1919 Handball by Max Heiser Karl Schelenz and Erich Konigh in Berlin 550 551 1920 Gliding by Oskar Ursinus 552 1925 Wheel gymnastics by Otto Feick in Schonau an der Brend 553 1936 The tradition of the Olympic torch relay by Carl Diem and Alfred Schiff in Berlin 554 1946 Goalball by Sepp Reindle 555 1948 Paralympic Games by German born Ludwig Guttmann 556 557 1954 Modern football boots with screw in studs by Adolf Adidas or Rudolf Dassler Puma 558 1961 Underwater rugby by Ludwig von Bersuda in Cologne 559 1963 Grass skiing by Josef Kaiser 560 561 1989 International Paralympic Committee in Dusseldorf 562 1993 Jugger in Heidelberg 563 2001 Speed badminton by Bill Brandes in Berlin 564 Tourism and recreation nbsp Prinzessin Victoria Luise 1505 The first version of a Carabiner 565 1882 Strandkorb by Wilhelm Bartelmann in Rostock 566 567 1891 First purpose built cruise ship Prinzessin Victoria Luise by Albert Ballin 568 Early 20th century Pilates by Joseph Pilates 569 1915 or earlier Modern parachute the first collapsible parachute by Katharina Paulus 570 571 1920s Autogenic training by Johannes Heinrich Schultz 572 Toys and games nbsp A replica Steiff model of the 55PB nbsp Magnavox Odyssey c 1780 Schafkopf card game 573 c 1810 Skat card game in Altenburg 574 1890 Plastilin by Franz Kolb 575 1892 Chinese checkers by Ravensburger 576 1902 Teddy bear 55 PB by Richard Steiff 577 1907 08 Mensch argere Dich nicht board game by Josef Friedrich Schmidt 578 1964 fischertechnik by Artur Fischer 579 1972 First home video console Magnavox Odyssey by German born Ralph H Baer 580 581 1974 Playmobil by Hans Beck 582 1995 The Settlers of Catan by Klaus Teuber 583 Transportation nbsp Original Laufmaschine of 1817 the first bicycle nbsp Benz Patent Motorwagen nbsp A Reitwagen replica at the Mercedes Benz Museum nbsp Otto Lilienthal testing one of his gliders 1895 nbsp The Daimler Motor Lastwagen was the world s first truck 1655 First self propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler 584 1817 The first bicycle dandy horse or Laufmaschine in German by Baron Karl von Drais 585 586 1817 Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn 587 588 1834 First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi 589 1838 First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi 590 1876 Otto engine by Nicolaus Otto 591 1879 1881 First electric locomotive 592 and electric tramway Gross Lichterfelde Tramway by Siemens amp Halske 593 594 1882 Trolleybus Electromote by Werner von Siemens 595 1885 First automobile Benz Patent Motorwagen by Karl Benz in Mannheim 596 597 1885 1894 First motorcycle Daimler Reitwagen by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach 598 The motorcycle of Hildebrand amp Wolfmuller from 1894 created by Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand and Alois Wolfmuller was the first machine to be called a motorcycle and the world s first production motorcycle 599 1885 First modern internal combustion engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach 600 1886 First automobile on four wheels by Gottlieb Daimler 601 1886 Motorboat by Lurssen in commission of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bremen 602 1888 Driver s license by Karl Benz 603 1888 The world s first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch 604 1888 Flocken Elektrowagen regarded by some as the first real electric car 605 by Andreas Flocken in Coburg 1889 V engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach 606 1891 Taximeter by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn 607 1893 Diesel engine diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg 608 1893 Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat the first aeroplane to be serially produced 609 610 by Otto Lilienthal 1893 Zeppelin the first rigid airship 611 by Ferdinand von Zeppelin 612 1895 Internal combustion engine bus by Daimler 613 1896 First truck Daimler Motor Lastwagen by Gottlieb Daimler 614 1897 Flat engine by Karl Benz 615 1897 Internal combustion engine taxicab by Gottlieb Daimler 616 1901 Mercedes 35 hp regarded by some as the first real modern automobile 617 by Paul Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach The car also had the world s first drum brakes 618 1902 1934 Concept of maglev by Alfred Zehden 1902 and Hermann Kemper 1934 619 1902 First high voltage spark plug by Gottlob Honold 620 1902 First practical speedometer by Otto Schultze 621 622 1906 Gyrocompass by Hermann Anschutz Kaempfe 623 1909 1912 The world s first passenger airline DELAG in Frankfurt 1909 624 The company also employed the first flight attendant Heinrich Kubis 1912 625 1912 The world s first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft fur Thermo Lokomotiven Diesel Klose Sulzer GmbH from Munich 626 and Borsig from Berlin 627 1915 The world s first all metal aircraft Junkers J 1 by Junkers amp Co 628 1916 Gasoline direct injection GDI by Junkers amp Co 629 1928 First rocket powered aircraft Lippisch Ente by Alexander Lippisch 630 1935 Swept wing by Adolf Busemann 631 1936 The first operational and practical helicopter Focke Wulf Fw 61 by Focke Achgelis 632 1939 First aircraft with a turbojet Heinkel He 178 and the first practical jet aircraft by Hans von Ohain 633 1943 Krueger flap by Werner Kruger 634 1951 Airbag by Walter Linderer 635 1957 Wankel engine by Felix Wankel 636 1960s Defogger by Heinz Kunert 637 Late 1960s Oxygen sensor by Robert Bosch GmbH 638 1995 Electronic stability control ESC by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes Benz 639 640 See alsoGerman inventors and discoverers List of German chemists List of German mathematicians List of German physicists List of German scientists Science and technology in GermanyReferences Childress Diana 2008 Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press Minneapolis Twenty First Century Books p 122 ISBN 978 0 7613 4024 9 a b Carl von Linde Science History Institute 1 June 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2019 a b Bellis Mary 6 April 2017 Television History Paul Nipkow ThoughtCo Retrieved 8 November 2019 Pioneers Page Bianchi Luigi The Great Electromechanical Computers York University Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 Retrieved 17 April 2011 a b Kaisler Stephen H 2016 Birthing the Computer From Relays to Vacuum Tubes Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 13 ISBN 9781443896313 The Zeppelin U S Centennial of Flight Commission Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 7 May 2015 Historical figures in telecommunications International Telecommunication Union 14 January 2004 Archived from the original on 25 April 2011 Retrieved 27 March 2011 Coe Lewis 2006 The Telephone and Its Several Inventors A History McFarland pp 16 24 ISBN 9780786426096 a b c Turner Gerard L Estrange Weston Margaret 1983 Nineteenth century Scientific Instruments University of California Press p 140 ISBN 9780520051607 Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom In Jahres Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main fur das Rechnungsjahr 1860 1861 pp 57 64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books Weindling Paul 1986 Medicine and Modernization The Social History of German Health and Medicine History of Science 24 3 277 301 doi 10 1177 007327538602400302 S2CID 160121976 Jackson Catherine Mary December 2008 Analysis and Synthesis in Nineteenth Century Organic Chemistry PDF PhD University of London Retrieved 21 October 2022 DPMA Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler His Life His Laws and Times NASA Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2023 Molecular Expressions Science Optics and You Timeline Johannes Kepler Roberts J M 2002 The New Penguin History of the World Allen Lane p 1014 ISBN 978 0 7139 9611 1 The First Nobel Prize Deutsche Welle 8 September 2010 Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 27 March 2011 a b c Die Gutenbergstadt Mainz Gutenberg de 10 March 2010 Archived from the original on 2010 03 10 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Johann Georg Wirsung www whonamedit com Retrieved 16 December 2019 Dissertatio anatomica quo novum bilis dicetilicum circa orifucum ductus choledochi ut et valvulosam colli vesicae felleae constructionem ad disceptandum proponit 1720 Johann Nathanael Lieberkuhn www whonamedit com Retrieved 16 December 2019 Leopold Auerbach www whonamedit com Retrieved 16 December 2019 Meissner G 1857 Uber die Nerven der Darmwand Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medizin 8 364 366 Karenberg Axel 26 October 2000 Chapter 7 The Schwann cell In Koehler Peter J Bruyn George W Pearce John M S eds Neurological eponyms Oxford University Press pp 44 50 ISBN 9780195133660 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Asimov Isaac 1980 A short history of biology Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press p 95 ISBN 9780313225833 History of polio BBC News 25 September 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2020 Meissner G Wagner R February 1852 Ueber das Vorhandensein bisher unbekannter eigenthumlicher Tastkorperchen Corpuscula tactus in den Gefuhlswarzchen der mensclichen Haut und uber die Endausbreitung sensitiver Nerven Nachrichten von der Georg Augusts Universitat und der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen 2 17 30 Langerhans P 1868 Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur klinische Medicin 44 2 3 325 337 doi 10 1007 BF01959006 S2CID 6282875 Sakula A July 1988 Paul Langerhans 1847 1888 a centenary tribute Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 81 7 414 5 doi 10 1177 014107688808100718 PMC 1291675 PMID 3045317 Merkel F S 1875 Tastzellen und Tastkorperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen Archiv fur mikroskopische Anatomie 11 636 652 doi 10 1007 BF02933819 S2CID 83793552 Jarnagin William R Belghiti J Blumgart LH 2012 Blumgart s surgery of the liver biliary tract and pancreas 5th ed Elsevier Saunders p 6 ISBN 978 1 4557 4606 4 Berchtold N C Cotman C W 1998 Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer s disease Greco Roman period to the 1960s Neurobiology of Aging 19 3 173 89 doi 10 1016 S0197 4580 98 00052 9 PMID 9661992 S2CID 24808582 Brodmann K Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Bart 1909 The Developments of Plastination Body Worlds Retrieved 16 December 2019 Rothfels Nigel 2008 Savages and Beasts The Birth of the Modern Zoo Animals History Culture Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0801889752 International Guide Dog Federation History www igdf org uk Archived from the original on 14 April 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Witton Mark P 2013 Pterosaurs Natural History Evolution Anatomy Princeton University Press p 123 ISBN 9781400847655 von Meyer C E H 1837 Mitteilung an Prof Bronn Plateosaurus engelhardti Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie 1837 316 King W 1864 The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal PDF Quarterly Journal of Science 1 88 97 Drell J R R 2002 Neanderthals a history of interpretation Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19 1 24 doi 10 1111 1468 0092 00096 von Meyer C E H 1861 Reptilien aus dem Stubensandstein des oberen Keupers Palaeontographica 7 253 346 Meyer Hermann von 15 August 1861 Vogel Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen Bird feathers and Palpipes priscus a crustacean from Solenhofen Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Geognosie Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde in German 561 Aus dem lithographischen Schiefer der Bruche vonSolenhofeninBayernist mir in den beiden Gegenplatten eine auf der Ablosungs oder Spaltungs Flache des Gesteins liegende Versteinerung mitgetheilt worden die mit grosser Deutlichkeit eine Feder erkennen lasst welche von den Vogel Federn nicht zu unterscheiden ist From the lithographic slates of the faults of Solenhofen in Bavaria there has been reported to me a fossil lying on the stone s surface of detachment or cleavage in both opposing slabs which can be recognized with great clarity to be a feather which is indistinguishable from a bird s feather Schuchhardt Carl 1891 Schliemann s Ausgrabungen in Troja Tiryns Mykenae Orchomenos Ithaka im Lichte der heutigen Wissenschaft Leipzig F A Brockhaus Korte A Korte G 1904 Gordion Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900 Berlin Verlag Georg Reimer Elborough Travis 2019 Atlas of Vanishing Places The lost worlds as they were and as they are today White Lion Publishing p 19 ISBN 9781781318959 Schoetensack Otto 1908 Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg Ein Beitrag zur Palaontologie des Menschen Leipzig Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann Tharoor Ishaan 6 December 2012 The Bust of Nefertiti Remembering Ancient Egypt s Famous Queen Time ISSN 0040 781X Retrieved 11 December 2019 Stromer E 1915 Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof E Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens II Wirbeltier Reste der Baharije Stufe unterstes Cenoman 3 Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov gen nov spec Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch physikalische Klasse 28 1 32 Stromer E 1925 Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof E Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens II Wirbeltier Reste der Baharije Stufe unterstes Cenoman 7 Stomatosuchus inermis Stromer ein schwach bezahnter Krokodilier und 8 Ein Skelettrest des Pristiden Onchopristis numidus Haug sp Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 30 1 22 Stromer E 1931 Wirbeltiere Reste der Baharijestufe unterestes Canoman Ein Skelett Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov gen Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 9 1 23 Stromer E 1932 Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof E Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens II Wirbeltierreste der Baharije Stufe unterstes Cenoman 11 Sauropoda Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung Neue Folge 10 1 21 Stromer E 1934 Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof E Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens II Wirbeltier Reste der Baharije Stufe unterstes Cenoman 13 Dinosauria Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung n f 22 1 79 Squires Nick 29 September 2008 Oetzi The Iceman s discoverers finally compensated The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Ice Age Lion Man a world s earliest figurative sculpture The Art Newspaper 31 January 2013 Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 Archaologie erleben Mission Eiszeit SWR Geschichte amp Entdeckungen retrieved 2024 02 16 It must be a woman The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40 000 years ago Universitat Tubingen July 22 2016 Archived from the original on October 11 2016 Retrieved July 26 2016 Explaining the Drypoint Etching Widewalls Retrieved 8 November 2019 Hofmann Georg Rainer May 1990 Who invented ray tracing The Visual Computer 6 3 120 124 doi 10 1007 BF01911003 S2CID 26348610 The Discovery of European Porcelain Technology by C M Queiroz amp S Agathopoulos 2005 Goethe s Theory of Colours Translated from the German with Notes by Charles Lock Eastlake R A F R S London John Murray 1840 Archived from the original on 12 December 2016 Retrieved 18 October 2017 via Internet Archive a b Woodcroft Bennet 1865 Alphabetical Index of Patentees and Applicants for Patents of Invention for the Year 1864 Printed and Published by Order at the Commissioners of Patents Under the Act of 15 amp 16 Victoriae Cap 83 Sec XXXII Holborn Office Of The Commissioners Of Patents For Inventions pp 204 208 a b Woodcroft Bennet 1865 Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted for the Year 1864 Printed and Published by Order of the Commissioners of Patents Under the Act of 15 amp 16 VICTORIAE Cap 83 Sec XXXII Holborn Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions p 161 Expressionism Movement Overview The Art Story Retrieved 17 December 2019 Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 319 Theories of the world from antiquity to the Copernican revolution Choice Reviews Online 28 8 28 4513 28 4513 1991 04 01 doi 10 5860 choice 28 4513 ISSN 0009 4978 Holton Gerald James Brush Stephen G 2001 Physics the Human Adventure From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond 3rd paperback ed Piscataway NJ Rutgers University Press pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0 8135 2908 0 Retrieved December 27 2009 Herschel Program Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel www astroleague org 21 June 2008 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Hamilton Calvin J 4 August 2001 Neptune Views of the Solar System Retrieved 17 December 2019 Steinhagen Hans 2005 Der Wettermann Leben und Werk Richard Assmanns Neuenhagen Findling ISBN 978 3 933603 33 3 Horandel J R 4 December 2012 Early Cosmic Ray Work Published in German AIP Conference Proceedings 1516 52 60 arXiv 1212 0706 doi 10 1063 1 4792540 S2CID 73534390 Schwarzschild K 1916 Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 189 196 Bibcode 1916SPAW 189S Schwarzschild K 1916 Uber das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flussigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie Sitzungsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Klasse fur Mathematik Physik und Technik 424 Bibcode 1916skpa conf 424S Fritz Marc A Speroff Leon 2005 Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 325 ISBN 9780781747950 Mayr Ernst 1994 Recapitulation Reinterpreted The Somatic Program The Quarterly Review of Biology 69 2 223 232 doi 10 1086 418541 S2CID 84670449 Bohme H 1999 Asthetische Wissenschaft Matices 37 41 McCarthy Eugene M Humboldt Penguin Online Biology Dictionary www macroevolution net Retrieved 17 December 2019 Rogers Kara 2011 The Cell Britannica Educational Pub p 172 ISBN 978 1615303144 von Mohl Hugo 1835 Ueber die Vermehrung der Pflanzenzellen durch Theilung Tubingen Fues Sharp L W 1921 Introduction To Cytology New York McGraw Hill Book Company Inc Hunefeld F L 1840 Die Chemismus in der thierischen Organization Leipzig Levitt Theresa 2009 The Shadow of Enlightenment Optical and Political Transparency in France 1789 1848 Oxford University Press p 113 ISBN 978 0 19 954470 7 Svedelius N 1927 Alternation of Generations in Relation to Reduction Division Botanical Gazette 83 4 362 384 doi 10 1086 333745 S2CID 84406292 Ruvinsky Anatoly 2009 Genetics and Randomness CRC Press p 93 ISBN 9781420078879 Beaton Alan 2004 Dyslexia Reading and the Brain A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research Psychology Press p 3 ISBN 9781135422752 Robert Koch 1843 1910 broughttolife sciencemuseum org uk Retrieved 2018 01 18 SEEKS LIFE S SECRET IN STUDY OF CELLS Prof Albrecht Kossel of Heidelberg Comes to Lecture at Johns Hopkins University The New York Times 27 August 1911 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Ebbinghaus Hermann 1885 Uber das Gedachtnis Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot Boveri Theodor 1888 Zellen Studien II Die Befruchtung und Teilung des Eies von Ascaris megalocephala Jena Gustav Fischer Verlag Altmann Richard 1890 Die Elementarorganismen und ihre Beziehungen zu den Zellen Leipzig Veit Weismann August 1892 Das Keimplasma eine Theorie der Vererbung Jena Fischer Stern Curt 1962 Wilhelm Weinberg Genetics 47 1 5 Speert Harold 1973 Iconographia Gyniatrica Philadelphia F A Davis ISBN 978 0 8036 8070 8 De Robertis EM April 2006 Spemann s organizer and self regulation in amphibian embryos Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7 4 296 302 doi 10 1038 nrm1855 PMC 2464568 PMID 16482093 Bailey L E Ong S D 1978 Krebs Henseleit solution as a physiological buffer in perfused and superfused preparations Journal of Pharmacological Methods 1 2 171 175 doi 10 1016 0160 5402 78 90022 0 Krebs H A Johnson W A April 1937 Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues The Biochemical Journal 31 4 645 660 doi 10 1042 bj0310645 PMC 1266984 PMID 16746382 Jaenisch R Mintz B April 1974 Simian Virus 40 DNA Sequences in DNA of Healthy Adult Mice Derived from Preimplantation Blastocysts Injected with Viral DNA Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 4 1250 1254 Bibcode 1974PNAS 71 1250J doi 10 1073 pnas 71 4 1250 PMC 388203 PMID 4364530 Vertical gardens that eat air pollution and how Hong Kong could use them South China Morning Post 2016 09 07 Retrieved 2024 01 02 Szydlo Zbigniew 1994 Water which does not wet hands The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius London Warsaw Polish Academy of Sciences ISBN 978 8386062454 Beatty Richard 2000 Phosphorus Marshall Cavendish pp 7 ISBN 0 7614 0946 7 Jens Bartoll The early use of prussian blue in paintings PDF 9th International Conference on NDT of Art Jerusalem Israel 25 30 May 2008 Retrieved 2010 01 22 Balmer Robert T 2010 Modern Engineering Thermodynamics Academic Press p 9 ISBN 978 0 12 374996 3 Weeks Mary Elvira 1933 The Discovery of the Elements Easton Pennsylvania Journal of Chemical Education p 21 ISBN 978 0 7661 3872 8 Lepora Nathan 2007 Molybdenum Marshall Cavendish pp 11 ISBN 9780761422013 Oxygen www rsc org Retrieved 17 December 2019 Emsley John 2001 Nature s Building Blocks An A to Z Guide to the Elements Oxford Oxford University Press pp 476 482 ISBN 978 0 19 850340 8 Krebs Robert E 1998 The History and Use of our Earth s Chemical Elements Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press pp 98 100 ISBN 978 0 313 30123 0 Kent James A 2007 Kent and Riegel s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology Springer p 1658 ISBN 978 0387278421 Sack Harald 28 April 2016 Franz Achard and the Sugar Beet Revolution SciHi Blog Retrieved 12 November 2019 Dunglison Robley 1838 Dunglison s American medical library A Waldie p 192 Hermann C S 1818 Noch ein schreiben uber das neue Metall Annalen der Physik 59 5 113 116 Bibcode 1818AnP 59 113H doi 10 1002 andp 18180590511 Oechsle Christian Ferdinand 1774 1852 in German Gesellschaft fur Geschichte des Weines e V Retrieved 17 December 2019 Hoffmann Roald August 1998 Dobereiner s Feuerzeug American Scientist 86 doi 10 1511 1998 4 326 Dobereiner s Lamp History of the First Lighter www historyofmatches com Retrieved 4 December 2019 Schorlemmer C 1885 The history of creosote cedriret and pittacal Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4 152 157 Henningfield J E Zeller M March 2006 Nicotine psychopharmacology research contributions to United States and global tobacco regulation a look back and a look forward Psychopharmacology 184 3 4 286 291 doi 10 1007 s00213 006 0308 4 PMID 16463054 S2CID 38290573 Pinner A 1893 Ueber Nicotin Die Constitution des Alkaloids Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 26 292 305 doi 10 1002 cber 18930260165 Wohler F 1828 Ueber kunstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 88 2 253 256 Bibcode 1828AnP 88 253W doi 10 1002 andp 18280880206 via Gallica Asinger F 2016 Paraffins Chemistry and Technology Elsevier p 734 ISBN 9781483146621 Graham Thomas 2015 Elements of Chemistry Including the Applications of the Science in the Arts Palala Press ISBN 978 1341237980 Handbook on Textile Auxiliaries Dyes and Dye Intermediates Technology National Institute of Industrial Research 2009 p 82 ISBN 978 8178331225 F F Runge 1834 Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation On some products of coal distillation Annalen der Physik und Chemie 31 65 78 On page 69 of volume 31 Runge names phenol Karbolsaure coal oil acid carbolic acid Runge characterizes phenol in F F Runge 1834 Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation Annalen der Physik und Chemie 32 308 328 Klebs Florian December 17 2001 Deutschland Wiege des Nobelpreis Tourismus Industrie und Forschung auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels in German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Archived from the original on November 17 2002 Retrieved October 12 2018 Buhrke Thomas Wengenmayr Roland 2013 Renewable Energy Sustainable Energy Concepts for the Energy Change John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9783527671366 Rubin Mordecai B 2001 The History of Ozone The Schonbein Period 1839 1868 PDF Bull Hist Chem 26 1 40 56 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 11 Retrieved 2019 12 22 Bellis Mary 24 January 2019 The Long History of Polystyrene and Styrofoam ThoughtCo Retrieved 6 January 2020 Justus von Liebig Feeding billions of people Halfapage com Halfapage com 2015 08 23 Retrieved 2018 04 22 Horn Jeff 2016 The Industrial Revolution History Documents and Key Questions ABC CLIO p 64 ISBN 978 1610698849 a b Harford Tim 2 January 2017 How fertiliser helped feed the world BBC Retrieved 8 November 2019 Bown Stephen R 2005 A Most Damnable Invention Dynamite Nitrates and the Making of the Modern World Macmillan ISBN 9781466817050 Siemens C W June 1862 On a regenerative gas furnace as applied to glasshouses puddling heating etc Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 13 21 26 doi 10 1243 PIME PROC 1862 013 007 02 Jensen W B 2005 The Origin of the Bunsen Burner Journal of Chemical Education 82 4 518 Bibcode 2005JChEd 82 518J doi 10 1021 ed082p518 Runge F F 1855 Der Bildungstrieb der Stoffe veranschaulicht in selbststandig gewachsenen Bilder Oranienburg Germany self published a b Technical Information Kryolab Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Fittig R 1859 Ueber einige Metamorphosen des Acetons der Essigsaure Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 110 23 45 doi 10 1002 jlac 18591100104 Kirchhoff G Bunsen R 1861 Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen PDF Annalen der Physik und Chemie 189 7 337 381 Bibcode 1861AnP 189 337K doi 10 1002 andp 18611890702 Erlenmeyer E January 1860 Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik Zeitschrift fur Chemie und Pharmacie 3 21 22 Venetskii S 1971 Indium Metallurgist 15 2 148 150 doi 10 1007 BF01088126 Reich F Richter T 1864 Ueber das Indium Journal fur Praktische Chemie in German 92 1 480 485 doi 10 1002 prac 18640920180 Schwarz Schampera Ulrich Herzig Peter M 2002 Indium Geology Mineralogy and Economics Springer ISBN 978 3 540 43135 0 Wilbrand J 1863 Notiz uber Trinitrotoluol Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 128 2 178 179 doi 10 1002 jlac 18631280206 Barbiturates Retrieved 31 October 2007 Cooperative Research Formula for Success BASF Retrieved 31 January 2020 Figoni Paula I 2010 How Baking Works Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science John Wiley amp Sons p 174 ISBN 9780470392676 Baumann E 1872 Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 163 3 308 322 doi 10 1002 jlac 18721630303 hdl 2027 wu 89101101970 This is how PLEXIGLAS came to be World of Plexiglas Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 Retrieved 9 November 2019 Tollens B 1882 Ueber ammon alkalische Silberlosung als Reagens auf Aldehyd On an ammonical alkaline silver solution as a reagent for aldehydes Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft in German 15 2 1635 1639 doi 10 1002 cber 18820150243 Steudel R West L December 2015 Carl Friedrich Claus 1827 1900 inventor of the Claus Process for sulfur production from hydrogen sulfide ResearchGate doi 10 13140 RG 2 1 1712 2644 Khaghaninejad Soheila Heravi Majid M 2014 Paal Knorr Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol 111 pp 95 146 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 420160 6 00003 3 ISBN 9780124202092 Winkler Clemens 1887 Germanium Ge a New Nonmetal Element English translation Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft in German 19 1 210 211 doi 10 1002 cber 18860190156 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code format code help Yahoo Education Petri dish Archived 2013 10 22 at the Wayback Machine Jensen William B September 2006 The Origins of the Hirsch and Buchner Vacuum Filtration Funnels PDF Journal of Chemical Education 83 9 1283 Bibcode 2006JChEd 83 1283J doi 10 1021 ed083p1283 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 03 15 Retrieved 2013 06 12 Trimborn Christel Galalith Jewelry Milk Stone Ganoksin Retrieved 17 December 2019 Hermann Schnell Plastics Hall of Fame Retrieved 8 November 2019 von Pechmann H 1898 Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 31 2640 2646 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 The Nobel Prize Retrieved 26 August 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry Classic Kit Schlenk apparatus GB 190208300 Ostwald Wilhelm Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Oxides of Nitrogen published December 18 1902 issued February 26 1903 Decaffeination 101 Four Ways to Decaffeinate Coffee Coffee Confidential 6 July 2012 Retrieved 12 November 2019 Thiele J February 1907 Ein neuer Apparat zur Schmelzpunktsbestimmung Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 40 996 997 doi 10 1002 cber 190704001148 Bergius Friedrich May 21 1932 Chemical reactions under high pressure PDF Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2012 02 29 D Valentin Kohleverflussigung Chancen und Grenzen Praxis der Naturwissenschaften 1 58 2009 S 17 19 Scerri Eric 2013 A tale of seven elements Oxford Oxford University Press pp 67 74 ISBN 978 0 19 539131 2 Noddack W Tacke I Berg O 1925 Die Ekamangane Naturwissenschaften 13 26 567 574 Bibcode 1925NW 13 567 doi 10 1007 BF01558746 S2CID 32974087 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950 Nobel Prize Retrieved 17 December 2019 Lohmann K August 1929 Uber die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel Naturwissenschaften 17 31 624 625 Bibcode 1929NW 17 624 doi 10 1007 BF01506215 S2CID 20328411 The Difference between Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Styrene Butadiene Latex Mallard Creek Polymers 15 December 2016 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Fischer K 1935 Neues Verfahren zur massanalytischen Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes von Flussigkeiten und festen Korpern Angew Chem 48 26 394 396 Bibcode 1935AngCh 48 394F doi 10 1002 ange 19350482605 DE 728981 IG Farben published 1937 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 Nobel Prize Retrieved 17 December 2019 Hoffmann R W 2001 Wittig and His Accomplishments Still Relevant Beyond His 100th Birthday Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 8 1411 1416 doi 10 1002 1521 3773 20010417 40 8 lt 1411 AID ANIE1411 gt 3 0 CO 2 U a b Barber R C Greenwood N N Hrynkiewicz A Z Jeannin Y P Lefort M Sakai M Ulehla I Wapstra A P Wilkinson D H 1993 Discovery of the transfermium elements Part II Introduction to discovery profiles Part III Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements Pure and Applied Chemistry 65 8 1757 doi 10 1351 pac199365081757 S2CID 195819585 Munzenberg G Armbruster P Hessberger F P Hofmann S Poppensieker K Reisdorf W Schneider J H R Schneider W F W et al 1982 Observation of one correlated a decay in the reaction 58Fe on 209Bi 267109 Zeitschrift fur Physik A 309 1 89 Bibcode 1982ZPhyA 309 89M doi 10 1007 BF01420157 S2CID 120062541 Karol P J Nakahara H Petley B W Vogt E 2001 On the discovery of the elements 110 112 IUPAC Technical Report Pure and Applied Chemistry 73 6 959 doi 10 1351 pac200173060959 S2CID 97615948 Hofmann S Ninov V Hessberger F P Armbruster P Folger H Munzenberg G Schott H J Popeko A G et al 1995 The new element 111 Zeitschrift fur Physik A 350 4 281 Bibcode 1995ZPhyA 350 281H doi 10 1007 BF01291182 S2CID 18804192 Hofmann S et al 1996 The new element 112 Zeitschrift fur Physik A 354 3 229 230 doi 10 1007 BF02769517 S2CID 119975957 Lynn White The Act of Invention Causes Contexts Continuities and Consequences Technology and Culture Vol 3 No 4 Autumn 1962 pp 486 500 497f amp 500 How German Traditions Work HowStuffWorks 25 July 2011 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Moderler Catrin 13 July 2009 Original eau de Cologne celebrates 300 years Deutsche Welle Retrieved 17 December 2019 Who Made America Innovators Levi Strauss www pbs org Retrieved 2018 04 23 A Revolutionist Dies LIFE Magazine Vol 30 no 6 Time Inc Feb 5 1951 p 37 ISSN 0024 3019 Rahse Wilfried 2019 Cosmetic Creams Development Manufacture and Marketing of Effective Skin Care Products John Wiley amp Sons pp 55 56 ISBN 9783527812431 Milestones Beiersdorf Retrieved 17 December 2019 Chang Katie 29 March 2012 Vain Glorious BB Creams Are Here T Magazine Retrieved 8 November 2019 Leibniz G Explication de l Arithmetique Binaire Die Mathematische Schriften ed C Gerhardt Berlin 1879 vol 7 p 223 Engl transl 1 Singh Simon 2011 The Code Book The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 307 78784 2 Rudolf Hell The Independent 2002 04 08 Retrieved 2018 01 18 HELL www cryptomuseum com Retrieved 2018 01 18 75 Years of the Z3 World s First Modern Computer Inverse Retrieved 2018 04 23 Giloi W K 1997 Konrad Zuse s Plankalkul The First High Level non von Neumann Programming Language PDF IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 19 2 17 24 doi 10 1109 85 586068 S2CID 8657307 Archived from the original PDF on 2021 01 30 Friedrich L Bauer inventor of the stack and of the term software engineering people idsia ch Retrieved 3 November 2019 Chen Zhiqun 2000 Java Card Technology for Smart Cards Architecture and Programmer s Guide Addison Wesley Professional pp 3 4 ISBN 9780201703290 73 Father of the MP3 Karlheinz Brandenburg YouTube On the 20th Birthday of the MP3 an Interview with the Father of the MP3 Karlheinz Brandenburg Wilhelm Albert Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 9 April 2014 Koetsier Teun Ceccarelli Marc 2012 Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms Springer Publishing p 388 ISBN 9789400741324 Retrieved 9 April 2014 Donald Sayenga Modern History of Wire Rope History of the Atlantic Cable amp Submarine Telegraphy atlantic cable com Retrieved 9 April 2014 Heeney Gwen 2003 Brickworks A amp C Black Publishers Ltd p 35 ISBN 9780812237825 Rings of fire Hoffmann kilns LOW TECH MAGAZINE 19 October 2009 Retrieved 2 December 2019 Bellis Mary 11 August 2019 The History of Elevators From Top to Bottom ThoughtCo Retrieved 11 November 2019 Bar Cohen Yoseph Zacny Kris 2009 Drilling in Extreme Environments Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets John Wiley amp Sons p 5 ISBN 9783527626632 H Goldschmidt Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same Deutsche Reichs Patent no 96317 13 March 1895 Thony Philip 12 December 2007 The History of the Chainsaw Waldwissen Retrieved 17 December 2019 History of the Chainsaw Celebrating 60 Years Husqvarna Retrieved 9 November 2019 Cramer Dietmar Hesse Daniela 2013 Die Geschichte des Transportbetons in German Unternehmensgeschichte und Unternehmenskultur 9 13 Die Spanplatte des Herrn Himmelheber SWR Fernsehen swr online in German 9 June 2010 Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 8 November 2019 History Flex Retrieved 17 December 2019 Schwarzmann Thomas 2015 Von der Flex zur Giraffe Erfinder des Winkelschleifers bringen neuen Langhalsschleifer heraus Bauhandwerk in German Retrieved 17 December 2019 Artur Fischer s plastic wall plug transforms construction industry Financial Times 17 June 2014 Retrieved 2018 04 23 Office European Patent Artur Fischer Germany www epo org Retrieved 2018 04 23 Uitvinder en pluggenkoning Arthur Fischer overleden Historiek in Dutch 2016 01 29 Retrieved 2018 04 23 Strebe Amy Goodpaster Beckman Trish 2007 Flying for her country the American and Soviet women military pilots of World War II Greenwood Publishing Group p 3 ISBN 978 0 275 99434 1 Sleight Chris 1 October 2013 Hydraulic breakers turn 50 KHL Retrieved 17 December 2019 The first Passive House Interview with Dr Wolfgang Feist iPHA Blog 19 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2019 Hayes Annie 5 October 2016 Angostura a brand history The Spirits Business Retrieved 28 March 2020 Smith Andrew F 2015 Savoring Gotham A Food Lover s Companion to New York City Oxford University Press p 24 ISBN 978 0199397020 Unger Richard W 1992 Technical Change in the Brewing Industry in Germany the Low Countries and England in the Late Middle Ages www jeeh it Retrieved 2018 01 18 Kasko Cyndie History German Beer Reinheitsgebot Oktoberfest Beer www oldworld ws Archived from the original on 2018 01 23 Retrieved 2018 01 18 Hart James A 1995 U S Business and Today s Germany A Guide for Corporate Executives and Attorneys Abc Clio p 220 ISBN 9780899308395 Paterson Tony 15 August 2009 Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin The Independent Retrieved 17 December 2019 Dresdner Dominosteine 2012 11 19 Archived from the original on 2012 11 19 Retrieved 2018 05 20 Doner kebab inventor dies at 80 BBC 26 October 2013 Retrieved 12 November 2019 Where Did Hamburgers Originate Community Table Retrieved 2018 01 18 How the Hamburger Became an American Favorite Time Retrieved 2018 01 18 frankfurter Origin and meaning of frankfurter by Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Retrieved 2018 01 18 History of the Hot Dog Such a Fantastic German Invention The Sausage Man 2016 11 08 Retrieved 2018 01 18 Watson Mike 30 September 2012 The History of Lager Beer Expert Retrieved 24 May 2020 Ten things you ll love hate to know about Marmite BBC 25 May 2011 Retrieved 26 November 2019 Martin Kathy 2017 Famous Brand Names and Their Origins Barnsley Pen and Sword History p 21 ISBN 978 1781590157 Brock William H 1997 Justus von Liebig the chemical gatekeeper Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press pp 218 219 ISBN 9780521562249 Kik M C Williams R R June 1945 Manual for the Study of Food Habits Bulletin of the National Research Council 112 61 Weyermann Sabine 2012 04 06 On the Trail of Josef Groll Rediscovering Authentic Bohemian Malt and Beer PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 06 Retrieved 2018 04 25 Josef Groll Vater des Pils in German 2012 04 26 Archived from the original on 2012 04 26 Retrieved 2018 04 25 Potato Salad www guampedia com 8 July 2010 Retrieved 10 February 2019 The Food Timeline salad www foodtimeline org Retrieved 10 February 2019 The History of Pretzels Today I Found Out 2013 06 20 Retrieved 2018 04 22 Price Freddy 2004 Riesling Renaissance Mitchell Beazley pp 16 18 ISBN 1 84000 777 X Fisher Ben 16 June 2020 The untold truth of Sprite Mashed com Retrieved 21 November 2020 200 Jahre Frankfurter Wurstel Fantasien Der Standard in German 11 November 2005 Retrieved 8 February 2022 Foer Joshua 17 December 2012 Utopian for Beginners The New Yorker ISSN 0028 792X Retrieved 26 November 2019 WAN Newspapers 400 Years Young 2010 03 10 Archived from the original on 2010 03 10 Retrieved 2018 04 22 Gottsching L Pakarinen H 2000 Recycled Fiber and Deinking Papermaking Science and Technology 7 12 14 Meggs Philip Baxter 1998 A History of Graphic Design John Wiley amp Sons p 146 ISBN 0 471 29198 6 Berglar Peter 1970 Wilhelm von Humboldt Reinbek Rowohlt ISBN 978 3 499 50161 6 Mund Heike 22 June 2017 Knowledge is power Humboldt s educational vision resonates on 250th birthday Deutsche Welle Retrieved 23 April 2021 Ostling Johan 2018 Humboldt and the modern German university An intellectual history Manchester University Press pp xiii 9 227 ISBN 9789198376821 Zipes Jack 2015 How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale National Endowment for the Humanities NEH Retrieved 17 December 2019 Puckett Margaret B Diffily Deborah 2004 Teaching Young Children An Introduction to the Early Childhood Profession Clifton Park NY Delmar Learning pp 45 46 ISBN 978 1401825836 Sjostrom E 1993 Wood Chemistry Fundamentals and Applications Academic Press ISBN 9780126474817 Volapuk language alphabet and pronunciation www omniglot com Retrieved 17 December 2019 Ottmar Mergenthaler National Inventors Hall of Fame Retrieved 28 March 2020 Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift 413 414 27 April 1905 The three Morse sequences were Ruhezeichen Cease Sending Notzeichen Distress and Suchzeichen Calling German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy The Electrician 94 95 5 May 1905 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.