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Psychiatric genetics

February 15, 2024

Psychiatric genetics is a subfield of behavioral neurogenetics and behavioral genetics which studies the role of genetics in the development of mental disorders (such as alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism). The basic principle behind psychiatric genetics is that genetic polymorphisms (as indicated by linkage to e.g. a single nucleotide polymorphism) are part of the causation of psychiatric disorders.[1]

Psychiatric genetics is a somewhat new name for the old question, "Are behavioral and psychological conditions and deviations inherited?".[2] The goal of psychiatric genetics is to better understand the causes of psychiatric disorders, to use that knowledge to improve treatment methods, and possibly also to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles (see pharmacogenomics). In other words, the goal is to transform parts of psychiatry into a neuroscience-based discipline.[3]

Recent advances in molecular biology allowed for the identification of hundreds of common and rare genetic variations that contribute to psychiatric disorders.[4]

History edit

Research on psychiatric genetics began in the late nineteenth century with Francis Galton (a founder of psychiatric genetics) who was motivated by the work of Charles Darwin and his concept of desegregation. These methods of study later improved due to the development of more advanced clinical, epidemiological, and biometrical research tools. Better research tools were the precursor to the ability to perform valid family, twin, and adoption studies. Researchers learned that genes influence how these disorders manifest and that they tend to aggregate in families.[2][5]

Heritability and genetics edit

Most psychiatric disorders are highly heritable; the estimated heritability for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism (80% or higher) is much higher than that of diseases like breast cancer and Parkinson disease.[1] Having a close family member affected by a mental illness is the largest known risk factor, to date.[6] However, linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies have found few reproducible risk factors.[1]

Heterogeneity is an important factor to consider when dealing with genetics. Two types of heterogeneity have been identified in association with psychiatric genetics: causal and clinical. Causal heterogeneity refers to a situation in which two or more causes can independently induce the same clinical syndrome. Clinical heterogeneity refers to when a single cause can lead to more than one clinical syndrome.[7]

Several genetic risk factors have been found with the endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders, rather than with the diagnoses themselves. That is, the risk factors are associated with particular symptoms, not with the overall diagnosis.[1] In psychiatry, endophenotypes are a way of objectively measuring certain internal processes in a reliable way that is often lacking the diseases with which they are associated.[8] They lie in the space between genes and disease process and allow for some understanding of the biology of psychiatric diseases.[8]

A systematic comparative analysis of shared and unique genetic factors highlighted key gene sets and molecular processes underlying six major neuropsychiatric disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.[9] This may ultimately translate into improved diagnosis and treatment of these debilitating disorders.

Methodology edit

Linkage, association, and microarray studies generate raw material for findings in psychiatric genetics.[10]Copy number variants have also been associated with psychiatric conditions.[11]

Genetic Linkage studies attempt to find a correlation between the diagnosis and inheritance of certain alleles within families who have two or more ill relatives. An analysis of a linkage study uses a wide chromosomal region, whereas a genetic association study endeavors to identify a specific DNA polymorphism, which can be a deletion, inversion, or repletion of a sequence.[12] Case-control association studies can be used as an exploratory tool for narrowing the area of interest after preliminary mapping of a gene by a linkage study.[13]

Predictive genetic testing edit

One hope for future genetic testing is the ability to test for presymptomatic or prenatal illnesses. This information has the potential to improve the lives of those affected with certain illnesses, specifically those like schizophrenia. If possible to test for schizophrenia before the symptoms develop, proactive interventions could be developed, or even preventative treatments.[7] In one study, 100% of patients with bipolar disorder indicated that they would probably take a genetic test to determine they were carrying a gene associated with the disorder, if such a test existed.[6]

Ethical issues edit

Francis Galton studied both desirable and undesirable behavioral and mental properties to better examine the world of genetics. His research led to his proposal of a eugenic program of birth control.[14] His goal was to decrease the frequency of the less desirable traits that occurred throughout the population. His ideas were pursued by psychiatrists in many countries such as the United States, Germany and Scandinavia.[2][15]

Genotyping and its implications are still seen as ethically controversial by many people.[who?] The ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Initiative), which is part of the Human Genome Project, was created with the aim of "foster[ing] basic and applied research on the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic and genomic research for individuals, families and communities.".[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Burmeister M, McInnis MG, Zöllner S (2008). "Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy". Nat Rev Genet. 9 (7): 527–40. doi:10.1038/nrg2381. PMID 18560438. S2CID 13160775.
  2. ^ a b c Maier, Wolfgang (2003). "Psychiatric Genetics: Overview on Achievements, Problems, Perspectives". Psychiatric Genetics. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Vol. 77. Humana Press. pp. 3–20. doi:10.1385/1-59259-348-8:03. ISBN 9781588290373.
  3. ^ Züchner S, Roberts ST, Speer MC, Beckham JC (2007). "Update on psychiatric genetics". Genet Med. 9 (6): 332–40. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318065a9fa. PMID 17575499.
  4. ^ Jordan Smoller; et al. (2018). "Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology". Molecular Psychiatry. 24 (3): 409–420. doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4. hdl:1805/17312. PMC 6684352. PMID 29317742.
  5. ^ Owen, MJ; Cardno, AG.; O'Donovan, MC. (2000). "Psychiatric genetics: back to the future". Molecular Psychiatry. 5 (1): 22–31. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000702. PMID 10673765.
  6. ^ a b Blacker D., Racette S. R., Sklar P., Smoller J. W. (2005). "Psychiatric genetics: a survey of psychiatrists' knowledge, opinions, and practice patterns". J Clin Psychiatry. 66 (7): 821–830. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0703. PMID 16013896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Tsuang, M., Taylor, L., Faraone, S. (2003). "Psychiatric genetics: future and prospects". In Leboyer, M, Bellivier, F. Psychiatric genetics: methods and reviews. Humana Press. pp. 251–265.
  8. ^ a b Flint J., Munafo M (2001). "The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics". Psychological Medicine. 37 (2): 163–180. doi:10.1017/s0033291706008750. PMC 2829981. PMID 16978446.
  9. ^ Lotan, Amit; Fenckova, Michaela; Bralten, Janita; Alttoa, Aet; Dixson, Luanna; Williams, Robert W.; van der Voet, Monique (2014-01-01). "Neuroinformatic analyses of common and distinct genetic components associated with major neuropsychiatric disorders". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8: 331. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00331. PMC 4222236. PMID 25414627.
  10. ^ Konneker T, Barnes T, Furberg H, Losh M, Bulik CM, Sullivan PF (2008). "A searchable database of genetic evidence for psychiatric disorders". Am J Med Genet B. 147B (6): 671–75. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30802. PMC 2574546. PMID 18548508.
  11. ^ Bourgeron, T., Giros, B.,(2003). " Genetic Markers in Psychiatric Genetics". In Leboyer, M, Bellivier, F. Psychiatric genetics: methods and reviews. Humana Press. pp. 63–98.
  12. ^ Levinson D. F. (2005). "Meta-analysis in psychiatric genetics". Current Psychiatry Reports. 7 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1007/s11920-005-0012-9. PMID 15802092. S2CID 14470016.
  13. ^ Bellivier, F. (2003). "Genetic association studies: definition of cases and controls". In Leboyer, M, Bellivier, F. Psychiatric genetics: methods and reviews. Humana Press. pp. 127–141.
  14. ^ "The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed Under the Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment". Nature. 64 (1670): 659–665. 1901. doi:10.1038/064659b0.
  15. ^ Eugenics and the Welfare State: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Michigan State University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0870137587.
  16. ^ "ELSI Research Program Overview". Retrieved 2016-05-31.

External links edit

  • Behavioral Genetics Association
  • IBANGS
  • International Society of Psychiatric Genetics

February 15, 2024
psychiatric, genetics, subfield, behavioral, neurogenetics, behavioral, genetics, which, studies, role, genetics, development, mental, disorders, such, alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar, disorder, autism, basic, principle, behind, psychiatric, genetics, that,. Psychiatric genetics is a subfield of behavioral neurogenetics and behavioral genetics which studies the role of genetics in the development of mental disorders such as alcoholism schizophrenia bipolar disorder and autism The basic principle behind psychiatric genetics is that genetic polymorphisms as indicated by linkage to e g a single nucleotide polymorphism are part of the causation of psychiatric disorders 1 Psychiatric genetics is a somewhat new name for the old question Are behavioral and psychological conditions and deviations inherited 2 The goal of psychiatric genetics is to better understand the causes of psychiatric disorders to use that knowledge to improve treatment methods and possibly also to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles see pharmacogenomics In other words the goal is to transform parts of psychiatry into a neuroscience based discipline 3 Recent advances in molecular biology allowed for the identification of hundreds of common and rare genetic variations that contribute to psychiatric disorders 4 Contents 1 History 2 Heritability and genetics 3 Methodology 4 Predictive genetic testing 5 Ethical issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editResearch on psychiatric genetics began in the late nineteenth century with Francis Galton a founder of psychiatric genetics who was motivated by the work of Charles Darwin and his concept of desegregation These methods of study later improved due to the development of more advanced clinical epidemiological and biometrical research tools Better research tools were the precursor to the ability to perform valid family twin and adoption studies Researchers learned that genes influence how these disorders manifest and that they tend to aggregate in families 2 5 Heritability and genetics editMost psychiatric disorders are highly heritable the estimated heritability for bipolar disorder schizophrenia and autism 80 or higher is much higher than that of diseases like breast cancer and Parkinson disease 1 Having a close family member affected by a mental illness is the largest known risk factor to date 6 However linkage analysis and genome wide association studies have found few reproducible risk factors 1 Heterogeneity is an important factor to consider when dealing with genetics Two types of heterogeneity have been identified in association with psychiatric genetics causal and clinical Causal heterogeneity refers to a situation in which two or more causes can independently induce the same clinical syndrome Clinical heterogeneity refers to when a single cause can lead to more than one clinical syndrome 7 Several genetic risk factors have been found with the endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders rather than with the diagnoses themselves That is the risk factors are associated with particular symptoms not with the overall diagnosis 1 In psychiatry endophenotypes are a way of objectively measuring certain internal processes in a reliable way that is often lacking the diseases with which they are associated 8 They lie in the space between genes and disease process and allow for some understanding of the biology of psychiatric diseases 8 A systematic comparative analysis of shared and unique genetic factors highlighted key gene sets and molecular processes underlying six major neuropsychiatric disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder anxiety disorders autistic spectrum disorders bipolar disorder major depressive disorder and schizophrenia 9 This may ultimately translate into improved diagnosis and treatment of these debilitating disorders Methodology editLinkage association and microarray studies generate raw material for findings in psychiatric genetics 10 Copy number variants have also been associated with psychiatric conditions 11 Genetic Linkage studies attempt to find a correlation between the diagnosis and inheritance of certain alleles within families who have two or more ill relatives An analysis of a linkage study uses a wide chromosomal region whereas a genetic association study endeavors to identify a specific DNA polymorphism which can be a deletion inversion or repletion of a sequence 12 Case control association studies can be used as an exploratory tool for narrowing the area of interest after preliminary mapping of a gene by a linkage study 13 Predictive genetic testing editOne hope for future genetic testing is the ability to test for presymptomatic or prenatal illnesses This information has the potential to improve the lives of those affected with certain illnesses specifically those like schizophrenia If possible to test for schizophrenia before the symptoms develop proactive interventions could be developed or even preventative treatments 7 In one study 100 of patients with bipolar disorder indicated that they would probably take a genetic test to determine they were carrying a gene associated with the disorder if such a test existed 6 Ethical issues editFrancis Galton studied both desirable and undesirable behavioral and mental properties to better examine the world of genetics His research led to his proposal of a eugenic program of birth control 14 His goal was to decrease the frequency of the less desirable traits that occurred throughout the population His ideas were pursued by psychiatrists in many countries such as the United States Germany and Scandinavia 2 15 Genotyping and its implications are still seen as ethically controversial by many people who The ELSI Ethical Legal and Social Initiative which is part of the Human Genome Project was created with the aim of foster ing basic and applied research on the ethical legal and social implications of genetic and genomic research for individuals families and communities 16 See also editBehavioural Genetics neurogenetics International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society IBANGS Gene environment correlation Genetic predisposition Psychiatric Genetics journal Genes Brain and Behavior journal TherapygeneticsReferences edit a b c d Burmeister M McInnis MG Zollner S 2008 Psychiatric genetics progress amid controversy Nat Rev Genet 9 7 527 40 doi 10 1038 nrg2381 PMID 18560438 S2CID 13160775 a b c Maier Wolfgang 2003 Psychiatric Genetics Overview on Achievements Problems Perspectives Psychiatric Genetics Methods in Molecular Medicine Vol 77 Humana Press pp 3 20 doi 10 1385 1 59259 348 8 03 ISBN 9781588290373 Zuchner S Roberts ST Speer MC Beckham JC 2007 Update on psychiatric genetics Genet Med 9 6 332 40 doi 10 1097 GIM 0b013e318065a9fa PMID 17575499 Jordan Smoller et al 2018 Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology Molecular Psychiatry 24 3 409 420 doi 10 1038 s41380 017 0010 4 hdl 1805 17312 PMC 6684352 PMID 29317742 Owen MJ Cardno AG O Donovan MC 2000 Psychiatric genetics back to the future Molecular Psychiatry 5 1 22 31 doi 10 1038 sj mp 4000702 PMID 10673765 a b Blacker D Racette S R Sklar P Smoller J W 2005 Psychiatric genetics a survey of psychiatrists knowledge opinions and practice patterns J Clin Psychiatry 66 7 821 830 doi 10 4088 JCP v66n0703 PMID 16013896 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Tsuang M Taylor L Faraone S 2003 Psychiatric genetics future and prospects In Leboyer M Bellivier F Psychiatric genetics methods and reviews Humana Press pp 251 265 a b Flint J Munafo M 2001 The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics Psychological Medicine 37 2 163 180 doi 10 1017 s0033291706008750 PMC 2829981 PMID 16978446 Lotan Amit Fenckova Michaela Bralten Janita Alttoa Aet Dixson Luanna Williams Robert W van der Voet Monique 2014 01 01 Neuroinformatic analyses of common and distinct genetic components associated with major neuropsychiatric disorders Frontiers in Neuroscience 8 331 doi 10 3389 fnins 2014 00331 PMC 4222236 PMID 25414627 Konneker T Barnes T Furberg H Losh M Bulik CM Sullivan PF 2008 A searchable database of genetic evidence for psychiatric disorders Am J Med Genet B 147B 6 671 75 doi 10 1002 ajmg b 30802 PMC 2574546 PMID 18548508 Bourgeron T Giros B 2003 Genetic Markers in Psychiatric Genetics In Leboyer M Bellivier F Psychiatric genetics methods and reviews Humana Press pp 63 98 Levinson D F 2005 Meta analysis in psychiatric genetics Current Psychiatry Reports 7 2 143 152 doi 10 1007 s11920 005 0012 9 PMID 15802092 S2CID 14470016 Bellivier F 2003 Genetic association studies definition of cases and controls In Leboyer M Bellivier F Psychiatric genetics methods and reviews Humana Press pp 127 141 The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed Under the Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment Nature 64 1670 659 665 1901 doi 10 1038 064659b0 Eugenics and the Welfare State Norway Sweden Denmark and Finland Michigan State University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0870137587 ELSI Research Program Overview Retrieved 2016 05 31 External links editBehavioral Genetics Association IBANGS International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Psychiatric genetics amp oldid 1182157006, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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