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Johannes Heinrich Schultz

December 28, 2022

Johannes Heinrich Schultz (June 20, 1884 – September 19, 1970) was a German psychiatrist and an independent psychotherapist. Schultz became world-famous for the development of a system of self-hypnosis called autogenic training.

Johannes Heinrich Schultz
Born(1884-06-20)June 20, 1884
DiedSeptember 19, 1970(1970-09-19) (aged 86)
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)Psychiatrist, psychotherapist

Life

He studied medicine in Lausanne, Göttingen (where he met Karl Jaspers) and Breslau. He earned his doctorate from Göttingen in 1907. After receiving his medical license in 1908, he practiced at the polyclinic at the Medical University Clinic at Göttingen until 1911. Afterwards he worked at the Paul-Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt, at the insane asylum at Chemnitz and finally at the Psychiatric University Clinic at Jena under Otto Binswanger, where he earned his habilitation in 1915.

During the First World War, he served as director of a sanitorium in Belgium. In 1919 he became a professor of Psychiatry and Neuropathology at Jena. In 1920 he became Chief Doctor and scientific leader at Dr. Heinrich Lahmann's sanatorium Weisser Hirsch in Dresden. In 1924, he established himself as a psychiatrist in Berlin.[1]

From 1925-26 he was a member of the founding committee for the first General Doctors' Congress for Psychotherapy, board member of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy (established in 1927). From 1928 he advised the organization's newsletter, and after 1930 he co-edited (with Arthur Kronfeld and Rudolf Allers) the journal, now named the Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie.[2] In 1933 he became a board member of the renamed German Medical Society for Psychotherapy under Matthias Heinrich Göring and from 1936 under this vice-director a board member of the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy (Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie) as well as director of the polyclinic.

Nazi Period

In 1933 he began research on his guidebook on sexual education, Geschlecht, Liebe, Ehe, in which he focused on homosexuality and explored the topics of sterilization and euthanasia. In 1935 he published an essay titled Psychological consequences of sterilization and castration among men, which supported compulsory sterilization of men in order to eliminate hereditary illnesses. Soon after he was appointed deputy director of the Göring Institute in Berlin, which was the headquarters of the Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie (German institute for psychological research and psychotherapy).

Through this institute, he had an active role in the extermination of mentally handicapped individuals in the framework of the Aktion T4 program.[3]

There he began to test many of his theories on homosexuality. Schultz strongly believed that homosexuality generally was not hereditary and that most homosexuals became so through perversion. He stated on numerous occasions that homosexuals displayed "scrubby and stunted forms of personality development". Consequently, he also believed that homosexuality was curable through intense psychotherapy. During his time at the Göring Institute, 510 homosexuals were recorded to have received numerous psychotherapeutic treatments and 341 were deemed to be cured by the end of the treatments. Most of his subjects were convicted homosexuals brought in from concentration camps. After treating his patients, Schultz tested the treatments' effectiveness by forcing them to have sex with prostitutes. In a case study he later released, in which he briefly discussed the process of determining whether a young SS soldier, who had been sentenced to death for homosexual acts, was 'cured', Schultz stated: "Those who were considered incurable were sent back to the concentration camps, but 'cured' homosexuals, such as the previously mentioned SS soldier, were pardoned and released into military service". In this way Schultz actually saved numerous accused homosexuals from the hellish life of a concentration camp but he stated later that "successfully treated subjects were sent to the front, where they most probably were killed in action".

After the war, the Göring Institute was disbanded but Schultz faced no repercussions for his more dubious research and methods during the past decade. In fact he released a case study on his work with homosexuals in 1952 titled Organstörungen und Perversionen im Liebesleben, in which he admitted to the inhumanity of some of his experiments but also still supported their results. In fact he continued to support his findings and even continued to advocate paragraph 175 for the rest of his life.[4]

In 1956, he became editor of the journal Psychotherapie, and in 1959 founder of the German Society for Medical Hypnosis (Deutschen Gesellschaft für ärztliche Hypnose).

Autogenic training

Schultz's most famous achievement was the development of autogenic training, that was based on the hypnosis research and self-experimentation. It was first publicly put forward in 1926 as "autogenic organ exercises", and received its current name in 1928. The program consists of a set of six mental exercises that target specific bodily reactions that are believed to underpin body-mind health. It is a myth that autogenic training is a technique based on creative visualisations. Rather, it is a technique that revolves around a set of sub-vocal instructions to different parts of the body with the trainee simply observing in a completely non-striving way the changes in the way the body feels. It is a passive process, unlike creative visualisations, which rely upon a more active cognitive state. Today, because of Schultz' contribution to body-mind health, autogenic training is practiced worldwide. NASA teaches AT to their astronauts to help them with the psychophysiological stressors of space travel. In Australia, UK, Italy and Spain AT is taught to assist with problems such as stress, anxiety, depression, anger management, insomnia, fatigue and for difficulties with concentration, memory, decision making amongst other things. In Japan and Germany, medical practices teach AT to assist with the treatment of a wide range of medical complaints. The Autogenic Training Institute of Australia teaches AT for occupational health and safety and has become well known for its work with the mining, oil and gas industry as well as police.

Writings

 
First edition of "Das Autogene Training (konzentrative Selbstentspannung)" (1932)
 
First edition of "Neurose Lebensnot ärztliche Pflicht" (1936)
 
Die Seelische Gesunderhaltung, 1941
  • (1915) "Neue Wege und Ziele der Psychotherapie" Ther. Monatshefte 29, pp. 443–450 (habilitation thesis).
  • (1919) "Die seelische Krankenbehandlung (Psychotherapie)." Ein Grundriß für Fach- und Allgemeinpraxis. Jena: Fischer, seven editions. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1958.
  • (1921) "Psychoanalyse und ihre Kritik." In: Adam, C. (ed.): Die Psychologie und ihre Bedeutung für die ärztliche Praxis. Eight editions. Jena: Fischer.
  • (1925) "Schicksalsstunde der Psychotherapie." In: Moll, Albert (ed.): Abh. Gebiet. Psychother. med. Psychol. 1.
  • (1927) "Die Einigungsbestrebungen in der Psychotherapie." In: Eliasberg, Wladimir (ed.): Bericht über den I. Allgemeinen Kongreß für Psychotherapie in Baden-Baden. 17.-19. April 1926. Halle: Carl Marhold Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 241–252.
  • (1932) "Das Autogene Training (konzentrative Selbstentspannung)." Versuch einer klinisch-praktischen Darstellung. Leipzig: Thieme, many editions.
  • (1935) "Hypnose-Technik." Praktische Anleitung zum Hypnotisieren für Ärzte. Jena: Fischer.
  • (1935) Ubungsheft fur das Autogene Training (konzentrative Selbstentspannung). Leipzig: Thieme, many editions.
  • (1936) "Neurose Lebensnot ärztliche Pflicht." Klinische Vorlesungen über Psychotherapie für Ärzte und Studierende. Leipzig: Thieme.
  • (1940) "Geschlecht - Liebe - Ehe." Die Grundtatsachen des Liebes- und Geschlechtslebens in ihrer Bedeutung für Einzel- und Volksdasein. Munich: Reinhardt, seven editions.
  • (1941) Die seelische Gesunderhaltung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kriegsverhältnisse. E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin
  • (1951) Bionome Psychotherapie. Stuttgart: Thiema.
  • (1952) "Organstörungen und Perversionen im Liebesleben." Bedeutung, Entstehung, Behandlung, Verhütung. Munich: Reinhardt.
  • (1952) "Psychotherapie." Leben und Werk großer Ärzte. Stuttgart: Hippokrates.
  • (1955) "Grundfragen der Neurosenlehre." Aufbau und Sinn-Bild. Propädeutik einer medizinischen Psychologie. Stuttgart: Thieme.
  • (1964) Lebensbilderbuch eines Nervenarztes - Jahrzehnte in Dankbarkeit. Stuttgart: Thieme, second edition 1971.

Notes

  1. ^ Lammers, Ann Conrad. (Ed.) (2016). The Jung-Kirsch letters: The correspondence of C.G. Jung and James Kirsch (Revised ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-317-27691-3.
  2. ^ Geschichte der Psychotherapie in Deutschland im 20. Jahrhundert: Die Allgemeine Ärztliche Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie und psychische Hygiene
  3. ^ Geoffrey Cocks: La psychothérapie sous le IIIe Reich. L'Institut Göring, Ed.: Belles Lettres, 1987, Coll.: Confluents psychanalytiques, ISBN 2-251-33436-X.
  4. ^ https://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-102609-144251/unrestricted/PsychologyUndertheThirdReich.pdf[bare URL PDF]

References

  • Udo Busso Künzel, "Ich bin ganz ruhig": Psychoanalyse und Politik in den Publikationen des Begründers des Autogenen Trainings, Johannes Heinrich Schultz, Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss., 1998
  • Christian Meurer: Wunderwaffe Witzkanone. Heldentum von Heß bis Hendrix. Oktober-Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-938568-01-9 (includes biographical essay on Schultz)
  • Eberhard J. Wormer. "Schultz, Johannes." Neue deutsche Biographie / herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol. 23. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, p. 700f.

External links

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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article October 2016 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Johannes Heinrich Schultz news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Johannes Heinrich Schultz June 20 1884 September 19 1970 was a German psychiatrist and an independent psychotherapist Schultz became world famous for the development of a system of self hypnosis called autogenic training Johannes Heinrich SchultzBorn 1884 06 20 June 20 1884DiedSeptember 19 1970 1970 09 19 aged 86 NationalityGermanOccupation s Psychiatrist psychotherapist Contents 1 Life 2 Nazi Period 3 Autogenic training 4 Writings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksLife EditHe studied medicine in Lausanne Gottingen where he met Karl Jaspers and Breslau He earned his doctorate from Gottingen in 1907 After receiving his medical license in 1908 he practiced at the polyclinic at the Medical University Clinic at Gottingen until 1911 Afterwards he worked at the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt at the insane asylum at Chemnitz and finally at the Psychiatric University Clinic at Jena under Otto Binswanger where he earned his habilitation in 1915 During the First World War he served as director of a sanitorium in Belgium In 1919 he became a professor of Psychiatry and Neuropathology at Jena In 1920 he became Chief Doctor and scientific leader at Dr Heinrich Lahmann s sanatorium Weisser Hirsch in Dresden In 1924 he established himself as a psychiatrist in Berlin 1 From 1925 26 he was a member of the founding committee for the first General Doctors Congress for Psychotherapy board member of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy established in 1927 From 1928 he advised the organization s newsletter and after 1930 he co edited with Arthur Kronfeld and Rudolf Allers the journal now named the Zentralblatt fur Psychotherapie 2 In 1933 he became a board member of the renamed German Medical Society for Psychotherapy under Matthias Heinrich Goring and from 1936 under this vice director a board member of the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy Deutsches Institut fur psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie as well as director of the polyclinic Nazi Period EditIn 1933 he began research on his guidebook on sexual education Geschlecht Liebe Ehe in which he focused on homosexuality and explored the topics of sterilization and euthanasia In 1935 he published an essay titled Psychological consequences of sterilization and castration among men which supported compulsory sterilization of men in order to eliminate hereditary illnesses Soon after he was appointed deputy director of the Goring Institute in Berlin which was the headquarters of the Deutsches Institut fur psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie German institute for psychological research and psychotherapy Through this institute he had an active role in the extermination of mentally handicapped individuals in the framework of the Aktion T4 program 3 There he began to test many of his theories on homosexuality Schultz strongly believed that homosexuality generally was not hereditary and that most homosexuals became so through perversion He stated on numerous occasions that homosexuals displayed scrubby and stunted forms of personality development Consequently he also believed that homosexuality was curable through intense psychotherapy During his time at the Goring Institute 510 homosexuals were recorded to have received numerous psychotherapeutic treatments and 341 were deemed to be cured by the end of the treatments Most of his subjects were convicted homosexuals brought in from concentration camps After treating his patients Schultz tested the treatments effectiveness by forcing them to have sex with prostitutes In a case study he later released in which he briefly discussed the process of determining whether a young SS soldier who had been sentenced to death for homosexual acts was cured Schultz stated Those who were considered incurable were sent back to the concentration camps but cured homosexuals such as the previously mentioned SS soldier were pardoned and released into military service In this way Schultz actually saved numerous accused homosexuals from the hellish life of a concentration camp but he stated later that successfully treated subjects were sent to the front where they most probably were killed in action After the war the Goring Institute was disbanded but Schultz faced no repercussions for his more dubious research and methods during the past decade In fact he released a case study on his work with homosexuals in 1952 titled Organstorungen und Perversionen im Liebesleben in which he admitted to the inhumanity of some of his experiments but also still supported their results In fact he continued to support his findings and even continued to advocate paragraph 175 for the rest of his life 4 In 1956 he became editor of the journal Psychotherapie and in 1959 founder of the German Society for Medical Hypnosis Deutschen Gesellschaft fur arztliche Hypnose Autogenic training EditSchultz s most famous achievement was the development of autogenic training that was based on the hypnosis research and self experimentation It was first publicly put forward in 1926 as autogenic organ exercises and received its current name in 1928 The program consists of a set of six mental exercises that target specific bodily reactions that are believed to underpin body mind health It is a myth that autogenic training is a technique based on creative visualisations Rather it is a technique that revolves around a set of sub vocal instructions to different parts of the body with the trainee simply observing in a completely non striving way the changes in the way the body feels It is a passive process unlike creative visualisations which rely upon a more active cognitive state Today because of Schultz contribution to body mind health autogenic training is practiced worldwide NASA teaches AT to their astronauts to help them with the psychophysiological stressors of space travel In Australia UK Italy and Spain AT is taught to assist with problems such as stress anxiety depression anger management insomnia fatigue and for difficulties with concentration memory decision making amongst other things In Japan and Germany medical practices teach AT to assist with the treatment of a wide range of medical complaints The Autogenic Training Institute of Australia teaches AT for occupational health and safety and has become well known for its work with the mining oil and gas industry as well as police Writings Edit First edition of Das Autogene Training konzentrative Selbstentspannung 1932 First edition of Neurose Lebensnot arztliche Pflicht 1936 Die Seelische Gesunderhaltung 1941 1915 Neue Wege und Ziele der Psychotherapie Ther Monatshefte 29 pp 443 450 habilitation thesis 1919 Die seelische Krankenbehandlung Psychotherapie Ein Grundriss fur Fach und Allgemeinpraxis Jena Fischer seven editions Stuttgart Thieme 1958 1921 Psychoanalyse und ihre Kritik In Adam C ed Die Psychologie und ihre Bedeutung fur die arztliche Praxis Eight editions Jena Fischer 1925 Schicksalsstunde der Psychotherapie In Moll Albert ed Abh Gebiet Psychother med Psychol 1 1927 Die Einigungsbestrebungen in der Psychotherapie In Eliasberg Wladimir ed Bericht uber den I Allgemeinen Kongress fur Psychotherapie in Baden Baden 17 19 April 1926 Halle Carl Marhold Verlagsbuchhandlung pp 241 252 1932 Das Autogene Training konzentrative Selbstentspannung Versuch einer klinisch praktischen Darstellung Leipzig Thieme many editions 1935 Hypnose Technik Praktische Anleitung zum Hypnotisieren fur Arzte Jena Fischer 1935 Ubungsheft fur das Autogene Training konzentrative Selbstentspannung Leipzig Thieme many editions 1936 Neurose Lebensnot arztliche Pflicht Klinische Vorlesungen uber Psychotherapie fur Arzte und Studierende Leipzig Thieme 1940 Geschlecht Liebe Ehe Die Grundtatsachen des Liebes und Geschlechtslebens in ihrer Bedeutung fur Einzel und Volksdasein Munich Reinhardt seven editions 1941 Die seelische Gesunderhaltung unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Kriegsverhaltnisse E S Mittler amp Sohn Berlin 1951 Bionome Psychotherapie Stuttgart Thiema 1952 Organstorungen und Perversionen im Liebesleben Bedeutung Entstehung Behandlung Verhutung Munich Reinhardt 1952 Psychotherapie Leben und Werk grosser Arzte Stuttgart Hippokrates 1955 Grundfragen der Neurosenlehre Aufbau und Sinn Bild Propadeutik einer medizinischen Psychologie Stuttgart Thieme 1964 Lebensbilderbuch eines Nervenarztes Jahrzehnte in Dankbarkeit Stuttgart Thieme second edition 1971 Notes Edit Lammers Ann Conrad Ed 2016 The Jung Kirsch letters The correspondence of C G Jung and James Kirsch Revised ed Abingdon Routledge p 18 ISBN 978 1 317 27691 3 Geschichte der Psychotherapie in Deutschland im 20 Jahrhundert Die Allgemeine Arztliche Zeitschrift fur Psychotherapie und psychische Hygiene Geoffrey Cocks La psychotherapie sous le IIIe Reich L Institut Goring Ed Belles Lettres 1987 Coll Confluents psychanalytiques ISBN 2 251 33436 X https www wpi edu Pubs E project Available E project 102609 144251 unrestricted PsychologyUndertheThirdReich pdf bare URL PDF References EditUdo Busso Kunzel Ich bin ganz ruhig Psychoanalyse und Politik in den Publikationen des Begrunders des Autogenen Trainings Johannes Heinrich Schultz Frankfurt am Main Univ Diss 1998 Christian Meurer Wunderwaffe Witzkanone Heldentum von Hess bis Hendrix Oktober Verlag Munster 2006 ISBN 978 3 938568 01 9 includes biographical essay on Schultz Eberhard J Wormer Schultz Johannes Neue deutsche Biographie herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Vol 23 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot Berlin 2007 p 700f External links Edit in German Works by Schultz in the German National Library in German Critical article by Maja Langsdorff in the Stuttgarter Zeitung Schultz at www whonamedit com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Johannes Heinrich Schultz amp oldid 1121848804, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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