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Petri dish

February 15, 2024

A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured,[1][2] originally, cells of bacteria, fungi and small mosses.[3] The container is named after its inventor, German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri.[4][5][6] It is the most common type of culture plate. The Petri dish is one of the most common items in biology laboratories and has entered popular culture. The term is sometimes written in lower case, especially in non-technical literature.[7][8]

A glass Petri dish with culture

What was later called Petri dish was originally developed by German physician Robert Koch in his private laboratory in 1881, as a precursor method. Petri, as assistant to Koch, at Berlin University made the final modifications in 1887 as used today.

Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered in 1929 when Alexander Fleming noticed that penicillium mold contaminating a bacterial culture in a Petri dish had killed the bacteria around it.

Features and variants edit

Petri dishes are usually cylindrical, mostly with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 millimetres (1.2 to 7.9 in),[9][10] and a height to diameter ratio ranging from 1:10 to 1:4.[11] Squarish versions are also available.[12][13]

Petri dishes were traditionally reusable and made of glass; often of heat-resistant borosilicate glass for proper sterilization at 120–160 °C.[9]

Since the 1960s, plastic dishes, usually disposable, are also common.[14]

The dishes are often covered with a shallow transparent lid, resembling a slightly wider version of the dish itself. The lids of glass dishes are usually loose-fitting.[9] Plastic dishes may have close-fitting covers that delay the drying of the contents.[15] Alternatively, some glass or plastic versions may have small holes around the rim, or ribs on the underside of the cover, to allow for air flow over the culture and prevent water condensation.[16]

Some Petri dishes, especially plastic ones, usually feature rings and/or slots on their lids and bases so that they are less prone to sliding off one another when stacked or sticking to a smooth surface by suction.[15]

Small dishes may have a protruding base that can be secured on a microscope stage for direct examination[17]

Some versions may have grids printed on the bottom to help in measuring the density of cultures.[18][12][13]

A microplate is a single container with an array of flat-bottomed cavities, each being essentially a small Petri dish. It makes it possible to inoculate and grow dozens or hundreds of independent cultures of dozens of samples at the same time. Besides being much cheaper and convenient than separate dishes, the microplate is also more amenable to automated handling and inspection.

History edit

The Petri dish was developed by German physician Julius Richard Petri (after whom the name is given) while working as an assistant to Robert Koch at Berlin University. Petri did not invent the culture dish himself; rather, it was a modified version of Koch's invention[19] which used an agar medium that was developed by Walther Hesse.[20] Koch had published a precursor dish in a booklet in 1881 titled "Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen" (Methods for the Study of Pathogenic Organisms),[21] which has been known as the "Bible of Bacteriology".[22][23] He described a new bacterial culture method that used a glass slide with agar and a container (basically a Petri dish, a circular glass dish of 20 × 5 cm with matching lid) which he called feuchte Kammer ("moist chamber"). A bacterial culture was spread on the glass slide, then placed in the moist chamber with a small wet paper. Bacterial growth was easily visible.[24]

Koch publicly demonstrated his plating method at the Seventh International Medical Congress in London in August 1881. There, Louis Pasteur exclaimed, "C'est un grand progrès, Monsieur!" ("What a great progress, Sir!")[25] It was using this method that Koch discovered important pathogens of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae). For his research on tuberculosis, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.[26] His students also made important discoveries. Friedrich Loeffler discovered the bacteria of glanders (Burkholderia mallei) in 1882 and diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) in 1884; and Georg Theodor August Gaffky, the bacterium of typhoid (Salmonella enterica) in 1884.[27]

Petri made changes in how the circular dish was used. It is often asserted that Petri developed a new culture plate,[28][29][30] but this is incorrect. Instead of using a separate glass slide or plate on which culture media were placed, Petri directly placed media into the glass dish, eliminating unnecessary steps such as transferring the culture media, using the wet paper, and reducing the chance of contamination.[19] He published the improved method in 1887 as "Eine kleine Modification des Koch’schen Plattenverfahrens" ("A minor modification of the plating technique of Koch").[6] Although it could have been named "Koch dish",[24] the final method was given an eponymous name Petri dish.[31]

Uses edit

Microbiology edit

 
A Petri dish with bacterial colonies on an agar-based growth medium

Petri dishes are widely used in biology to cultivate microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds. It is most suited for organisms that thrive on a solid or semisolid surface.

The culture medium is often an agar plate, a layer a few mm thick of agar or agarose gel containing whatever nutrients the organism requires (such as blood, salts, carbohydrates, amino acids) and other desired ingredients (such as dyes, indicators, and medicinal drugs). The agar and other ingredients are dissolved in warm water and poured into the dish and left to cool down. Once the medium solidifies, a sample of the organism is inoculated ("plated").

The dishes are then left undisturbed for hours or days while the organism grows, possibly in an incubator. They are usually covered, or placed upside-down, to lessen the risk of contamination from airborne spores.

Virus or phage cultures require that a population of bacteria be grown in the dish first, which then becomes the culture medium for the viral inoculum.

While Petri dishes are widespread in microbiological research, smaller dishes tend to be used for large-scale studies in which growing cells in Petri dishes can be relatively expensive and labor-intensive.[32][33]

Contamination detection and mapping edit

Petri dishes can be used to visualize the location of contamination on surfaces, such as kitchen counters and utensils,[34] clothing, food preparation equipment, or animal and human skin.[35][36]

For this application, the Petri dishes may be filled so that the culture medium protrudes slightly above the edges of the dish to make it easier to take samples on hard objects. Shallow Petri dishes prepared in this way are called Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) plates and are available commercially.[37][38]

Cell culture edit

Petri dishes are also used for cell cultivation of isolated cells from eukaryotic organisms, such as in immunodiffusion studies, on solid agar or in a liquid medium.

Botany and agriculture edit

 
Axenic cell culture of the plant Physcomitrella patens on an agarplate in a Petri dish

Petri dishes may be used to observe the early stages of plant germination, and to grow plants asexually from isolated cells.

Entomology edit

Petri dishes may be convenient enclosures to study the behavior of insects and other small animals.

Chemistry edit

Due to their large open surface, Petri dishes are effective containers to evaporate solvents and dry out precipitates, either at room temperature or in ovens and desiccators.

Sample storage and display edit

Petri dishes also make convenient temporary storage for samples, especially liquid, granular, or powdered ones, and small objects such as insects or seeds. Their transparency and flat profile allows the contents to be inspected with the naked eye, magnifying glass, or low-power microscope without removing the lid.

In popular culture edit

The Petri dish is one of a small number of laboratory equipment items whose name entered popular culture. It is often used metaphorically, e.g. for a contained community that is being studied as if they were microorganisms in a biology experiment, or an environment where original ideas and enterprises may flourish.[7][8][39]

Unicode has a Petri dish emoji, "🧫", which has the code point U+1F9EB (HTML entity "🧫" or "🧫", UTF-8 "0xF0 0x9F 0xA7 0xAB").[40]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ R. C. Dubey (2014): A Textbook Of Biotechnology For Class-XI, 4th edition, p. 469. ISBN 978-8121924177
  2. ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary (2nd ed.). Elsevier. 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
  3. ^ Ralf Reski (1998). (PDF). Botanica Acta. 111: 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00670.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  4. ^ Petri dish 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine in the American Heritage Dictionary.
  5. ^ Petri, R.J. (1887). "Eine kleine Modification des Koch'schen Plattenverfahrens" [A small modification of Koch's plate method]. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde (in German). 1: 279–80.
  6. ^ a b Petri, R.J. (1887). "Eine kleine Modification des Koch'schen Plattenverfahrens" [A small modification of Koch's plate method]. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde (English Translation, Braus, 2020) (in German). 1: 279–80.
  7. ^ a b Gary Singer (2018): "Sonder, in the City". Quote: As a native New Yorker, I tend to think of this city as a giant petri dish, in which some of the greatest breakthroughs, inventions, and audacious ideas have been nurtured to fruition. In Angela Dews (ed.) Still, in the City: Creating Peace of Mind in the Midst of Urban Chaos, p. 40. ISBN 978-1510732346
  8. ^ a b Isabel Slone (2018): "What Does the Mall Goth Nostalgia Trend Really Mean?". Quote: "mall goth" was a style of dress that combined the hallmarks of punk, goth and metal subcultures and thrived like bacteria in the petri dish of the early 2000s. Online article in the Fashion Magazine website, May 22, 2018. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  9. ^ a b c (2019): "Product 4909050: PYREX reusable Petri dishes: complete". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  10. ^ (2019): "Product BRB011: Petri Dish 200 mm, borosilicate". Rogo-Sampaic online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  11. ^ (2019): "Product BTX9302 Corning 100 x 25mm bio-agricultural Petri dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  12. ^ a b (2019): "Item 1219C98: Square Petri dish w/ grid". Thomas Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  13. ^ a b (2019): "Product 11708573: Gosselin Square Petri Dish". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  14. ^ (2019): "Product BP94S01: Corning 100 x 15mm Polystyrene Petri Dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  15. ^ a b (2019): "Item 09-720-500: Fisherbrand disposable Petri dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  16. ^ (2019): "Item SB93102: Corning 100x15mm Petri dish with three vents". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  17. ^ (2019): "Product PD1504700 MilliporeSigma PetriSlide for contamination analysis". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  18. ^ (2019): "Item 41044: Petri dishes made of glass with grid and cover". Assistent (Karl Hecht) online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25
  19. ^ a b Hufford, David C. (1988-03-01). "A Minor Modification by R. J. Petri". Laboratory Medicine. 19 (3): 169–170. doi:10.1093/labmed/19.3.169. ISSN 0007-5027.
  20. ^ Kassinger, Ruth (2019). Slime How Algae Created Us, Plague Us, and Just Might Save Us. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 124.
  21. ^ Koch, Robert (2010) [1881]. Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut. doi:10.25646/5071.
  22. ^ Booss, John; Tselis, Alex C. (2014), A history of viral infections of the central nervous system, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 123, Elsevier, pp. 3–44, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00001-8, ISBN 978-0-444-53488-0, PMID 25015479, retrieved 2021-04-15
  23. ^ Hurt, Leslie (2003). "Dr. Robert Koch:: a founding father of biology". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS. 10 (2): 73–74. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(02)00167-1.
  24. ^ a b Shama, Gilbert (2019). "The "Petri" Dish: A Case of Simultaneous Invention in Bacteriology". Endeavour. 43 (1–2): 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2019.04.001. PMID 31030894. S2CID 139105012.
  25. ^ Sakula, A. (1982). "Robert Koch: centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, 1882". Thorax. 37 (4): 246–251. doi:10.1136/thx.37.4.246. PMC 459292. PMID 6180494.
  26. ^ Brock, Thomas D. (1999). Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology. doi:10.1128/9781555818272. ISBN 978-1-55581-143-3.
  27. ^ Weiss, Robin A. (2005). "Robert Koch: the grandfather of cloning?". Cell. 123 (4): 539–542. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.001. PMID 16286000.
  28. ^ Blevins, Steve M.; Bronze, Michael S. (2010). "Robert Koch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14 (9): e744–751. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.003. PMID 20413340.
  29. ^ Zhang, Shuguang (2004). "Beyond the Petri dish". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (2): 151–152. doi:10.1038/nbt0204-151. PMID 14755282. S2CID 36391864.
  30. ^ Grzybowski, Andrzej; Pietrzak, Krzysztof (2014). "Robert Koch (1843-1910) and dermatology on his 171st birthday". Clinics in Dermatology. 32 (3): 448–450. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.10.005. PMID 24887990.
  31. ^ Mahajan, Monika (2021). "Etymologia: Petri Dish". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 261. doi:10.3201/eid2701.ET2701. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 7774570.
  32. ^ Gilbert, P.M. (2010). "Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture". Science. 329 (5995): 1078–81. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1078G. doi:10.1126/science.1191035. PMC 2929271. PMID 20647425.
  33. ^ Chowdhury, F. (2010). "Soft substrates promote homogeneous self-renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell-matrix tractions". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e15655. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515655C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015655. PMC 3001487. PMID 21179449.
  34. ^ Lemmen, Sebastian W.; Häfner, Helga; Zolldann, Dirk; Amedick, Günter; Lutticken, Rüdolf (2001). "Comparison of two sampling methods for the detection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the environment: Moistened swabs versus Rodac plates". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 203 (3): 245–48. doi:10.1078/S1438-4639(04)70035-8. PMID 11279821.
  35. ^ Kasia Galazka (2015): "Here's A Gorgeous Petri Dish Handprint Of An 8-Year-Old After He Played Outside". BuzzFeed.News online article, June 9, 2015. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  36. ^ Sonja Bäumel (2009): "Oversized petri dish". Culture of microorganisms from the artist's skin pressed onto a body-size culture plate, photographed over the span of 44 days. Part of her (In)visible membrane project. Wageningen, Germany. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  37. ^ Scott Sutton (2007): "Microbial Surface Monitoring", p. 78. Chapter 5 of Anne Marie Dixon (ed.), Environmental Monitoring for Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments. ISBN 978-1420014853
  38. ^ Géraldine Daneau, Elie Nduwamahoro, Kristina Fissette, Patrick Rüdelsheim, Dick van Soolingen, Bouke C. de Jong, Leen Rigouts (2016): "Use of RODAC plates to measure containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Class IIB biosafety cabinet during routine operations." International Journal of Mycobacteriology, volume 5, issue 2, pp. 148–54. doi:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.01.003
  39. ^ "Definition of petri dish".
  40. ^ (2019): "Emoji List, v12.1". Webpage at the Unicode Consortium website. Accessed on 2019-10-25.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petri dishes.

February 15, 2024
petri, dish, alternatively, known, petri, plate, cell, culture, dish, shallow, transparent, lidded, dish, that, biologists, hold, growth, medium, which, cells, cultured, originally, cells, bacteria, fungi, small, mosses, container, named, after, inventor, germ. A Petri dish alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell culture dish is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured 1 2 originally cells of bacteria fungi and small mosses 3 The container is named after its inventor German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri 4 5 6 It is the most common type of culture plate The Petri dish is one of the most common items in biology laboratories and has entered popular culture The term is sometimes written in lower case especially in non technical literature 7 8 A glass Petri dish with cultureWhat was later called Petri dish was originally developed by German physician Robert Koch in his private laboratory in 1881 as a precursor method Petri as assistant to Koch at Berlin University made the final modifications in 1887 as used today Penicillin the first antibiotic was discovered in 1929 when Alexander Fleming noticed that penicillium mold contaminating a bacterial culture in a Petri dish had killed the bacteria around it Contents 1 Features and variants 2 History 3 Uses 3 1 Microbiology 3 2 Contamination detection and mapping 3 3 Cell culture 3 4 Botany and agriculture 3 5 Entomology 3 6 Chemistry 3 7 Sample storage and display 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksFeatures and variants editThis section may contain citations that do not verify the text The reason given is every citation is a page to purchase one of the dishes Needs publications stating the relevant statements instead Please check for citation inaccuracies March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Petri dishes are usually cylindrical mostly with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 millimetres 1 2 to 7 9 in 9 10 and a height to diameter ratio ranging from 1 10 to 1 4 11 Squarish versions are also available 12 13 Petri dishes were traditionally reusable and made of glass often of heat resistant borosilicate glass for proper sterilization at 120 160 C 9 Since the 1960s plastic dishes usually disposable are also common 14 The dishes are often covered with a shallow transparent lid resembling a slightly wider version of the dish itself The lids of glass dishes are usually loose fitting 9 Plastic dishes may have close fitting covers that delay the drying of the contents 15 Alternatively some glass or plastic versions may have small holes around the rim or ribs on the underside of the cover to allow for air flow over the culture and prevent water condensation 16 Some Petri dishes especially plastic ones usually feature rings and or slots on their lids and bases so that they are less prone to sliding off one another when stacked or sticking to a smooth surface by suction 15 Small dishes may have a protruding base that can be secured on a microscope stage for direct examination 17 Some versions may have grids printed on the bottom to help in measuring the density of cultures 18 12 13 A microplate is a single container with an array of flat bottomed cavities each being essentially a small Petri dish It makes it possible to inoculate and grow dozens or hundreds of independent cultures of dozens of samples at the same time Besides being much cheaper and convenient than separate dishes the microplate is also more amenable to automated handling and inspection History editThe Petri dish was developed by German physician Julius Richard Petri after whom the name is given while working as an assistant to Robert Koch at Berlin University Petri did not invent the culture dish himself rather it was a modified version of Koch s invention 19 which used an agar medium that was developed by Walther Hesse 20 Koch had published a precursor dish in a booklet in 1881 titled Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen Methods for the Study of Pathogenic Organisms 21 which has been known as the Bible of Bacteriology 22 23 He described a new bacterial culture method that used a glass slide with agar and a container basically a Petri dish a circular glass dish of 20 5 cm with matching lid which he called feuchte Kammer moist chamber A bacterial culture was spread on the glass slide then placed in the moist chamber with a small wet paper Bacterial growth was easily visible 24 Koch publicly demonstrated his plating method at the Seventh International Medical Congress in London in August 1881 There Louis Pasteur exclaimed C est un grand progres Monsieur What a great progress Sir 25 It was using this method that Koch discovered important pathogens of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis anthrax Bacillus anthracis and cholera Vibrio cholerae For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 26 His students also made important discoveries Friedrich Loeffler discovered the bacteria of glanders Burkholderia mallei in 1882 and diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae in 1884 and Georg Theodor August Gaffky the bacterium of typhoid Salmonella enterica in 1884 27 Petri made changes in how the circular dish was used It is often asserted that Petri developed a new culture plate 28 29 30 but this is incorrect Instead of using a separate glass slide or plate on which culture media were placed Petri directly placed media into the glass dish eliminating unnecessary steps such as transferring the culture media using the wet paper and reducing the chance of contamination 19 He published the improved method in 1887 as Eine kleine Modification des Koch schen Plattenverfahrens A minor modification of the plating technique of Koch 6 Although it could have been named Koch dish 24 the final method was given an eponymous name Petri dish 31 Uses editMicrobiology edit nbsp A Petri dish with bacterial colonies on an agar based growth mediumPetri dishes are widely used in biology to cultivate microorganisms such as bacteria yeasts and molds It is most suited for organisms that thrive on a solid or semisolid surface The culture medium is often an agar plate a layer a few mm thick of agar or agarose gel containing whatever nutrients the organism requires such as blood salts carbohydrates amino acids and other desired ingredients such as dyes indicators and medicinal drugs The agar and other ingredients are dissolved in warm water and poured into the dish and left to cool down Once the medium solidifies a sample of the organism is inoculated plated The dishes are then left undisturbed for hours or days while the organism grows possibly in an incubator They are usually covered or placed upside down to lessen the risk of contamination from airborne spores Virus or phage cultures require that a population of bacteria be grown in the dish first which then becomes the culture medium for the viral inoculum While Petri dishes are widespread in microbiological research smaller dishes tend to be used for large scale studies in which growing cells in Petri dishes can be relatively expensive and labor intensive 32 33 Contamination detection and mapping edit Petri dishes can be used to visualize the location of contamination on surfaces such as kitchen counters and utensils 34 clothing food preparation equipment or animal and human skin 35 36 For this application the Petri dishes may be filled so that the culture medium protrudes slightly above the edges of the dish to make it easier to take samples on hard objects Shallow Petri dishes prepared in this way are called Replicate Organism Detection And Counting RODAC plates and are available commercially 37 38 Cell culture edit Petri dishes are also used for cell cultivation of isolated cells from eukaryotic organisms such as in immunodiffusion studies on solid agar or in a liquid medium Botany and agriculture edit nbsp Axenic cell culture of the plant Physcomitrella patens on an agarplate in a Petri dishPetri dishes may be used to observe the early stages of plant germination and to grow plants asexually from isolated cells Entomology edit Petri dishes may be convenient enclosures to study the behavior of insects and other small animals Chemistry edit Due to their large open surface Petri dishes are effective containers to evaporate solvents and dry out precipitates either at room temperature or in ovens and desiccators Sample storage and display edit Petri dishes also make convenient temporary storage for samples especially liquid granular or powdered ones and small objects such as insects or seeds Their transparency and flat profile allows the contents to be inspected with the naked eye magnifying glass or low power microscope without removing the lid In popular culture editThe Petri dish is one of a small number of laboratory equipment items whose name entered popular culture It is often used metaphorically e g for a contained community that is being studied as if they were microorganisms in a biology experiment or an environment where original ideas and enterprises may flourish 7 8 39 Unicode has a Petri dish emoji which has the code point U 1F9EB HTML entity amp 129515 or amp x1F9EB UTF 8 0xF0 0x9F 0xA7 0xAB 40 See also editMicrobial art Cell spreader Inoculation loop Roux culture bottleReferences edit R C Dubey 2014 A Textbook Of Biotechnology For Class XI 4th edition p 469 ISBN 978 8121924177 Mosby s Dental Dictionary 2nd ed Elsevier 2008 Retrieved 2010 02 11 Ralf Reski 1998 Development genetics and molecular biology of mosses PDF Botanica Acta 111 1 15 doi 10 1111 j 1438 8677 1998 tb00670 x Archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2015 07 19 Petri dish Archived 2013 10 22 at the Wayback Machine in the American Heritage Dictionary Petri R J 1887 Eine kleine Modification des Koch schen Plattenverfahrens A small modification of Koch s plate method Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde in German 1 279 80 a b Petri R J 1887 Eine kleine Modification des Koch schen Plattenverfahrens A small modification of Koch s plate method Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde English Translation Braus 2020 in German 1 279 80 a b Gary Singer 2018 Sonder in the City Quote As a native New Yorker I tend to think of this city as a giant petri dish in which some of the greatest breakthroughs inventions and audacious ideas have been nurtured to fruition In Angela Dews ed Still in the City Creating Peace of Mind in the Midst of Urban Chaos p 40 ISBN 978 1510732346 a b Isabel Slone 2018 What Does the Mall Goth Nostalgia Trend Really Mean Quote mall goth was a style of dress that combined the hallmarks of punk goth and metal subcultures and thrived like bacteria in the petri dish of the early 2000s Online article in the Fashion Magazine website May 22 2018 Accessed on 2019 10 25 a b c 2019 Product 4909050 PYREX reusable Petri dishes complete Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Product BRB011 Petri Dish 200 mm borosilicate Rogo Sampaic online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Product BTX9302 Corning 100 x 25mm bio agricultural Petri dishes Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 a b 2019 Item 1219C98 Square Petri dish w grid Thomas Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 a b 2019 Product 11708573 Gosselin Square Petri Dish Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Product BP94S01 Corning 100 x 15mm Polystyrene Petri Dishes Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 a b 2019 Item 09 720 500 Fisherbrand disposable Petri dishes Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Item SB93102 Corning 100x15mm Petri dish with three vents Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Product PD1504700 MilliporeSigma PetriSlide for contamination analysis Fischer Scientific online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 2019 Item 41044 Petri dishes made of glass with grid and cover Assistent Karl Hecht online catalog Accessed on 2019 10 25 a b Hufford David C 1988 03 01 A Minor Modification by R J Petri Laboratory Medicine 19 3 169 170 doi 10 1093 labmed 19 3 169 ISSN 0007 5027 Kassinger Ruth 2019 Slime How Algae Created Us Plague Us and Just Might Save Us Boston New York Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 124 Koch Robert 2010 1881 Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen Berlin Robert Koch Institut doi 10 25646 5071 Booss John Tselis Alex C 2014 A history of viral infections of the central nervous system Handbook of Clinical Neurology vol 123 Elsevier pp 3 44 doi 10 1016 b978 0 444 53488 0 00001 8 ISBN 978 0 444 53488 0 PMID 25015479 retrieved 2021 04 15 Hurt Leslie 2003 Dr Robert Koch a founding father of biology Primary Care Update for OB GYNS 10 2 73 74 doi 10 1016 S1068 607X 02 00167 1 a b Shama Gilbert 2019 The Petri Dish A Case of Simultaneous Invention in Bacteriology Endeavour 43 1 2 11 16 doi 10 1016 j endeavour 2019 04 001 PMID 31030894 S2CID 139105012 Sakula A 1982 Robert Koch centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus 1882 Thorax 37 4 246 251 doi 10 1136 thx 37 4 246 PMC 459292 PMID 6180494 Brock Thomas D 1999 Robert Koch A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology Washington D C American Society of Microbiology doi 10 1128 9781555818272 ISBN 978 1 55581 143 3 Weiss Robin A 2005 Robert Koch the grandfather of cloning Cell 123 4 539 542 doi 10 1016 j cell 2005 11 001 PMID 16286000 Blevins Steve M Bronze Michael S 2010 Robert Koch and the golden age of bacteriology International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 9 e744 751 doi 10 1016 j ijid 2009 12 003 PMID 20413340 Zhang Shuguang 2004 Beyond the Petri dish Nature Biotechnology 22 2 151 152 doi 10 1038 nbt0204 151 PMID 14755282 S2CID 36391864 Grzybowski Andrzej Pietrzak Krzysztof 2014 Robert Koch 1843 1910 and dermatology on his 171st birthday Clinics in Dermatology 32 3 448 450 doi 10 1016 j clindermatol 2013 10 005 PMID 24887990 Mahajan Monika 2021 Etymologia Petri Dish Emerging Infectious Diseases 27 1 261 doi 10 3201 eid2701 ET2701 ISSN 1080 6040 PMC 7774570 Gilbert P M 2010 Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self renewal in culture Science 329 5995 1078 81 Bibcode 2010Sci 329 1078G doi 10 1126 science 1191035 PMC 2929271 PMID 20647425 Chowdhury F 2010 Soft substrates promote homogeneous self renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell matrix tractions PLOS ONE 5 12 e15655 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 515655C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0015655 PMC 3001487 PMID 21179449 Lemmen Sebastian W Hafner Helga Zolldann Dirk Amedick Gunter Lutticken Rudolf 2001 Comparison of two sampling methods for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in the environment Moistened swabs versus Rodac plates International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 203 3 245 48 doi 10 1078 S1438 4639 04 70035 8 PMID 11279821 Kasia Galazka 2015 Here s A Gorgeous Petri Dish Handprint Of An 8 Year Old After He Played Outside BuzzFeed News online article June 9 2015 Accessed on 2019 10 25 Sonja Baumel 2009 Oversized petri dish Culture of microorganisms from the artist s skin pressed onto a body size culture plate photographed over the span of 44 days Part of her In visible membrane project Wageningen Germany Accessed on 2019 10 25 Scott Sutton 2007 Microbial Surface Monitoring p 78 Chapter 5 of Anne Marie Dixon ed Environmental Monitoring for Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments ISBN 978 1420014853 Geraldine Daneau Elie Nduwamahoro Kristina Fissette Patrick Rudelsheim Dick van Soolingen Bouke C de Jong Leen Rigouts 2016 Use of RODAC plates to measure containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Class IIB biosafety cabinet during routine operations International Journal of Mycobacteriology volume 5 issue 2 pp 148 54 doi 10 1016 j ijmyco 2016 01 003 Definition of petri dish 2019 Emoji List v12 1 Webpage at the Unicode Consortium website Accessed on 2019 10 25 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petri dishes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Petri dish amp oldid 1202848330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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