The vault is an artistic gymnastics apparatus which gymnasts perform on, as well as the skill performed using that apparatus. Vaulting is also the action of performing a vault. Both male and female gymnasts perform the vault. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is VT.
Early forms of the vault were invented by German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. The apparatus itself originated as a "horse", much like the pommel horse but without the handles; it was sometimes known as the vaulting horse. The horse was set up with its long dimension perpendicular to the run for women, and parallel for men.[1] The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over a century, beginning with the Men's vault in the first modern Olympics and ending with the Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Following the accident in 1988 and compounded by the ones in 1998 and 2000, International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) re-evaluated and changed the apparatus, citing both safety reasons and the desire to facilitate more impressive acrobatics.[1] The 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were the first international competition to make use of the "vaulting table", an apparatus made by Dutch gymnastics equipment company Janssen-Fritsen since the mid-1990s. It features a flat, larger, and more cushioned surface almost parallel to the floor, which slopes downward at the end closest to the springboard; gymnasts nicknamed it the "tongue";[1] it appears to be somewhat safer than the old apparatus.[2]
The running speed is correlated with the difficulty of vault performed, with a stronger correlation for women than men, who may not maximize their sprint speed to achieve even the most difficult vaults.[5]
Training
Training for vaults can include plyometric training.[6]
Injuries
The horse has been blamed for several serious accidents over the years. In 1988, American Julissa Gomez was paralyzed in a vaulting accident; she died from complications from her injuries three years later.[7] During warmups at the 1998 Goodwill Games, Chinese gymnast Sang Lan fell and suffered paralysis from a cervical-spine injury.[8] In a series of crashes when the horse's height was set too low at the 2000 Olympics, gymnasts either rammed into the horse's front end, or had bad landings after having problems with their hand placements during push-off.[9]
In 2007, Dutch junior gymnast Imke Glas was seriously injured after a fall on a vault.[10]
A 2021 study suggested that landing scoring criteria for vault in women's gymnastics increased the risk of injury compared to the criteria in men's gymnastics.[11] Both this study and an earlier one from 2015 recommended allowing more flexion at the knees during landing to reduce impact-related injuries.[11][12]
To perform a vault, the gymnast runs down a runway (the run), which is usually padded or carpeted. They hurdle onto a springboard and spring onto the vault with their hands (the preflight or first flight, and block). For vaults in the Yurchenko family, the gymnast will put their hands onto a mat that is placed before the springboard, round-off onto the board, and do a back handspring onto the vault. The off-flight may be as simple as leaping over the apparatus or as complicated as executing several twists and turns in the air. The gymnast then lands on the mat on the other side of the apparatus.
Scoring and rules
Gymnasts are expected to land cleanly, with no hops or steps, and within a set landing zone on the landing mat.[13][14] They must also demonstrate good technique and execution in the actual vault. Falling or stepping on landing incurs deduction, as will lack of height off the table, or distance from the table.[14][15]
Gymnasts (both male and female) show one vault in Qualification, Team Final, and All Around Final. If the gymnast wishes to qualify for vault apparatus finals, they must perform a second vault during qualifications.[14][16] In the Apparatus Finals gymnasts must also show two vaults.[14][16] For men, the two vaults must be from different element groups,[16] while women must show two vaults with different repulsion and flight phase from the vault table.[14]
Judging and scoring
Because the vault is completed so quickly it helps if there are cameras to play back in slow motion if they are unsure or if all the judges have a wide range of scores. Judges look through four main phases: the pre-flight, support, after-flight, and landing. The overall vault of a gymnast should have power and speed, while being explosive and precise as possible.[17]
A woman's competition score is the combined average score of the two vaults she performs. Scoring has become very different in these past years. No event is scored out of ten. The new system was designed in 2005. The judges evaluate the projected difficulty of the routine and the actual skills executed to determine the final score. The projected difficulty is increased with every skill included. Each skill has its own value; the harder the skill the higher the start value. The execution is out of 10.0, looking at the form, height, length, and the landing.[17] Then in 2009, FIG made some changes to put less emphasis on the difficulty and reduce the amount of skills required, making the gymnasts focus harder on perfect execution of the vault.[18]
Vault styles are broken into various groups or families. In order to compete in a vault final, a gymnast must perform two vaults from different groups whose second flight phase is not identical.[19][20]
Vault without salto (Handspring, Yamashita, Round-off) with or without LA turn in 1st and/or 2nd flight phase.
Handspring fwd with or without 1/1 turn (360°) in 1st flight phase – salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
Handspring with ¼ - ½ turn (90° - 180°) in 1st flight phase (Tsukahara) – salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
Round-off (Yurchenko) with or without ¾ turn (270°) in 1st flight phase – salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
Round-off with ½ turn (180°) in 1st flight phase – salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
References
^ abcWhat's With That Weird New Vault?, an August 2004 "Explainer" article from Slate
^"Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault". Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ abcd. FIG. p. II/21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ abcdef. FIG. p. II/43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^Schärer, Christoph; Lehmann, Thomas; Naundorf, Falk; Taube, Wolfgang; Hübner, Klaus (2019). "The faster, the better? Relationships between run-up speed, the degree of difficulty (D-score), height and length of flight on vault in artistic gymnastics". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213310. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413310S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213310. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC6405201. PMID 30845256.
^Hall, Emma; Bishop, Daniel C.; Gee, Thomas I. (2016). "Effect of Plyometric Training on Handspring Vault Performance and Functional Power in Youth Female Gymnasts". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0148790. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1148790H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148790. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4747498. PMID 26859381.
^Rebecca Seal, "Tales from the vaults", Guardian Unlimited December 4, 2005
^"Smiling Sang Lan" Xinhua News Agency, August 29, 2003
^"Vault mixup could have cost gymnast medal", ESPN, September 28, 2000
^"EenVandaag: Het wonder Imke Glas" (in Dutch). 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ abStraker, Rebecca; Exell, Timothy A.; Farana, Roman; Hamill, Joseph; Irwin, Gareth (2021). "Biomechanical responses to landing strategies of female artistic gymnasts". European Journal of Sport Science. 22 (11): 1678–1685. doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1976842. PMID 34570691. S2CID 238204536.
^Slater, Allana; Campbell, Amity; Smith, Anne; Straker, Leon (2015). "Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force: a repeated measures study". Sports Biomechanics. 14 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1080/14763141.2015.1029514. PMID 25895434. S2CID 11858682.
^. FIG. p. 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ abcde. FIG. pp. 22–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^. FIG. pp. 87–88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ abc. FIG. p. 86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
vault, gymnastics, confused, with, equestrian, vaulting, vault, artistic, gymnastics, apparatus, which, gymnasts, perform, well, skill, performed, using, that, apparatus, vaulting, also, action, performing, vault, both, male, female, gymnasts, perform, vault, . Not to be confused with Equestrian vaulting The vault is an artistic gymnastics apparatus which gymnasts perform on as well as the skill performed using that apparatus Vaulting is also the action of performing a vault Both male and female gymnasts perform the vault The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is VT Contents 1 The apparatus 1 1 Dimensions 2 Kinematics 3 Training 4 Injuries 5 Routines 5 1 Scoring and rules 5 1 1 Judging and scoring 6 Vault families 6 1 Vault groups men 6 2 Vault groups women 7 ReferencesThe apparatus Edit Original vaulting horse configuration women Original vaulting horse configuration men Early forms of the vault were invented by German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn The apparatus itself originated as a horse much like the pommel horse but without the handles it was sometimes known as the vaulting horse The horse was set up with its long dimension perpendicular to the run for women and parallel for men 1 The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over a century beginning with the Men s vault in the first modern Olympics and ending with the Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics Following the accident in 1988 and compounded by the ones in 1998 and 2000 International Gymnastics Federation FIG re evaluated and changed the apparatus citing both safety reasons and the desire to facilitate more impressive acrobatics 1 The 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were the first international competition to make use of the vaulting table an apparatus made by Dutch gymnastics equipment company Janssen Fritsen since the mid 1990s It features a flat larger and more cushioned surface almost parallel to the floor which slopes downward at the end closest to the springboard gymnasts nicknamed it the tongue 1 it appears to be somewhat safer than the old apparatus 2 Dimensions Edit Modern vaulting table Length 120 centimetres 3 9 ft 1 centimetre 0 39 in 3 4 Width 90 centimetres 3 0 ft 1 centimetre 0 39 in 3 4 Height Men 135 centimetres 4 43 ft 1 centimetre 0 39 in 4 Women 125 centimetres 4 10 ft 1 centimetre 0 39 in 4 Run up area Length 3 500 centimetres 115 ft 10 centimetres 3 9 in 3 4 Width 100 centimetres 3 3 ft 1 centimetre 0 39 in 3 4 Kinematics EditThe running speed is correlated with the difficulty of vault performed with a stronger correlation for women than men who may not maximize their sprint speed to achieve even the most difficult vaults 5 Training EditTraining for vaults can include plyometric training 6 Injuries EditThe horse has been blamed for several serious accidents over the years In 1988 American Julissa Gomez was paralyzed in a vaulting accident she died from complications from her injuries three years later 7 During warmups at the 1998 Goodwill Games Chinese gymnast Sang Lan fell and suffered paralysis from a cervical spine injury 8 In a series of crashes when the horse s height was set too low at the 2000 Olympics gymnasts either rammed into the horse s front end or had bad landings after having problems with their hand placements during push off 9 In 2007 Dutch junior gymnast Imke Glas was seriously injured after a fall on a vault 10 A 2021 study suggested that landing scoring criteria for vault in women s gymnastics increased the risk of injury compared to the criteria in men s gymnastics 11 Both this study and an earlier one from 2015 recommended allowing more flexion at the knees during landing to reduce impact related injuries 11 12 Routines Edit A multiple exposure image of a gymnast performing a vault handspring double front salto tucked at the 2012 Summer Olympics To perform a vault the gymnast runs down a runway the run which is usually padded or carpeted They hurdle onto a springboard and spring onto the vault with their hands the preflight or first flight and block For vaults in the Yurchenko family the gymnast will put their hands onto a mat that is placed before the springboard round off onto the board and do a back handspring onto the vault The off flight may be as simple as leaping over the apparatus or as complicated as executing several twists and turns in the air The gymnast then lands on the mat on the other side of the apparatus Scoring and rules Edit Gymnasts are expected to land cleanly with no hops or steps and within a set landing zone on the landing mat 13 14 They must also demonstrate good technique and execution in the actual vault Falling or stepping on landing incurs deduction as will lack of height off the table or distance from the table 14 15 Gymnasts both male and female show one vault in Qualification Team Final and All Around Final If the gymnast wishes to qualify for vault apparatus finals they must perform a second vault during qualifications 14 16 In the Apparatus Finals gymnasts must also show two vaults 14 16 For men the two vaults must be from different element groups 16 while women must show two vaults with different repulsion and flight phase from the vault table 14 Judging and scoring Edit Because the vault is completed so quickly it helps if there are cameras to play back in slow motion if they are unsure or if all the judges have a wide range of scores Judges look through four main phases the pre flight support after flight and landing The overall vault of a gymnast should have power and speed while being explosive and precise as possible 17 A woman s competition score is the combined average score of the two vaults she performs Scoring has become very different in these past years No event is scored out of ten The new system was designed in 2005 The judges evaluate the projected difficulty of the routine and the actual skills executed to determine the final score The projected difficulty is increased with every skill included Each skill has its own value the harder the skill the higher the start value The execution is out of 10 0 looking at the form height length and the landing 17 Then in 2009 FIG made some changes to put less emphasis on the difficulty and reduce the amount of skills required making the gymnasts focus harder on perfect execution of the vault 18 Vault families Edit First flight phases of handspring Tsukahara and Yurchenko vaults Vault styles are broken into various groups or families In order to compete in a vault final a gymnast must perform two vaults from different groups whose second flight phase is not identical 19 20 Vault groups men Edit There are four vault categories for men 19 Single salto vaults with complex twists Handspring vaults with or without simple twists and all double salto fwd Handspring sideways and Tsukahara vaults with or without simple twists and all double salto bwd Round off entry vaults Vault groups women Edit There are five vault categories for women 20 Vault without salto Handspring Yamashita Round off with or without LA turn in 1st and or 2nd flight phase Handspring fwd with or without 1 1 turn 360 in 1st flight phase salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase Handspring with turn 90 180 in 1st flight phase Tsukahara salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase Round off Yurchenko with or without turn 270 in 1st flight phase salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase Round off with turn 180 in 1st flight phase salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase References Edit a b c What s With That Weird New Vault an August 2004 Explainer article from Slate Vault Everything You Need to know about Vault Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b c d Apparatus Norms FIG p II 21 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 12 19 Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b c d e f Apparatus Norms FIG p II 43 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 12 19 Retrieved 2009 10 04 Scharer Christoph Lehmann Thomas Naundorf Falk Taube Wolfgang Hubner Klaus 2019 The faster the better Relationships between run up speed the degree of difficulty D score height and length of flight on vault in artistic gymnastics PLOS ONE 14 3 e0213310 Bibcode 2019PLoSO 1413310S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0213310 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 6405201 PMID 30845256 Hall Emma Bishop Daniel C Gee Thomas I 2016 Effect of Plyometric Training on Handspring Vault Performance and Functional Power in Youth Female Gymnasts PLOS ONE 11 2 e0148790 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1148790H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0148790 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4747498 PMID 26859381 Rebecca Seal Tales from the vaults Guardian Unlimited December 4 2005 Smiling Sang Lan Xinhua News Agency August 29 2003 Vault mixup could have cost gymnast medal ESPN September 28 2000 EenVandaag Het wonder Imke Glas in Dutch 2008 07 08 Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b Straker Rebecca Exell Timothy A Farana Roman Hamill Joseph Irwin Gareth 2021 Biomechanical responses to landing strategies of female artistic gymnasts European Journal of Sport Science 22 11 1678 1685 doi 10 1080 17461391 2021 1976842 PMID 34570691 S2CID 238204536 Slater Allana Campbell Amity Smith Anne Straker Leon 2015 Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force a repeated measures study Sports Biomechanics 14 1 45 56 doi 10 1080 14763141 2015 1029514 PMID 25895434 S2CID 11858682 MAG Code of Points 2009 2012 FIG p 85 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 10 01 Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b c d e WAG Code of Points 2009 2012 FIG pp 22 23 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 12 19 Retrieved 2009 10 04 MAG Code of Points 2009 2012 FIG pp 87 88 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 10 01 Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b c MAG Code of Points 2009 2012 FIG p 86 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 10 01 Retrieved 2009 10 04 a b Women s Artistic Gymnastics Ontario Olympic Gymnastics Women s Gymnastics Rules and Judging a b MAG COP 2022 2024 p 101 a b WAG COP 2022 2024 10 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vault gymnastics amp oldid 1133657022, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
