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Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.[1] Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi, and viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology.[2] The terms were formerly often used interchangeably.[3] However, bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science.

Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, a common human pathogen and research organism.

Overview

 
An agar plate with bacteria spread by the streak plate method.[4]

Definition

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine. Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to address the concerns relating to disease spreading in hospitals the 19th century.[5] Identification and characterizing of bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in pathogenic bacteriology. Koch's postulates played a role into identifying the relationships between bacteria and specific diseases. Since then, bacteriology has played a role in successful advances in science such as bacterial vaccines like diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid. Bacteriology can be studied and applied in many sub-fields relating to agriculture, marine biology, water pollution, bacterial genetics, veterinary medicine, biotechnology and others.[6][7]

Bacteriologists

A bacteriologist is a microbiologist or other trained professional in bacteriology. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing.[8] They can also work as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals.[9][10] Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use.[11]

Culture

 
Salmonella growing on XLD agar

The growth of bacteria in laboratory cultures is the mainstay method used by bacteriologists. Both solid and liquid culture media are used. Solid culture medium is usually nutrient agar in a petri dish. The constituents of the nutrient agar vary according to the bacteria under investigation. For growing the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, for example, which is dependent on hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for its growth, blood (usually from a sheep or a horse) is added to the medium.[12] When growing bacteria that are found in the intestines of mammals, such as salmonella, XLD agar which contains, among other ingredients deoxycholic acid is used.[13]

History

 
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first person to observe bacteria using a microscope.
 
Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, painting by A. Edelfeldt in 1885
 
Statue of Koch in Berlin

Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. His observations also included protozoans, which he called animalcules. The German Ferdinand Cohn began studying bacteria in 1870 and is also said to be a founder of bacteriology, as he was the first to classify bacteria based on their morphology.[14][15]

Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that microorganisms cause the fermentation process, and that this growth is not due to spontaneous generation (yeasts and molds, commonly associated with fermentation, are not bacteria, but rather fungi). Along with his contemporary Robert Koch, Pasteur was an early advocate of the germ theory of disease.[16] Between 1880 and 1881 Pasteur produced two successful vaccinations for animals against diseases caused by bacteria. The importance of bacteria was recognized as it led to a study of disease prevention and treatment of diseases by vaccines.[6][7] Pasteur's research lead to Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister researching the importance of sanitized hands in medical work.

In the 1840s, Semmelweis' observations and ideas surrounding sanitary techniques were rejected and his book on the topic condemned by the medical community due to its conflict with the prevailing theory and practice of humorism at the time.[17] After Lister's publications, which supported hand washing and sanitation with germ theory, doctors started sanitizing their hands in the 1870s; mandatory handwashing wasn't incorporated into common health practice until as late as the 1980s.[18]

The discovery of the connection of microorganisms to disease came later in the nineteenth century, when German physician Robert Koch introduced the science of microorganisms including bacteria to the medical field.[19] Koch, a pioneer in medical microbiology, worked on cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. In his research into tuberculosis Koch finally proved the germ theory, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1905.[5] In Koch's postulates, he set out criteria to test if an organism is the cause of a disease, and these postulates are still used today.[20][6] Both Koch and Pasteur played a role in improving antisepsis in medical treatment. In 1870-1885 the modern methods of bacteriology technique were introduced by the use of stains, and by the method of separating mixtures of organisms on plates of nutrient media.[6][7]

Though it had been known since the nineteenth century that bacteria are a cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available until the 20th century.[21] In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum—the spirochaete that causes syphilis—into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen.[22] Ehrlich was awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.[23]

A major step forward in the study of bacteria came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognised that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria.[24] This new phylogenetic taxonomy came from the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains as part of the three-domain system.[25]

References

  1. ^ Wassenaar, T. M. "Bacteriology: the study of bacteria". www.mmgc.eu. from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  2. ^ MacNeal, Ward J.; Williams, Herbert Upham (1914). Pathogenic micro-organisms; a text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. P. Blakiston's Sons. pp. 1–. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  3. ^ Poindexter, Jeanne Stove (30 November 1986). Methods and special applications in bacterial ecology. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-306-42346-8. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  4. ^ Dahal, Prashant (2022-08-28). "Streak Plate Method - Principle, Types, Methods, Uses". Microbe Notes.
  5. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobelprize.org. from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  6. ^ a b c d Kreuder‐Sonnen, Katharina (2016). "History of Bacteriology". eLS. Wiley. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003073.pub2. ISBN 9780470015902.
  7. ^ a b c Baron, S. (1996). "Introduction to Bacteriology". In Baron, S. (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. PMID 21413299. NBK8120.
  8. ^ "Bacteriologist: Job Description, Duties and Salary". Study.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
  9. ^ "Bacteriologist: Job Description, Duties and Salary". Best Accredited Colleges. 2021-10-20.
  10. ^ "About | American College of Veterinary Microbiologists". www.acvm.us. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  11. ^ "Vaccines Working Group". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  12. ^ Vogel L, Geluk F, Jansen H, Dankert J, van Alphen L (November 1997). "Human lactoferrin receptor activity in non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 156 (1): 165–70. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12723.x. PMID 9368377. S2CID 42022492.
  13. ^ Torrico M, Casino P, López A, Peiró S, Ríos M, Ríos S, Montes MJ, Guillén C, Nardi-Ricart A, García-Montoya E, Asensio D, Marqués AM, Piqué N (August 2022). "Improvement of Mueller-Kauffman Tetrathionate-Novobiocin (MKTTn) enrichment medium for the detection of Salmonella enterica by the addition of ex situ-generated tetrathionate". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 199: 106524. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106524. PMID 35732231. S2CID 249877386.
  14. ^ Chung K. "Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828–1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology" (PDF). Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis. (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011.
  15. ^ Drews, Gerhart (1999). (PDF). ASM News. 65 (8): 547–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory". LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles. from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
  17. ^ Carter, K. Codell (2005). Childbed fever : a scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis, with a new introduction by the authors. Barbara R. Carter. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0467-1. OCLC 56198835.
  18. ^ 'Wash your hands' was once controversial medical advice, National Geographic.
  19. ^ Lakhtakia, R. (February 2014). "The Legacy of Robert Koch". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14 (1): e37–41. doi:10.12816/0003334. PMC 3916274. PMID 24516751.
  20. ^ O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ (October 1996). "HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled". Current Opinion in Immunology. 8 (5): 613–18. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6. PMID 8902385.
  21. ^ Thurston AJ (December 2000). "Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds: the history of the control of sepsis". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 70 (12): 855–61. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01983.x. PMID 11167573.
  22. ^ Schwartz RS (March 2004). "Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (11): 1079–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048021. PMID 15014180.
  23. ^ "Biography of Paul Ehrlich". Nobelprize.org. from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  24. ^ Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
  25. ^ Hall B (2008). Strickberger's Evolution : the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7637-0066-9. OCLC 85814089.

bacteriology, branch, specialty, biology, that, studies, morphology, ecology, genetics, biochemistry, bacteria, well, many, other, aspects, related, them, this, subdivision, microbiology, involves, identification, classification, characterization, bacterial, s. Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology ecology genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification classification and characterization of bacterial species 1 Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria such as protozoa fungi and viruses there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology 2 The terms were formerly often used interchangeably 3 However bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli a common human pathogen and research organism Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Definition 1 2 Bacteriologists 2 Culture 3 History 4 ReferencesOverview Edit An agar plate with bacteria spread by the streak plate method 4 Definition Edit Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to address the concerns relating to disease spreading in hospitals the 19th century 5 Identification and characterizing of bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in pathogenic bacteriology Koch s postulates played a role into identifying the relationships between bacteria and specific diseases Since then bacteriology has played a role in successful advances in science such as bacterial vaccines like diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid Bacteriology can be studied and applied in many sub fields relating to agriculture marine biology water pollution bacterial genetics veterinary medicine biotechnology and others 6 7 Bacteriologists Edit Main article Bacteriologist A bacteriologist is a microbiologist or other trained professional in bacteriology Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria as well as using their skills in clinical settings This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology ecology genetics and biochemistry phylogenetics genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing 8 They can also work as medical scientists veterinary scientists or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics blood banks hospitals laboratories and animal hospitals 9 10 Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use 11 Culture Edit Salmonella growing on XLD agar The growth of bacteria in laboratory cultures is the mainstay method used by bacteriologists Both solid and liquid culture media are used Solid culture medium is usually nutrient agar in a petri dish The constituents of the nutrient agar vary according to the bacteria under investigation For growing the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae for example which is dependent on hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for its growth blood usually from a sheep or a horse is added to the medium 12 When growing bacteria that are found in the intestines of mammals such as salmonella XLD agar which contains among other ingredients deoxycholic acid is used 13 History EditFor the history of microbiology see Microbiology For the history of bacterial classification see Bacterial taxonomy For the natural history of Bacteria see Last universal common ancestor Antonie van Leeuwenhoek the first person to observe bacteria using a microscope Louis Pasteur in his laboratory painting by A Edelfeldt in 1885 Statue of Koch in Berlin Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single lens microscope of his own design He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London His observations also included protozoans which he called animalcules The German Ferdinand Cohn began studying bacteria in 1870 and is also said to be a founder of bacteriology as he was the first to classify bacteria based on their morphology 14 15 Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that microorganisms cause the fermentation process and that this growth is not due to spontaneous generation yeasts and molds commonly associated with fermentation are not bacteria but rather fungi Along with his contemporary Robert Koch Pasteur was an early advocate of the germ theory of disease 16 Between 1880 and 1881 Pasteur produced two successful vaccinations for animals against diseases caused by bacteria The importance of bacteria was recognized as it led to a study of disease prevention and treatment of diseases by vaccines 6 7 Pasteur s research lead to Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister researching the importance of sanitized hands in medical work In the 1840s Semmelweis observations and ideas surrounding sanitary techniques were rejected and his book on the topic condemned by the medical community due to its conflict with the prevailing theory and practice of humorism at the time 17 After Lister s publications which supported hand washing and sanitation with germ theory doctors started sanitizing their hands in the 1870s mandatory handwashing wasn t incorporated into common health practice until as late as the 1980s 18 The discovery of the connection of microorganisms to disease came later in the nineteenth century when German physician Robert Koch introduced the science of microorganisms including bacteria to the medical field 19 Koch a pioneer in medical microbiology worked on cholera anthrax and tuberculosis In his research into tuberculosis Koch finally proved the germ theory for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1905 5 In Koch s postulates he set out criteria to test if an organism is the cause of a disease and these postulates are still used today 20 6 Both Koch and Pasteur played a role in improving antisepsis in medical treatment In 1870 1885 the modern methods of bacteriology technique were introduced by the use of stains and by the method of separating mixtures of organisms on plates of nutrient media 6 7 Though it had been known since the nineteenth century that bacteria are a cause of many diseases no effective antibacterial treatments were available until the 20th century 21 In 1910 Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum the spirochaete that causes syphilis into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen 22 Ehrlich was awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl Neelsen stain 23 A major step forward in the study of bacteria came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognised that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria 24 This new phylogenetic taxonomy came from the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains as part of the three domain system 25 References Edit Wassenaar T M Bacteriology the study of bacteria www mmgc eu Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 18 June 2011 MacNeal Ward J Williams Herbert Upham 1914 Pathogenic micro organisms a text book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine P Blakiston s Sons pp 1 Retrieved 18 June 2011 Poindexter Jeanne Stove 30 November 1986 Methods and special applications in bacterial ecology Springer p 87 ISBN 978 0 306 42346 8 Retrieved 18 June 2011 Dahal Prashant 2022 08 28 Streak Plate Method Principle Types Methods Uses Microbe Notes a b The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 Nobelprize org Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 a b c d Kreuder Sonnen Katharina 2016 History of Bacteriology eLS Wiley pp 1 11 doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0003073 pub2 ISBN 9780470015902 a b c Baron S 1996 Introduction to Bacteriology In Baron S ed Medical Microbiology 4th ed University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston ISBN 0 9631172 1 1 PMID 21413299 NBK8120 Bacteriologist Job Description Duties and Salary Study com Retrieved 2017 04 03 Bacteriologist Job Description Duties and Salary Best Accredited Colleges 2021 10 20 About American College of Veterinary Microbiologists www acvm us Retrieved 2022 12 14 Vaccines Working Group National Institutes of Health NIH 2020 09 03 Retrieved 2022 12 14 Vogel L Geluk F Jansen H Dankert J van Alphen L November 1997 Human lactoferrin receptor activity in non encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae FEMS Microbiology Letters 156 1 165 70 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6968 1997 tb12723 x PMID 9368377 S2CID 42022492 Torrico M Casino P Lopez A Peiro S Rios M Rios S Montes MJ Guillen C Nardi Ricart A Garcia Montoya E Asensio D Marques AM Pique N August 2022 Improvement of Mueller Kauffman Tetrathionate Novobiocin MKTTn enrichment medium for the detection of Salmonella enterica by the addition of ex situ generated tetrathionate Journal of Microbiological Methods 199 106524 doi 10 1016 j mimet 2022 106524 PMID 35732231 S2CID 249877386 Chung K Ferdinand Julius Cohn 1828 1898 Pioneer of Bacteriology PDF Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences The University of Memphis Archived PDF from the original on 27 July 2011 Drews Gerhart 1999 Ferdinand Cohn a founder of modern microbiology PDF ASM News 65 8 547 52 Archived from the original PDF on 13 July 2017 Pasteur s Papers on the Germ Theory LSU Law Center s Medical and Public Health Law Site Historic Public Health Articles Archived from the original on 18 December 2006 Retrieved 23 November 2006 Carter K Codell 2005 Childbed fever a scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis with a new introduction by the authors Barbara R Carter New Brunswick N J Transaction Publishers ISBN 1 4128 0467 1 OCLC 56198835 Wash your hands was once controversial medical advice National Geographic Lakhtakia R February 2014 The Legacy of Robert Koch Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 14 1 e37 41 doi 10 12816 0003334 PMC 3916274 PMID 24516751 O Brien SJ Goedert JJ October 1996 HIV causes AIDS Koch s postulates fulfilled Current Opinion in Immunology 8 5 613 18 doi 10 1016 S0952 7915 96 80075 6 PMID 8902385 Thurston AJ December 2000 Of blood inflammation and gunshot wounds the history of the control of sepsis The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 70 12 855 61 doi 10 1046 j 1440 1622 2000 01983 x PMID 11167573 Schwartz RS March 2004 Paul Ehrlich s magic bullets The New England Journal of Medicine 350 11 1079 80 doi 10 1056 NEJMp048021 PMID 15014180 Biography of Paul Ehrlich Nobelprize org Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 Retrieved 26 November 2006 Woese CR Fox GE November 1977 Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain the primary kingdoms Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 11 5088 90 Bibcode 1977PNAS 74 5088W doi 10 1073 pnas 74 11 5088 PMC 432104 PMID 270744 Hall B 2008 Strickberger s Evolution the integration of genes organisms and populations Sudbury Mass Jones and Bartlett p 145 ISBN 978 0 7637 0066 9 OCLC 85814089 Retrieved from https en 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