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Watch 1505

February 26, 2023

The Watch 1505 /ˌwɒtʃ fɪfˈtiːn ˈəʊ ˈfɑːɪv/ (also named PHN1505 or Pomander Watch of 1505) is the world's first watch. It was crafted by the German inventor, locksmith and watchmaker Peter Henlein from Nuremberg, during the year 1505, in the early German Renaissance period, as part of the Northern Renaissance.[1][2][3] However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no definite evidence Henlein was the first.[4][5] It is the oldest watch in the world that still works. The watch is a small fire-gilded copper sphere, an oriental pomander, and combines German engineering with Oriental influences.[6] In 1987, the watch reappeared at an antiques and flea market in London.[1] The initial price estimation for this watch is between 50 and 80 million dollars (May 2014).[7]

Watch 1505
Watch 1505
ManufacturerPeter Henlein
DisplayAnalogue
Introduced1505
MovementAnalogue

History

 
Peter-Henlein-Brunnen (Nuermberg) – built and dedicated in 1905

Nuremberg

The years between 1470 and 1530 are generally considered as the heyday (Blütezeit) of the city of Nuremberg.[8] In that time, the city became a center of craft, science and humanism. The new worldview of the Renaissance took hold in the Bavarian city.[9] During the Middle-Ages, Nuremberg grew under the Hohenstaufen and Luxembourgers to become one of the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire. One main reason for this was that Nuremberg was one of the two trading centers on the route between Italy and northern Europe. Thanks to this advantage, as well as burgeoning craftsmanship and long-distance trade, the city became wealthy. Based on this wealth, political, religious, artistic, cultural and technological aspects developed that would make Nuremberg one of the most important cultural centers of the Renaissance north of the Alps, and a center of humanism and Reformation.[9]

A popular quote about the Nuremberg Esprit (spirit of Inventions = Nürnberger Witz) from this time is: Nuremberg jokes and frills are known throughout the world.[10][a] Another well-known saying at the time of the Holy Roman Empire positioned the various different European centers of the age, including Nuremberg’s special atmosphere: “If I had Venice’s power, Augsburg’s splendor, Nuremberg’s esprit, Strasburg’s weapons and Ulm’s money, I would be the richest man in the world.”[11][b][12]

Watch Invention

The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century initially in the German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg, were transitional in size between clocks and watches.[13] Portable timepieces were made possible by the invention of the mainspring.[14][4] Peter Henlein was the first German craftsman to make ornamental timepieces worn as pendants, which were the first timepieces to be worn on the body. His fame (as the inventor of the watch) is based on a passage by Johann Cochläus in 1511.[c][5][15] Since then, Henlein is generally known as the inventor of the first portable watches.[16][17][18] In the early 16th century, he became the first to install small movements in the capsule of a pomander with olfactory essences.[19] In 1505, Peter Henlein of Nuremberg was the first to build the portable pomander watch, the first watch of the world.[d][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

The production of this watch was made possible primarily by a previously unseen scale of miniaturization of the torsion pendulum and coil spring mechanism, placed in a technical unit by Peter Henlein, a technological innovation and novelty of the time, operating in all positions.[20][28][14]

Henlein created the pomander watch while he lived in the Franciscan Monastery in Nuremberg,[29][30] where he gained knowledge of the Oriental world gathered over centuries,[31] Henlein acquired the new techniques and tools which helped him creating the first watch in the form of a gilt pomander.[e][32]

In his lifetime, Henlein created other or similar types of watches (e.g., drum watches - the later called the Nuremberg eggs).[33][34] He also crafted a tower clock for Lichtenau castle in 1541, and was known as a maker of sophisticated scientific instruments.[5]

Rediscovery

The story of the watch's reappearance began in 1987, at an antique-flea market in London. The watch sequentially changed ownership between collectors who were unaware of its actual worth, until in 2002 a private collector purchased the pomander watch.[3] A committee assessed the watch in 2014, particularly the assertion that the pomander dates back to 1505, and was signed by Henlein himself.[35][32]

Aesthetics

The design consisted of two small half-spheres, joined by a binding hinge. The upper half of the pomander can be opened to reveal a second – slightly smaller – half-sphere underneath. The top of that inner sphere shows the dial. The upper surface of the dial shows Roman numbers for the first half of the day, and on the outer side of the dial Arabic numerals for the second half of the day. This shows the transition to the new use of numerals at this time in history.[19]

The pomander watch displays small engravings of the city of Nuremberg at the beginning of the 16th century, e. g. the Henkerturm built in the year 1320, which can still be visited today or the still standing Weinstadel, which also still stands. Other symbols are also engraved on the watch, such as sun, serpents or laurels engraved on the watch.[36]

Technical description

The casing consists of copper, fire gilded on the outside and fire silver-plated on the inside of the watch. Apart from a renewed brass sprocket, the movement is made completely of iron. The detailed dimensions are:[36][32]

  • Casing diameter: 4.15 cm x 4.25 cm (with equator ring 4.5 cm) - Weight 38.5 g
  • Movement diameter: 3.60 cm x 3.55 cm - Weight: 54.1 g

A key is used to wind up the watch movement. The Watch 1505 produces a calculated running time of 12 hours.[32]

Inscriptions

On the watch housing, an old Latin banner is engraved. The inscription is: DVT ME FUGIENT AGNOSCAM R. The possible two translations are:[32]

  • 1505 - The time will escape me (Henlein), but I (the watch) will recognize the correct time
  • In the year 1505 – My watches will flee (run), and recognize the correct time.

The letters „MDV PHN“ are engraved under the examined silver plating and were found on the inside of the casing underneath the outer face of the clock. The hypothetical indication of the engraving is: 1505 Peter Henlein Nuremberg.[32] Tiny PH-letters, often smaller than half a millimeter, were also found. Peter Henlein was a locksmith and had no qualification as a watchmaker, as there were none (there was no existing occupation or guild). He was not allowed to sign his work officially, as he was not a member of the locksmith's guild. In the early days of watchmaking, locksmiths often were involved in the production as they were accustomed to making small metal components.[32]

Symbolism of the watch

 
Jan Gerritz van Egmond van de Dijenborgh – cropped painting by Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen, 1518

The Pomander(derived from the French pomme ‘ambre in German Bisamapfel) also called Riechapfel, was a status symbol from the Orient, and often represented first encounter by the Europeans with the fragrances of the Orient. It became as a valued symbolic gift of diplomatic exchange between leading personalities in from the East to the West, and was believed to have a healing and protective effect.[6][37] For example Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen created 1518 a portrait of Jan Gerritz van Egmond van de Dijenborgh, the elected major of Alkmaar, in 1518, with a pomander in his hand.[38] The pomander form was spread in the Middle Ages from the Orient throughout Europe. The watch itself can be seen as a cultural encounter between the European engineering and the Oriental form.[6] Pomanders were worn due to the poor hygienic conditions in the cities. The musk-perfume inside the pomander had a disinfectant and odor resistant effect.[39]

The serpent is one of the oldest mythological symbols in civilization, going back as far as the Summer in Mesopotamia. The serpent eating its own tail (the Ouroboros) is a symbol for the infinity of the universe and the eternal life. It also represents the orbit of the sun,[40][41] duality,[42] and an Ancient Egyptian alchemist symbol (The All is one).[43][44]

The symbolism of the laurel passed over into Roman culture, which held laurels as a symbol of victory.[45] It is also associated with immortality,[46] with ritual purification, prosperity and health.[47][48]

The symbolism of the sun on the pomander, as the source of energy and light for life on earth has been a central object in culture and religion since prehistory. Ritual solar worship has given rise to solar deities in theistic traditions throughout the world, and solar symbolism is ubiquitous. Apart from its immediate connection to light and warmth, the sun is also important in timekeeping as the main indicator of the day and the year.[49]

Financial worth

A paper from 1524 records that Heinlein was paid 15 florins (one florin is approximately between 140 and 1000 modern US dollars)[50] for a gilt pomander watch.[51] The initial price estimation is around 50 - 80 million dollars, according to the AntiqueWeek magazine (May 2014).[7]

Examinations and confirmation

 
Peter Henlein - Inventor of the watch - Walhalla memorial

Several examinations (micro- and macro-photographic and metallurgical examinations, as well as a 3D computer tomography[52]) were made to proof the authenticity of the watch. The general examinations-result showed that the pomander watch was created by Henlein in the year 1505.[1][3][53][32]

There is also a confirmation of the date of invention, verifying that the engravings lie beneath under the layer of a medieval method of fire gilding. The invention was celebrated at the 400th anniversary of the German Watchmakers’ Association in 1905.[54][32] On this occasion, a monument fountain dedicated to Peter Henlein was built in Nuremberg.[55][56]

Also Johann Neudörfers also wrote in 1547 that Henlein invented the pomander watches (die bisam Köpf zu machen erfunden).[f][57]

The Walhalla in Donaustauf, which is a memorial for "politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the German tongue",[58] honors Peter Henlein with the words inventor of the watch.[g][59]

Other pomander watches by Peter Henlein

 
The other pomander watch (1530) created by Peter Henlein. It once belonged to Philip Melanchthon and is now in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

Nowadays, there are only two preserved pomander watches in the world. The one from 1505 is in private ownership, and the Pomander Watch of Melanchthon, from 1530, which is owned by the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. It was most probably a gift by the City of Nuremberg, to the Nuremberg Reformer Philipp Melanchthon and Peter Henlein was commissioned to create this personalized watch. Also an empty housing of a pomander watch can be found at the Wuppertal Watch Museum.[60][32]

The former watchmaker and art collector Jürgen Abeler from the Wuppertaler Watch Museum concludes about pomander watches in his book: „So if any one of the preserved watches at all should be linked with the person of Peter Henlein, it can only be this watch in the pomander.“[61]

Historical influences of the watch

The systemized knowledge of the earliest-known civilization of the Sumer, such as systemized knowledge of astronomical calculations and mathematics (sexagesimal number system for measuring time, geographical coordinates and angels, 60 second minute and 60 minute hour, 360 degrees etc.) was safeguarded and further developed ancient knowledge and scientific process during the Golden Age of Islam, leading to the perfection of mechanical clocks and the first watch invention in Nuremberg, a process covering a broad historical stretch of time.[62]

One of the first culture-historical encounter of the Europeans with technology from the Orient was a mechanical water clock from the Abbasid Caliph of Bagdad Harun Al-Rashid (ruled 786 – 809 CE)[63] sent as one of the gifts to the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne on the occasion of his coronation in 800 CE, in Aachen[64] The House of Wisdom, an intellectual center in the Caliphates Capital of Baghdad and the Islamic Golden Age started influencing the world civilization and its discoveries, by starting to translate (Translation Movement) and developing ancient knowledge and its discoveries,[65] from one of the most influential texts of all time, Almagest by Ptolemy (AD 100-170), to the influential The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical devices by the Muslim polymath Ismail al-Jazari in 1206, describing 100 mechanical devices.[66]

The widespread network of the Muslim Caliphates interconnected with the world's known trade routes, mainly the Silk Road from China to the Caliphate of Cordoba and Al-Andalusian Spain, were not only the most important trade routes but also networks of knowledge transfer.[65] The broad network made it necessary to have primarily navigation devices, such as astrolabes, which were introduced to Europe from Muslim Spain in the early 12th century.[67] The Andalusian engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi wrote the technological manuscript Kitāb al-asrār fī natā'ij al-afkār (The Book of Secrets in the Results of Thoughts).[68] The manuscript provides information about a "Castle and Gazelle Clock" and many other forms of complicated clocks and ingenious devices.[69]

The astronomer and mathematician of the German Renaissance, Regiomontanus who was influenced by the year of Italian Renaissance environment went to Nuremberg and verifiably influenced the circle of humanists and scholars around Peter Henlein. He is famous for building the first observatory in Germany, in Nuremberg.[70] During Peter Henlein’s time at the Franciscan Monastery of Nuremberg, it supported many different scholars and very learned personalities. For example, the monk Friedrich Krafft built a complicated Astrologium in this monastery.[71] Thus Peter Henlein the inventor of the watch not only came into contact with new techniques and tools, but also with a spiritual and intellectual environment of craftsmanship.[29] The earliest medieval European clockmakers were Catholic monks.[72]

The attempt to make clocks smaller and portable was always a challenge for clockmakers, Peter Henlein is not the inventor of portable clocks, but rather of wearable time measurement; the watch, the smallest personalized timekeeping device of his time.[32][73] By combining an Oriental status symbol, the pomander (or fragrance apple), with a miniaturized watch movement, his invention changed the way we measure and manage time.[32] Historically, the watch was crafted at the same time Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa.[74]

See also

Literature

  • Ernst von Bassermann-Jordan: Alte Uhren und Ihre Meister, page 47 - 51, publisher: Wilhelm Diebener Leipzig, 1926. German, ISBN 3766704346
  • Catherine Cardinal: Die Zeit an der Kette, page 16, publisher: Klinkhardt & Biermann Munich, 1985. German, ISBN 3781402541
  • Thomas Eser: Die älteste Taschenuhr der Welt?, publisher: Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, 2014. German, ISBN 3781402541
  • Samuel Guye, Henri Michael: Uhren und Messinstrumente, Orell Füssli Verlag Zürich, 1970. German, ISBN 3894872608
  • Maren Winter: Die Stunden der Sammler, Heyne, 2004. German, ISBN 9783548602240
  • Jürgen Abeler: In Sachen Peter Henlein, Wuppertaler Uhrenmuseum, Wuppertal 1980. German, ISBN 9783923422234
  • Walter Spiegel: Taschenuhren, Mosaik, Munich 1981. German, ISBN 3570055345
  • Hans Dominik: Das ewige Herz - Meister Peter Henleins Nürnberger Oerlein, Wilhelm Lippert Berlin, 1942. German, ISBN 9783548360003
  • Thomas Eser: Die älteste Taschenuhr der Welt? Der Henlein-Uhrenstreit. Nürnberg 2014. German, ISBN 9783936688924 (Digitalisat)

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Popular quote (Nürnberger Witz) in German: Nürnberger Witz und Tand sind durch die Welt bekannt.[10]
  2. ^ Popular quote from that time in German: Hätt ich Venedigs Macht und Augsburger Pracht, Nürnberger Witz, Straßburger Geschütz und Ulmer Geld, wär ich der Reichste in der Welt.
  3. ^ The translation of Johann Cochläus: Peter Hele, still a young man, fashions works which even the most learned mathematicians admire. He shapes many-wheeled clocks out of small bits of iron, which run and chime the hours without weights for forty hours, whether carried at the breast or in a handbag[5]
  4. ^ No other source can proof an older watch, which was created before - according to older sources, before the watch-reappearance, the previous assumed year of the invention was 1504[20] or 1510[18]
  5. ^ For the assumption that the first watch could have been created during the time of Henlein's stay in the monastery, there is amongst others also the letter of a nun Felicitas Grundherrin as proof. In it, she expressed the wish to have some „orrlei“ [transl.: watch] to be sent to her for pastime.[29]
  6. ^ Original quote from Neudörfers 1547: (...) so die kleinen Uhrlein in die Bisam Köpf zu machen erfunden - translated: so invented the little clock to make the muskrat head[57]
  7. ^ Original words (Walhalla memorial): Erfinder der Sackuhren, Adalbert Müller wrote additionally 1884: Seines Zeichens ein Schlosser, wohnhaft in der seit Jahrhunderten durch Bewerbsamkeit und Erfindungsgeist sich hervortuhenden Stadt Nürnberg[59]

Citations

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  6. ^ a b c Bisamapfel, Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Cologne), Renate Smolich, 1983, German.
  7. ^ a b Eric C. Rodenberg: Intricate pomander clock may be the first pocket watch In: AntiqueWeek. The Weekly Antique Auction & Collecting Newspaper 46, Nr. 2326, 2014, p 1, 3.
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External links

 
Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "Peter Henlein".

February 26, 2023
watch, 1505, this, article, factual, accuracy, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, ensure, that, disputed, statements, reliably, sourced, april, 2020, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, ɑː, also, named, phn1505, pomander. This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Watch 1505 ˌ w ɒ t ʃ f ɪ f ˈ t iː n ˈ e ʊ ˈ f ɑː ɪ v also named PHN1505 or Pomander Watch of 1505 is the world s first watch It was crafted by the German inventor locksmith and watchmaker Peter Henlein from Nuremberg during the year 1505 in the early German Renaissance period as part of the Northern Renaissance 1 2 3 However other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period and there is no definite evidence Henlein was the first 4 5 It is the oldest watch in the world that still works The watch is a small fire gilded copper sphere an oriental pomander and combines German engineering with Oriental influences 6 In 1987 the watch reappeared at an antiques and flea market in London 1 The initial price estimation for this watch is between 50 and 80 million dollars May 2014 7 Watch 1505Watch 1505ManufacturerPeter HenleinDisplayAnalogueIntroduced1505MovementAnalogue Contents 1 History 1 1 Nuremberg 1 2 Watch Invention 1 3 Rediscovery 2 Aesthetics 2 1 Technical description 2 2 Inscriptions 2 3 Symbolism of the watch 3 Financial worth 4 Examinations and confirmation 5 Other pomander watches by Peter Henlein 6 Historical influences of the watch 7 See also 8 Literature 9 References 10 External linksHistory Edit Peter Henlein Brunnen Nuermberg built and dedicated in 1905 Nuremberg Edit The years between 1470 and 1530 are generally considered as the heyday Blutezeit of the city of Nuremberg 8 In that time the city became a center of craft science and humanism The new worldview of the Renaissance took hold in the Bavarian city 9 During the Middle Ages Nuremberg grew under the Hohenstaufen and Luxembourgers to become one of the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire One main reason for this was that Nuremberg was one of the two trading centers on the route between Italy and northern Europe Thanks to this advantage as well as burgeoning craftsmanship and long distance trade the city became wealthy Based on this wealth political religious artistic cultural and technological aspects developed that would make Nuremberg one of the most important cultural centers of the Renaissance north of the Alps and a center of humanism and Reformation 9 A popular quote about the Nuremberg Esprit spirit of Inventions Nurnberger Witz from this time is Nuremberg jokes and frills are known throughout the world 10 a Another well known saying at the time of the Holy Roman Empire positioned the various different European centers of the age including Nuremberg s special atmosphere If I had Venice s power Augsburg s splendor Nuremberg s esprit Strasburg s weapons and Ulm s money I would be the richest man in the world 11 b 12 Watch Invention Edit The first timepieces to be worn made in the 16th century initially in the German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg were transitional in size between clocks and watches 13 Portable timepieces were made possible by the invention of the mainspring 14 4 Peter Henlein was the first German craftsman to make ornamental timepieces worn as pendants which were the first timepieces to be worn on the body His fame as the inventor of the watch is based on a passage by Johann Cochlaus in 1511 c 5 15 Since then Henlein is generally known as the inventor of the first portable watches 16 17 18 In the early 16th century he became the first to install small movements in the capsule of a pomander with olfactory essences 19 In 1505 Peter Henlein of Nuremberg was the first to build the portable pomander watch the first watch of the world d 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 The production of this watch was made possible primarily by a previously unseen scale of miniaturization of the torsion pendulum and coil spring mechanism placed in a technical unit by Peter Henlein a technological innovation and novelty of the time operating in all positions 20 28 14 Henlein created the pomander watch while he lived in the Franciscan Monastery in Nuremberg 29 30 where he gained knowledge of the Oriental world gathered over centuries 31 Henlein acquired the new techniques and tools which helped him creating the first watch in the form of a gilt pomander e 32 In his lifetime Henlein created other or similar types of watches e g drum watches the later called the Nuremberg eggs 33 34 He also crafted a tower clock for Lichtenau castle in 1541 and was known as a maker of sophisticated scientific instruments 5 Rediscovery Edit The story of the watch s reappearance began in 1987 at an antique flea market in London The watch sequentially changed ownership between collectors who were unaware of its actual worth until in 2002 a private collector purchased the pomander watch 3 A committee assessed the watch in 2014 particularly the assertion that the pomander dates back to 1505 and was signed by Henlein himself 35 32 Aesthetics EditThe design consisted of two small half spheres joined by a binding hinge The upper half of the pomander can be opened to reveal a second slightly smaller half sphere underneath The top of that inner sphere shows the dial The upper surface of the dial shows Roman numbers for the first half of the day and on the outer side of the dial Arabic numerals for the second half of the day This shows the transition to the new use of numerals at this time in history 19 The pomander watch displays small engravings of the city of Nuremberg at the beginning of the 16th century e g the Henkerturm built in the year 1320 which can still be visited today or the still standing Weinstadel which also still stands Other symbols are also engraved on the watch such as sun serpents or laurels engraved on the watch 36 Technical description Edit The casing consists of copper fire gilded on the outside and fire silver plated on the inside of the watch Apart from a renewed brass sprocket the movement is made completely of iron The detailed dimensions are 36 32 Casing diameter 4 15 cm x 4 25 cm with equator ring 4 5 cm Weight 38 5 g Movement diameter 3 60 cm x 3 55 cm Weight 54 1 gA key is used to wind up the watch movement The Watch 1505 produces a calculated running time of 12 hours 32 Inscriptions Edit On the watch housing an old Latin banner is engraved The inscription is DVT ME FUGIENT AGNOSCAM R The possible two translations are 32 1505 The time will escape me Henlein but I the watch will recognize the correct time In the year 1505 My watches will flee run and recognize the correct time The letters MDV PHN are engraved under the examined silver plating and were found on the inside of the casing underneath the outer face of the clock The hypothetical indication of the engraving is 1505 Peter Henlein Nuremberg 32 Tiny PH letters often smaller than half a millimeter were also found Peter Henlein was a locksmith and had no qualification as a watchmaker as there were none there was no existing occupation or guild He was not allowed to sign his work officially as he was not a member of the locksmith s guild In the early days of watchmaking locksmiths often were involved in the production as they were accustomed to making small metal components 32 Symbolism of the watch Edit Jan Gerritz van Egmond van de Dijenborgh cropped painting by Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen 1518 The Pomander derived from the French pomme ambre in German Bisamapfel also called Riechapfel was a status symbol from the Orient and often represented first encounter by the Europeans with the fragrances of the Orient It became as a valued symbolic gift of diplomatic exchange between leading personalities in from the East to the West and was believed to have a healing and protective effect 6 37 For example Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen created 1518 a portrait of Jan Gerritz van Egmond van de Dijenborgh the elected major of Alkmaar in 1518 with a pomander in his hand 38 The pomander form was spread in the Middle Ages from the Orient throughout Europe The watch itself can be seen as a cultural encounter between the European engineering and the Oriental form 6 Pomanders were worn due to the poor hygienic conditions in the cities The musk perfume inside the pomander had a disinfectant and odor resistant effect 39 The serpent is one of the oldest mythological symbols in civilization going back as far as the Summer in Mesopotamia The serpent eating its own tail the Ouroboros is a symbol for the infinity of the universe and the eternal life It also represents the orbit of the sun 40 41 duality 42 and an Ancient Egyptian alchemist symbol The All is one 43 44 The symbolism of the laurel passed over into Roman culture which held laurels as a symbol of victory 45 It is also associated with immortality 46 with ritual purification prosperity and health 47 48 The symbolism of the sun on the pomander as the source of energy and light for life on earth has been a central object in culture and religion since prehistory Ritual solar worship has given rise to solar deities in theistic traditions throughout the world and solar symbolism is ubiquitous Apart from its immediate connection to light and warmth the sun is also important in timekeeping as the main indicator of the day and the year 49 Financial worth EditA paper from 1524 records that Heinlein was paid 15 florins one florin is approximately between 140 and 1000 modern US dollars 50 for a gilt pomander watch 51 The initial price estimation is around 50 80 million dollars according to the AntiqueWeek magazine May 2014 7 Examinations and confirmation Edit Peter Henlein Inventor of the watch Walhalla memorial Several examinations micro and macro photographic and metallurgical examinations as well as a 3D computer tomography 52 were made to proof the authenticity of the watch The general examinations result showed that the pomander watch was created by Henlein in the year 1505 1 3 53 32 There is also a confirmation of the date of invention verifying that the engravings lie beneath under the layer of a medieval method of fire gilding The invention was celebrated at the 400th anniversary of the German Watchmakers Association in 1905 54 32 On this occasion a monument fountain dedicated to Peter Henlein was built in Nuremberg 55 56 Also Johann Neudorfers also wrote in 1547 that Henlein invented the pomander watches die bisam Kopf zu machen erfunden f 57 The Walhalla in Donaustauf which is a memorial for politicians sovereigns scientists and artists of the German tongue 58 honors Peter Henlein with the words inventor of the watch g 59 Other pomander watches by Peter Henlein Edit The other pomander watch 1530 created by Peter Henlein It once belonged to Philip Melanchthon and is now in the Walters Art Museum Baltimore Nowadays there are only two preserved pomander watches in the world The one from 1505 is in private ownership and the Pomander Watch of Melanchthon from 1530 which is owned by the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore It was most probably a gift by the City of Nuremberg to the Nuremberg Reformer Philipp Melanchthon and Peter Henlein was commissioned to create this personalized watch Also an empty housing of a pomander watch can be found at the Wuppertal Watch Museum 60 32 The former watchmaker and art collector Jurgen Abeler from the Wuppertaler Watch Museum concludes about pomander watches in his book So if any one of the preserved watches at all should be linked with the person of Peter Henlein it can only be this watch in the pomander 61 Historical influences of the watch EditThe systemized knowledge of the earliest known civilization of the Sumer such as systemized knowledge of astronomical calculations and mathematics sexagesimal number system for measuring time geographical coordinates and angels 60 second minute and 60 minute hour 360 degrees etc was safeguarded and further developed ancient knowledge and scientific process during the Golden Age of Islam leading to the perfection of mechanical clocks and the first watch invention in Nuremberg a process covering a broad historical stretch of time 62 One of the first culture historical encounter of the Europeans with technology from the Orient was a mechanical water clock from the Abbasid Caliph of Bagdad Harun Al Rashid ruled 786 809 CE 63 sent as one of the gifts to the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne on the occasion of his coronation in 800 CE in Aachen 64 The House of Wisdom an intellectual center in the Caliphates Capital of Baghdad and the Islamic Golden Age started influencing the world civilization and its discoveries by starting to translate Translation Movement and developing ancient knowledge and its discoveries 65 from one of the most influential texts of all time Almagest by Ptolemy AD 100 170 to the influential The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical devices by the Muslim polymath Ismail al Jazari in 1206 describing 100 mechanical devices 66 The widespread network of the Muslim Caliphates interconnected with the world s known trade routes mainly the Silk Road from China to the Caliphate of Cordoba and Al Andalusian Spain were not only the most important trade routes but also networks of knowledge transfer 65 The broad network made it necessary to have primarily navigation devices such as astrolabes which were introduced to Europe from Muslim Spain in the early 12th century 67 The Andalusian engineer Ibn Khalaf al Muradi wrote the technological manuscript Kitab al asrar fi nata ij al afkar The Book of Secrets in the Results of Thoughts 68 The manuscript provides information about a Castle and Gazelle Clock and many other forms of complicated clocks and ingenious devices 69 The astronomer and mathematician of the German Renaissance Regiomontanus who was influenced by the year of Italian Renaissance environment went to Nuremberg and verifiably influenced the circle of humanists and scholars around Peter Henlein He is famous for building the first observatory in Germany in Nuremberg 70 During Peter Henlein s time at the Franciscan Monastery of Nuremberg it supported many different scholars and very learned personalities For example the monk Friedrich Krafft built a complicated Astrologium in this monastery 71 Thus Peter Henlein the inventor of the watch not only came into contact with new techniques and tools but also with a spiritual and intellectual environment of craftsmanship 29 The earliest medieval European clockmakers were Catholic monks 72 The attempt to make clocks smaller and portable was always a challenge for clockmakers Peter Henlein is not the inventor of portable clocks but rather of wearable time measurement the watch the smallest personalized timekeeping device of his time 32 73 By combining an Oriental status symbol the pomander or fragrance apple with a miniaturized watch movement his invention changed the way we measure and manage time 32 Historically the watch was crafted at the same time Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa 74 See also EditPeter Henlein Pomander watch Nuremberg eggs Watch History of watches History of timekeeping devices Nurnberg List of German inventions and discoveries German Renaissance Renaissance PomanderLiterature EditErnst von Bassermann Jordan Alte Uhren und Ihre Meister page 47 51 publisher Wilhelm Diebener Leipzig 1926 German ISBN 3766704346 Catherine Cardinal Die Zeit an der Kette page 16 publisher Klinkhardt amp Biermann Munich 1985 German ISBN 3781402541 Thomas Eser Die alteste Taschenuhr der Welt publisher Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 2014 German ISBN 3781402541 Samuel Guye Henri Michael Uhren und Messinstrumente Orell Fussli Verlag Zurich 1970 German ISBN 3894872608 Maren Winter Die Stunden der Sammler Heyne 2004 German ISBN 9783548602240 Jurgen Abeler In Sachen Peter Henlein Wuppertaler Uhrenmuseum Wuppertal 1980 German ISBN 9783923422234 Walter Spiegel Taschenuhren Mosaik Munich 1981 German ISBN 3570055345 Hans Dominik Das ewige Herz Meister Peter Henleins Nurnberger Oerlein Wilhelm Lippert Berlin 1942 German ISBN 9783548360003 Thomas Eser Die alteste Taschenuhr der Welt Der Henlein Uhrenstreit Nurnberg 2014 German ISBN 9783936688924 Digitalisat References EditFootnotes Popular quote Nurnberger Witz in German Nurnberger Witz und Tand sind durch die Welt bekannt 10 Popular quote from that time in German Hatt ich Venedigs Macht und Augsburger Pracht Nurnberger Witz Strassburger Geschutz und Ulmer Geld war ich der Reichste in der Welt The translation of Johann Cochlaus Peter Hele still a young man fashions works which even the most learned mathematicians admire He shapes many wheeled clocks out of small bits of iron which run and chime the hours without weights for forty hours whether carried at the breast or in a handbag 5 No other source can proof an older watch which was created before according to older sources before the watch reappearance the previous assumed year of the invention was 1504 20 or 1510 18 For the assumption that the first watch could have been created during the time of Henlein s stay in the monastery there is amongst others also the letter of a nun Felicitas Grundherrin as proof In it she expressed the wish to have some orrlei transl watch to be sent to her for pastime 29 Original quote from Neudorfers 1547 so die kleinen Uhrlein in die Bisam Kopf zu machen erfunden translated so invented the little clock to make the muskrat head 57 Original words Walhalla memorial Erfinder der Sackuhren Adalbert Muller wrote additionally 1884 Seines Zeichens ein Schlosser wohnhaft in der seit Jahrhunderten durch Bewerbsamkeit und Erfindungsgeist sich hervortuhenden Stadt Nurnberg 59 Citations a b c Wiebke Neelsen Das Taschenuhr Ratsel ist gelost Untersuchung Alteste Bisamapfeluhr in einem Neusser Labor Westdeutsche Zeitung October 20 2014 German The oldest watch in the world YourWatchHub Retrieved December 7 2018 a b c Television Report Video Westdeutscher Rundfunk German Retrieved December 7 2018 a b Usher Abbot Payson 1988 A History of Mechanical Inventions Courier Dover p 305 ISBN 0 486 25593 X a b c d Dohrn van Rossum Gerhard Thomas Dunlap 1996 History of the Hour Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders USA Univ of Chicago Press p 121 ISBN 0 226 15510 2 a b c Bisamapfel Museum fur Angewandte Kunst Cologne Renate Smolich 1983 German a b Eric C Rodenberg Intricate pomander clock may be the first pocket watch In AntiqueWeek The Weekly Antique Auction amp Collecting Newspaper 46 Nr 2326 2014 p 1 3 Stadtgeschichte City of Nuremberg German Retrieved December 11 2018 a b Nurnberg Stadt der Erfinder und Kunstler Bayerischer Rundfunk March 28 2013 German Television Report Retrieved December 11 2018 a b Sebastian Gulden Wo der Nurnberger Witz zu Hause ist Nordbayern part of Nurnberger Nachrichten January 16 2018 German Konrad Dieterich Hassler Buchdrucker Geschichte Ulm s Stettin 1840 German Marco Kirchner Sagen und Legenden aus Augsburg John Verlag German July 2016 ISBN 9783942057288 Milham Willis I 1945 Time and Timekeepers New York MacMillan pp 133 137 ISBN 0 7808 0008 7 a b Carlisle Rodney P 2004 Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries USA John Wiley amp Sons pp 143 ISBN 0471244104 watch clock henlein From Cosmographia Pomponii Melae 1511 Fanthorpe Lionel Fanthorpe Patricia 2007 Mysteries and Secrets of Time Dundurn Press p 26 ISBN 978 1 55002677 1 Reinhard Kalb Peter Henleins Dosenuhr war klein und bequem zu tragen Nurnberger Nachrichten German September 16 2009 a b The first modern day clock was invented by a locksmith India Today April 20 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 a b Bisamapfeluhren renaissanceuhr de German Retrieved December 9 2018 a b Alex Hebra The Physics of Metrology Springer Science Business Media 2010 p 57 ISBN 9783211783818 Johann Cochlaeus Cosmographia Pomponii Melae Nuremberg 1511 Eduard Weigert Weitere Bisamapfeluhr im Rampenlicht Nurnberger Zeitung newspaper German December 3 2014 Hartmut Voigt Zank um Zeitmesser Historische Uhr ist nicht in Henlein Schau zu sehen Nurnberger Nachrichten German November 14 2014 Nina Pauler Jutta Olschewski Wurde das Henlein Jubilaum verschlafen Nurnberger Nachrichten German February 2 2011 Ruth Hoffmann Das gespaltene Reich Stern magazine German 2006 Nr 47 ISSN 0039 1239 Andrew Simms amp Ruth Potts The New Materialism bread print amp roses ISBN 9780955226335 Gudrun Wolfschmidt Sterne Weisen Den Weg Geschichte Der Navigation Beitrage zur Geschichte der Wissenschaft p 179 2009 German ISBN 9783837039696 It s About Time Museum of Printing Massachusetts Richard Romano Retrieved December 18 2018 a b c Heinrich Lunardi 900 Jahre Nurnberg 600 Jahre Nurnberger Uhren Universitats Verglagsbuchhandlung p 99 113 German Wien 1974 ISBN 3700300905 Ulrich Schmidt Das ehemalige Franziskanerkloster in Nurnberg Verlag der Nurnberger Volkszeitung Nurnberg 1913 German Albert Hourani Der Islam im europaischen Denken Essays Fischer Verlag December 2017 German ISBN 9783105619520 a b c d e f g h i j k l The 1505 pomander watch Research material Retrieved December 7 2018 Jurgen Abeller Zeit Zeichen die tragbare Uhr von Henlein bis heute Harrenberger Edition p 14 20 German Dortmund 1983 ISBN 3883793620 Bruton Eric The History of Clocks and Watches 1979 page 109 Birgit Ruf Stunde der Wahrheit Nurnberger Nachrichten December 3 2014 a b Elizabeth Doerr Is This The World s Oldest Known Watch A Peter Henlein Mystery From 1505 Quill amp Pad December 23 2014 Retrieved December 9 2018 Bisamapfel Forschungsstelle Realienkunde German Retrieved December 12 2018 Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen Web Gallery of Art Retrieved December 12 2018 Ernst von Bassermann Jordan Alte Uhren und Ihre Meister page 47 51 publisher Wilhelm Diebener Leipzig 1926 German ISBN 3766704346 Apollon Python Apollon uio no Archived from the original on 2012 01 19 Retrieved 2012 12 07 Robbins Lawrence H AlecC Campbell George A Brook Michael L Murphy June 2007 World s Oldest Ritual Site The Python Cave at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site Botswana NYAME AKUMA the Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists 67 Retrieved 1 2010 Malkowski Edward F 2007 10 03 The Spiritual Technology of Ancient Egypt p223 ISBN 9781594777769 Retrieved 2012 12 07 Savior Satan and Serpent The Duality of a Symbol in the Scriptures Mimobile byu edu Archived from the original on 2013 01 29 Retrieved 2012 12 07 Linda Alchin Circle of Ouroboros Mummies2Pyramids Retrieved December 20 2018 De Cleene Marcel Lejeune Marie Claire 2003 Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe Volume 1 Man amp Culture p 129 OCLC 482791069 Pliny the Elder Natural History Book XV 39 Annette Giesecke 2014 The Mythology of Plants Botanical Lore from Ancient Greece and Rome J Paul Getty Museum pp 35 36 Pliny the Elder Natural History Book XV 35 Madanjeet Singh The Sun Symbol of Power and Life Harry N Abram 1993 ISBN 9780810938380 Bazzicchi Oreste 2011 Il paradosso francescano tra poverta e societa di mercato Effata Editrice p 98 ISBN 978 88 7402 665 4 Campbell Gordon 2006 The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts Vol 1 London Oxford University Press pp 250 251 ISBN 0195189485 3D animation of the Pomander Watch from 1505 the world s oldest known watch Video TPW Prufzentrum retrieved December 7 2018 Julich Vermutlich alteste Taschenuhr der Welt aus dem Jahre 1505 entdeckt City of Cologne German September 13 2007 Horolosieal Exposition at Nuremberg Scientific American Volume 92 Number 18 May 1905 Der Peter Heinlein Brunnen in Nurnberg Nurnberg Bayern online de German Retrieved December 9 2018 Nurnberger Kunststucke Traumwanderungen de German Retrieved December 10 2018 a b Gerhard Dohrn Van Rossum Die Geschichte der Stunde Carl Haner Verlag Munich 1992 p 119 German ISBN 3446160469 Official Guide booklet 2002 p 3 a b Adalbert Muller Donaustauf und Walhalla German 1844 Spherical Table Watch Melanchthon s Watch Walters Art Museum Retrieved December 7 2018 Jurgen Abeler In Sachen Peter Henlein Wuppertaler Uhrenmuseum 1980 German ISBN 9783923422234 Mesopotamian Astronomy https explorable com Retrieved December 20 2018 T M P Duggan On the Tradition of Islamic Figural Sculpture to 1300 Mediterranean Journal of Humanities p 61 86 Water Clock Aljazaribook Retrieved December 20 2018 a b Isabella Bengoechea Iraq s Golden Age The Rise and Fall of the House of Wisdom culturetrip September 9 2016 Retrieved December 20 2018 Ismail al Jazari The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices John M Hobson 2004 The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation p 141 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521547245 Ahmed Djebbar Technology in the service of progress The examples of hydraulic technologies in Civilization in the Mirror of Universal UNESCO 2010 p 292 304 Koenraad Van Cleempoel The Migration of Instrumental Knowledge from Flanders to Spain in Silent Messengers The Circulation of Material Objects of Knowledge in the Early Modern Low Countries Sven Dupre and Christoph Herbert Luthy eds Transaction Publishers 2011 p 76 Johannes Regiomontanus Calendar University of Glasgow August 9 1482 Claudia Krull 1980 Krafft Friedrich Neue Deutsche Biographie in German vol 12 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot pp 643 644 Harald Kleinschmidt Understanding the Middle Ages Boydell amp Brewer p 26 ISBN 9780851157702 Karla Eckert Eine Laune Das Verlangen die verrinnende Zeit zu messen ist zeitlos Tagesspiegel German September 17 1994 Pedretti Carlo 1982 Leonardo a study in chronology and style Johnson Reprint Corporation ISBN 978 0384452800 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Peter Henlein Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Watch 1505 amp oldid 1141275064, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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