fbpx
Wikipedia

Flat engine

February 03, 2023

For similarly-named engines with two pistons per cylinder, see opposed-piston engine.

A flat engine is a piston engine where the cylinders are located on either side of a central crankshaft. Flat engines are also known as horizontally opposed engines, however this is distinct from the less common opposed-piston engine design, whereby each cylinder has two pistons sharing a central combustion chamber.

Animation of a boxer engine

The most common configuration of flat engines is the boxer engine configuration, in which the pistons of each opposed pair of cylinders move inwards and outwards at the same time. The other configuration is effectively a V engine with a 180-degree angle between the cylinder banks; in this configuration each pair of cylinders shares a single crankpin, so that as one piston moves inward, the other moves outward.

The first flat engine was built in 1897 by Karl Benz. Flat engines have been used in aviation, motorcycle and automobile applications. They are now less common in cars than straight engines (for engines with less than six cylinders) and V engines (for engines with six or more cylinders). Flat engines are more common in aircraft, where straight engines are a rarity and V engines have almost vanished except in historical aircraft. They have even replaced radial engines in many smaller installations.

Design

 
Difference between two flat 6 cylinder engines: 180° V on the left, boxer on the right

The advantages of flat engines are a short length, low centre of mass and suitability for air cooling.

Compared with the more common[citation needed] straight engines, flat engines have better primary balance (resulting in less vibration);[1] however the disadvantages are increased width and the need to have two cylinder heads. Compared with V engines— the most common layout for engines with six cylinders or more— flat engines have a lower centre of mass (and a better primary balance than V6 engines), however they usually have a larger width.[2]

The most common usages of flat engines are:

  • Flat-twin engines are mostly used in motorcycles. Occasionally been used in light cars, aircraft and industrial applications, mostly up until the 1960s.
  • Flat-four engines are mostly used in cars (particularly in the earlier Volkswagen Type 1 to 4 and by Subaru[2] in most of their models), and have occasionally been used in motorcycles. Their most common use is in smaller single-engine general aviation aircraft in which they are still manufactured and used to this day.
  • Flat-six engines are mostly used in cars (particularly by the Porsche 911 sports car), and have occasionally been used in motorcycles and aircraft.
  • Flat-eight engines have been used in several racing cars, mostly by Porsche in the 1960s.
  • Flat-ten engines are not known to have reached production. A prototype road car engine was built by Chevrolet in the 1960s.
  • Flat-twelve engines have been used in various racing cars, notably the Porsche 917K, during the 1960s and 1970s, and in Ferrari road cars from 1973-1996.
  • Flat-sixteen engines are not known to have reached production. Prototype racing car engines were built by Coventry and Porsche in the 1960s and 1970s.

Boxer configuration

 
1954 BMW R68 flat-twin boxer engine

Most flat engines use a "boxer" configuration, where each pair of opposing pistons move inwards and outwards at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight.[3] Boxer engines have low vibrations, since they are the only common configuration that have no unbalanced forces regardless of the number of cylinders. Boxer engines therefore do not require a balance shaft[4] or counterweights on the crankshaft to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts. However, a rocking couple is present, since each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair, due to the distance between the crankpins along the crankshaft.[3]

180-degree V engine

An alternative configuration for flat engines is as a 180-degree V engine, which has been used on most twelve-cylinder flat engines. In this configuration, each pair of pistons shares a crankpin, rather than the boxer configuration where each piston has its own crankpin.

Aviation use

 
twin-boxer of Johann Puch, Patent AT 48877 (1909)
 
World War II-era Riedel starter motor

In 1902, the Pearse monoplane (which would later become one of the first aircraft to achieve flight) was powered by a flat-twin engine. Amongst the first commercially produced aircraft to use a flat engine is the 1909 Santos-Dumont Demoiselle range of airplanes, which was powered by boxer-twin engines.[citation needed]

Several boxer-four engines have been produced specifically for light aircraft. Several manufacturers produced boxer-six aircraft engines during the 1930s and 1940s.[citation needed]

During World War II, boxer-twin engines called the "Riedel starter" were used as a starter motor/mechanical APU for the early German jet engines such as the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003. Designed by Norbert Riedel, these engines have a very oversquare stroke ratio of 2:1 so that they could fit within the intake diverter, directly forward of the turbine compressor.[citation needed]

Motorcycle use

Flat engines offer several advantages for motorcycles including a low center of mass, low vibration, suitability for shaft drive, and even cooling of the cylinders (for air-cooled engines).[5][6] The most common design of flat engines for motorcycles is the boxer-twin, beginning with the 1905 Fée manufactured by the Light Motors Company flat-twin, which was the first production motorcycle to use a flat engine.[7] BMW Motorrad have a long history of boxer-twin motorcycles, beginning in 1923 with the BMW R32[5]

Several motorcycles have been produced with flat-four engines, such as the 1938-1939 Zündapp K800 and the 1974-1987 Honda Gold Wing. In 1987, the Honda Gold Wing engine was upsized to a flat-six design.[citation needed]

Automotive use

 
1969 Hino Motors DS140 boxer-twelve diesel engine
 
1923-1927 Tatra 11 chassis and engine— front-mounted flat-twin engine with rear-wheel drive

When used in cars, advantages of flat engines are a low center of mass (which improves the handling of the car),[4] short length, low vibration and suitability for air cooling (due to the well exposed, large surface area, cylinder heads and short length).[8] However the larger width of flat engines (compared with the more common inline and V layouts) is a drawback, particularly when the engine is located between the steered wheels.[citation needed]

Flat engines were used by various automobile manufacturers— mostly with a boxer-four design— up until the late 1990s. Since then, only Porsche and Subaru have remained as significant manufacturers of flat engines.[citation needed]

Drivetrain layout

Due to the short length of flat engines, locating a flat engine outside of the car's wheelbase results in minimal overhang.[9] Therefore, many cars with flat engines have used a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. Examples include the flat-twin BMW 600 (1957-1959) and BMW 700 (1959-1965); the flat-four Tatra 97 (1936-1939), Volkswagen Beetle (1938-2003) and Porsche 356 (1948-1965); and the flat-six Chevrolet Corvair (1959-1969), Porsche 911 (1963-present), and Tucker 48 (1947-1948).

The opposite layout, front-engine front-wheel drive, was also common for cars with flat engines. Examples include the Citroën 2CV (1948-1990), Panhard Dyna X (1948-1954), Lancia Flavia (1961-1970), Citroën GS (1970-1986), Alfa Romeo Alfasud (1971-1989) and Subaru Leone (1971-1994).

Subaru have been producing cars with a front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout powered by flat engines (mostly boxer-four engines) since 1971. Examples include the Subaru Leone (1971-1994), Subaru Legacy (1989-present) and Subaru Impreza (1992–present). The front half-shafts come out of a front differential that is part of the gearbox. A rear driveshaft connects the gearbox to the rear half-shafts.

The traditional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is relatively uncommon for cars with flat engines, however some examples include the Toyota 86 / Subaru BRZ (2012–present), Jowett Javelin (1947-1953), Glas Isar (1958-1965) and the Tatra 11 (1923-1927).

History

 
Volkswagen air-cooled boxer-four engine
 
2012-present Subaru FA20 boxer-four engine

The first flat engine was produced in 1897 by German engineer Karl Benz.[5][10] Called the kontra engine, it was a boxer-twin design. Early uses of flat engines in cars include the 1900 Lanchester 8 hp Phaeton boxer-twin, the 1901 Wilson-Pilcher boxer-four,[11] the 1904 Wilson-Pilcher 18/24 HP boxer-six and the 1903 Ford Model A, the 1904 Ford Model C and the 1905 Ford Model F.[12]

In 1938, the Volkswagen Beetle (then called the "KdF-Wagen") was released with a rear-mounted flat-four engine. This Volkswagen air-cooled engine was produced for many years and also used in the Volkswagen Type 2 (Transporter, Kombi or Microbus), the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia sports car and the Volkswagen Type 3 compact car. A water-cooled version, known as the Wasserboxer, was introduced in 1982 and eventually replaced the air-cooled versions.

The majority of sports cars throughout Porsche's history are powered by flat engines, beginning with its first car; the 1948-1965 Porsche 356 used an air-cooled boxer-four engine. Also using boxer-four engines were the 1969-1976 Porsche 914, the 1965-1969 Porsche 912 and the 2016-present Porsche Boxster/Cayman (982). The Porsche 911 has exclusively used boxer-six engines from its introduction in 1964 until the present. In 1997, the Porsche 911 switched from being air-cooled to water-cooled.

Porsche flat-eight engines were used in various racing cars throughout the 1960s, such as the 1962 Porsche 804 Formula One car and the 1968-1971 Porsche 908 sports car. A flat-twelve engine was also produced by Porsche for the 1969-1973 Porsche 917 sports car.

Chevrolet used a horizontally opposed air-cooled 6 cylinder engine in its Corvair line during its entire production run from 1960-1969 in various applications and power ratings, including one of the first uses of a turbocharger in a mass-produced automobile.

The Subaru EA engine was introduced in 1966 and began Subaru's line of boxer-four engines that remain in production to this day.[13] Most of Subaru's models are powered by a boxer-four engine in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged form. A print ad for the 1973 Subaru GL coupe referred to the engine as "quadrozontal".[14] The company also produced boxer-six engines from 1988–1996 and 2001–2019.[15] In 2008, the Subaru EE engine became the world's first passenger car diesel boxer engine. This engine is a turbocharged boxer-four with common rail fuel injection.[4][16][17][18]

Ferrari used flat-twelve engines for various Formula One cars in the 1970s. A road car flat-twelve engine (using a 180-degree V12 configuration) was used for the 1973-1984 Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, 1984-1996 Ferrari Testarossa and their derivatives.[19]

Toyota uses the designation Toyota 4U-GSE for the boxer-four engine in the Toyota-badged versions of the Toyota 86 / Subaru BRZ twins, although the engine is actually designed and built by Subaru as the Subaru FA20 engine.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Physics of: Engine Cylinder-Bank Angles". www.caranddriver.com. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Subaru Car Performance". Australia: Subaru. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Bonk, Aaron (7 February 2013). . Super Street Magazine. Source Interlink Media. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Hanlon, Mike (7 February 2001). "The world's first horizontally-opposed turbo diesel engine". Gizmag. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  5. ^ a b c English, Bob (29 April 2010). . The Globe and Mail. Canada. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  6. ^ Szymezak, Pascal. . La saga GoldWing (in French). Fédération des GoldWing Club de France. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  7. ^ "The engine of the future". The Motor Cycle. Iliffe & Sons Ltd.: 283 5 October 1916.
  8. ^ Nunney 1988, pp. 12–13.
  9. ^ Nunney, M. J. (1988). Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology. Oxford, UK: Heinemann Professional Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 0-434-91473-8. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  10. ^ Hodzic, Muamer (27 March 2008). "Mercedes Heritage: Four-cylinder engines from Mercedes-Benz". Blog. BenzInsider. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  11. ^ "The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars". The Automotor Journal. 16 April 1904.
  12. ^ Kimes, Beverly (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause Publications. p. 572. ISBN 0-87341-428-4.
  13. ^ "Distinct Engineering Mounted into the Subaru 1000". SUBARU Philosophy. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2013. Source: 'Subaru' magazine – Subaru 1000 extra edition (issued 1966-05-20)
  14. ^ "» Vintage Subaru Ad (1973 The Subaru GL Coupe)". Scoobyblog.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  15. ^ "Flat-6 Club: 1993 Subaru Impreza w/ Legacy 6-Cyl". www.dailyturismo.com. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  16. ^ "Greencarcongress". Legacy Diesel Announcement. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  17. ^ Harwood, Allyson (January 2008). "2008 Subaru Turbodiesel Boxer - First Drive". MotorTrend Magazine. Source Interlink Media. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  18. ^ . SUBARU BOXER DIESEL. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  19. ^ . Ferrari.com. Ferrari S.p.A. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.

February 03, 2023
flat, engine, similarly, named, engines, with, pistons, cylinder, opposed, piston, engine, flat, engine, piston, engine, where, cylinders, located, either, side, central, crankshaft, also, known, horizontally, opposed, engines, however, this, distinct, from, l. For similarly named engines with two pistons per cylinder see opposed piston engine A flat engine is a piston engine where the cylinders are located on either side of a central crankshaft Flat engines are also known as horizontally opposed engines however this is distinct from the less common opposed piston engine design whereby each cylinder has two pistons sharing a central combustion chamber Animation of a boxer engine The most common configuration of flat engines is the boxer engine configuration in which the pistons of each opposed pair of cylinders move inwards and outwards at the same time The other configuration is effectively a V engine with a 180 degree angle between the cylinder banks in this configuration each pair of cylinders shares a single crankpin so that as one piston moves inward the other moves outward The first flat engine was built in 1897 by Karl Benz Flat engines have been used in aviation motorcycle and automobile applications They are now less common in cars than straight engines for engines with less than six cylinders and V engines for engines with six or more cylinders Flat engines are more common in aircraft where straight engines are a rarity and V engines have almost vanished except in historical aircraft They have even replaced radial engines in many smaller installations Contents 1 Design 1 1 Boxer configuration 1 2 180 degree V engine 2 Aviation use 3 Motorcycle use 4 Automotive use 4 1 Drivetrain layout 4 2 History 5 See also 6 ReferencesDesign EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Difference between two flat 6 cylinder engines 180 V on the left boxer on the right The advantages of flat engines are a short length low centre of mass and suitability for air cooling Compared with the more common citation needed straight engines flat engines have better primary balance resulting in less vibration 1 however the disadvantages are increased width and the need to have two cylinder heads Compared with V engines the most common layout for engines with six cylinders or more flat engines have a lower centre of mass and a better primary balance than V6 engines however they usually have a larger width 2 The most common usages of flat engines are Flat twin engines are mostly used in motorcycles Occasionally been used in light cars aircraft and industrial applications mostly up until the 1960s Flat four engines are mostly used in cars particularly in the earlier Volkswagen Type 1 to 4 and by Subaru 2 in most of their models and have occasionally been used in motorcycles Their most common use is in smaller single engine general aviation aircraft in which they are still manufactured and used to this day Flat six engines are mostly used in cars particularly by the Porsche 911 sports car and have occasionally been used in motorcycles and aircraft Flat eight engines have been used in several racing cars mostly by Porsche in the 1960s Flat ten engines are not known to have reached production A prototype road car engine was built by Chevrolet in the 1960s Flat twelve engines have been used in various racing cars notably the Porsche 917K during the 1960s and 1970s and in Ferrari road cars from 1973 1996 Flat sixteen engines are not known to have reached production Prototype racing car engines were built by Coventry and Porsche in the 1960s and 1970s Boxer configuration Edit 1954 BMW R68 flat twin boxer engine Most flat engines use a boxer configuration where each pair of opposing pistons move inwards and outwards at the same time somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight 3 Boxer engines have low vibrations since they are the only common configuration that have no unbalanced forces regardless of the number of cylinders Boxer engines therefore do not require a balance shaft 4 or counterweights on the crankshaft to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts However a rocking couple is present since each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair due to the distance between the crankpins along the crankshaft 3 180 degree V engine Edit An alternative configuration for flat engines is as a 180 degree V engine which has been used on most twelve cylinder flat engines In this configuration each pair of pistons shares a crankpin rather than the boxer configuration where each piston has its own crankpin Aviation use Edit twin boxer of Johann Puch Patent AT 48877 1909 World War II era Riedel starter motor In 1902 the Pearse monoplane which would later become one of the first aircraft to achieve flight was powered by a flat twin engine Amongst the first commercially produced aircraft to use a flat engine is the 1909 Santos Dumont Demoiselle range of airplanes which was powered by boxer twin engines citation needed Several boxer four engines have been produced specifically for light aircraft Several manufacturers produced boxer six aircraft engines during the 1930s and 1940s citation needed During World War II boxer twin engines called the Riedel starter were used as a starter motor mechanical APU for the early German jet engines such as the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003 Designed by Norbert Riedel these engines have a very oversquare stroke ratio of 2 1 so that they could fit within the intake diverter directly forward of the turbine compressor citation needed Motorcycle use EditFlat engines offer several advantages for motorcycles including a low center of mass low vibration suitability for shaft drive and even cooling of the cylinders for air cooled engines 5 6 The most common design of flat engines for motorcycles is the boxer twin beginning with the 1905 Fee manufactured by the Light Motors Company flat twin which was the first production motorcycle to use a flat engine 7 BMW Motorrad have a long history of boxer twin motorcycles beginning in 1923 with the BMW R32 5 Several motorcycles have been produced with flat four engines such as the 1938 1939 Zundapp K800 and the 1974 1987 Honda Gold Wing In 1987 the Honda Gold Wing engine was upsized to a flat six design citation needed Automotive use Edit 1969 Hino Motors DS140 boxer twelve diesel engine 1923 1927 Tatra 11 chassis and engine front mounted flat twin engine with rear wheel drive When used in cars advantages of flat engines are a low center of mass which improves the handling of the car 4 short length low vibration and suitability for air cooling due to the well exposed large surface area cylinder heads and short length 8 However the larger width of flat engines compared with the more common inline and V layouts is a drawback particularly when the engine is located between the steered wheels citation needed Flat engines were used by various automobile manufacturers mostly with a boxer four design up until the late 1990s Since then only Porsche and Subaru have remained as significant manufacturers of flat engines citation needed Drivetrain layout Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Due to the short length of flat engines locating a flat engine outside of the car s wheelbase results in minimal overhang 9 Therefore many cars with flat engines have used a rear engine rear wheel drive layout Examples include the flat twin BMW 600 1957 1959 and BMW 700 1959 1965 the flat four Tatra 97 1936 1939 Volkswagen Beetle 1938 2003 and Porsche 356 1948 1965 and the flat six Chevrolet Corvair 1959 1969 Porsche 911 1963 present and Tucker 48 1947 1948 The opposite layout front engine front wheel drive was also common for cars with flat engines Examples include the Citroen 2CV 1948 1990 Panhard Dyna X 1948 1954 Lancia Flavia 1961 1970 Citroen GS 1970 1986 Alfa Romeo Alfasud 1971 1989 and Subaru Leone 1971 1994 Subaru have been producing cars with a front engine four wheel drive layout powered by flat engines mostly boxer four engines since 1971 Examples include the Subaru Leone 1971 1994 Subaru Legacy 1989 present and Subaru Impreza 1992 present The front half shafts come out of a front differential that is part of the gearbox A rear driveshaft connects the gearbox to the rear half shafts The traditional front engine rear wheel drive layout is relatively uncommon for cars with flat engines however some examples include the Toyota 86 Subaru BRZ 2012 present Jowett Javelin 1947 1953 Glas Isar 1958 1965 and the Tatra 11 1923 1927 History Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Volkswagen air cooled boxer four engine 2012 present Subaru FA20 boxer four engine The first flat engine was produced in 1897 by German engineer Karl Benz 5 10 Called the kontra engine it was a boxer twin design Early uses of flat engines in cars include the 1900 Lanchester 8 hp Phaeton boxer twin the 1901 Wilson Pilcher boxer four 11 the 1904 Wilson Pilcher 18 24 HP boxer six and the 1903 Ford Model A the 1904 Ford Model C and the 1905 Ford Model F 12 In 1938 the Volkswagen Beetle then called the KdF Wagen was released with a rear mounted flat four engine This Volkswagen air cooled engine was produced for many years and also used in the Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter Kombi or Microbus the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia sports car and the Volkswagen Type 3 compact car A water cooled version known as the Wasserboxer was introduced in 1982 and eventually replaced the air cooled versions The majority of sports cars throughout Porsche s history are powered by flat engines beginning with its first car the 1948 1965 Porsche 356 used an air cooled boxer four engine Also using boxer four engines were the 1969 1976 Porsche 914 the 1965 1969 Porsche 912 and the 2016 present Porsche Boxster Cayman 982 The Porsche 911 has exclusively used boxer six engines from its introduction in 1964 until the present In 1997 the Porsche 911 switched from being air cooled to water cooled Porsche flat eight engines were used in various racing cars throughout the 1960s such as the 1962 Porsche 804 Formula One car and the 1968 1971 Porsche 908 sports car A flat twelve engine was also produced by Porsche for the 1969 1973 Porsche 917 sports car Chevrolet used a horizontally opposed air cooled 6 cylinder engine in its Corvair line during its entire production run from 1960 1969 in various applications and power ratings including one of the first uses of a turbocharger in a mass produced automobile The Subaru EA engine was introduced in 1966 and began Subaru s line of boxer four engines that remain in production to this day 13 Most of Subaru s models are powered by a boxer four engine in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged form A print ad for the 1973 Subaru GL coupe referred to the engine as quadrozontal 14 The company also produced boxer six engines from 1988 1996 and 2001 2019 15 In 2008 the Subaru EE engine became the world s first passenger car diesel boxer engine This engine is a turbocharged boxer four with common rail fuel injection 4 16 17 18 Ferrari used flat twelve engines for various Formula One cars in the 1970s A road car flat twelve engine using a 180 degree V12 configuration was used for the 1973 1984 Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer 1984 1996 Ferrari Testarossa and their derivatives 19 Toyota uses the designation Toyota 4U GSE for the boxer four engine in the Toyota badged versions of the Toyota 86 Subaru BRZ twins although the engine is actually designed and built by Subaru as the Subaru FA20 engine 3 See also EditH engine V engine W engine X engine Radial engine History of the internal combustion engineReferences Edit The Physics of Engine Cylinder Bank Angles www caranddriver com 14 October 2019 Retrieved 18 October 2019 a b Subaru Car Performance Australia Subaru Retrieved 1 July 2020 a b c Bonk Aaron 7 February 2013 How Boxer Engines Work Super Street Magazine Source Interlink Media Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 Retrieved 21 December 2013 a b c Hanlon Mike 7 February 2001 The world s first horizontally opposed turbo diesel engine Gizmag Retrieved 20 December 2013 a b c English Bob 29 April 2010 The engine that Benz built still survives The Globe and Mail Canada Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 19 December 2013 Szymezak Pascal Debut de la legende La saga GoldWing in French Federation des GoldWing Club de France Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2013 The engine of the future The Motor Cycle Iliffe amp Sons Ltd 283 5 October 1916 Nunney 1988 pp 12 13 Nunney M J 1988 Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology Oxford UK Heinemann Professional Publishing p 12 ISBN 0 434 91473 8 Retrieved 8 May 2015 Hodzic Muamer 27 March 2008 Mercedes Heritage Four cylinder engines from Mercedes Benz Blog BenzInsider Retrieved 20 December 2013 The Wilson Pilcher Petrol Cars The Automotor Journal 16 April 1904 Kimes Beverly 1996 Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805 1942 Krause Publications p 572 ISBN 0 87341 428 4 Distinct Engineering Mounted into the Subaru 1000 SUBARU Philosophy Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd 10 August 2012 Retrieved 20 December 2013 Source Subaru magazine Subaru 1000 extra edition issued 1966 05 20 Vintage Subaru Ad 1973 The Subaru GL Coupe Scoobyblog com Retrieved 18 September 2010 Flat 6 Club 1993 Subaru Impreza w Legacy 6 Cyl www dailyturismo com 12 June 2018 Retrieved 21 September 2019 Greencarcongress Legacy Diesel Announcement Retrieved 23 January 2008 Harwood Allyson January 2008 2008 Subaru Turbodiesel Boxer First Drive MotorTrend Magazine Source Interlink Media Retrieved 20 December 2013 A True Engineering Revolution SUBARU BOXER DIESEL Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Retrieved 20 December 2013 Flat 12 engine Ferrari com Ferrari S p A Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 Retrieved 21 December 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flat engine amp oldid 1132233752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.