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Hamburg

February 01, 2023

This article is about the German city. For other uses, see Hamburg (disambiguation).

Hamburg (German: [ˈhambʊʁk] (listen), locally also [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç] (listen); Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːç] (listen)), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; Low Saxon: Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),[8] is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin, as well as the overall 7th largest city and largest non-capital city in the European Union with a population of over 1.85 million.[9] Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million[1] and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region, which has a population of over 5.1 million people in total. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.

Hamburg
Hamborg (Low German)
City and state
Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
View of the Binnenalster
Elbphilharmonie
St Catherine's Church
Hafencity
Speicherstadt
Hamburg City Hall
Port of Hamburg
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Stadt Hamburg an der Elbe Auen [de]
Coordinates: 53°33′N 10°00′E / 53.550°N 10.000°E / 53.550; 10.000Coordinates: 53°33′N 10°00′E / 53.550°N 10.000°E / 53.550; 10.000
CountryGermany
Government
 • BodyBürgerschaft of Hamburg
 • First MayorPeter Tschentscher (SPD)
 • Second MayorKatharina Fegebank
 • Governing partiesSPD / Greens
 • Bundesrat votes3 (of 69)
 • Bundestag seats16 (of 736)
Area
 • City755.22 km2 (291.59 sq mi)
Population
 (2021-12-31)[2]
 • City1,906,411
 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,484,800[1]
 • Metro
5,107,429
Demonym(s)German: Hamburger (male), Hamburgerin (female)
English: Hamburger(s),[3][4] Hamburgian(s)
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central (CET))
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (Central (CEST))
Postal code(s)
20001–21149, 22001–22769
Area code(s)040
ISO 3166 codeDE-HH
Vehicle registration
  • HH (1906–1945; again since 1956)
  • MGH (1945)
  • H (1945–1947)
  • HG (1947)
  • BH (1948–1956)
GRP (nominal)€123 billion (2019)[5]
GRP per capita€67,000[6] (2019)
NUTS RegionDE6
HDI (2018)0.976[7]
very high · 1st of 16
Websitewww.hamburg.de/stadt-staat/
Hamburg as seen from the Sentinel-2B satellite

The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.

Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf, and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.[10]

Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Both former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.

Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015.[11] Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe.[12] Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including the Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's Reeperbahn is among the best-known European entertainment districts.

Geography

Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, 100 kilometres (60 mi) away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.[13]

The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres (381 ft) AMSL.[14] Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.

Climate

Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.[15] Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,[16] the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.[17][18]

The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 20.1 to 22.5 °C (68.2 to 72.5 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of −0.3 to 1.0 °C (31.5 to 33.8 °F).[19]

Climate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (Hamburg Airport), elevation: 15 m, 1981-2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.6
(94.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		40.1
(104.2)
Average high °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average low °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0) 		−29.1
(−20.4) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−29.1
(−20.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 67.8
(2.67) 		49.9
(1.96) 		67.7
(2.67) 		43.0
(1.69) 		57.4
(2.26) 		78.6
(3.09) 		76.7
(3.02) 		78.9
(3.11) 		67.4
(2.65) 		67.0
(2.64) 		69.2
(2.72) 		68.9
(2.71) 		792.6
(31.20)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 9.2 11.3 8.9 9.6 11.3 11.4 10.2 10.8 10.5 11.7 12.4 129.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.9 69.0 108.8 171.6 223.4 198.7 217.5 203.1 144.6 107.9 53.0 37.4 1,581.9
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source: WMO (UN),[19] DWD[20] and Weather Atlas[21]

View climate chart 1986-2016 or 1960-1990

Climate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (Hamburg Airport), elevation: 15 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.2
(91.8) 		34.8
(94.6) 		30.3
(86.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		34.8
(94.6)
Average high °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.6
(70.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		12.4
(54.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.7
(47.6)
Average low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −20.8
(−5.4) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−20.8
(−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.0
(2.40) 		41.0
(1.61) 		56.0
(2.20) 		51.0
(2.01) 		57.0
(2.24) 		74.0
(2.91) 		82.0
(3.23) 		70.0
(2.76) 		70.0
(2.76) 		63.0
(2.48) 		71.0
(2.80) 		72.0
(2.83) 		768
(30.23)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.0 9.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 131
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.2 67.0 104.7 160.7 216.8 221.8 206.7 207.3 141.1 100.7 53.0 35.2 1,557.2
Source: NOAA[22]

History

Main article: History of Hamburg
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Hamburg.
 
The Limes Saxoniae border between the Saxons and the Slavic Obotrites, established around 810
 
Hamburg in 1150

Origins

Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.[23]

Etymology

The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name Hammaburg, burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain,[24] but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.[25][26]

Medieval Hamburg

In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.[27]

Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.[27] In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.[28] Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.[29]

 
Seal of the City of Hamburg in 1241 (replica)
 
Hamburg in 1320
 
Hamburg as depicted on a 1679 Half-Portugalöser (5 ducats)
 
Hamburg, c. 1600
 
Hamburg in 1811

In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.[30] This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. This was the first time in history that the word hanse was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.[31] In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, Jordan von Boitzenburg, wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the Ordeelbook (Ordeel: sentence).[32] On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: Rezeß, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.[33]

Modern times

In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.

When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (Neustadt) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.[34]

Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).

In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.

After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.[35] The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.

A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.

Second World War

 
Hamburg Eilbek after the 1943 bombing
 
Flak tower on the Heiligengeistfeld in Hamburg – one of four enormous fortress-like bunkers which were built of reinforced concrete between 1942 and 1944 and equipped with anti-aircraft artillery for air defense

Hamburg was a Gau within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, the Allied bombing of Hamburg devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the Hauptbahnhof (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.

The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.

At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished[36] in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war[citation needed].

Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reich Association of Jews in Germany (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reich Security Main Office dissolved the association by a decree.[37] The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.

Post-war history

The city was surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, in the Battle of Hamburg,[38] three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of what was then West Germany in 1949.

On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.

The inner German border – only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hamburg
Historical population
YearPop.±%
950500—    
143016,000+3100.0%
1840136,956+756.0%
1900705,738+415.3%
1910931,035+31.9%
19201,026,989+10.3%
19301,145,124+11.5%
19401,725,500+50.7%
19451,350,278−21.7%
19501,605,606+18.9%
19611,840,543+14.6%
19701,793,640−2.5%
19751,717,383−4.3%
19801,645,095−4.2%
19851,579,884−4.0%
19901,652,363+4.6%
20001,715,392+3.8%
20101,786,448+4.1%
20121,734,272−2.9%
20131,746,342+0.7%
20141,762,791+0.9%
20151,787,408+1.4%
20161,810,438+1.3%
20181,841,179+1.7%
20201,852,478+0.6%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Largest groups of foreign residents[39]
Nationality Population (31 December 2021)
  Turkey 44,280
  Afghanistan 24,635
  Poland 23,310
  Syria 17,725
  Russia 10,375
  Romania 10,010
  Iran 9,725
  Portugal 9,065
  Bulgaria 8,830
  North Macedonia 7,770
  Italy 7,570
  Ghana 7,550
  Serbia 7,405
  Croatia 6,685
  China 6,335
  India 6,100
  Greece 6,095
  Spain 6,040
  Iraq 5,400

On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755.3 km2 (291.6 sq mi). The population density was 2,464/km2 (6,380/sq mi).[40] The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on 196/km2 (510/sq mi).[41]

There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.[42]

According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).[43] Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.[44]

In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.[45]

Foreign citizens in Hamburg

Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows[44]

Citizenship Number %
Total 288,338 100%
Europe 193,812 67.2%
European Union 109,496 38%
Asian 59,292 20.6%
African 18,996 6.6%
American 11,315 3.9%
Australian and Oceanian 1,234 0.4%

Language

See also: Hamburgisch dialect

As elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as Hamborger Platt (German Hamburger Platt) or Hamborgsch. Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois Hanseatendeutsch (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.[46] All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.[47]

Religion

Religion in Hamburg – 2018
religion percent
None or other
 
 65.2%
EKD Protestants
 
 24.9%
Roman Catholics
 
 9.9%

65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.[48]

In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg.

According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" (Muslim life in Germany) estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.[49] About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.[50] As of 2021 there were more than 50 mosques in the city,[51] including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city,[52] and it hosts the Islamic Centre Hamburg.

A Jewish community exists.[53]

Government

Further information: Government of Hamburg and List of mayors of Hamburg
 
Hamburg City Hall (front view)

The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.

Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament.[54] From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust,[55] who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU Hamburg and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party.[56] Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.[57] On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.

Boroughs

Main article: Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg
 
The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg

Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: Bezirke) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile). There are 181 localities (German: Ortsteile). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.[8][58] Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg.[59] The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.[60] Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.

Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: Bezirksversammlung) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: Bezirksamtsleiter). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.[58] The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.

 
The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk (visible just above the centre).

Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg.[61][62]

Hamburg-Mitte ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg.[61] The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.

Altona is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze.[61]

Bergedorf consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg.[61]

Eimsbüttel is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen.[61] Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.

Hamburg-Nord contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude.[61]

Harburg lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf.[61]

Wandsbek is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.[61]

Cityscape

 
Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrücke

Architecture

 
Historicist Palmaille, Altona
 
The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany

Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (Hauptkirchen) St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's (St. Jacobi) and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).

 
The Chilehaus with a typical brick expressionist façade

The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together.[63] Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.[64] The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.

The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897. The tower is 112 metres (367 ft) high. Its façade, 111 m (364 ft) long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.[65] The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.

Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.[66] The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie (Elbe Philharmonic Hall), opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects Herzog & de Meuron.[67][68]

The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the Stadtpark, the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The Stadtpark, Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.

Parks and gardens

See also: List of parks and gardens in Hamburg
 
A water-light concert at Planten un Blomen park

The lavish and spacious Planten un Blomen park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg, which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.

The Botanischer Garten Hamburg is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the Planten un Blomen park from May to early October.

Culture and contemporary life

Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.[69][70] In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature.[71] The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.[72] Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.

Theatres

See also: List of theatres in Hamburg
 
The Deutsches Schauspielhaus in the St. Georg quarter
 
The 110-metre-high (361-foot) Elbphilharmonie concert hall

The state-owned Deutsches Schauspielhaus, the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the Kampnagel are well-known theatres.[73]

The English Theatre of Hamburg[74] near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.

Museums

See also: List of museums in Hamburg

Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery (Galerie der Gegenwart), the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Art and Design) and the Deichtorhallen (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archäologisches Museum Hamburg (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the Harburg borough, the Hamburg Museum of Work (Museum der Arbeit), and several museums of local history, such as the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum [de] (Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg) at Kiekeberg in the Harburg Hills just outside of Hamburg in Rosengarten. Two museum ships near St. Pauli Piers (Landungsbrücken) bear witness to the freight ship (Cap San Diego) and cargo sailing ship era (Rickmer Rickmers).[75] In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship Peking returned to the city and was installed in the German Port Museum in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with 15.4 km (9.57 mi) total railway length is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.

BallinStadt, a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.

Music

Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, Musikhalle Hamburg. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.[76][77]

Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.

Since the German premiere of Cats in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including The Phantom of the Opera, The Lion King, Dirty Dancing and Dance of the Vampires (musical). This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company Stage Entertainment being based in the city.

In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg.[78] Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.

Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.

Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg.

An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "Hamburg scene [de]" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.

Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the Golden Pudel Club [de] in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.[79]

Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, Edel SE & Co. KGaA, Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.

In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the Sternschanze

The city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg.[80] The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.

In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.[81]

Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.[82]

Festivals and regular events

 
Annual Hafengeburtstag (Port Anniversary)

Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride Hamburg Pride festival[83] or the Alster fair (German: Alstervergnügen),[84] held at the Binnenalster. The Hamburger DOM is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.[85] Hafengeburtstag is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.[86] The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers.[87] Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places.[88] The long night of museums (German: Lange Nacht der Museen) offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.[89] The sixth Festival of Cultures was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.[90] The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s Film Days (German: Film Tage) — presents a wide range of films.[91] The Hamburg Messe and Congress offers a venue for trade shows, such hanseboot, an international boat show, or Du und deine Welt, a large consumer products show.[92] Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,[93] the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby.

Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.[94] Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.

For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges 20 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district.[95] This is followed at the end of September by the Reeperbahn Festival [de], which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.[96] In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.[97]

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Hamburg
 
Fried plaice, Finkenwerder style

Original Hamburg dishes are Birnen, Bohnen und Speck (green beans cooked with pears and bacon),[98] Aalsuppe (Hamburgisch Oolsupp) is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (Aal/Ool translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon allns [aˑlns], meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.[99] There is Bratkartoffeln (pan-fried potato slices), Finkenwerder Scholle (Low Saxon Finkwarder Scholl, pan-fried plaice), Pannfisch (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),[100] Rote Grütze (Low Saxon Rode Grütt, related to Danish rødgrød, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish rødgrød med fløde)[101] and Labskaus (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian lapskaus and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).[102]

Alsterwasser (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (Zitronenlimonade), the lemonade being added to the beer.[103]

There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – franz appears to be a shortening of französisch, meaning "French", which would make a Franzbrötchen a "French roll". Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is Schrippe (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, Rundstück ("round piece" rather than mainstream German Brötchen, diminutive form of Brot "bread"),[104] a relative of Denmark's rundstykke. In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.

The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's Frikadeller: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a Hamburger steak in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.[105] The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.

There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.

Main sights

 
Rote Flora in the Sternschanze neighbourhood, Hamburg

Alternative culture

Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.[106]

During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.[107]

After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.[108]

British culture

 
The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14

There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V.,[109] Professional Women's Forum,[110] The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850[111] within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany[112] under the United Grand Lodges of Germany[113] works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at St Thomas Becket Church [de].[114]

American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V.,[115] the American Women's Club of Hamburg,[116] the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,[117] and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. The American Chamber of Commerce handles matters related to business affairs.[118] The International School of Hamburg serves school children.

William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg. Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."[119]

A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."

Memorials

A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley,[120] who, beginning in 1842, reorganized the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.

In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" (Stolpersteine) were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.[121]

Economy

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.[122] The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.[123]

The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.[124]

Year[125] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Unemployment rate in % 8.9 8.3 9.0 9.9 9.7 11.3 11.0 9.1 8.1 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.3 6.1

Banking

Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.

Port

Main article: Port of Hamburg

The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of 8.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.[126] International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated 110 kilometres (70 mi) up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.[127]

Industrial production

Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.[128]

Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.[129]

HafenCity

Main article: HafenCity
 
Western HafenCity area and Speicherstadt

The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.

HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.

Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.

Tourism

 
City logo of Hamburg
 
Neuer Wall, one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets

In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.[130] The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).[131]

A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the Michel), and visiting the old warehouse district (Speicherstadt) and the harbour promenade (Landungsbrücken). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours (Große Hafenrundfahrt, Fleetfahrt) which start from the Landungsbrücken. Major destinations also include museums.

The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood Schanze with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.[132]

In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.[133] The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays).[133] The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).[133]

The Queen Mary 2 has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.[134]

Creative industries

 
Der Spiegel headquarters

Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.[135] The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program Tagesschau, as are the commercial television station Hamburg 1, the Christian television station Bibel TV and the civil media outlet Tide TV. There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as Financial Times Deutschland. Hamburger Abendblatt and Hamburger Morgenpost are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.

A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.[136] The Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft [de] and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..

Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film Tomorrow Never Dies. The Reeperbahn has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film Backbeat.[137] The film A Most Wanted Man was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in An American Tail where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.

Infrastructure

Health systems

Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.[138] The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.[139]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Hamburg
 
Baumwall station of the Hamburg U-Bahn
 
Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke

Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.

Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel (Alter Elbtunnel) or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel (Elbtunnel) the crossing of a motorway.[140]

Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.[141][142] There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.[143]

Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956).[144]

Public transport

 
A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg

Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.[145]

33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.[146] The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – U-Bahn is short for Untergrundbahn (underground railway). Approximately 41 km (25 mi) of 101 km (63 mi) of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as Hochbahn (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the Hamburger Hochbahn. The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional metronom trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.[147]

Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.[146] Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes.[citation needed] On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)

There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by HADAG, that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.[148]

The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about 5 miles (8 kilometres) from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.[149]

Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[150]

Utilities

Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by Vattenfall Europe, formerly the state-owned Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg. There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. VERA Klärschlammverbrennung uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is Müllverwertung Borsigstraße.[151]

In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").[152] This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal"). Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.[153]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Hamburg
 
Hamburg City Man 2007 at the Binnenalster

Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2023). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.

The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.

HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).

The BCJ Hamburg played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Later, the Hamburg Towers became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the Edel-optics.de Arena in Wilhelmsburg.

Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.

The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.[154] The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).[155]

Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017.[156] Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe.[157] The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.[158]

There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club.[159] The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.[160] Eimsbütteler TV plays in the German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.

 
Am Rothenbaum is the main tennis stadium of the International German Open.

The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.[161]

Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at Reitstadion Klein Flottbek (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and Horner Rennbahn (Deutsches Derby flat racing).[162] Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered.[163] World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event Hamburg City Man are also held in here.[164]

Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.[165]

Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.[166]

Education

See also: Education in Hamburg and Education in Germany
 
The main building of the University of Hamburg

The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016.[167] There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.[168]

Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.[169] Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).[170] Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Hamburg is twinned with:[171]

Notable people

Further information: Category:People from Hamburg

In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from Pinneberg, and those from Bergedorf. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from Stade, sole from Finkenwerder, herrings from Cuxhaven swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. Heinrich Heine must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.

— Siegfried Lenz, in Leute von Hamburg (People of Hamburg) ISBN 978-3-423-11538-4.[172]

The list below started with people with a ref to 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica who are said to be "born at Hamburg". It is in date order. There are others too.

 
painting of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, 1833
 
portrait of Johannes Brahms, 1899

See also

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External links

  • Official website
  • Hamburg at Curlie
  •   Geographic data related to Hamburg at OpenStreetMap
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hamburg (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hamburg Panorama-View

February 01, 2023
hamburg, this, article, about, german, city, other, uses, disambiguation, german, ˈhambʊʁk, listen, locally, also, ˈhambʊɪ, listen, saxon, hamborg, ˈhambɔːç, listen, officially, free, hanseatic, city, german, freie, hansestadt, saxon, friee, hansestadt, hambor. This article is about the German city For other uses see Hamburg disambiguation Hamburg German ˈhambʊʁk listen locally also ˈhambʊɪ c listen Low Saxon Hamborg ˈhambɔːc listen officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg German Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Low Saxon Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg 8 is the second largest city in Germany after Berlin as well as the overall 7th largest city and largest non capital city in the European Union with a population of over 1 85 million 9 Hamburg s urban area has a population of around 2 5 million 1 and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which has a population of over 5 1 million people in total The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries the River Alster and the River Bille One of Germany s 16 federated states Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south Hamburg Hamborg Low German City and stateFree and Hanseatic City of HamburgView of the BinnenalsterElbphilharmonieSt Catherine s ChurchHafencitySpeicherstadtHamburg City HallPort of HamburgFlagCoat of armsAnthem Stadt Hamburg an der Elbe Auen de Show HamburgShow GermanyShow EuropeCoordinates 53 33 N 10 00 E 53 550 N 10 000 E 53 550 10 000 Coordinates 53 33 N 10 00 E 53 550 N 10 000 E 53 550 10 000CountryGermanyGovernment BodyBurgerschaft of Hamburg First MayorPeter Tschentscher SPD Second MayorKatharina Fegebank Governing partiesSPD Greens Bundesrat votes3 of 69 Bundestag seats16 of 736 Area City755 22 km2 291 59 sq mi Population 2021 12 31 2 City1 906 411 Density2 500 km2 6 500 sq mi Urban2 484 800 1 Metro5 107 429Demonym s German Hamburger male Hamburgerin female English Hamburger s 3 4 Hamburgian s Time zoneUTC 1 Central CET Summer DST UTC 2 Central CEST Postal code s 20001 21149 22001 22769Area code s 040ISO 3166 codeDE HHVehicle registrationHH 1906 1945 again since 1956 MGH 1945 H 1945 1947 HG 1947 BH 1948 1956 GRP nominal 123 billion 2019 5 GRP per capita 67 000 6 2019 NUTS RegionDE6HDI 2018 0 976 7 very high 1st of 16Websitewww wbr hamburg wbr de wbr stadt staat wbr Hamburg as seen from the Sentinel 2B satellite The official name reflects Hamburg s history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire Before the 1871 unification of Germany it was a fully sovereign city state and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe Hamburg is Europe s third largest port after Rotterdam and Antwerp Major regional broadcaster NDR the printing and publishing firm Gruner Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city Hamburg is the seat of Germany s oldest stock exchange and the world s oldest merchant bank Berenberg Bank Media commercial logistical and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus Blohm Voss Aurubis Beiersdorf and Unilever Hamburg is also a major European science research and education hub with several universities and institutions The city enjoys a very high quality of living being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey 10 Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the EU LAC Foundation and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20 Both former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were born in Hamburg The former Mayor of Hamburg Olaf Scholz has been the current German chancellor since December 2021 Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015 11 Hamburg s rivers and canals are crossed by around 2 500 bridges making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe 12 Aside from its rich architectural heritage the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including the Beatles Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows St Pauli s Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts Contents 1 Geography 1 1 Climate 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 Etymology 2 3 Medieval Hamburg 2 4 Modern times 2 5 Second World War 2 6 Post war history 3 Demographics 3 1 Foreign citizens in Hamburg 3 2 Language 3 3 Religion 4 Government 4 1 Boroughs 5 Cityscape 5 1 Architecture 5 2 Parks and gardens 6 Culture and contemporary life 6 1 Theatres 6 2 Museums 6 3 Music 6 4 Festivals and regular events 6 5 Cuisine 6 6 Main sights 6 7 Alternative culture 6 8 British culture 6 9 Memorials 7 Economy 7 1 Banking 7 2 Port 7 3 Industrial production 7 4 HafenCity 7 5 Tourism 7 6 Creative industries 8 Infrastructure 8 1 Health systems 8 2 Transport 8 3 Public transport 8 4 Utilities 9 Sports 10 Education 11 Twin towns sister cities 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 References 15 External linksGeography EditHamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning out of the Jutland Peninsula between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille The city centre is around the Binnenalster Inner Alster and Aussenalster Outer Alster both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes The islands of Neuwerk Scharhorn and Nigehorn 100 kilometres 60 mi away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park are also part of the city of Hamburg 13 The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde Cranz Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land old land region the largest contiguous fruit producing region in Central Europe Neugraben Fischbek has Hamburg s highest elevation the Hasselbrack at 116 2 metres 381 ft AMSL 14 Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig Holstein and Lower Saxony Climate Edit Hamburg has an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies 15 Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades In the late 1970s and early 1980s heavy snowfall sometimes occurred 16 the winters of recent years have been less cold with snowfall just a few days per year 17 18 The warmest months are June July and August with high temperatures of 20 1 to 22 5 C 68 2 to 72 5 F The coldest are December January and February with low temperatures of 0 3 to 1 0 C 31 5 to 33 8 F 19 Climate data for Hamburg Fuhlsbuttel Hamburg Airport elevation 15 m 1981 2010 normalsMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 4 57 9 17 2 63 0 23 0 73 4 29 7 85 5 33 5 92 3 34 6 94 3 40 1 104 2 37 3 99 1 32 3 90 1 26 1 79 0 20 2 68 4 15 7 60 3 40 1 104 2 Average high C F 3 5 38 3 4 4 39 9 8 0 46 4 12 3 54 1 17 5 63 5 19 9 67 8 22 1 71 8 22 2 72 0 17 9 64 2 13 0 55 4 7 5 45 5 4 6 40 3 13 2 55 8 Daily mean C F 1 0 33 8 1 6 34 9 4 6 40 3 7 8 46 0 12 5 54 5 15 2 59 4 17 4 63 3 17 4 63 3 13 7 56 7 9 5 49 1 4 9 40 8 2 3 36 1 9 0 48 2 Average low C F 1 4 29 5 1 2 29 8 1 1 34 0 3 3 37 9 7 4 45 3 10 5 50 9 12 7 54 9 12 5 54 5 9 6 49 3 6 0 42 8 2 4 36 3 0 0 32 0 6 2 43 2 Record low C F 22 8 9 0 29 1 20 4 15 3 4 5 7 1 19 2 5 0 23 0 0 6 33 1 3 4 38 1 1 8 35 2 1 2 29 8 7 1 19 2 15 4 4 3 18 5 1 3 29 1 20 4 Average rainfall mm inches 67 8 2 67 49 9 1 96 67 7 2 67 43 0 1 69 57 4 2 26 78 6 3 09 76 7 3 02 78 9 3 11 67 4 2 65 67 0 2 64 69 2 2 72 68 9 2 71 792 6 31 20 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 12 1 9 2 11 3 8 9 9 6 11 3 11 4 10 2 10 8 10 5 11 7 12 4 129 4Mean monthly sunshine hours 46 9 69 0 108 8 171 6 223 4 198 7 217 5 203 1 144 6 107 9 53 0 37 4 1 581 9Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3Source WMO UN 19 DWD 20 and Weather Atlas 21 View climate chart 1986 2016 or 1960 1990 Climate data for Hamburg Fuhlsbuttel Hamburg Airport elevation 15 m 1961 1990 normals and extremesMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 12 8 55 0 16 7 62 1 23 0 73 4 29 7 85 5 29 2 84 6 32 7 90 9 33 2 91 8 34 8 94 6 30 3 86 5 24 0 75 2 20 2 68 4 15 7 60 3 34 8 94 6 Average high C F 2 7 36 9 3 8 38 8 7 2 45 0 11 9 53 4 17 0 62 6 20 2 68 4 21 4 70 5 21 6 70 9 18 0 64 4 13 3 55 9 7 6 45 7 4 0 39 2 12 4 54 3 Daily mean C F 0 5 32 9 1 1 34 0 3 7 38 7 7 3 45 1 12 2 54 0 15 5 59 9 16 8 62 2 16 6 61 9 13 5 56 3 9 7 49 5 5 1 41 2 1 9 35 4 8 7 47 6 Average low C F 2 2 28 0 1 8 28 8 0 4 32 7 3 0 37 4 7 2 45 0 10 4 50 7 12 2 54 0 11 9 53 4 9 4 48 9 6 3 43 3 2 5 36 5 0 7 30 7 4 9 40 8 Record low C F 20 8 5 4 18 7 1 7 13 8 7 2 6 5 20 3 2 2 28 0 0 6 33 1 4 2 39 6 1 8 35 2 0 6 30 9 3 3 26 1 15 4 4 3 18 5 1 3 20 8 5 4 Average precipitation mm inches 61 0 2 40 41 0 1 61 56 0 2 20 51 0 2 01 57 0 2 24 74 0 2 91 82 0 3 23 70 0 2 76 70 0 2 76 63 0 2 48 71 0 2 80 72 0 2 83 768 30 23 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 12 0 9 0 11 0 10 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 11 0 11 0 10 0 12 0 12 0 131Mean monthly sunshine hours 42 2 67 0 104 7 160 7 216 8 221 8 206 7 207 3 141 1 100 7 53 0 35 2 1 557 2Source NOAA 22 History EditMain article History of Hamburg For a chronological guide see Timeline of Hamburg The Limes Saxoniae border between the Saxons and the Slavic Obotrites established around 810 Hamburg in 1150 Origins Edit Claudius Ptolemy 2nd century AD reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva 23 Etymology Edit The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808 It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion and acquired the name Hammaburg burg meaning castle or fort The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain 24 but its location is estimated to be at the site of today s Domplatz 25 26 Medieval Hamburg Edit In 834 Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric The first bishop Ansgar became known as the Apostle of the North Two years later Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg Bremen 27 Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times In 845 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants 27 In 1030 King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214 The Black Death killed at least 60 of the population in 1350 28 Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period 29 Seal of the City of Hamburg in 1241 replica Hamburg in 1320 Hamburg as depicted on a 1679 Half Portugaloser 5 ducats Hamburg c 1600 Hamburg in 1811 In 1189 by imperial charter Frederick I Barbarossa granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax free access or free trade zone up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea In 1265 an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg 30 This charter along with Hamburg s proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe Its trade alliance with Lubeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities On 8 November 1266 a contract between Henry III and Hamburg s traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London This was the first time in history that the word hanse was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League 31 In 1270 the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg Jordan von Boitzenburg wrote the first description of civil criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language the Ordeelbook Ordeel sentence 32 On 10 August 1410 civil unrest forced a compromise German Rezess literally meaning withdrawal This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg 33 Modern times Edit In 1529 the city embraced Lutheranism and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century he extended Hamburg and created a New Town Neustadt whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced 34 Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges mediatised but became a sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire 1804 1814 1815 Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814 Hamburg re assumed its pre 1811 status as a city state in 1814 The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg s independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation 1815 1866 In 1842 about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the Great Fire The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May It destroyed three churches the town hall and many other buildings killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20 000 homeless Reconstruction took more than 40 years After periodic political unrest particularly in 1848 Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate the governing body of the city state by adult taxpaying males Other innovations included the separation of powers the separation of Church and State freedom of the press of assembly and association Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation 1866 1871 and of the German Empire 1871 1918 and maintained its self ruling status during the Weimar Republic 1919 1933 Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888 the last along with Bremen of the German states to join The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800 000 as the growth of the city s Atlantic trade helped make it Europe s second largest port 35 The Hamburg America Line with Albert Ballin as its director became the world s largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century Shipping companies sailing to South America Africa India and East Asia were based in the city Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city About 8 600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world Second World War Edit Hamburg Eilbek after the 1943 bombing Flak tower on the Heiligengeistfeld in Hamburg one of four enormous fortress like bunkers which were built of reinforced concrete between 1942 and 1944 and equipped with anti aircraft artillery for air defense Hamburg was a Gau within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945 During the Second World War the Allied bombing of Hamburg devastated much of the city and the harbour On 23 July 1943 the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the Hauptbahnhof main railway station and quickly moved south east completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook Billbrook and Hamm South Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs The raids codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF killed at least 42 600 civilians the precise number is not known About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office retail and limited residential or industrial districts The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg At least 42 900 people are thought to have perished 36 in the Neuengamme concentration camp about 25 km 16 mi outside the city in the marshlands mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war citation needed Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941 These were all directed to ghettos in Nazi occupied Europe or to concentration camps Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust By the end of 1942 the Judischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reich Association of Jews in Germany District Northwest On 10 June 1943 the Reich Security Main Office dissolved the association by a decree 37 The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt where most of them perished Post war history Edit The city was surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945 in the Battle of Hamburg 38 three days after Adolf Hitler s death After the Second World War Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation it became a state of what was then West Germany in 1949 On 16 February 1962 a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all time high inundating one fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people The inner German border only 50 kilometres 30 mi east of Hamburg separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg s global trade Since German reunification in 1990 and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004 the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region s largest deep sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Hamburg Historical populationYearPop 950500 143016 000 3100 0 1840136 956 756 0 1900705 738 415 3 1910931 035 31 9 19201 026 989 10 3 19301 145 124 11 5 19401 725 500 50 7 19451 350 278 21 7 19501 605 606 18 9 19611 840 543 14 6 19701 793 640 2 5 19751 717 383 4 3 19801 645 095 4 2 19851 579 884 4 0 19901 652 363 4 6 20001 715 392 3 8 20101 786 448 4 1 20121 734 272 2 9 20131 746 342 0 7 20141 762 791 0 9 20151 787 408 1 4 20161 810 438 1 3 20181 841 179 1 7 20201 852 478 0 6 Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions Largest groups of foreign residents 39 Nationality Population 31 December 2021 Turkey 44 280 Afghanistan 24 635 Poland 23 310 Syria 17 725 Russia 10 375 Romania 10 010 Iran 9 725 Portugal 9 065 Bulgaria 8 830 North Macedonia 7 770 Italy 7 570 Ghana 7 550 Serbia 7 405 Croatia 6 685 China 6 335 India 6 100 Greece 6 095 Spain 6 040 Iraq 5 400On 31 December 2016 there were 1 860 759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755 3 km2 291 6 sq mi The population density was 2 464 km2 6 380 sq mi 40 The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region Hamburg Metropolitan Region is home to 5 107 429 living on 196 km2 510 sq mi 41 There were 915 319 women and 945 440 men in Hamburg For every 1 000 females there were 1 033 males In 2015 there were 19 768 births in Hamburg of which 38 3 were to unmarried women 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces and 17 565 deaths In the city the population was spread out with 16 1 under the age of 18 and 18 3 were 65 years of age or older 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100 42 According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein the number of people with a migrant background is at 34 631 246 43 Immigrants come from 200 countries 5 891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016 44 In 2016 there were 1 021 666 households of which 17 8 had children under the age of 18 54 4 of all households were made up of singles 25 6 of all households were single parent households The average household size was 1 8 45 Foreign citizens in Hamburg Edit Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows 44 Citizenship Number Total 288 338 100 Europe 193 812 67 2 European Union 109 496 38 Asian 59 292 20 6 African 18 996 6 6 American 11 315 3 9 Australian and Oceanian 1 234 0 4 Language Edit See also Hamburgisch dialect As elsewhere in Germany Standard German is spoken in Hamburg but as typical for northern Germany the original language of Hamburg is Low German usually referred to as Hamborger Platt German Hamburger Platt or Hamborgsch Since large scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century various Low German colored dialects have developed contact varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates Originally there was a range of such Missingsch varieties the best known being the low prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois Hanseatendeutsch Hanseatic German although the term is used in appreciation 46 All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media However the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary partially even in Low Saxon spelling which is not standardised and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German 47 Religion Edit Religion in Hamburg 2018religion percentNone or other 65 2 EKD Protestants 24 9 Roman Catholics 9 9 65 2 of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism 48 In 2018 24 9 of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church the largest religious body and 9 9 to the Roman Catholic Church Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg According to the publication Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland Muslim life in Germany estimated 141 900 Muslim migrants counting in nearly 50 countries of origin lived in Hamburg in 2008 49 About three years later May 2011 calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143 200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg making up 8 4 percent of the population 50 As of 2021 there were more than 50 mosques in the city 51 including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque which is the oldest in the city 52 and it hosts the Islamic Centre Hamburg A Jewish community exists 53 Government EditFurther information Government of Hamburg and List of mayors of Hamburg Hamburg City Hall front view The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states therefore the Mayor of Hamburg s office corresponds more to the role of a minister president than to the one of a city mayor As a German state government it is responsible for public education correctional institutions and public safety as a municipality it is additionally responsible for libraries recreational facilities sanitation water supply and welfare services Since 1897 the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus Hamburg City Hall with the office of the mayor the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament 54 From 2001 until 2010 the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust 55 who governed in Germany s first statewide black green coalition consisting of the conservative CDU Hamburg and the alternative GAL which are Hamburg s regional wing of the Alliance 90 The Greens party 56 Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010 but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010 57 On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz SPD became mayor After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90 The Greens formed a coalition Boroughs Edit Main article Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs German Bezirke and subdivided into 104 quarters German Stadtteile There are 181 localities German Ortsteile The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws 8 58 Most of the quarters were former independent cities towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 when the cities Altona Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg 59 The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality 60 Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times Each borough is governed by a Borough Council German Bezirksversammlung and administered by a Municipal Administrator German Bezirksamtsleiter The boroughs are not independent municipalities their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg s Senate 58 The quarters have no governing bodies of their own The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg Mitte Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk visible just above the centre Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008 the boroughs are Hamburg Mitte Altona Eimsbuttel Hamburg Nord Wandsbek Bergedorf and Harburg 61 62 Hamburg Mitte Hamburg Centre covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook Billstedt Borgfelde Finkenwerder HafenCity Hamm Hammerbrook Horn Kleiner Grasbrook Neuwerk Rothenburgsort St Georg St Pauli Steinwerder Veddel Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg 61 The quarters Hamburg Altstadt old town and Neustadt new town are the historical origin of Hamburg Altona is the westernmost urban borough on the right bank of the Elbe river From 1640 to 1864 Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy Altona was an independent city until 1937 Politically the following quarters are part of Altona Altona Altstadt Altona Nord Bahrenfeld Ottensen Othmarschen Gross Flottbek Osdorf Lurup Nienstedten Blankenese Iserbrook Sulldorf Rissen Sternschanze 61 Bergedorf consists of the quarters Allermohe Altengamme Bergedorf the centre of the former independent town Billwerder Curslack Kirchwerder Lohbrugge Moorfleet Neuengamme Neuallermohe Ochsenwerder Reitbrook Spadenland and Tatenberg 61 Eimsbuttel is split into nine quarters Eidelstedt Eimsbuttel Harvestehude Hoheluft West Lokstedt Niendorf Rotherbaum Schnelsen and Stellingen 61 Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel Hamburg Nord contains the quarters Alsterdorf Barmbek Nord Barmbek Sud Dulsberg Eppendorf Fuhlsbuttel Gross Borstel Hoheluft Ost Hohenfelde Langenhorn Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery Uhlenhorst and Winterhude 61 Harburg lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg residential and rural areas and some research institutes The quarters are Altenwerder Cranz Eissendorf Francop Gut Moor Harburg Hausbruch Heimfeld Langenbek Marmstorf Moorburg Neuenfelde Neugraben Fischbek Neuland Ronneburg Sinstorf and Wilstorf 61 Wandsbek is divided into the quarters Bergstedt Bramfeld Duvenstedt Eilbek Farmsen Berne Hummelsbuttel Jenfeld Lemsahl Mellingstedt Marienthal Poppenbuttel Rahlstedt Sasel Steilshoop Tonndorf Volksdorf Wandsbek Wellingsbuttel and Wohldorf Ohlstedt 61 Cityscape Edit Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrucke Architecture Edit Historicist Palmaille Altona The Marco Polo Centre left and Unilever HQ Germany Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg Churches are important landmarks such as St Nicholas which for a short time in the 19th century was the world s tallest building The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches Hauptkirchen St Michael s nicknamed Michel St Peter s St James s St Jacobi and St Catherine s covered with copper plates and the Heinrich Hertz Turm the radio and television tower no longer publicly accessible The Chilehaus with a typical brick expressionist facade The many streams rivers and canals are crossed by some 2 500 bridges more than London Amsterdam and Venice put together 63 Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world 64 The Kohlbrandbrucke Freihafen Elbbrucken and Lombardsbrucke and Kennedybrucke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways The town hall is a richly decorated Neo Renaissance building finished in 1897 The tower is 112 metres 367 ft high Its facade 111 m 364 ft long depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire since Hamburg was as a Free Imperial City only under the sovereignty of the emperor 65 The Chilehaus a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Hoger is shaped like an ocean liner Europe s largest urban development since 2008 the HafenCity will house about 15 000 inhabitants and 45 000 workers 66 The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano The Elbphilharmonie Elbe Philharmonic Hall opened in January 2017 houses concerts in a sail shaped building on top of an old warehouse designed by architects Herzog amp de Meuron 67 68 The many parks are distributed over the whole city which makes Hamburg a very verdant city The biggest parks are the Stadtpark the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen The Stadtpark Hamburg s Central Park has a great lawn and a huge water tower which houses one of Europe s biggest planetaria The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s Parks and gardens Edit See also List of parks and gardens in Hamburg A water light concert at Planten un Blomen park The lavish and spacious Planten un Blomen park Low German dialect for plants and flowers located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city Within the park are various thematic gardens the biggest Japanese garden in Germany and the Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses The Botanischer Garten Hamburg is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg Besides these there are many more parks of various sizes In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up Moreover every year there are the famous water light concerts in the Planten un Blomen park from May to early October Culture and contemporary life EditHamburg has more than 40 theatres 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs With 6 6 music venues per 100 000 inhabitants Hamburg has the second highest density of music venues of Germany s largest cities after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin 69 70 In 2005 more than 18 million people visited concerts exhibitions theatres cinemas museums and cultural events and 8 552 taxable companies average size 3 16 employees were engaged in the culture sector which includes music performing arts and literature 71 The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg 72 Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011 Theatres Edit See also List of theatres in Hamburg The Deutsches Schauspielhaus in the St Georg quarter The 110 metre high 361 foot Elbphilharmonie concert hall The state owned Deutsches Schauspielhaus the Thalia Theatre Ohnsorg Theatre Schmidts Tivoli and the Kampnagel are well known theatres 73 The English Theatre of Hamburg 74 near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English speaking theatre in Germany and has exclusively English native speaking actors in its company Museums Edit See also List of museums in Hamburg Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery Galerie der Gegenwart the Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe Museum of Art and Design and the Deichtorhallen with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008 There are various specialised museums in Hamburg such as the Archaologisches Museum Hamburg Hamburg Archaeological Museum in the Harburg borough the Hamburg Museum of Work Museum der Arbeit and several museums of local history such as the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum de Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg at Kiekeberg in the Harburg Hills just outside of Hamburg in Rosengarten Two museum ships near St Pauli Piers Landungsbrucken bear witness to the freight ship Cap San Diego and cargo sailing ship era Rickmer Rickmers 75 In 2017 the Hamburg built iron hulled sailing ship Peking returned to the city and was installed in the German Port Museum in 2020 The world s largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with 15 4 km 9 57 mi total railway length is also situated near St Pauli Piers in a former warehouse BallinStadt a memorial park and former emigration station is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939 Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals Music Edit Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg The city s other well known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie Before it was the Laeiszhalle Musikhalle Hamburg The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra the Hamburger Symphoniker Gyorgy Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule fur Musik und Theater Hamburg 76 77 Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms who spent his formative early years in the city and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetras who wrote the well known Mondnacht auf der Alster waltz Since the German premiere of Cats in 1986 there have always been musicals running including The Phantom of the Opera The Lion King Dirty Dancing and Dance of the Vampires musical This density the highest in Germany is partly due to the major musical production company Stage Entertainment being based in the city In addition to musicals opera houses concert halls and theaters the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene This includes among other things over 100 music venues several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg 78 Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962 They proved popular and gained local acclaim Prior to the group s initial recording and widespread fame Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St Pauli Hamburg has produced a number of successful pop musicians Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg Deichkind and Jan Delay The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid 80s was the jazz pub Onkel Po which was originally founded in the Poseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf Many musicians who were counted as part of the Hamburg scene de met here In addition to Udo Lindenberg these included Otto Waalkes Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg born singer and composer Inga Rumpf Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music the Hamburger Schule a term used for bands like Tocotronic Blumfeld Tomte or Kante The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the Golden Pudel Club de in Altona s old town near the Fischmarkt Alongside clubs such as the Pal the Moondoo or the Waagenbau today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene Well known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff 79 Hamburg is also home to many music labels music distributors and publishers These include Warner Music Kontor Records PIAS Edel SE amp Co KGaA Believe Digital and Indigo The high proportion of independent labels in the city which include Audiolith Dial Records Grand Hotel van Cleef among others is striking Before its closure the label L Age D Or also belonged to these In addition Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene which gathers around the Rote Flora a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s Helloween Gamma Ray Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg 80 The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg initially as a performance art project The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal In the late 90s Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip hop scene Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg s hip hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip hop scene through songs like Hamburg City Blues In addition to Beginner several successful German hip hop acts hail from Hamburg such as Funf Sterne Deluxe Samy Deluxe Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande 81 Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community with record labels such as Spirit Zone 82 Festivals and regular events Edit Annual Hafengeburtstag Port Anniversary Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events Some of them are street festivals such as the gay pride Hamburg Pride festival 83 or the Alster fair German Alstervergnugen 84 held at the Binnenalster The Hamburger DOM is northern Germany s biggest funfair held three times a year 85 Hafengeburtstag is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade 86 The annual biker s service in Saint Michael s Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers 87 Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square among other places 88 The long night of museums German Lange Nacht der Museen offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight 89 The sixth Festival of Cultures was held in September 2008 celebrating multi cultural life 90 The Filmfest Hamburg a film festival originating from the 1950s Film Days German Film Tage presents a wide range of films 91 The Hamburg Messe and Congress offers a venue for trade shows such hanseboot an international boat show or Du und deine Welt a large consumer products show 92 Regular sports events some open to pro and amateur participants are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics the Hamburg Marathon the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin 93 the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture For example the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 30 million visitors every year In addition there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events 94 Hamburg s festivals include the Elbjazz Festival which takes place 2 days a year usually on the Whitsun weekend in Hamburg s harbor and HafenCity For contemporary and experimental music the blurred edges Archived 20 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg In mid August the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district 95 This is followed at the end of September by the Reeperbahn Festival de which has been running since 2006 As Europe s largest club festival it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide 96 In November the UBERJAZZ Festival which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz starts every year at Kampnagel 97 Cuisine Edit Main article Cuisine of Hamburg Fried plaice Finkenwerder style Original Hamburg dishes are Birnen Bohnen und Speck green beans cooked with pears and bacon 98 Aalsuppe Hamburgisch Oolsupp is often mistaken to be German for eel soup Aal Ool translated eel but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon allns aˑlns meaning all everything and the kitchen sink not necessarily eel Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners 99 There is Bratkartoffeln pan fried potato slices Finkenwerder Scholle Low Saxon Finkwarder Scholl pan fried plaice Pannfisch pan fried fish with mustard sauce 100 Rote Grutze Low Saxon Rode Grutt related to Danish rodgrod a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream like Danish rodgrod med flode 101 and Labskaus a mixture of corned beef mashed potatoes and beetroot a cousin of the Norwegian lapskaus and Liverpool s lobscouse all offshoots off an old time one pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor s humdrum diet on the high seas 102 Alsterwasser in reference to the city s river the Alster is the local name for a type of shandy a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade Zitronenlimonade the lemonade being added to the beer 103 There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrotchen Looking rather like a flattened croissant it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling often with raisins or brown sugar streusel The name may also reflect to the roll s croissant like appearance franz appears to be a shortening of franzosisch meaning French which would make a Franzbrotchen a French roll Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval shaped and of the French bread variety The local name is Schrippe scored lengthways for the oval kind and for the round kind Rundstuck round piece rather than mainstream German Brotchen diminutive form of Brot bread 104 a relative of Denmark s rundstykke In fact while by no means identical the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark especially of Copenhagen have a lot in common This also includes a predilection for open faced sandwiches of all sorts especially topped with cold smoked or pickled fish The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg s Frikadeller a pan fried patty usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart made from a mixture of ground beef soaked stale bread egg chopped onion salt and pepper usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat not usually on a bun The Oxford Dictionary defined a Hamburger steak in 1802 a sometimes smoked and salted piece of meat that according to some sources came from Hamburg to America 105 The name and food hamburger has entered all English speaking countries and derivative words in non English speaking countries There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes especially in the HafenCity Main sights Edit Elbphilharmonie Elphi Port of Hamburg St Pauli Piers and cruise ship Speicherstadt Warehouse district Hamburg City Hall St Michael s Church Michel Reeperbahn nightlife district of St Pauli Spielbudenplatz at Reeperbahn Grosse Freiheit Great Freedom Nikolai Memorial HafenCity Dockland at night View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz Turm Planten un Blomen Jungfernstieg Boulevard Hills and mansions in Blankenese Laeiszhalle concert venue Hamburg Hauptbahnhof the busiest railway station in Germany Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht HansOLG upper court Highrises in St Pauli Hafenkrone Kohlbrand Bridge TV Tower Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity View over Hamburg and the Alster Rote Flora in the Sternschanze neighbourhood Hamburg Alternative culture Edit Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter culture movements The boroughs of St Pauli Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left wing and anarchist groups culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations 106 During the 2017 G20 summit which took place in Hamburg from 7 8 July that year protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora On 7 July several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area In response to that the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors However this was met with strong resistance by protestors resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests 107 After the summit however the Rote Flora issued a statement in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self defence against police oppression In particular the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood 108 British culture Edit The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14 There are several English speaking communities such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg The British Club Hamburg British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club Anglo German Club e V 109 Professional Women s Forum 110 The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg The Hamburg Players e V English Language Theatre Group The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club several cricket clubs and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg Furthermore the Anglo Hanseatic Lodge No 850 111 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany 112 under the United Grand Lodges of Germany 113 works in Hamburg and has a diverse expat membership There is also a 400 year old Anglican church community worshipping at St Thomas Becket Church de 114 American and international English speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e V 115 the American Women s Club of Hamburg 116 the English Speaking Union the German American Women s Club 117 and The International Women s Club of Hamburg e V The American Chamber of Commerce handles matters related to business affairs 118 The International School of Hamburg serves school children William Wordsworth Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay labelled The Hamburg Journal 1798 by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt 119 A Hamburg saying referring to its anglophile nature is Wenn es in London anfangt zu regnen spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf When it starts raining in London people in Hamburg open their umbrellas Memorials Edit A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley 120 who beginning in 1842 reorganized the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street In 2009 more than 2 500 stumbling blocks Stolpersteine were laid engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution 121 Economy EditThe gross domestic product GDP of Hamburg was 119 0 billion in 2018 accounting for 3 6 of German economic output GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59 600 or 197 of the EU27 average in the same year The GDP per employee was 132 of the EU average 122 The city has a relatively high employment rate at 88 percent of the working age population employed in over 160 000 businesses The median gross salary in 2021 was 47 544 which is 9 29 higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall 123 The unemployment rate stood at 6 1 in October 2018 and was higher than the German average 124 Year 125 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Unemployment rate in 8 9 8 3 9 0 9 9 9 7 11 3 11 0 9 1 8 1 8 6 8 2 7 8 7 5 7 4 7 6 7 4 7 1 6 8 6 3 6 1 The Hamburg Stock Exchange Banking Edit Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany The city is the seat of Germany s oldest bank the Berenberg Bank M M Warburg amp CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany Port Edit Main article Port of Hamburg Queen Mary 2 at the Port of Hamburg The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th largest worldwide with transshipments of 8 9 million twenty foot equivalent units TEU of cargo and 138 2 million tons of goods in 2016 126 International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city Although situated 110 kilometres 70 mi up the Elbe it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean going vessels 127 Industrial production Edit Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel aluminium copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm Voss 128 Hamburg along with Seattle and Toulouse is an important location of the civil aerospace industry Airbus which operates the Hamburg Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder employs over 13 000 people 129 HafenCity Edit Main article HafenCity Western HafenCity area and Speicherstadt The HafenCity is Europe s largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg Mitte district It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm It is bordered to the north separated by the customs channel to Hamburg s city center west and south by the Elbe and to the east bounded by the upper harbor Rothenburgsort The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels and has a total area of about 2 2 square kilometers HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook Residential units for up to 12 000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid 2020s and jobs for up to 40 000 people mainly in the office sector should be created It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg Construction work started in 2003 and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai Sandtorkai neighborhood which is the first stage of the HafenCity project According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity HafenCity Hamburg GmbH half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages Tourism Edit City logo of Hamburg Neuer Wall one of Europe s most luxurious shopping streets In 2017 more than 6 783 000 visitors with 13 822 000 overnight stays visited the city 130 The tourism sector employs more than 175 000 people full time and brings in revenue of almost 9 billion making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region Hamburg has one of the fastest growing tourism industries in Germany From 2001 to 2007 the overnight stays in the city increased by 55 2 Berlin 52 7 Mecklenburg Vorpommern 33 131 A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St Michaelis called the Michel and visiting the old warehouse district Speicherstadt and the harbour promenade Landungsbrucken Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest As Hamburg is one of the world s largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and or canal boat tours Grosse Hafenrundfahrt Fleetfahrt which start from the Landungsbrucken Major destinations also include museums The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St Pauli is Europe s largest red light district and home of strip clubs brothels bars and nightclubs The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St Pauli and wrote the neighbourhood s unofficial anthem Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight in the 1940s The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers Others prefer the laid back neighbourhood Schanze with its street cafes or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe Hamburg s famous zoo the Tierpark Hagenbeck was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated barless enclosures 132 In 2016 the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg 133 The majority of visitors come from Germany Most foreigners are European especially from Denmark 395 681 overnight stays the United Kingdom 301 000 overnight stays Switzerland 340 156 overnight stays Austria about 252 397 overnight stays and the Netherlands about 182 610 overnight stays 133 The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States 206 614 overnight stays 133 The Queen Mary 2 has docked regularly since 2004 and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards 134 Creative industries Edit Der Spiegel headquarters Media businesses employ over 70 000 people 135 The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg including the very popular news program Tagesschau as are the commercial television station Hamburg 1 the Christian television station Bibel TV and the civil media outlet Tide TV There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg Some of Germany s largest publishing companies Axel Springer AG Gruner Jahr Bauer Media Group are located in the city Many national newspapers and magazines such as Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are produced in Hamburg as well as some special interest newspapers such as Financial Times Deutschland Hamburger Abendblatt and Hamburger Morgenpost are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation There are music publishers such as Warner Bros Records Germany and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany A total of about 2 000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry With over 17 000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros this industry is one of the strongest in the city 136 The Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft de and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry The interests of Hamburg musicians are represented for example by RockCity Hamburg e V Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film Tomorrow Never Dies The Reeperbahn has been the location for many scenes including the 1994 Beatles film Backbeat 137 The film A Most Wanted Man was set in and filmed in Hamburg Hamburg was also shown in An American Tail where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats Infrastructure EditHealth systems Edit Hamburg has 54 hospitals The University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf with about 1 736 beds houses a large medical school There are also smaller private hospitals On 1 January 2011 there were about 12 507 hospital beds 138 The city had 5 663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010 139 Transport Edit Main article Transport in Hamburg The Port of Hamburg on the river Elbe Baumwall station of the Hamburg U Bahn Neue and Freihafen Elbbrucke Hamburg is a major transportation hub connected to four Autobahnen motorways and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city such as the old Elbe Tunnel Alter Elbtunnel or St Pauli Elbtunnel official name which opened in 1911 now is major tourist sight and the Elbe Tunnel Elbtunnel the crossing of a motorway 140 Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation 141 142 There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport used only as a company airport for Airbus Some airlines market Lubeck Airport in Lubeck as serving Hamburg 143 Hamburg s licence plate prefix was HH Hansestadt Hamburg English Hanseatic City of Hamburg between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956 such as B for Berlin or M for Munich H was Hamburg s prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 used by Hanover since 1956 144 Public transport Edit A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg Public transport by rail bus and ship is organised by the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund Hamburg transit authority HVV Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies services The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide 145 33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport 146 The S Bahn commuter train system comprises six lines and the U Bahn four lines U Bahn is short for Untergrundbahn underground railway Approximately 41 km 25 mi of 101 km 63 mi of the U Bahn is underground most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level Older residents still speak of the system as Hochbahn elevated railway also because the operating company of the subway is the Hamburger Hochbahn The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig Holstein to the city On some routes regional trains of Germany s major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional metronom trains may be used with an HVV ticket Except at the four bigger stations of the city Hauptbahnhof Dammtor Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978 147 Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes operated by single deck two three and four axle diesel buses 146 Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses but has hydrogen fueled buses The buses run frequently during working hours with buses on some so called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes citation needed On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer on normal days Monday Friday the normal buses stop running at night MetroBuses run all around the clock every day at the year at least every half hour There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe operated by HADAG that fall under the aegis of the HVV While mainly used by citizens and dock workers they can also be used for sightseeing tours 148 An Airbus A321 on final assembly line 3 in the Airbus Hamburg Finkenwerder plant The international airport serving Hamburg Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt IATA HAM ICAO EDDH is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany having been established in 1912 and located about 5 miles 8 kilometres from the city centre About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports including some long distance destinations like Newark New Jersey on United Airlines Dubai on Emirates and Tehran on Iran Air Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa which is the largest carrier at the airport and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there The second airport is located in Hamburg Finkenwerder officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport IATA XFW ICAO EDHI It is about 10 km 6 mi from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant It is the second biggest Airbus plant after Toulouse and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318 A319 A320 A321 and A380 aircraft 149 Public transportation statisticsThe average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg for example to and from work on a weekday is 58 min 16 of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min while 11 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8 9 km while 21 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 150 Utilities Edit Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by Vattenfall Europe formerly the state owned Hamburgische Electricitats Werke Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbuttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krummel Nuclear Power Plant both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase out In addition E ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg There are also the coal fired Wedel Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant and the fuel cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter VERA Klarschlammverbrennung uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant the Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is Mullverwertung Borsigstrasse 151 In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production Kohleausstiegsgesetz 152 This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition Tschuess Kohle Goodbye Coal Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal 153 Sports EditMain article Sport in Hamburg Hamburg City Man 2007 at the Binnenalster Barclaycard Arena Volksparkstadion Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2 Bundesliga as of 2023 The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018 HSV is a six time German champion a three time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983 and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice in 2000 01 and in 2006 07 They play at the Volksparkstadion average attendance in the 12 13 season was 52 916 In addition FC St Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009 10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001 02 season St Pauli s home games take place at the Millerntor Stadion The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL the premier ice hockey league in Germany HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league In 2007 HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup The Club won the league in the 2010 11 season and had an average attendance of 10 690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013 Since 2014 the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014 15 season But due to economic support from the former club president sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute On 20 January 2016 however their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles In 2016 17 they were not allowed to play in the first or second league The team lives on through their former second team now their main team in the third division 2016 2018 and in second division since 2018 The BCJ Hamburg played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001 Later the Hamburg Towers became the city s prime team The Towers promoted to Germany s top division in 2019 In 2022 they already reached the playoffs The Towers play their home games at the Edel optics de Arena in Wilhelmsburg Hamburg is the nation s field hockey capital and dominates the men s as well as the women s Bundesliga Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany s top lacrosse clubs 154 The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team three men s and two women s teams The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis und Hockey Club e V HTHC 155 Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017 156 Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football ELF which is a planned professional league that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe 157 The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021 158 There are also the Hamburg Dockers an Australian rules football club 159 The FC St Pauli team dominates women s rugby in Germany Other first league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg Volleyball and Hamburger Polo Club 160 Eimsbutteler TV plays in the German Women s 2 Volleyball Bundesliga There are also several minority sports clubs including four cricket clubs Am Rothenbaum is the main tennis stadium of the International German Open The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue with a capacity of 13 200 people is the largest in Germany 161 Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at Reitstadion Klein Flottbek Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage and Horner Rennbahn Deutsches Derby flat racing 162 Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin s In 2008 23 230 participants were registered 163 World Cup events in cycling the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics and the triathlon ITU World Cup event Hamburg City Man are also held in here 164 Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena 165 Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games but 51 7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg s bid to host the games Meanwhile Hamburg s partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds 166 Education EditSee also Education in Hamburg and Education in Germany The main building of the University of Hamburg The University of Music and Theatre The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training Behorde fur Schule und Berufsbildung The system had approximately 191 148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016 167 There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg 168 Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg with about 100 589 university students in total including 9 000 resident students 169 Six universities are public including the largest the University of Hamburg Universitat Hamburg with the University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf the University of Music and Theatre the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology Seven universities are private like the Bucerius Law School the Kuhne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration The city has also smaller private colleges and universities including many religious and special purpose institutions such as the Helmut Schmidt University formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg 170 Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany the International School of Hamburg Twin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Hamburg is twinned with 171 Saint Petersburg Russia 1957 Marseille France 1958 Shanghai China 1986 Dresden Germany 1987 Leon Nicaragua 1989 Osaka Japan 1989 Prague Czech Republic 1990 Chicago United States 1994 Dar Es Salaam Tanzania 2010 Notable people EditFurther information Category People from Hamburg In Hamburg it s hard to find a native Hamburger A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish people from Pinneberg and those from Bergedorf One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society mackerels from Stade sole from Finkenwerder herrings from Cuxhaven swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws The first so called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium Heinrich Heine must have had the same experience when he tried with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy to find the people of Hamburg Siegfried Lenz in Leute von Hamburg People of Hamburg ISBN 978 3 423 11538 4 172 The list below started with people with a ref to 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica who are said to be born at Hamburg It is in date order There are others too portrait of Barthold Heinrich Brockes painting of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy 1833 portrait of Johannes Brahms 1899 Lucas Holstenius 1596 1661 German Catholic humanist geographer historian and librarian 173 Andreas Schluter ca 1659 ca 1714 a German baroque sculptor and architect 174 Barthold Heinrich Brockes 1680 1747 a German poet 175 Hermann Samuel Reimarus 1694 1768 a German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment 176 Konrad Ekhof 1720 1778 the foremost German actor of the 18th century 177 Johann Bernhard Basedow 1724 1790 a German educational reformer teacher and writer 178 Johann Joachim Eschenburg 1743 1820 a German critic and literary historian 179 Johann Elert Bode 1747 1826 an astronomer he named and determined the orbit of Uranus 180 Johann Dominicus Fiorillo 1748 1821 a German painter and historian of art 181 Christian Count of Stolberg Stolberg 1748 1821 poet brother of Frederick Leopold 182 Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg Stolberg 1750 1819 a German lawyer and translator 183 Georg Friedrich von Martens 1756 1821 a German jurist and diplomat 184 Ludwig Erdwin Seyler 1758 1836 banker and politician Johann Franz Encke 1791 1865 astronomer measured the distance from Earth to the Sun 185 Ami Boue 1794 1881 a geologist of French Huguenot origin 186 Gustav Friedrich Waagen 1794 1868 a German art historian 187 Johann Christian Poggendorff 1796 1877 a physicist dealt with electricity and magnetism 188 Matthias Jakob Schleiden 1804 1881 a German botanist co founder of cell theory 189 Samson Raphael Hirsch 1808 1888 Orthodox rabbi founded the Torah im Derech Eretz 190 Felix Mendelssohn 1809 1847 a German composer pianist organist and conductor 191 Ludwig Preller 1809 1861 a German philologist and antiquarian 192 Friedrich Gerstacker 1816 1872 a German travel writer and novelist 193 Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth 1818 1892 a German geologist and mineralogist 194 Heinrich Barth 1821 1865 a German explorer of Africa and a scholar 195 Jacob Bernays 1824 1881 a German philologist and philosophical writer 196 Julius Oppert 1825 1905 a French German Assyriologist 197 Therese Tietjens 1831 1877 a leading opera and oratorio soprano 198 Johannes Brahms 1833 1897 a German composer pianist and conductor 199 Michael Bernays 1834 1897 German literary historian scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare 200 Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig 1835 1910 German chemist discovered the pinacol coupling reaction 201 Wilhelm Kuhne 1837 1900 a German physiologist coined the word enzyme in 1878 202 Carl Rosa 1842 1889 musical impresario founded the Carl Rosa Opera Company in London 203 Carl Hagenbeck 1844 1913 a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos 204 Hans Hinrich Wendt 1853 1928 a German Protestant theologian 205 Hans von Bartels 1856 1913 a German painter 206 Heinrich Hertz 1857 1894 physicist who first proved the existence of electromagnetic waves 207 Helmut Schmidt 1918 2015 politician and chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982 Angela Merkel born 1954 a retired politician and scientist chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 See also Edit Hamburg portal Germany portal Europe portal Geography portalNovo HamburgoReferences Edit a b citypopulation de quoting Federal Statistics Office Germany Urban Areas Archived from the original on 3 June 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Bevolkerung in Hamburg am 31 12 2021 PDF PDF in German Statistisches Amt fur Hamburg und Schleswig Holstein May 2022 Definition of HAMBURG www merriam webster 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archived from the original on 29 June 2017 retrieved 1 November 2017 Hamburg Hamburger Abendblatt Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor in German Retrieved 1 November 2017 Science Portal Hamburg in German Ministry of Science and Research Behorde fur Wissenschaft und Forschung archived from the original on 10 August 2008 retrieved 5 August 2008 Partnerstadte hamburg de in German Hamburg Retrieved 12 February 2021 Jenkins Jennifer 2003 Provincial modernity local culture and liberal politics in fin de siecle Hamburg Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 4025 4 Holstenius Lucas Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 p 619 Schluter Andreas Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed 1911 p 343 Brockes Barthold Heinrich Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 624 Reimarus Hermann Samuel Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 p 53 Ekhof Konrad Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 9 11th ed 1911 pp 139 140 Basedow Johann Bernhard Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 pp 461 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942 Rosa Carl August Nicholas Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 p 720 Hagenbeck Carl Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed 1911 p 814 Wendt Hans Hinrich Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed 1911 p 518 Bartels Hans von Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 p 447 Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 pp 400 401 External links EditHamburg at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website Hamburg at Curlie Geographic data related to Hamburg at OpenStreetMap Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Hamburg city Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Hamburg Panorama View Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hamburg amp oldid 1136900642, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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