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Dresden

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Dresden (disambiguation).

Dresden (/ˈdrɛzdən/, German: [ˈdʁeːsdn̩] (listen); Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Upper Sorbian: Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth largest by area (after Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne), and the third most populous city in the area of former East Germany, after Berlin and Leipzig. Dresden's urban area comprises the towns of Freital, Pirna, Radebeul, Meissen, Coswig, Radeberg and Heidenau and has around 790,000 inhabitants.[3] The Dresden metropolitan area has approximately 1.34 million inhabitants.[2]

Dresden
City
Clockwise: Dresden skyline with River Elbe at dusk, Semper Opera, Catholic Court Church, Academy of Fine Arts with "lemon squeezer" dome and sculpture of Pheme, Dresden skyline, Dresden Castle, rebuilt houses on New Market Square with statue of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, Our Lady's Church at dusk
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Dresden
Dresden
Dresden
Coordinates: 51°03′00″N 13°44′24″E / 51.05000°N 13.74000°E / 51.05000; 13.74000Coordinates: 51°03′00″N 13°44′24″E / 51.05000°N 13.74000°E / 51.05000; 13.74000
CountryGermany
StateSaxony
DistrictUrban district
Government
 • Lord mayor (2022–29) Dirk Hilbert[1] (FDP)
Area
 • City328.8 km2 (127.0 sq mi)
Elevation
113 m (371 ft)
Population
 (2021-12-31)[4]
 • City555,351
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
 • Urban
790,400[3]
 • Metro
1,343,305[2]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Vehicle registrationDD
Websitewww.dresden.de
Official nameDresden Elbe Valley
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii, iv, v
Designated2004 (28th session)
Reference no.1156
RegionEurope
Delisted2009 (33rd session)
Historic city centre with main sights

Dresden is the second largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg.[note 1] Most of the city's population lives in the Elbe Valley, but a large, albeit very sparsely populated area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands (the westernmost part of the Sudetes) and thus in Lusatia. Many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the foreland of the Ore Mountains, as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden, the longest of which are the Weißeritz and the Lockwitzbach. The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of Sorbian origin.

Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor, and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque and rococo city centre. The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and destroyed the entire city centre. After the war, restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city.

Since German reunification in 1990, Dresden has again become a cultural, educational and political centre of Germany. The Dresden University of Technology is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and ranks first in Saxony.[5] It is dominated by high-tech branches, often called "Silicon Saxony". According to the Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) and Berenberg Bank in 2019, Dresden had the seventh best prospects for the future of all cities in Germany.[6]

Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany with 4.7 million overnight stays per year.[7][8] Its most prominent building is the Frauenkirche located at the Neumarkt. Built in the 18th century, the church was destroyed during World War II. The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial, before being rebuilt between 1994 and 2005. Other famous landmarks include the Zwinger, the Semperoper and the Dresden Castle. Furthermore, the city is home to the renowned Dresden State Art Collections, originating from the collections of the Saxon electors in the 16th century. Dresden's Striezelmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.[9] Nearby sights include the National Park of Saxon Switzerland, the Ore Mountains and the countryside around Elbe Valley and Moritzburg Castle.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Dresden.
Timeline of Dresden
Historical affiliations

  Margravate of Meissen, to 1423
  Electorate of Saxony, 1423–1806
  Kingdom of Saxony, 1806–1848
  German Empire, 1848–1849
  Kingdom of Saxony, 1849–1867
  North German Confederation (Kingdom of Saxony), 1867–1871
  German Empire (Kingdom of Saxony), 1867–1918
  Soviet Republic of Saxony, 1918
  Weimar Republic (Free State of Saxony), 1918–1933
  Nazi Germany 1933–1945
  Soviet occupation zone of Germany, 1945–1949
  East Germany, 1949–1990
  Germany (Free State of Saxony), 1990–present

 
The Fürstenzug—the Saxon sovereigns depicted in Meissen porcelain

Although Dresden is a relatively recent city that grew from a Slavic village after Germans came to dominate the area,[10] the area had been settled in the Neolithic era by Linear Pottery culture tribes c. 7500 BC.[11] Dresden's founding and early growth is associated with the eastward expansion of Germanic peoples,[10] mining in the nearby Ore Mountains, and the establishment of the Margraviate of Meissen. Its name etymologically derives from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning "people of the forest", from Proto-Slavic *dręzga ("dense forest") from *drězgà ("murky space").[12][user-generated source?] Dresden later evolved into the capital of Saxony.

Early history

 
Dresden in 1521

Around the late 12th century, a Sorbian settlement called Drežďany[13] (meaning either "woods" or "lowland forest-dweller"[14]) had developed on the southern bank. Another settlement existed on the northern bank, but its Slavic name is unknown. It was known as Antiqua Dresdin by 1350, and later as Altendresden,[13][15] both literally "old Dresden". Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen, chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206, as documented in a record calling the place "Civitas Dresdene".

After 1270, Dresden became the capital of the margraviate. It was given to Friedrich Clem after death of Henry the Illustrious in 1288. It was taken by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1316 and was restored to the Wettin dynasty after the death of Valdemar the Great in 1319. From 1485, it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony, and from 1547 the electors as well.

Early-modern age

The Elector and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King Augustus II the Strong of Poland in 1697. He gathered many of the best musicians,[16] architects and painters from all over Europe to Dresden.[17] His reign marked the beginning of Dresden's emergence as a leading European city for technology and art. During the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland most of the city's baroque landmarks were built. These include the Zwinger Royal Palace, the Japanese Palace, the Taschenbergpalais, the Pillnitz Castle and the two landmark churches: the Catholic Hofkirche and the Lutheran Frauenkirche. In addition, significant art collections and museums were founded. Notable examples include the Dresden Porcelain Collection, the Collection of Prints, Drawings and Photographs, the Grünes Gewölbe and the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon.

In 1726 there was a riot for two days after a Protestant clergyman was killed by a soldier who had recently converted from Catholicism.[18] In 1745, the Treaty of Dresden between Prussia, Saxony, and Austria ended the Second Silesian War. Only a few years later, Dresden suffered heavy destruction in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), following its capture by Prussian forces, its subsequent re-capture, and a failed Prussian siege in 1760. Friedrich Schiller completed his Ode to Joy (the literary base of the European anthem) in Dresden in 1785.[19]

19th and early 20th century

 
Napoleon Crossing the Elbe by Józef Brodowski (1895)

In 1806, Dresden became the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony established by Napoleon. During the Napoleonic Wars the French Emperor made it a base of operations, winning there the Battle of Dresden on 27 August 1813. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Saxony became part of the German Confederation in 1815. Following the Polish uprisings of 1831, 1848 and 1863 many Poles fled to Dresden, among others composer Frédéric Chopin. Dresden itself was a centre of the German Revolutions in 1848 with the May Uprising, which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden.[citation needed] The uprising forced Frederick Augustus II of Saxony to flee from Dresden, but he soon after regained control over the city with the help of Prussia. In 1852, the population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants, making it one of the biggest cities within the German Confederation.

As the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, Dresden became part of the newly founded German Empire in 1871. In the following years, the city became a major centre of economy, including motor car production, food processing, banking and the manufacture of medical equipment. In the early 20th century, Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories. During World War I, the city did not suffer any war damage, but lost many of its inhabitants. Between 1918 and 1934, Dresden was the capital of the first Free State of Saxony as well as a cultural and economic centre of the Weimar Republic. The city was also a centre of European modern art until 1933.

Military history

 
Image of Dresden during the 1890s, before extensive World War II destruction. Landmarks include Dresden Frauenkirche, Augustus Bridge, and Katholische Hofkirche.

During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, a large military facility called Albertstadt was built.[20] It had a capacity of up to 20,000 military personnel at the beginning of the First World War. The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934, but was then reactivated in preparation for the Second World War.

Its usefulness was limited by attacks on 13–15 February and 17 April 1945, the former of which destroyed large areas of the city. However, the garrison itself was not specifically targeted.[21][22] Soldiers had been deployed as late as March 1945 in the Albertstadt garrison.

The Albertstadt garrison became the headquarters of the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany after the war. Apart from the German army officers' school (Offizierschule des Heeres), there have been no more military units in Dresden since the army merger during German reunification, and the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1992. Nowadays, the Bundeswehr operates the Military History Museum of the Federal Republic of Germany in the former Albertstadt garrison.

Second World War

 
The ruins of Dresden in 1945. Facing south from the town hall (Rathaus) tower. Statue Güte (Good or Kindness) by August Schreitmüller, 1908–1910.

During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, the Jewish community of Dresden was reduced from over 6,000 (7,100 people were persecuted as Jews) to 41, mostly as a result of emigration, but later also deportation and murder.[23][24] Non-Jews were also targeted, and over 1,300 people were executed by the Nazis at the Münchner Platz, a courthouse in Dresden, including labour leaders, undesirables, resistance fighters and anyone caught listening to foreign radio broadcasts.[25] The bombing stopped prisoners who were busy digging a large hole into which an additional 4,000 prisoners were to be disposed of.[26]

Dresden in the 20th century was a major communications hub and manufacturing centre with 127 factories and major workshops and was designated by the German military as a defensive strongpoint, with which to hinder the Soviet advance.[27] Being the capital of the German state of Saxony, Dresden not only had garrisons but a whole military borough, the Albertstadt.[28] This military complex, named after Saxon King Albert, was not specifically targeted in the bombing of Dresden, though it was within the expected area of destruction and was extensively damaged.[citation needed]

During the final months of the Second World War, Dresden harboured some 600,000 refugees, with a total population of 1.2 million. Dresden was attacked seven times between 1944 and 1945, and was occupied by the Red Army after the German capitulation.

The bombing of Dresden by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) between 13 and 15 February 1945 was controversial. On the night of 13–14 February 1945, 773 RAF Lancaster bombers dropped 1,181.6 tons of incendiary bombs and 1,477.7 tons of high explosive bombs, targeting the rail yards at the centre of the city. The inner city of Dresden was largely destroyed.[29][30] The high explosive bombs damaged buildings and exposed their wooden structures, while the incendiaries ignited them, denying their use by retreating German troops and refugees.[citation needed] Widely quoted Nazi propaganda reports claimed 200,000 deaths, but the German Dresden Historians' Commission, made up of 13 prominent German historians, in an official 2010 report published after five years of research concluded that casualties numbered between 22,500 and 25,000.[31] The Allies described the operation as the legitimate bombing of a military and industrial target.[21] Several researchers have argued that the February attacks were disproportionate. As a result of inadequate Nazi air raid measures for refugees, mostly women and children died.[32]

American author Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse Five is loosely based on his first-hand experience of the raid as a POW.[33] In remembrance of the victims, the anniversaries of the bombing of Dresden are marked with peace demonstrations, devotions and marches.[34][35]

The destruction of Dresden allowed Hildebrand Gurlitt, a major Nazi museum director and art dealer, to hide a large collection of artwork worth tens of millions of dollars that had been stolen during the Nazi era, as he claimed it had been destroyed along with his house which was located in Dresden.[36]

Post-war

Following his military service the German press photographer and photojournalist Richard Peter returned to Dresden and began to document the ruined city. Among his best known works Blick auf Dresden vom Rathausturm (View of Dresden from the Rathaus Tower). It has become one of the best known photographs of a ruined post-war Germany following its appearance in 1949 in his book Dresden, eine Kamera klagt an ("Dresden, a photographic accusation", ISBN 3-930195-03-8).[37]

When a skeleton previously used as a model for drawing art classes was found in the ruins of the Dresden Art Academy the photographer Edmund Kesting with the assistance of Peter posed it in a number of different locations to produce a series of haunting photographic images to give the impression that Death was wandering through the city in search of the dead.[37] Kesting subsequently published them in the book Dresdner Totentanz (Dresden’s Death Dance).

The damage from the Allied air raids was so bad that following the end of the Second World War a narrow gauge light railway system was constructed to remove the debris, though being makeshift there were frequent derailments. This railway system which had seven lines, employed 5,000 staff and 40 locomotives, all of which bore women’s names. The last train remained in service until 1958, though the last official debris clearance team was only disbanded in 1977.[37]

Rather than repair them the German Democratic Republic (former East Germany) authorities razed the ruins of many churches, royal buildings and palaces in the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Gothic Sophienkirche, the Alberttheater and the Wackerbarth-Palais as well as many historic residential buildings. The surroundings of the once lively Prager Straße resembled a wasteland before it was rebuilt in the socialist style at the beginning of the 1960s.

However compared to West Germany, the majority of historic buildings were saved.[citation needed] Among them were the Ständehaus (1946), the Augustusbrücke (1949), the Kreuzkirche (until 1955), the Zwinger (until 1963), the Catholic Court Church (until 1965), the Semperoper (until 1985), the Japanese Palace (until 1987) and the two largest train stations. Some of this work dragged on for decades often interrupted by the overall economic situation in the GDR. The ruins of the Frauenkirche were allowed to remain on Neumarkt as a memorial to the war.

While the Theater and Schloßplatz were rebuilt in accordance with the historical model in 1990, the Neumarkt remained completely undeveloped. On the other hand buildings of socialist classicism and spatial design and orientation according to socialist ideals (e.g. Kulturpalast) were built at the Altmarkt.

From 1955 to 1958, a large part of the art treasures looted by the Soviet Union was returned, which meant that from 1960 onwards many state art collections could be opened in reconstructed facilities or interim exhibitions. Important orchestras such as the Staatskapelle performed in alternative venues (for example in the Kulturpalast from 1969). Some cultural institutions were moved out of the city center (for example the state library in Albertstadt). The Outer Neustadt, which was almost undamaged during the war was threatened with demolition in the 1980s following years of neglect, but was preserved following public protests.

To house the homeless large prefabricated housing estates were built on previously undeveloped land In Prohlis and Gorbitz. Damaged housing in the Johannstadt and other areas in the city center were demolished and replaced with large apartment blocks. The villa districts in Blasewitz, Striesen, Kleinzschachwitz, Loschwitz and on the Weißen Hirsch were largely preserved.

Dresden became a major industrial centre in the German Democratic Republic (former East Germany) with a great deal of research infrastructure. It was the centre of Bezirk Dresden (Dresden District) between 1952 and 1990. Many of the city's important historic buildings were reconstructed, including the Semper Opera House and the Zwinger Palace, although the city leaders chose to rebuild large areas of the city in a "socialist modern" style, partly for economic reasons, but also to break away from the city's past as the royal capital of Saxony and a stronghold of the German bourgeoisie.

Until the end of the Cold War, the 1st Armored Guard Army of the Soviet Army and the 7th Panzer Division of the National People's Army were stationed in and around Dresden. Following reunification in 1989, the Soviet / Russian troops were withdrawn from Germany in the early 1990s and the NVA dissolved in accordance with the provisions of the Two-Plus-Four Treaty of 1990.

From 1985 to 1990, the future President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, was stationed in Dresden by the KGB, where he worked for Lazar Matveev, the senior KGB liaison officer there. On 3 October 1989 (the so-called "battle of Dresden"), a convoy of trains carrying East German refugees from Prague passed through Dresden on its way to the Federal Republic of Germany. Local activists and residents joined in the growing civil disobedience movement spreading across the German Democratic Republic, by staging demonstrations and demanding the removal of the communist government.

Post-reunification

 
The Dresden Frauenkirche, a few years after its reconsecration

Dresden has experienced dramatic changes since the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s. The city still bears many wounds from the bombing raids of 1945, but it has undergone significant reconstruction in recent decades. Restoration of the Dresden Frauenkirche, a Lutheran church, the rebuilding of which was started after the reunification of Germany in 1994, was completed in 2005, a year before Dresden's 800th anniversary, notably by privately raised funds. The gold cross on the top of the church was funded officially by "the British people and the House of Windsor". The urban renewal process, which includes the reconstruction of the area around the Neumarkt square on which the Frauenkirche is situated, will continue for many decades, but public and government interest remains high, and there are numerous large projects underway—both historic reconstructions and modern plans—that will continue the city's recent architectural renaissance.

Dresden remains a major cultural centre of historical memory, owing to the city's destruction in World War II. Each year on 13 February, the anniversary of the British and American fire-bombing raid that destroyed most of the city, tens of thousands of demonstrators gather to commemorate the event. Since reunification, the ceremony has taken on a more neutral and pacifist tone (after being used more politically during the Cold War). Beginning in 1999, right-wing Neo-Nazi white nationalist groups have organised demonstrations in Dresden that have been among the largest of their type in the post-war history of Germany. Each year around the anniversary of the city's destruction, people convene in the memory of those who died in the fire-bombing.

The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding the Neumarkt area. The areas around the square have been divided into 8 "quarters", with each being rebuilt as a separate project, the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a facade similar to the original. The quarters I, II, IV, V, VI and VIII have since been completed, with quarter III and quarter VII still partly under construction in 2020.

In 2002, torrential rains caused the Elbe to flood 9 metres (30 ft) above its normal height, i.e., even higher than the old record height from 1845, damaging many landmarks (see 2002 European floods). The destruction from this "millennium flood" is no longer visible, due to the speed of reconstruction.

The United Nations' cultural organization UNESCO declared the Dresden Elbe Valley to be a World Heritage Site in 2004.[38] After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006, the city lost the title in June 2009,[39][40] due to the construction of the Waldschlößchenbrücke, making it only the second ever World Heritage Site to be removed from the register.[39][40] UNESCO stated in 2006 that the bridge would destroy the cultural landscape. The city council's legal moves, meant to prevent the bridge from being built, failed.[41][42]

 
Modern Dresden by night
 
Dresden by day (Brühl's Terrace)

Geography

Main article: Geography and urban development of Dresden

Location

 
Saxon Switzerland a few kilometres outside of Dresden
 
View over Dresden Basin

Dresden lies on both banks of the Elbe, mostly in the Dresden Basin, with the further reaches of the eastern Ore Mountains to the south, the steep slope of the Lusatian granitic crust to the north, and the Elbe Sandstone Mountains to the east at an altitude of about 113 metres (371 feet). Triebenberg is the highest point in Dresden at 384 metres (1,260 feet).[43]

With a pleasant location and a mild climate on the Elbe, as well as Baroque-style architecture and numerous world-renowned museums and art collections, Dresden has been called "Elbflorenz" (Florence on the Elbe). The incorporation of neighbouring rural communities over the past 60 years has made Dresden the fourth largest urban district by area in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne.[44]

The nearest German cities are Chemnitz 62 kilometres (39 miles)[45] to the southwest, Leipzig 100 kilometres (62 miles)[46] to the northwest and Berlin 165 kilometres (103 miles)[47] to the north. Prague (Czech Republic) is about 150 kilometres (93 miles) to the south and Wrocław (Poland) 200 kilometres (120 miles) to the east.

Nature

Dresden is one of the greenest cities in all of Europe, with 62% of the city being green areas and forests.[48] The Dresden Heath (Dresdner Heide) to the north is a forest 50 km2 (19 sq mi) in size. There are four nature reserves. The additional Special Conservation Areas cover 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi). The protected gardens, parkways, parks and old graveyards host 110 natural monuments in the city.[49] The Dresden Elbe Valley is a former world heritage site which is focused on the conservation of the cultural landscape in Dresden. One important part of that landscape is the Elbe meadows, which cross the city in a 20 kilometre swath. Saxon Switzerland is located south-east of the city.

Climate

Like most of eastern Germany, Dresden has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with significant continental influences due to its inland location. The summers are warm, averaging 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) in July. The winters are slightly colder than the German average, with a January average temperature of 0.1 °C (32.18 °F). The driest months are February, March and April, with precipitation of around 40 mm (1.6 in). The wettest months are July and August, with more than 80 mm (3.1 in) per month.

The microclimate in the Elbe valley differs from that on the slopes and in the higher areas, where the Dresden district Klotzsche, at 227 metres above sea level, hosts the Dresden weather station. The weather in Klotzsche is 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) colder than in the inner city at 112 metres above sea level.

Climate data for Dresden, Germany for 1981–2010, record temperatures for 1967-2013 (Source: DWD)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		9.4
(48.9)
Average low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −25.3
(−13.5) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.2
(34.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−25.3
(−13.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.5
(1.83) 		34.6
(1.36) 		43.2
(1.70) 		41.2
(1.62) 		64.8
(2.55) 		64.6
(2.54) 		87.4
(3.44) 		83.0
(3.27) 		50.2
(1.98) 		42.5
(1.67) 		53.9
(2.12) 		52.1
(2.05) 		664.03
(26.14)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.1 77.8 118.2 170.7 218.7 202.3 222.6 212.9 152.0 122.4 64.5 55.1 1,679.37
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[50]

Flood protection

Because of its location on the banks of the Elbe, into which some water sources from the Ore Mountains flow, flood protection is important. Large areas are kept free of buildings to provide a flood plain. Two additional trenches, about 50 metres wide, have been built to keep the inner city free of water from the Elbe, by dissipating the water downstream through the inner city's gorge portion. Flood regulation systems like detention basins and water reservoirs are almost all outside the city area.

The Weißeritz, normally a rather small river, suddenly ran directly into the main station of Dresden during the 2002 European floods. This was largely because the river returned to its former route; it had been diverted so that a railway could run along the river bed.

Many locations and areas need to be protected by walls and sheet pilings during floods. A number of districts become waterlogged if the Elbe overflows across some of its former floodplains.[51]

City structuring

Dresden is a spacious city. Its boroughs differ in their structure and appearance. Many parts still contain an old village core, while some quarters are almost completely preserved as rural settings. Other characteristic kinds of urban areas are the historic outskirts of the city, and the former suburbs with scattered housing. During the German Democratic Republic, many apartment blocks were built. The original parts of the city are almost all in the boroughs of Altstadt (Old town) and Neustadt (New town). Growing outside the city walls, the historic outskirts were built in the 18th and 19th century. They were planned and constructed on the orders of the Saxon monarchs and many of them are named after Saxon sovereigns (e.g. Friedrichstadt and Albertstadt). Dresden has been divided into ten boroughs called "Stadtbezirk" and nine former municipalities ("Ortschaften") which have been incorporated since 1990.[52]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
15012,500—    
160314,793+491.7%
169921,298+44.0%
172746,472+118.2%
175563,209+36.0%
177244,760−29.2%
180061,794+38.1%
181351,175−17.2%
183061,886+20.9%
184082,014+32.5%
1852104,199+27.1%
1861128,152+23.0%
1871177,089+38.2%
1880220,818+24.7%
1890276,522+25.2%
1900396,146+43.3%
1905516,996+30.5%
1910548,308+6.1%
1916528,732−3.6%
1920540,900+2.3%
1925619,157+14.5%
1930633,441+2.3%
1933649,252+2.5%
1935637,052−1.9%
1940626,900−1.6%
1944566,738−9.6%
1945368,519−35.0%
1946467,966+27.0%
1950494,187+5.6%
1955496,548+0.5%
1960493,603−0.6%
1965508,119+2.9%
1970502,432−1.1%
1975509,331+1.4%
1980516,225+1.4%
1985519,769+0.7%
1990490,571−5.6%
1995469,110−4.4%
2000477,807+1.9%
2005495,181+3.6%
2010523,058+5.6%
2015543,825+4.0%
2019557,075+2.4%
Source:[citation needed]
Top 10 non-German populations[53]
Nationality Population (31 December 2016)
  China 2,417
  Russia 2,312
  Syria 2,195
  Vietnam 1,830
  Poland 1,743
  Ukraine 1,592
  Italy 1,099
  Czech Republic 1,076
  Romania 982
  India 950

The population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants in 1852, making it one of the first German cities after Hamburg, Berlin and Breslau to reach that number. The population peaked at 649,252 in 1933, and dropped to 368,519 in 1945 because of World War II, during which large residential areas of the city were destroyed. After large incorporations and city restoration, the population grew to 522,532 again between 1946 and 1983.[54]

Since German reunification, demographic development has been very unsteady. The city has struggled with migration and suburbanisation. During the 1990s the population increased to 480,000 because of several incorporations, and decreased to 452,827 in 1998. Between 2000 and 2010, the population grew quickly by more than 45,000 inhabitants (about 9.5%) due to a stabilised economy and re-urbanisation. Along with Munich and Potsdam, Dresden is one of the ten fastest-growing cities in Germany.[44]

As of 2019 the population of the city of Dresden was 557,075,[55] the population of the Dresden agglomeration was 790,400 as of 2018,[3] and as of 2019 the population of the Dresden metropolitan area, which includes the neighbouring districts of Meißen, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Bautzen and Görlitz, was 1,343,305.[2]

As of 2018 about 50.0% of the population was female.[56] As of 2007 the mean age of the population was 43 years, which is the lowest among the urban districts in Saxony.[57] As of 31 December 2018 there were 67,841 people with a migration background (12.1% of the population, increased from 7.2% in 2010), and about two-thirds of these, 44,665 or about 8.0% of all Dresden citizens were foreigners.[56] This percentage increased from 4.1% in 2010.

Governance

Dresden is one of Germany's 16 political centres and the capital of Saxony. It has institutions of democratic local self-administration that are independent from the capital functions.[58] Some local affairs of Dresden receive national attention.[citation needed]

Dresden hosted some international summits in recent years, such as the Petersburg Dialogue between Russia and Germany,[59] the European Union's Minister of the Interior conference[60] and the G8 labour ministers conference.[61]

Mayor

Main article: City Council of Dresden

The city council is the legislative branch of the city government. The council gives orders to the mayor (German: Bürgermeister) via resolutions and decrees, and thus also has some degree of executive power.[62][63]

 
Results of the second round of the 2022 mayoral election.

The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Herbert Wagner of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served from 1990 to 2001. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Ingolf Roßberg of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) served from 2001 until 2008. He was succeeded by Helma Orosz (CDU). Dirk Hilbert was elected mayor in 2015 under the banner "Independent Citizens for Dresden". He was nominated by the FDP and Free Voters, and was endorsed by the CDU and AfD in the runoff. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 June 2022, with a runoff held on 10 July, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Dirk Hilbert Independent Citizens for Dresden
(FDP, FW, CDU) 		66,165 32.5 80,483 45.3
Eva Jähnigen Alliance 90/The Greens
(plus SPD, Left, Pirates in the runoff) 		38,473 18.9 67,947 38.3
Albrecht Pallas Social Democratic Party 31,068 15.2 Withdrew
Maximilian Krah Alternative for Germany 28,971 14.2 21,741 12.2
André Schollbach The Left 20,898 10.3 Withdrew
Marcus Fuchs Independent 6,856 3.4 3,549 2.0
Martin Schulte-Wissermann Pirate Party 5,975 2.9 Withdrew
Sascha Wolff Independent 2,695 1.3 Withdrew
Jan Pöhnisch Die PARTEI 2,684 1.3 3,824 2.2
Valid votes 203,785 99.4 177,544 99.5
Invalid votes 1,145 0.6 974 0.5
Total 204,930 100.0 178,518 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 432,294 47.4 431,967 41.3
Source: City of Dresden (1st round, 2nd round)

City council

 
Results of the 2019 city council election.
 
Winning party by locality in the 2019 city council election.

The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 171,630 20.5   4.8 15   4
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 153,022 18.3   9.3 13   8
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 143,207 17.2   10.1 12   7
The Left (Die Linke) 135,613 16.2   4.7 12   3
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 73,627 8.8   4.0 6   3
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 62,613 7.5   2.5 5   2
Free Voters Dresden (WV) 44,725 5.3   5.2 4   4
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) 20,516 2.4   0.9 1   1
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 15,268 1.8   0.9 1   1
Free Citizens Dresden (FBD) 12,652 1.5   2.3 1   1
National Democratic Party (NPD) 4,744 0.6   2.2 0   2
Valid votes 288,060 98.7
Invalid votes 3,937 1.3
Total 291,997 100.0 70 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 436,179 66.9   17.9
Source: Wahlen in Sachsen

Public institutions

 
The Sächsische Staatskanzlei (Saxon State Chancellery) is an institution assisting the President of the State

As the capital of Saxony, Dresden is home to the Saxon state parliament (Landtag)[64] and the ministries of the Saxon Government. The controlling Constitutional Court of Saxony is in Leipzig. The highest Saxon court in civil and criminal law, is the Higher Regional Court of Dresden.[65]

Most of the Saxon state authorities are located in Dresden. Dresden is home to the Regional Commission of the Dresden Regierungsbezirk, which is a controlling authority for the Saxon Government. It has jurisdiction over eight rural districts, two urban districts and the city of Dresden.[citation needed]

Like many cities in Germany, Dresden is also home to a local court, has a trade corporation and a Chamber of Industry and Trade and many subsidiaries of federal agencies (such as the Federal Labour Office or the Federal Agency for Technical Relief). It hosts some divisions of the German Customs and Waterways and Shipping Office.[66]

Dresden is home to a military subdistrict command, but no longer has large military units as it did in the past. Dresden is the traditional location for army officer schooling in Germany, today carried out in the Offizierschule des Heeres.[67]

Local affairs

 
The Waldschlösschen Bridge is a subject of controversy in Dresden and other parts of Germany

Local affairs in Dresden often centre around the urban development of the city and its spaces. Architecture and the design of public places is a controversial subject. Discussions about the Waldschlößchenbrücke, a bridge under construction across the Elbe, received international attention because of its position across the Dresden Elbe Valley World Heritage Site. The city held a public referendum in 2005 on whether to build the bridge, prior to UNESCO expressing doubts about the compatibility between bridge and heritage. Its construction caused loss of World Heritage site status in 2009.[68]

In 2006, the city of Dresden sold its publicly subsidized housing organization, WOBA Dresden GmbH, to the US-based private investment company Fortress Investment Group. The city received 987.1 million euro and paid off its remaining loans, making it the first large city in Germany to become debt-free. Opponents of the sale were concerned about Dresden's loss of control over the subsidized housing market.[69]

Dresden has been the center of groups and activities of far-right movements. Politicians and politics of Alternative for Germany (AfD) have a strong backing.[70] Starting in October 2014, PEGIDA, a nationalistic political movement based in Dresden has been organizing weekly demonstrations against what it perceives as the Islamization of Europe at the height of the European migrant crisis. As the number of demonstrators increased to 15,000 in December 2014, so has the international media coverage of it.[71] However, since 2015, the number of demonstrators has decreased significantly.[72]

In 2019, the Dresden City Council passed a policy statement against "anti-democratic, anti-pluralist, misanthropic and right-wing-extremist developments".[73] The motion was originally put forward by the satirical political party Die Partei.[74] Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, Die Linke, SPD and Die Partei voted in favour of the statement. The CDU and AfD voted against it. Among other things, the statement calls on strengthening democracy, protecting human rights and raising spending on (political) education.[75]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Dresden and Coventry became twins after the Second World War in an act of reconciliation, as both had suffered near-total destruction from massive aerial bombing.[76] Similar symbolism occurred in 1988, when Dresden twinned with the Dutch city of Rotterdam. The Coventry Blitz and Rotterdam Blitz bombardments by the German Luftwaffe are also considered to be disproportional.[77]

Dresden has had a triangular partnership with Saint Petersburg and Hamburg since 1987. Dresden is twinned with:[78]

Friendly cities

Dresden also has friendly relations with:[79]

Cityscape

Architecture

Although Dresden is often said to be a Baroque city, its architecture is influenced by more than one style. Other eras of importance are the Renaissance and Historicism, as well as the contemporary styles of Modernism and Postmodernism.[80]

Dresden has some 13,000 listed cultural monuments and eight districts under general preservation orders.[81]

Royal household

The Dresden Castle was the seat of the royal household from 1485. The wings of the building have been renewed, built upon and restored many times. Due to this integration of styles, the castle is made up of elements of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicist styles.[82]

The Zwinger Palace is across the road from the castle. It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art collections and a place to hold festivals. Its gate by the moat is surmounted by a golden crown.[83]

Other royal buildings and ensembles:

Sacred buildings

 
Bernardo Bellotto's Dresden included the Hofkirche during construction.

The Hofkirche was the church of the royal household. Augustus the Strong, who desired to be King of Poland, converted to Catholicism, as Polish kings had to be Catholic. At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant. Augustus the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, to establish a sign of Roman Catholic religious importance in Dresden. The church is the cathedral "Sanctissimae Trinitatis" since 1980. The crypt of the Wettin Dynasty is located within the church.[84] King Augustus III of Poland is buried in the cathedral, as one of very few Polish Kings to be buried outside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

In contrast to the Hofkirche, the Lutheran Frauenkirche located at the Neumarkt was built almost contemporaneously by the citizens of Dresden. The city's historic Kreuzkirche was reconsecrated in 1388.[85]

There are also other churches in Dresden, for example the Russian Orthodox St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church in the Südvorstadt district.

Historicism

Historicist buildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s.

Notable examples of Renaissance Revival architecture in Dresden include the Albertinum located at Brühl's Terrace as well as the Saxon State Chancellery and the Saxon State Ministry of Finance located on the northern Elbe river banks. The Ehrlichsche Gestiftskirche, constructed in 1907, was a historicist church building that was demolished in August 1951.[86]

The Villa Rosa was built in 1839 and was considered one of the most important villa buildings in Dresden, due to its Renaissance Revival architecture.[87]

Yenidze is a former cigarette factory building built in the style of a mosque between 1907 and 1909.

The most recent historicist buildings in Dresden date from the short era of Stalinist architecture in the 1950s, e.g. at the Altmarkt.[88]

 
Stalinist architecture at the Altmarkt

Modernism

The Garden City of Hellerau, at that time a suburb of Dresden, was founded in 1909. It was Germany's first garden city.[89] In 1911, Heinrich Tessenow built the Hellerau Festspielhaus (festival theatre). Until the outbreak of World War I, Hellerau was a centre for European modernism with international standing.[90][91] In 1950, Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden. Today, the Hellerau reform architecture is recognized as exemplary. In the 1990s, the garden city of Hellerau became a conservation area.[92]

The German Hygiene Museum (built 1928–1930) is a signal example of modern architecture in Dresden in the interwar period. The building is designed in an impressively monumental style, but employs plain façades and simple structures.

Important modernist buildings erected between 1945 and 1990 are the Centrum-Warenhaus (a large department store), representing the international Style, and the multi-purpose hall Kulturpalast.

Contemporary architecture

 
The locally controversial UFA-Palast

After 1990 and German reunification, new styles emerged. Important contemporary buildings include the New Synagogue, a postmodern building with few windows, the Transparent Factory, the Saxon State Parliament and the New Terrace, the UFA-Kristallpalast cinema by Coop Himmelb(l)au (one of the biggest buildings of Deconstructivism in Germany), and the Saxon State Library.

Daniel Libeskind and Norman Foster both modified existing buildings. Foster roofed the main railway station with translucent Teflon-coated synthetics. Libeskind changed the whole structure of the Bundeswehr Military History Museum by placing a wedge through the historical arsenal building. According to Libeskind's studio, "[t]he façade’s openness and transparency is intended to contrast with the opacity and rigidity of the existing building."[93]

Bridges

Important bridges crossing the Elbe river are the Blaues Wunder bridge and the Augustus Bridge.

Statues

Jean-Joseph Vinache's golden equestrian statue of August the Strong, the Goldener Reiter (Golden Cavalier), is on the Neustädter Markt square. It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstraße (Main street) on his way to Warsaw, where he was King of Poland in personal union. Another statue is the memorial of Martin Luther in front of the Frauenkirche.[94]

Parks and gardens

Großer Garten is a Baroque garden in central Dresden. It includes the Dresden Zoo and the Dresden Botanical Garden.

The Dresden Heath is a large forest located in the northeast of Dresden and one of the city's most important recreation areas.

The park of Pillnitz Palace is famous for its botanical treasures, including a more than 230-year-old Japanese camellia and about 400 potted plants.[95]

Main sights

Culture

 
The Semperoper, completely rebuilt and reopened in 1985
Main article: Culture in Dresden

Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner had a number of their works performed for the first time in Dresden.[citation needed] Other artists, such as Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Dix, Oskar Kokoschka, Richard Strauss, Gottfried Semper and Gret Palucca, were also active in the city.[citation needed] Dresden is also home to several art collections and musical ensembles.

Entertainment

 
View over Altmarkt (Old market) during Striezelmarkt

The Saxon State Opera descends from the opera company of the former electors and Kings of Saxony. Their first opera house was the Opernhaus am Taschenberg, opened in 1667. The Opernhaus am Zwinger presented opera from 1719 to 1756, when the Seven Years' War began. The later Semperoper was completely destroyed during the bombing of Dresden during the second world war. The opera's reconstruction was completed exactly 40 years later, on 13 February 1985. Its musical ensemble is the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden, founded in 1548.[96] The Dresden State Theatre runs a number of smaller theatres. The Dresden State Operetta is the only independent operetta in Germany.[97] The Herkuleskeule (Hercules club) is an important site in German-speaking political cabaret.

There are several choirs in Dresden, the best-known of which is the Dresdner Kreuzchor (Choir of The Holy Cross). It is a boys' choir drawn from pupils of the Kreuzschule, and was founded in the 13th century.[98] The Dresdner Kapellknaben are not related to the Staatskapelle, but to the former Hofkapelle, the Catholic cathedral, since 1980. The Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra is the orchestra of the city of Dresden.

Throughout the summer, the outdoor concert series "Zwingerkonzerte und Mehr" is held in the Zwingerhof. Performances include dance and music.[99]

There are several small cinemas presenting cult films and low-budget or low-profile films chosen for their cultural value. Dresden also has a few multiplex cinemas, of which the Rundkino is the oldest.[citation needed]

Dresden's Striezelmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany. Founded as a one-day market in 1434, it is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world.[9]

A big event each year in June is the Bunte Republik Neustadt,[100] a culture festival lasting three days in the city district of Dresden-Neustadt. Bands play live concerts for free in the streets and there are refreshments and food.

Museums

Dresden hosts the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (Dresden State Art Collections) which, according to the institution's own statements, place it among the most important museums presently in existence. The art collections consist of twelve museums, including the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (Old Masters Gallery) and the Grünes Gewölbe (Green Vault) and the Japanese Palace (Japanisches Palais).[101] Also known are Galerie Neue Meister (New Masters Gallery), Rüstkammer (Armoury) with the Turkish Chamber, and the Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden (Museum of Ethnology). Other museums and collections owned by the Free State of Saxony in Dresden are:

The Dresden City Museum is run by the city of Dresden and focused on the city's history.

The Bundeswehr Military History Museum is placed in the former garrison in the Albertstadt.

The book museum of the Saxon State Library presents the Dresden Codex.[110]

The Kraszewski Museum is a museum dedicated to the most prolific Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, who lived in Dresden from 1863 to 1883.[111]

Transport

Main article: Transportation in Dresden
 
The longest trams in Dresden set a record in length

Bus

DVB is the municipal company in charge of transport in the city of Dresden.[112] DVB provides a night service named GuteNachtLinie ('goodnight lines'), which operates Monday-Sunday, although the frequency of the buses is greater on Friday, Saturday and before holidays when the routes run every 30 minutes between 22:45 and 04:45.[113] Postplatz is the most important hub for night-time travel in Dresden. Most GuteNachtLinie routes meet here at the same time to allow people to switch routes.[113][114]

Roads

The Bundesautobahn 4 (European route E40) crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east. The Bundesautobahn 17 leaves the A4 in a south-eastern direction. In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague. The Bundesautobahn 13 leaves from the three-point interchange "Dresden-Nord" and goes to Berlin. The A13 and the A17 are on the European route E55. In addition, several Bundesstraßen (federal highways) run through Dresden.

Rail

 
Dresden Central Station is the main inter-city transport hub

There are two main inter-city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden: Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden-Neustadt railway station. The most important railway lines run to Berlin, Prague, Leipzig and Chemnitz. A commuter train system (Dresden S-Bahn) operates on three lines alongside the long-distance routes.

Aviation

Dresden Airport is the city's international airport, located at the north-western outskirts of the city. After German reunification the airport's infrastructure has been considerably improved. In 1998, a motorway access route was opened.[115] In March 2001, a new terminal building was opened along with the underground S-Bahn station Dresden Flughafen, a multi-storey car park and a new aircraft handling ramp.[116]

Trams

Dresden has a large tramway network operated by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe, the municipal transport company. The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km (124 mi) network.[117] Many of the new low-floor vehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced by Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen. While about 30% of the system's lines are on reserved track (often sown with grass to avoid noise), many tracks still run on the streets, especially in the inner city.[118]

The CarGoTram is a tram that supplies Volkswagen's Transparent Factory, crossing the city. The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city's largest park.[119]

The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by the Dresden Funicular Railway, which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895.[120]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Dresden
 
GlobalFoundries semiconductor factory

Until enterprises like Dresdner Bank left Dresden in the communist era to avoid nationalisation, Dresden was one of the most important German cities, an important industrial centre of the German Democratic Republic.[citation needed] The period of the GDR until 1990 was characterized by low economic growth in comparison to western German cities.[citation needed] In 1990 Dresden had to struggle with the economic collapse of the Soviet Union and the other export markets in Eastern Europe. After reunification enterprises and production sites broke down almost completely as they entered the social market economy, facing competition from the Federal Republic of Germany. After 1990 a completely new legal system and currency system was introduced and infrastructure was largely rebuilt with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany. Dresden as a major urban centre has developed much faster and more consistently than most other regions in the former German Democratic Republic.

Between 1990 and 2010 the unemployment rate fluctuated between 13% and 15%, but has decreased significantly ever since. In December 2019 the unemployment rate was 5.3%, the fourth lowest among the 15 largest cities of Germany (after Munich, Stuttgart and Nuremberg).[121] In 2017, the GDP per capita of Dresden was 39,134 euros, the highest in Saxony.[122]

Thanks to the presence of public administration centres, a high density of semi-public research institutes and an extension of publicly funded high technology sectors, the proportion of highly qualified workers Dresden is again among the highest in Germany and by European criteria.[citation needed]

In 2019, Dresden had the seventh-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, after being ranked fourth in 2017.[6] According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Dresden is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 41 of all 401 German regions and second of all regions in former East Germany (only surpassed by Jena).[123][124][125]

Enterprises

Three major sectors dominate Dresden's economy:

Silicon Saxony Saxony's semiconductor industry was built up in 1969. Major enterprises today include AMD's semiconductor fabrication spin-off GlobalFoundries, Infineon Technologies, ZMDI and Toppan Photomasks. Their factories attract many suppliers of material and cleanroom technology enterprises to Dresden.

The pharmaceutical sector developed at the end of the 19th century. The 'Sächsisches Serumwerk Dresden' (Saxon Serum Plant, Dresden), owned by GlaxoSmithKline, is a global leader in vaccine production.[citation needed] Another traditional pharmaceuticals producer is Arzneimittelwerke Dresden (Pharmaceutical Works, Dresden).[citation needed]

A third traditional branch is that of mechanical and electrical engineering. Major employers are the Volkswagen Transparent Factory, Elbe Flugzeugwerke (Elbe Aircraft Works), Siemens and Linde-KCA-Dresden.[citation needed] The tourism industry enjoys high revenue and supports many employees. There are around one hundred bigger hotels in Dresden, many of which cater in the upscale range.[citation needed] Dresden still has a shortage of corporate headquarters.[citation needed]

Media

The media in Dresden include two major newspapers of regional record: the Sächsische Zeitung (Saxon Newspaper, circulation around 228,000) and the Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten (Dresden's Latest News, circulation around 50,000). Dresden has a broadcasting centre belonging to the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. The Dresdner Druck- und Verlagshaus (Dresden printing plant and publishing house) produces part of Spiegel's print run, amongst other newspapers and magazines.[citation needed]

Education and science

Universities

Dresden is home to a number of renowned universities, but among German cities it is a more recent location for academic education.

Other universities include the Hochschule für Kirchenmusik, a school specialising in church music, and the Evangelische Hochschule für Sozialarbeit, an education institution for social work.[citation needed] The Dresden International University is a private postgraduate university, founded in 2003 in cooperation with the Dresden University of Technology.[129]

Research institutes

Dresden hosts many research institutes, some of which have gained an international standing. The domains of most importance are micro- and nanoelectronics, transport and infrastructure systems, material and photonic technology, and bio-engineering. The institutes are well connected among one other as well as with the academic education institutions.[130]

Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is the largest complex of research facilities in Dresden, a short distance outside the urban areas. It focuses on nuclear medicine and physics. As part of the Helmholtz Association it is one of the German Big Science research centres.

The Max Planck Society focuses on fundamental research. There are three Max Planck Institutes (MPI) in Dresden: the MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, the MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids, and the MPI for the Physics of Complex Systems.[131]

The Fraunhofer Society hosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission-oriented research to enterprises. With eleven institutions or parts of institutes, Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide.[132] The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions and is seen as a useful part of the "knowledge infrastructure".[citation needed]

The Leibniz Community is a union of institutes with science covering fundamental research and applied research. In Dresden there are three Leibniz Institutes. The Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research[133] and the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research[134] are both in the material and high-technology domain, while the Leibniz Institute for Ecological and Regional Development is focused on more fundamental research into urban planning.[citation needed] The Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf was member of the Leibniz Community until the end of 2010.[citation needed]

Higher secondary education

Dresden has more than 20 gymnasia which prepare for a tertiary education, five of which are private.[135] The Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik with a focus on music is supported, as its name implies by the State of Saxony, rather than by the city.[136] There are some Berufliche Gymnasien which combine vocational education and secondary education and a Abendgymnasium which prepares higher education of adults avocational.[137]

Sport

 
The Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion, the current home of Dynamo Dresden

Dresden is home to Dynamo Dresden, which had a tradition in UEFA club competitions up to the early 1990s. Dynamo Dresden won eight titles in the DDR-Oberliga. Currently, the club is a member of the 3. Liga after some seasons in the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga.[138]

In the early 20th century, the city was represented by Dresdner SC, who were one of Germany's most successful clubs in football. Their best performances came during World War II, when they were twice German champions, and twice Cup winners. Dresdner SC is a multisport club. While its football team plays in the sixth-tier Landesliga Sachsen, its volleyball section has a team in the women's Bundesliga. Dresden has a third football team SC Borea Dresden.

ESC Dresdner Eislöwen is an ice hockey club playing in the second-tier ice hockey league DEL2.

Dresden Monarchs are an American football team in the German Football League.

The Dresden Titans are the city's top basketball team. Due to good performances, they have moved up several divisions and currently play in Germany's second division ProA. The Titans' home arena is the Margon Arena.

Since 1890, horse races have taken place and the Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e.V. are active and one of the big sporting events in Dresden.[139]

Major sporting facilities in Dresden are the Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion, the Heinz-Steyer-Stadion and the EnergieVerbund Arena for ice hockey.

Quality of life

According to the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking, Dresden was one of the least stressful cities in the world. It was ranked 15th out of 150 cities worldwide and above Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.[140]

Notable people

Public service

The Arts

Science and business

Sport

Notes

  1. ^ Dresden is actually the third largest city on the River Vltava, after Hamburg and Prague, because above the confluence of Vltava and Elbe, the Vltava is longer and carries more water than the Elbe.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.
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  3. ^ a b c citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office. "Germany: Urban Areas". from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  4. ^ "Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2021" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2022.
  5. ^ Dresden. . www.dresden.de (in German). Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b "HWWI/Berenberg-Städteranking 2019" (PDF). berenberg.de (in German). (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  7. ^ . www.xn--stdteranking-hcb.de. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  8. ^ Dresden. "Tourismus". www.dresden.de (in German). from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  9. ^ a b . The German Way & More. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
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Sources

Further reading

For a more comprehensive list, see Timeline of Dresden § Bibliography.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dresden.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Dresden
  • Official homepage of the city
  •   Dresden travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Homepage of the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe, the public transport provider
  • Network maps of the public transport system
  • Organisation for reconstruction of the Neumarkt

January 20, 2023
dresden, other, uses, disambiguation, german, ˈdʁeːsdn, listen, upper, saxon, dräsdn, upper, sorbian, drježdźany, capital, city, german, state, saxony, second, most, populous, city, after, leipzig, 12th, most, populous, city, germany, fourth, largest, area, af. For other uses see Dresden disambiguation Dresden ˈ d r ɛ z d en German ˈdʁeːsdn listen Upper Saxon Drasdn Upper Sorbian Drjezdzany is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city after Leipzig It is the 12th most populous city of Germany the fourth largest by area after Berlin Hamburg and Cologne and the third most populous city in the area of former East Germany after Berlin and Leipzig Dresden s urban area comprises the towns of Freital Pirna Radebeul Meissen Coswig Radeberg and Heidenau and has around 790 000 inhabitants 3 The Dresden metropolitan area has approximately 1 34 million inhabitants 2 DresdenCityClockwise Dresden skyline with River Elbe at dusk Semper Opera Catholic Court Church Academy of Fine Arts with lemon squeezer dome and sculpture of Pheme Dresden skyline Dresden Castle rebuilt houses on New Market Square with statue of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony Our Lady s Church at duskFlagCoat of armsLocation of DresdenDresdenShow map of GermanyDresdenShow map of SaxonyCoordinates 51 03 00 N 13 44 24 E 51 05000 N 13 74000 E 51 05000 13 74000 Coordinates 51 03 00 N 13 44 24 E 51 05000 N 13 74000 E 51 05000 13 74000CountryGermanyStateSaxonyDistrictUrban districtGovernment Lord mayor 2022 29 Dirk Hilbert 1 FDP Area City328 8 km2 127 0 sq mi Elevation113 m 371 ft Population 2021 12 31 4 City555 351 Density1 700 km2 4 400 sq mi Urban790 400 3 Metro1 343 305 2 Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Vehicle registrationDDWebsitewww wbr dresden wbr deFormer UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameDresden Elbe ValleyTypeCulturalCriteriaii iii iv vDesignated2004 28th session Reference no 1156RegionEuropeDelisted2009 33rd session Historic city centre with main sights Dresden is the second largest city on the River Elbe after Hamburg note 1 Most of the city s population lives in the Elbe Valley but a large albeit very sparsely populated area of the city east of the Elbe lies in the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands the westernmost part of the Sudetes and thus in Lusatia Many boroughs west of the Elbe lie in the foreland of the Ore Mountains as well as in the valleys of the rivers rising there and flowing through Dresden the longest of which are the Weisseritz and the Lockwitzbach The name of the city as well as the names of most of its boroughs and rivers are of Sorbian origin Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs The city was known as the Jewel Box because of its baroque and rococo city centre The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25 000 people most of whom were civilians and destroyed the entire city centre After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city Since German reunification in 1990 Dresden has again become a cultural educational and political centre of Germany The Dresden University of Technology is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and ranks first in Saxony 5 It is dominated by high tech branches often called Silicon Saxony According to the Hamburg Institute of International Economics HWWI and Berenberg Bank in 2019 Dresden had the seventh best prospects for the future of all cities in Germany 6 Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany with 4 7 million overnight stays per year 7 8 Its most prominent building is the Frauenkirche located at the Neumarkt Built in the 18th century the church was destroyed during World War II The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial before being rebuilt between 1994 and 2005 Other famous landmarks include the Zwinger the Semperoper and the Dresden Castle Furthermore the city is home to the renowned Dresden State Art Collections originating from the collections of the Saxon electors in the 16th century Dresden s Striezelmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world 9 Nearby sights include the National Park of Saxon Switzerland the Ore Mountains and the countryside around Elbe Valley and Moritzburg Castle Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Early modern age 1 3 19th and early 20th century 1 3 1 Military history 1 4 Second World War 1 5 Post war 1 6 Post reunification 2 Geography 2 1 Location 2 2 Nature 2 3 Climate 2 4 Flood protection 2 5 City structuring 3 Demographics 4 Governance 4 1 Mayor 4 2 City council 4 3 Public institutions 4 4 Local affairs 5 Twin towns sister cities 5 1 Friendly cities 6 Cityscape 6 1 Architecture 6 1 1 Royal household 6 1 2 Sacred buildings 6 1 3 Historicism 6 1 4 Modernism 6 1 5 Contemporary architecture 6 1 6 Bridges 6 1 7 Statues 6 2 Parks and gardens 6 3 Main sights 7 Culture 7 1 Entertainment 7 2 Museums 8 Transport 8 1 Bus 8 2 Roads 8 3 Rail 8 4 Aviation 8 5 Trams 9 Economy 9 1 Enterprises 9 2 Media 10 Education and science 10 1 Universities 10 2 Research institutes 10 3 Higher secondary education 11 Sport 12 Quality of life 13 Notable people 13 1 Public service 13 2 The Arts 13 3 Science and business 13 4 Sport 14 Notes 15 References 15 1 Citations 15 2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Dresden Timeline of Dresden Historical affiliations Margravate of Meissen to 1423 Electorate of Saxony 1423 1806 Kingdom of Saxony 1806 1848 German Empire 1848 1849 Kingdom of Saxony 1849 1867 North German Confederation Kingdom of Saxony 1867 1871 German Empire Kingdom of Saxony 1867 1918 Soviet Republic of Saxony 1918 Weimar Republic Free State of Saxony 1918 1933 Nazi Germany 1933 1945 Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1945 1949 East Germany 1949 1990 Germany Free State of Saxony 1990 present The Furstenzug the Saxon sovereigns depicted in Meissen porcelain Although Dresden is a relatively recent city that grew from a Slavic village after Germans came to dominate the area 10 the area had been settled in the Neolithic era by Linear Pottery culture tribes c 7500 BC 11 Dresden s founding and early growth is associated with the eastward expansion of Germanic peoples 10 mining in the nearby Ore Mountains and the establishment of the Margraviate of Meissen Its name etymologically derives from Old Sorbian Drezdany meaning people of the forest from Proto Slavic drezga dense forest from drezga murky space 12 user generated source Dresden later evolved into the capital of Saxony Early history Edit Dresden in 1521 Around the late 12th century a Sorbian settlement called Drezdany 13 meaning either woods or lowland forest dweller 14 had developed on the southern bank Another settlement existed on the northern bank but its Slavic name is unknown It was known as Antiqua Dresdin by 1350 and later as Altendresden 13 15 both literally old Dresden Dietrich Margrave of Meissen chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206 as documented in a record calling the place Civitas Dresdene After 1270 Dresden became the capital of the margraviate It was given to Friedrich Clem after death of Henry the Illustrious in 1288 It was taken by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1316 and was restored to the Wettin dynasty after the death of Valdemar the Great in 1319 From 1485 it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony and from 1547 the electors as well Early modern age Edit Zwinger 1719 wedding reception of Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha of Austria The Elector and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King Augustus II the Strong of Poland in 1697 He gathered many of the best musicians 16 architects and painters from all over Europe to Dresden 17 His reign marked the beginning of Dresden s emergence as a leading European city for technology and art During the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland most of the city s baroque landmarks were built These include the Zwinger Royal Palace the Japanese Palace the Taschenbergpalais the Pillnitz Castle and the two landmark churches the Catholic Hofkirche and the Lutheran Frauenkirche In addition significant art collections and museums were founded Notable examples include the Dresden Porcelain Collection the Collection of Prints Drawings and Photographs the Grunes Gewolbe and the Mathematisch Physikalischer Salon In 1726 there was a riot for two days after a Protestant clergyman was killed by a soldier who had recently converted from Catholicism 18 In 1745 the Treaty of Dresden between Prussia Saxony and Austria ended the Second Silesian War Only a few years later Dresden suffered heavy destruction in the Seven Years War 1756 1763 following its capture by Prussian forces its subsequent re capture and a failed Prussian siege in 1760 Friedrich Schiller completed his Ode to Joy the literary base of the European anthem in Dresden in 1785 19 19th and early 20th century Edit Napoleon Crossing the Elbe by Jozef Brodowski 1895 In 1806 Dresden became the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony established by Napoleon During the Napoleonic Wars the French Emperor made it a base of operations winning there the Battle of Dresden on 27 August 1813 As a result of the Congress of Vienna the Kingdom of Saxony became part of the German Confederation in 1815 Following the Polish uprisings of 1831 1848 and 1863 many Poles fled to Dresden among others composer Frederic Chopin Dresden itself was a centre of the German Revolutions in 1848 with the May Uprising which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden citation needed The uprising forced Frederick Augustus II of Saxony to flee from Dresden but he soon after regained control over the city with the help of Prussia In 1852 the population of Dresden grew to 100 000 inhabitants making it one of the biggest cities within the German Confederation As the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony Dresden became part of the newly founded German Empire in 1871 In the following years the city became a major centre of economy including motor car production food processing banking and the manufacture of medical equipment In the early 20th century Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories During World War I the city did not suffer any war damage but lost many of its inhabitants Between 1918 and 1934 Dresden was the capital of the first Free State of Saxony as well as a cultural and economic centre of the Weimar Republic The city was also a centre of European modern art until 1933 May Uprising in Dresden 1849 Military history Edit Image of Dresden during the 1890s before extensive World War II destruction Landmarks include Dresden Frauenkirche Augustus Bridge and Katholische Hofkirche During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871 a large military facility called Albertstadt was built 20 It had a capacity of up to 20 000 military personnel at the beginning of the First World War The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934 but was then reactivated in preparation for the Second World War Its usefulness was limited by attacks on 13 15 February and 17 April 1945 the former of which destroyed large areas of the city However the garrison itself was not specifically targeted 21 22 Soldiers had been deployed as late as March 1945 in the Albertstadt garrison The Albertstadt garrison became the headquarters of the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany after the war Apart from the German army officers school Offizierschule des Heeres there have been no more military units in Dresden since the army merger during German reunification and the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1992 Nowadays the Bundeswehr operates the Military History Museum of the Federal Republic of Germany in the former Albertstadt garrison Second World War Edit The ruins of Dresden in 1945 Facing south from the town hall Rathaus tower Statue Gute Good or Kindness by August Schreitmuller 1908 1910 During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945 the Jewish community of Dresden was reduced from over 6 000 7 100 people were persecuted as Jews to 41 mostly as a result of emigration but later also deportation and murder 23 24 Non Jews were also targeted and over 1 300 people were executed by the Nazis at the Munchner Platz a courthouse in Dresden including labour leaders undesirables resistance fighters and anyone caught listening to foreign radio broadcasts 25 The bombing stopped prisoners who were busy digging a large hole into which an additional 4 000 prisoners were to be disposed of 26 Dresden in the 20th century was a major communications hub and manufacturing centre with 127 factories and major workshops and was designated by the German military as a defensive strongpoint with which to hinder the Soviet advance 27 Being the capital of the German state of Saxony Dresden not only had garrisons but a whole military borough the Albertstadt 28 This military complex named after Saxon King Albert was not specifically targeted in the bombing of Dresden though it was within the expected area of destruction and was extensively damaged citation needed During the final months of the Second World War Dresden harboured some 600 000 refugees with a total population of 1 2 million Dresden was attacked seven times between 1944 and 1945 and was occupied by the Red Army after the German capitulation The bombing of Dresden by the Royal Air Force RAF and the United States Army Air Forces USAAF between 13 and 15 February 1945 was controversial On the night of 13 14 February 1945 773 RAF Lancaster bombers dropped 1 181 6 tons of incendiary bombs and 1 477 7 tons of high explosive bombs targeting the rail yards at the centre of the city The inner city of Dresden was largely destroyed 29 30 The high explosive bombs damaged buildings and exposed their wooden structures while the incendiaries ignited them denying their use by retreating German troops and refugees citation needed Widely quoted Nazi propaganda reports claimed 200 000 deaths but the German Dresden Historians Commission made up of 13 prominent German historians in an official 2010 report published after five years of research concluded that casualties numbered between 22 500 and 25 000 31 The Allies described the operation as the legitimate bombing of a military and industrial target 21 Several researchers have argued that the February attacks were disproportionate As a result of inadequate Nazi air raid measures for refugees mostly women and children died 32 American author Kurt Vonnegut s novel Slaughterhouse Five is loosely based on his first hand experience of the raid as a POW 33 In remembrance of the victims the anniversaries of the bombing of Dresden are marked with peace demonstrations devotions and marches 34 35 The destruction of Dresden allowed Hildebrand Gurlitt a major Nazi museum director and art dealer to hide a large collection of artwork worth tens of millions of dollars that had been stolen during the Nazi era as he claimed it had been destroyed along with his house which was located in Dresden 36 Post war Edit Following his military service the German press photographer and photojournalist Richard Peter returned to Dresden and began to document the ruined city Among his best known works Blick auf Dresden vom Rathausturm View of Dresden from the Rathaus Tower It has become one of the best known photographs of a ruined post war Germany following its appearance in 1949 in his book Dresden eine Kamera klagt an Dresden a photographic accusation ISBN 3 930195 03 8 37 When a skeleton previously used as a model for drawing art classes was found in the ruins of the Dresden Art Academy the photographer Edmund Kesting with the assistance of Peter posed it in a number of different locations to produce a series of haunting photographic images to give the impression that Death was wandering through the city in search of the dead 37 Kesting subsequently published them in the book Dresdner Totentanz Dresden s Death Dance The damage from the Allied air raids was so bad that following the end of the Second World War a narrow gauge light railway system was constructed to remove the debris though being makeshift there were frequent derailments This railway system which had seven lines employed 5 000 staff and 40 locomotives all of which bore women s names The last train remained in service until 1958 though the last official debris clearance team was only disbanded in 1977 37 Rather than repair them the German Democratic Republic former East Germany authorities razed the ruins of many churches royal buildings and palaces in the 1950s and 1960s such as the Gothic Sophienkirche the Alberttheater and the Wackerbarth Palais as well as many historic residential buildings The surroundings of the once lively Prager Strasse resembled a wasteland before it was rebuilt in the socialist style at the beginning of the 1960s However compared to West Germany the majority of historic buildings were saved citation needed Among them were the Standehaus 1946 the Augustusbrucke 1949 the Kreuzkirche until 1955 the Zwinger until 1963 the Catholic Court Church until 1965 the Semperoper until 1985 the Japanese Palace until 1987 and the two largest train stations Some of this work dragged on for decades often interrupted by the overall economic situation in the GDR The ruins of the Frauenkirche were allowed to remain on Neumarkt as a memorial to the war While the Theater and Schlossplatz were rebuilt in accordance with the historical model in 1990 the Neumarkt remained completely undeveloped On the other hand buildings of socialist classicism and spatial design and orientation according to socialist ideals e g Kulturpalast were built at the Altmarkt From 1955 to 1958 a large part of the art treasures looted by the Soviet Union was returned which meant that from 1960 onwards many state art collections could be opened in reconstructed facilities or interim exhibitions Important orchestras such as the Staatskapelle performed in alternative venues for example in the Kulturpalast from 1969 Some cultural institutions were moved out of the city center for example the state library in Albertstadt The Outer Neustadt which was almost undamaged during the war was threatened with demolition in the 1980s following years of neglect but was preserved following public protests To house the homeless large prefabricated housing estates were built on previously undeveloped land In Prohlis and Gorbitz Damaged housing in the Johannstadt and other areas in the city center were demolished and replaced with large apartment blocks The villa districts in Blasewitz Striesen Kleinzschachwitz Loschwitz and on the Weissen Hirsch were largely preserved Dresden became a major industrial centre in the German Democratic Republic former East Germany with a great deal of research infrastructure It was the centre of Bezirk Dresden Dresden District between 1952 and 1990 Many of the city s important historic buildings were reconstructed including the Semper Opera House and the Zwinger Palace although the city leaders chose to rebuild large areas of the city in a socialist modern style partly for economic reasons but also to break away from the city s past as the royal capital of Saxony and a stronghold of the German bourgeoisie Until the end of the Cold War the 1st Armored Guard Army of the Soviet Army and the 7th Panzer Division of the National People s Army were stationed in and around Dresden Following reunification in 1989 the Soviet Russian troops were withdrawn from Germany in the early 1990s and the NVA dissolved in accordance with the provisions of the Two Plus Four Treaty of 1990 From 1985 to 1990 the future President of Russia Vladimir Putin was stationed in Dresden by the KGB where he worked for Lazar Matveev the senior KGB liaison officer there On 3 October 1989 the so called battle of Dresden a convoy of trains carrying East German refugees from Prague passed through Dresden on its way to the Federal Republic of Germany Local activists and residents joined in the growing civil disobedience movement spreading across the German Democratic Republic by staging demonstrations and demanding the removal of the communist government Post reunification Edit The Dresden Frauenkirche a few years after its reconsecration Dresden has experienced dramatic changes since the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s The city still bears many wounds from the bombing raids of 1945 but it has undergone significant reconstruction in recent decades Restoration of the Dresden Frauenkirche a Lutheran church the rebuilding of which was started after the reunification of Germany in 1994 was completed in 2005 a year before Dresden s 800th anniversary notably by privately raised funds The gold cross on the top of the church was funded officially by the British people and the House of Windsor The urban renewal process which includes the reconstruction of the area around the Neumarkt square on which the Frauenkirche is situated will continue for many decades but public and government interest remains high and there are numerous large projects underway both historic reconstructions and modern plans that will continue the city s recent architectural renaissance Dresden remains a major cultural centre of historical memory owing to the city s destruction in World War II Each year on 13 February the anniversary of the British and American fire bombing raid that destroyed most of the city tens of thousands of demonstrators gather to commemorate the event Since reunification the ceremony has taken on a more neutral and pacifist tone after being used more politically during the Cold War Beginning in 1999 right wing Neo Nazi white nationalist groups have organised demonstrations in Dresden that have been among the largest of their type in the post war history of Germany Each year around the anniversary of the city s destruction people convene in the memory of those who died in the fire bombing The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding the Neumarkt area The areas around the square have been divided into 8 quarters with each being rebuilt as a separate project the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a facade similar to the original The quarters I II IV V VI and VIII have since been completed with quarter III and quarter VII still partly under construction in 2020 In 2002 torrential rains caused the Elbe to flood 9 metres 30 ft above its normal height i e even higher than the old record height from 1845 damaging many landmarks see 2002 European floods The destruction from this millennium flood is no longer visible due to the speed of reconstruction The United Nations cultural organization UNESCO declared the Dresden Elbe Valley to be a World Heritage Site in 2004 38 After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006 the city lost the title in June 2009 39 40 due to the construction of the Waldschlosschenbrucke making it only the second ever World Heritage Site to be removed from the register 39 40 UNESCO stated in 2006 that the bridge would destroy the cultural landscape The city council s legal moves meant to prevent the bridge from being built failed 41 42 Modern Dresden by night Dresden by day Bruhl s Terrace Geography EditMain article Geography and urban development of Dresden Location Edit Saxon Switzerland a few kilometres outside of Dresden View over Dresden Basin Dresden lies on both banks of the Elbe mostly in the Dresden Basin with the further reaches of the eastern Ore Mountains to the south the steep slope of the Lusatian granitic crust to the north and the Elbe Sandstone Mountains to the east at an altitude of about 113 metres 371 feet Triebenberg is the highest point in Dresden at 384 metres 1 260 feet 43 With a pleasant location and a mild climate on the Elbe as well as Baroque style architecture and numerous world renowned museums and art collections Dresden has been called Elbflorenz Florence on the Elbe The incorporation of neighbouring rural communities over the past 60 years has made Dresden the fourth largest urban district by area in Germany after Berlin Hamburg and Cologne 44 The nearest German cities are Chemnitz 62 kilometres 39 miles 45 to the southwest Leipzig 100 kilometres 62 miles 46 to the northwest and Berlin 165 kilometres 103 miles 47 to the north Prague Czech Republic is about 150 kilometres 93 miles to the south and Wroclaw Poland 200 kilometres 120 miles to the east Nature Edit Dresden is one of the greenest cities in all of Europe with 62 of the city being green areas and forests 48 The Dresden Heath Dresdner Heide to the north is a forest 50 km2 19 sq mi in size There are four nature reserves The additional Special Conservation Areas cover 18 km2 6 9 sq mi The protected gardens parkways parks and old graveyards host 110 natural monuments in the city 49 The Dresden Elbe Valley is a former world heritage site which is focused on the conservation of the cultural landscape in Dresden One important part of that landscape is the Elbe meadows which cross the city in a 20 kilometre swath Saxon Switzerland is located south east of the city Climate Edit Like most of eastern Germany Dresden has an oceanic climate Koppen climate classification Cfb with significant continental influences due to its inland location The summers are warm averaging 19 0 C 66 2 F in July The winters are slightly colder than the German average with a January average temperature of 0 1 C 32 18 F The driest months are February March and April with precipitation of around 40 mm 1 6 in The wettest months are July and August with more than 80 mm 3 1 in per month The microclimate in the Elbe valley differs from that on the slopes and in the higher areas where the Dresden district Klotzsche at 227 metres above sea level hosts the Dresden weather station The weather in Klotzsche is 1 to 3 C 1 8 to 5 4 F colder than in the inner city at 112 metres above sea level Climate data for Dresden Germany for 1981 2010 record temperatures for 1967 2013 Source DWD Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 16 2 61 2 19 7 67 5 24 4 75 9 29 5 85 1 31 3 88 3 35 3 95 5 36 4 97 5 37 3 99 1 32 3 90 1 27 1 80 8 19 1 66 4 16 4 61 5 37 3 99 1 Average high C F 2 7 36 9 3 9 39 0 8 3 46 9 13 7 56 7 18 9 66 0 21 5 70 7 24 2 75 6 23 8 74 8 18 9 66 0 13 6 56 5 7 2 45 0 3 5 38 3 13 3 55 9 Daily mean C F 0 1 32 2 0 9 33 6 4 5 40 1 9 0 48 2 14 0 57 2 16 7 62 1 19 0 66 2 18 6 65 5 14 3 57 7 9 8 49 6 4 5 40 1 1 1 34 0 9 4 48 9 Average low C F 2 4 27 7 1 9 28 6 1 2 34 2 4 4 39 9 8 9 48 0 11 9 53 4 14 0 57 2 13 9 57 0 10 4 50 7 6 5 43 7 2 1 35 8 1 2 29 8 5 7 42 3 Record low C F 25 3 13 5 23 0 9 4 16 5 2 3 6 3 20 7 3 4 25 9 1 2 34 2 6 7 44 1 5 4 41 7 1 4 34 5 6 0 21 2 13 2 8 2 21 0 5 8 25 3 13 5 Average precipitation mm inches 46 5 1 83 34 6 1 36 43 2 1 70 41 2 1 62 64 8 2 55 64 6 2 54 87 4 3 44 83 0 3 27 50 2 1 98 42 5 1 67 53 9 2 12 52 1 2 05 664 03 26 14 Mean monthly sunshine hours 62 1 77 8 118 2 170 7 218 7 202 3 222 6 212 9 152 0 122 4 64 5 55 1 1 679 37Source Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst 50 Flood protection Edit Because of its location on the banks of the Elbe into which some water sources from the Ore Mountains flow flood protection is important Large areas are kept free of buildings to provide a flood plain Two additional trenches about 50 metres wide have been built to keep the inner city free of water from the Elbe by dissipating the water downstream through the inner city s gorge portion Flood regulation systems like detention basins and water reservoirs are almost all outside the city area The Weisseritz normally a rather small river suddenly ran directly into the main station of Dresden during the 2002 European floods This was largely because the river returned to its former route it had been diverted so that a railway could run along the river bed Many locations and areas need to be protected by walls and sheet pilings during floods A number of districts become waterlogged if the Elbe overflows across some of its former floodplains 51 Floods in 2002 Semperoper during 2005 floods Elbe flood in April 2006 Dresden skyline in 2006 Dresden under water in June 2013City structuring Edit Dresden is a spacious city Its boroughs differ in their structure and appearance Many parts still contain an old village core while some quarters are almost completely preserved as rural settings Other characteristic kinds of urban areas are the historic outskirts of the city and the former suburbs with scattered housing During the German Democratic Republic many apartment blocks were built The original parts of the city are almost all in the boroughs of Altstadt Old town and Neustadt New town Growing outside the city walls the historic outskirts were built in the 18th and 19th century They were planned and constructed on the orders of the Saxon monarchs and many of them are named after Saxon sovereigns e g Friedrichstadt and Albertstadt Dresden has been divided into ten boroughs called Stadtbezirk and nine former municipalities Ortschaften which have been incorporated since 1990 52 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 15012 500 160314 793 491 7 169921 298 44 0 172746 472 118 2 175563 209 36 0 177244 760 29 2 180061 794 38 1 181351 175 17 2 183061 886 20 9 184082 014 32 5 1852104 199 27 1 1861128 152 23 0 1871177 089 38 2 1880220 818 24 7 1890276 522 25 2 1900396 146 43 3 1905516 996 30 5 1910548 308 6 1 1916528 732 3 6 1920540 900 2 3 1925619 157 14 5 1930633 441 2 3 1933649 252 2 5 1935637 052 1 9 1940626 900 1 6 1944566 738 9 6 1945368 519 35 0 1946467 966 27 0 1950494 187 5 6 1955496 548 0 5 1960493 603 0 6 1965508 119 2 9 1970502 432 1 1 1975509 331 1 4 1980516 225 1 4 1985519 769 0 7 1990490 571 5 6 1995469 110 4 4 2000477 807 1 9 2005495 181 3 6 2010523 058 5 6 2015543 825 4 0 2019557 075 2 4 Source citation needed Top 10 non German populations 53 Nationality Population 31 December 2016 China 2 417 Russia 2 312 Syria 2 195 Vietnam 1 830 Poland 1 743 Ukraine 1 592 Italy 1 099 Czech Republic 1 076 Romania 982 India 950The population of Dresden grew to 100 000 inhabitants in 1852 making it one of the first German cities after Hamburg Berlin and Breslau to reach that number The population peaked at 649 252 in 1933 and dropped to 368 519 in 1945 because of World War II during which large residential areas of the city were destroyed After large incorporations and city restoration the population grew to 522 532 again between 1946 and 1983 54 Since German reunification demographic development has been very unsteady The city has struggled with migration and suburbanisation During the 1990s the population increased to 480 000 because of several incorporations and decreased to 452 827 in 1998 Between 2000 and 2010 the population grew quickly by more than 45 000 inhabitants about 9 5 due to a stabilised economy and re urbanisation Along with Munich and Potsdam Dresden is one of the ten fastest growing cities in Germany 44 As of 2019 update the population of the city of Dresden was 557 075 55 the population of the Dresden agglomeration was 790 400 as of 2018 update 3 and as of 2019 update the population of the Dresden metropolitan area which includes the neighbouring districts of Meissen Sachsische Schweiz Osterzgebirge Bautzen and Gorlitz was 1 343 305 2 As of 2018 about 50 0 of the population was female 56 As of 2007 update the mean age of the population was 43 years which is the lowest among the urban districts in Saxony 57 As of 31 December 2018 update there were 67 841 people with a migration background 12 1 of the population increased from 7 2 in 2010 and about two thirds of these 44 665 or about 8 0 of all Dresden citizens were foreigners 56 This percentage increased from 4 1 in 2010 Governance EditDresden is one of Germany s 16 political centres and the capital of Saxony It has institutions of democratic local self administration that are independent from the capital functions 58 Some local affairs of Dresden receive national attention citation needed Dresden hosted some international summits in recent years such as the Petersburg Dialogue between Russia and Germany 59 the European Union s Minister of the Interior conference 60 and the G8 labour ministers conference 61 Mayor Edit Main article City Council of Dresden The city council is the legislative branch of the city government The council gives orders to the mayor German Burgermeister via resolutions and decrees and thus also has some degree of executive power 62 63 Results of the second round of the 2022 mayoral election The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Herbert Wagner of the Christian Democratic Union CDU who served from 1990 to 2001 The mayor was originally chosen by the city council but since 1994 has been directly elected Ingolf Rossberg of the Free Democratic Party FDP served from 2001 until 2008 He was succeeded by Helma Orosz CDU Dirk Hilbert was elected mayor in 2015 under the banner Independent Citizens for Dresden He was nominated by the FDP and Free Voters and was endorsed by the CDU and AfD in the runoff The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 June 2022 with a runoff held on 10 July and the results were as follows Candidate Party First round Second roundVotes Votes Dirk Hilbert Independent Citizens for Dresden FDP FW CDU 66 165 32 5 80 483 45 3Eva Jahnigen Alliance 90 The Greens plus SPD Left Pirates in the runoff 38 473 18 9 67 947 38 3Albrecht Pallas Social Democratic Party 31 068 15 2 WithdrewMaximilian Krah Alternative for Germany 28 971 14 2 21 741 12 2Andre Schollbach The Left 20 898 10 3 WithdrewMarcus Fuchs Independent 6 856 3 4 3 549 2 0Martin Schulte Wissermann Pirate Party 5 975 2 9 WithdrewSascha Wolff Independent 2 695 1 3 WithdrewJan Pohnisch Die PARTEI 2 684 1 3 3 824 2 2Valid votes 203 785 99 4 177 544 99 5Invalid votes 1 145 0 6 974 0 5Total 204 930 100 0 178 518 100 0Electorate voter turnout 432 294 47 4 431 967 41 3Source City of Dresden 1st round 2nd round City council Edit Results of the 2019 city council election Winning party by locality in the 2019 city council election The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 and the results were as follows Party Votes Seats Alliance 90 The Greens Grune 171 630 20 5 4 8 15 4Christian Democratic Union CDU 153 022 18 3 9 3 13 8Alternative for Germany AfD 143 207 17 2 10 1 12 7The Left Die Linke 135 613 16 2 4 7 12 3Social Democratic Party SPD 73 627 8 8 4 0 6 3Free Democratic Party FDP 62 613 7 5 2 5 5 2Free Voters Dresden WV 44 725 5 3 5 2 4 4Pirate Party Germany Piraten 20 516 2 4 0 9 1 1Die PARTEI PARTEI 15 268 1 8 0 9 1 1Free Citizens Dresden FBD 12 652 1 5 2 3 1 1National Democratic Party NPD 4 744 0 6 2 2 0 2Valid votes 288 060 98 7Invalid votes 3 937 1 3Total 291 997 100 0 70 0Electorate voter turnout 436 179 66 9 17 9Source Wahlen in SachsenPublic institutions Edit The Sachsische Staatskanzlei Saxon State Chancellery is an institution assisting the President of the State As the capital of Saxony Dresden is home to the Saxon state parliament Landtag 64 and the ministries of the Saxon Government The controlling Constitutional Court of Saxony is in Leipzig The highest Saxon court in civil and criminal law is the Higher Regional Court of Dresden 65 Most of the Saxon state authorities are located in Dresden Dresden is home to the Regional Commission of the Dresden Regierungsbezirk which is a controlling authority for the Saxon Government It has jurisdiction over eight rural districts two urban districts and the city of Dresden citation needed Like many cities in Germany Dresden is also home to a local court has a trade corporation and a Chamber of Industry and Trade and many subsidiaries of federal agencies such as the Federal Labour Office or the Federal Agency for Technical Relief It hosts some divisions of the German Customs and Waterways and Shipping Office 66 Dresden is home to a military subdistrict command but no longer has large military units as it did in the past Dresden is the traditional location for army officer schooling in Germany today carried out in the Offizierschule des Heeres 67 Local affairs Edit The Waldschlosschen Bridge is a subject of controversy in Dresden and other parts of Germany Local affairs in Dresden often centre around the urban development of the city and its spaces Architecture and the design of public places is a controversial subject Discussions about the Waldschlosschenbrucke a bridge under construction across the Elbe received international attention because of its position across the Dresden Elbe Valley World Heritage Site The city held a public referendum in 2005 on whether to build the bridge prior to UNESCO expressing doubts about the compatibility between bridge and heritage Its construction caused loss of World Heritage site status in 2009 68 In 2006 the city of Dresden sold its publicly subsidized housing organization WOBA Dresden GmbH to the US based private investment company Fortress Investment Group The city received 987 1 million euro and paid off its remaining loans making it the first large city in Germany to become debt free Opponents of the sale were concerned about Dresden s loss of control over the subsidized housing market 69 Dresden has been the center of groups and activities of far right movements Politicians and politics of Alternative for Germany AfD have a strong backing 70 Starting in October 2014 PEGIDA a nationalistic political movement based in Dresden has been organizing weekly demonstrations against what it perceives as the Islamization of Europe at the height of the European migrant crisis As the number of demonstrators increased to 15 000 in December 2014 so has the international media coverage of it 71 However since 2015 the number of demonstrators has decreased significantly 72 In 2019 the Dresden City Council passed a policy statement against anti democratic anti pluralist misanthropic and right wing extremist developments 73 The motion was originally put forward by the satirical political party Die Partei 74 Bundnis 90 Die Grunen Die Linke SPD and Die Partei voted in favour of the statement The CDU and AfD voted against it Among other things the statement calls on strengthening democracy protecting human rights and raising spending on political education 75 Twin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Dresden and Coventry became twins after the Second World War in an act of reconciliation as both had suffered near total destruction from massive aerial bombing 76 Similar symbolism occurred in 1988 when Dresden twinned with the Dutch city of Rotterdam The Coventry Blitz and Rotterdam Blitz bombardments by the German Luftwaffe are also considered to be disproportional 77 Dresden has had a triangular partnership with Saint Petersburg and Hamburg since 1987 Dresden is twinned with 78 Coventry England United Kingdom 1959 Saint Petersburg Russia 1961 Wroclaw Poland 1963 Skopje North Macedonia 1967 Ostrava Czech Republic 1971 Brazzaville Congo 1975 Florence Italy 1978 Hamburg Germany 1987 Rotterdam Netherlands 1988 Strasbourg France 1990 Salzburg Austria 1991 Columbus United States 1992 Hangzhou China 2009 Friendly cities Edit Dresden also has friendly relations with 79 Daejeon South Korea Gostyn Poland Shiraz IranCityscape Edit Frauenkirche at the Neumarkt Architecture Edit Although Dresden is often said to be a Baroque city its architecture is influenced by more than one style Other eras of importance are the Renaissance and Historicism as well as the contemporary styles of Modernism and Postmodernism 80 Dresden has some 13 000 listed cultural monuments and eight districts under general preservation orders 81 Royal household Edit Zwinger Palace The Dresden Castle was the seat of the royal household from 1485 The wings of the building have been renewed built upon and restored many times Due to this integration of styles the castle is made up of elements of the Renaissance Baroque and Classicist styles 82 The Zwinger Palace is across the road from the castle It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art collections and a place to hold festivals Its gate by the moat is surmounted by a golden crown 83 Other royal buildings and ensembles Bruhl s Terrace was a gift to Heinrich count von Bruhl and became an ensemble of buildings above the river Elbe Dresden Elbe Valley with the Pillnitz Castle and other castlesSacred buildings Edit Bernardo Bellotto s Dresden included the Hofkirche during construction The Hofkirche was the church of the royal household Augustus the Strong who desired to be King of Poland converted to Catholicism as Polish kings had to be Catholic At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant Augustus the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche the Roman Catholic Cathedral to establish a sign of Roman Catholic religious importance in Dresden The church is the cathedral Sanctissimae Trinitatis since 1980 The crypt of the Wettin Dynasty is located within the church 84 King Augustus III of Poland is buried in the cathedral as one of very few Polish Kings to be buried outside the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow In contrast to the Hofkirche the Lutheran Frauenkirche located at the Neumarkt was built almost contemporaneously by the citizens of Dresden The city s historic Kreuzkirche was reconsecrated in 1388 85 There are also other churches in Dresden for example the Russian Orthodox St Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church in the Sudvorstadt district Historicism Edit Yenidze Historicist buildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s Notable examples of Renaissance Revival architecture in Dresden include the Albertinum located at Bruhl s Terrace as well as the Saxon State Chancellery and the Saxon State Ministry of Finance located on the northern Elbe river banks The Ehrlichsche Gestiftskirche constructed in 1907 was a historicist church building that was demolished in August 1951 86 The Villa Rosa was built in 1839 and was considered one of the most important villa buildings in Dresden due to its Renaissance Revival architecture 87 Yenidze is a former cigarette factory building built in the style of a mosque between 1907 and 1909 The most recent historicist buildings in Dresden date from the short era of Stalinist architecture in the 1950s e g at the Altmarkt 88 Stalinist architecture at the Altmarkt Modernism Edit The Garden City of Hellerau at that time a suburb of Dresden was founded in 1909 It was Germany s first garden city 89 In 1911 Heinrich Tessenow built the Hellerau Festspielhaus festival theatre Until the outbreak of World War I Hellerau was a centre for European modernism with international standing 90 91 In 1950 Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden Today the Hellerau reform architecture is recognized as exemplary In the 1990s the garden city of Hellerau became a conservation area 92 The German Hygiene Museum built 1928 1930 is a signal example of modern architecture in Dresden in the interwar period The building is designed in an impressively monumental style but employs plain facades and simple structures Important modernist buildings erected between 1945 and 1990 are the Centrum Warenhaus a large department store representing the international Style and the multi purpose hall Kulturpalast Contemporary architecture Edit The locally controversial UFA Palast After 1990 and German reunification new styles emerged Important contemporary buildings include the New Synagogue a postmodern building with few windows the Transparent Factory the Saxon State Parliament and the New Terrace the UFA Kristallpalast cinema by Coop Himmelb l au one of the biggest buildings of Deconstructivism in Germany and the Saxon State Library Daniel Libeskind and Norman Foster both modified existing buildings Foster roofed the main railway station with translucent Teflon coated synthetics Libeskind changed the whole structure of the Bundeswehr Military History Museum by placing a wedge through the historical arsenal building According to Libeskind s studio t he facade s openness and transparency is intended to contrast with the opacity and rigidity of the existing building 93 Bridges Edit Important bridges crossing the Elbe river are the Blaues Wunder bridge and the Augustus Bridge Statues Edit Jean Joseph Vinache s golden equestrian statue of August the Strong the Goldener Reiter Golden Cavalier is on the Neustadter Markt square It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstrasse Main street on his way to Warsaw where he was King of Poland in personal union Another statue is the memorial of Martin Luther in front of the Frauenkirche 94 Parks and gardens Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2020 Grosser Garten is a Baroque garden in central Dresden It includes the Dresden Zoo and the Dresden Botanical Garden The Dresden Heath is a large forest located in the northeast of Dresden and one of the city s most important recreation areas The park of Pillnitz Palace is famous for its botanical treasures including a more than 230 year old Japanese camellia and about 400 potted plants 95 Main sights Edit Dresden Frauenkirche Zwinger Palace Semperoper Dresden New Town Hall Dresden Academy of Fine Arts Kreuzkirche Dresden Furstenzug Munzgasse at Neumarkt Dresden Castle Katholische Hofkirche Yenidze at night Dresden Neustadt Pillnitz Castle German Hygiene Museum Bundeswehr Military History Museum Blue Wonder Nymphenbad Grosser GartenCulture Edit The Semperoper completely rebuilt and reopened in 1985 Main article Culture in Dresden Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner had a number of their works performed for the first time in Dresden citation needed Other artists such as Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Otto Dix Oskar Kokoschka Richard Strauss Gottfried Semper and Gret Palucca were also active in the city citation needed Dresden is also home to several art collections and musical ensembles Entertainment Edit View over Altmarkt Old market during Striezelmarkt The Saxon State Opera descends from the opera company of the former electors and Kings of Saxony Their first opera house was the Opernhaus am Taschenberg opened in 1667 The Opernhaus am Zwinger presented opera from 1719 to 1756 when the Seven Years War began The later Semperoper was completely destroyed during the bombing of Dresden during the second world war The opera s reconstruction was completed exactly 40 years later on 13 February 1985 Its musical ensemble is the Sachsische Staatskapelle Dresden founded in 1548 96 The Dresden State Theatre runs a number of smaller theatres The Dresden State Operetta is the only independent operetta in Germany 97 The Herkuleskeule Hercules club is an important site in German speaking political cabaret There are several choirs in Dresden the best known of which is the Dresdner Kreuzchor Choir of The Holy Cross It is a boys choir drawn from pupils of the Kreuzschule and was founded in the 13th century 98 The Dresdner Kapellknaben are not related to the Staatskapelle but to the former Hofkapelle the Catholic cathedral since 1980 The Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra is the orchestra of the city of Dresden Throughout the summer the outdoor concert series Zwingerkonzerte und Mehr is held in the Zwingerhof Performances include dance and music 99 There are several small cinemas presenting cult films and low budget or low profile films chosen for their cultural value Dresden also has a few multiplex cinemas of which the Rundkino is the oldest citation needed Dresden s Striezelmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany Founded as a one day market in 1434 it is considered the first genuine Christmas market in the world 9 A big event each year in June is the Bunte Republik Neustadt 100 a culture festival lasting three days in the city district of Dresden Neustadt Bands play live concerts for free in the streets and there are refreshments and food Museums Edit Sistine Madonna by Raphael in the Gemaldegalerie Alte Meister Dresden hosts the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden Dresden State Art Collections which according to the institution s own statements place it among the most important museums presently in existence The art collections consist of twelve museums including the Gemaldegalerie Alte Meister Old Masters Gallery and the Grunes Gewolbe Green Vault and the Japanese Palace Japanisches Palais 101 Also known are Galerie Neue Meister New Masters Gallery Rustkammer Armoury with the Turkish Chamber and the Museum fur Volkerkunde Dresden Museum of Ethnology Other museums and collections owned by the Free State of Saxony in Dresden are The Deutsche Hygiene Museum founded for mass education in hygiene health human biology and medicine 102 The Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte State Museum of Prehistory 103 The Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden 104 The Universitatssammlung Kunst Technik Collection of Art and Technology of the Dresden University of Technology 105 Verkehrsmuseum Dresden Transport Museum Festung Dresden Dresden Fortress 106 107 Panometer Dresden Dresden Panometer Panorama museum 108 109 The Dresden City Museum is run by the city of Dresden and focused on the city s history The Bundeswehr Military History Museum is placed in the former garrison in the Albertstadt The book museum of the Saxon State Library presents the Dresden Codex 110 The Kraszewski Museum is a museum dedicated to the most prolific Polish writer Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski who lived in Dresden from 1863 to 1883 111 Transport EditMain article Transportation in Dresden The longest trams in Dresden set a record in length Bus Edit DVB is the municipal company in charge of transport in the city of Dresden 112 DVB provides a night service named GuteNachtLinie goodnight lines which operates Monday Sunday although the frequency of the buses is greater on Friday Saturday and before holidays when the routes run every 30 minutes between 22 45 and 04 45 113 Postplatz is the most important hub for night time travel in Dresden Most GuteNachtLinie routes meet here at the same time to allow people to switch routes 113 114 Roads Edit The Bundesautobahn 4 European route E40 crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east The Bundesautobahn 17 leaves the A4 in a south eastern direction In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague The Bundesautobahn 13 leaves from the three point interchange Dresden Nord and goes to Berlin The A13 and the A17 are on the European route E55 In addition several Bundesstrassen federal highways run through Dresden Rail Edit Dresden Central Station is the main inter city transport hub There are two main inter city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden Neustadt railway station The most important railway lines run to Berlin Prague Leipzig and Chemnitz A commuter train system Dresden S Bahn operates on three lines alongside the long distance routes Aviation Edit Dresden Airport is the city s international airport located at the north western outskirts of the city After German reunification the airport s infrastructure has been considerably improved In 1998 a motorway access route was opened 115 In March 2001 a new terminal building was opened along with the underground S Bahn station Dresden Flughafen a multi storey car park and a new aircraft handling ramp 116 Trams Edit Dresden has a large tramway network operated by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe the municipal transport company The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km 124 mi network 117 Many of the new low floor vehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced by Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen While about 30 of the system s lines are on reserved track often sown with grass to avoid noise many tracks still run on the streets especially in the inner city 118 The CarGoTram is a tram that supplies Volkswagen s Transparent Factory crossing the city The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city s largest park 119 The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by the Dresden Funicular Railway which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895 120 Economy EditMain article Economy of Dresden GlobalFoundries semiconductor factory Transparent Factory owned by Volkswagen This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Until enterprises like Dresdner Bank left Dresden in the communist era to avoid nationalisation Dresden was one of the most important German cities an important industrial centre of the German Democratic Republic citation needed The period of the GDR until 1990 was characterized by low economic growth in comparison to western German cities citation needed In 1990 Dresden had to struggle with the economic collapse of the Soviet Union and the other export markets in Eastern Europe After reunification enterprises and production sites broke down almost completely as they entered the social market economy facing competition from the Federal Republic of Germany After 1990 a completely new legal system and currency system was introduced and infrastructure was largely rebuilt with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany Dresden as a major urban centre has developed much faster and more consistently than most other regions in the former German Democratic Republic Between 1990 and 2010 the unemployment rate fluctuated between 13 and 15 but has decreased significantly ever since In December 2019 the unemployment rate was 5 3 the fourth lowest among the 15 largest cities of Germany after Munich Stuttgart and Nuremberg 121 In 2017 the GDP per capita of Dresden was 39 134 euros the highest in Saxony 122 Thanks to the presence of public administration centres a high density of semi public research institutes and an extension of publicly funded high technology sectors the proportion of highly qualified workers Dresden is again among the highest in Germany and by European criteria citation needed In 2019 Dresden had the seventh best future prospects of all cities in Germany after being ranked fourth in 2017 6 According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos Dresden is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany It ranks at number 41 of all 401 German regions and second of all regions in former East Germany only surpassed by Jena 123 124 125 Enterprises Edit Three major sectors dominate Dresden s economy Silicon Saxony Saxony s semiconductor industry was built up in 1969 Major enterprises today include AMD s semiconductor fabrication spin off GlobalFoundries Infineon Technologies ZMDI and Toppan Photomasks Their factories attract many suppliers of material and cleanroom technology enterprises to Dresden The pharmaceutical sector developed at the end of the 19th century The Sachsisches Serumwerk Dresden Saxon Serum Plant Dresden owned by GlaxoSmithKline is a global leader in vaccine production citation needed Another traditional pharmaceuticals producer is Arzneimittelwerke Dresden Pharmaceutical Works Dresden citation needed A third traditional branch is that of mechanical and electrical engineering Major employers are the Volkswagen Transparent Factory Elbe Flugzeugwerke Elbe Aircraft Works Siemens and Linde KCA Dresden citation needed The tourism industry enjoys high revenue and supports many employees There are around one hundred bigger hotels in Dresden many of which cater in the upscale range citation needed Dresden still has a shortage of corporate headquarters citation needed Media Edit The media in Dresden include two major newspapers of regional record the Sachsische Zeitung Saxon Newspaper circulation around 228 000 and the Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten Dresden s Latest News circulation around 50 000 Dresden has a broadcasting centre belonging to the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk The Dresdner Druck und Verlagshaus Dresden printing plant and publishing house produces part of Spiegel s print run amongst other newspapers and magazines citation needed Education and science Edit TU Dresden Dresden Academy of Fine Arts Universities Edit Dresden is home to a number of renowned universities but among German cities it is a more recent location for academic education The Dresden University of Technology Technische Universitat Dresden abbreviated as TU Dresden or TUD with more than 36 000 students 2011 126 was founded in 1828 and is among the oldest and largest Universities of Technology in Germany It is currently the university of technology in Germany with the largest number of students but also has many courses in social studies economics and other non technical sciences It offers 126 courses In 2006 the TU Dresden was successful in the German Universities Excellence Initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany The Dresden University of Applied Sciences Hochschule fur Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden was founded in 1992 and had about 5 300 students in 2005 127 The Dresden Academy of Fine Arts Hochschule fur Bildende Kunste Dresden was founded in 1764 and is known for its former professors and artists such as George Grosz Sascha Schneider Otto Dix Oskar Kokoschka Bernardo Bellotto Carl Gustav Carus Caspar David Friedrich and Gerhard Richter The Palucca School of Dance Palucca Hochschule fur Tanz 128 was founded by Gret Palucca in 1925 and is a major European school of free dance The Carl Maria von Weber College of Music was founded in 1856 Other universities include the Hochschule fur Kirchenmusik a school specialising in church music and the Evangelische Hochschule fur Sozialarbeit an education institution for social work citation needed The Dresden International University is a private postgraduate university founded in 2003 in cooperation with the Dresden University of Technology 129 Research institutes Edit Dresden hosts many research institutes some of which have gained an international standing The domains of most importance are micro and nanoelectronics transport and infrastructure systems material and photonic technology and bio engineering The institutes are well connected among one other as well as with the academic education institutions 130 Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf is the largest complex of research facilities in Dresden a short distance outside the urban areas It focuses on nuclear medicine and physics As part of the Helmholtz Association it is one of the German Big Science research centres The Max Planck Society focuses on fundamental research There are three Max Planck Institutes MPI in Dresden the MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics the MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids and the MPI for the Physics of Complex Systems 131 The Fraunhofer Society hosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission oriented research to enterprises With eleven institutions or parts of institutes Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide 132 The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions and is seen as a useful part of the knowledge infrastructure citation needed The Leibniz Community is a union of institutes with science covering fundamental research and applied research In Dresden there are three Leibniz Institutes The Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research 133 and the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 134 are both in the material and high technology domain while the Leibniz Institute for Ecological and Regional Development is focused on more fundamental research into urban planning citation needed The Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf was member of the Leibniz Community until the end of 2010 citation needed Higher secondary education Edit Dresden has more than 20 gymnasia which prepare for a tertiary education five of which are private 135 The Sachsisches Landesgymnasium fur Musik with a focus on music is supported as its name implies by the State of Saxony rather than by the city 136 There are some Berufliche Gymnasien which combine vocational education and secondary education and a Abendgymnasium which prepares higher education of adults avocational 137 Sport Edit The Rudolf Harbig Stadion the current home of Dynamo Dresden Dresden is home to Dynamo Dresden which had a tradition in UEFA club competitions up to the early 1990s Dynamo Dresden won eight titles in the DDR Oberliga Currently the club is a member of the 3 Liga after some seasons in the Bundesliga and 2 Bundesliga 138 In the early 20th century the city was represented by Dresdner SC who were one of Germany s most successful clubs in football Their best performances came during World War II when they were twice German champions and twice Cup winners Dresdner SC is a multisport club While its football team plays in the sixth tier Landesliga Sachsen its volleyball section has a team in the women s Bundesliga Dresden has a third football team SC Borea Dresden ESC Dresdner Eislowen is an ice hockey club playing in the second tier ice hockey league DEL2 Dresden Monarchs are an American football team in the German Football League The Dresden Titans are the city s top basketball team Due to good performances they have moved up several divisions and currently play in Germany s second division ProA The Titans home arena is the Margon Arena Since 1890 horse races have taken place and the Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e V are active and one of the big sporting events in Dresden 139 Major sporting facilities in Dresden are the Rudolf Harbig Stadion the Heinz Steyer Stadion and the EnergieVerbund Arena for ice hockey Quality of life EditAccording to the 2017 Global Least amp Most Stressful Cities Ranking Dresden was one of the least stressful cities in the world It was ranked 15th out of 150 cities worldwide and above Dusseldorf Leipzig Dortmund Cologne Frankfurt and Berlin 140 Notable people EditPublic service Edit Augustus II the Strong 1670 1733 Elector of Saxony and King of Poland 141 Augustus III of Poland 1696 1763 Elector of Saxony and King of Poland 142 Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 1750 1827 King of Saxony 143 Anthony of Saxony 1755 1836 King of Saxony Count Heinrich von Bellegarde 1756 1845 Generalfeldmarschall and statesman 144 Johann Adolf Freiherr von Thielmann 1765 1824 Prussian cavalry soldier 145 Wilhelm Adolf Becker 1796 1846 classical scholar 146 Frederick Augustus II of Saxony 1797 1854 King of Saxony 147 John of Saxony 1801 1873 King of Saxony 148 Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel 1809 1885 Prussian general field marshal 149 Albert of Saxony 1828 1902 King of Saxony 150 George King of Saxony 1832 1904 King of Saxony 151 Heinrich Gotthard Freiherr von Treitschke 1834 1896 historian political writer and nationalist Frederick Augustus III of Saxony 1865 1932 King of Saxony Amelie Beese 1886 1925 aviator Max Immelmann 1890 1916 WWI fighter pilot first pilot awarded the Pour le Merite known as the Blue Max Herbert Wehner 1906 1990 politician SPD Wolfgang Mischnick 1921 2002 politician FDP Peter Hoffmann born 1930 historian Gerhart Baum born 1932 politician FDP Andreas von Bulow born 1937 politician and writer Christine Bergmann born 1939 politician SPD Christoph M Kimmich born 1939 German American historian and eighth President of Brooklyn College Katja Kipping born 1978 politician The Left The Arts Edit August Buchner 1591 1661 influential Baroque poet August Joseph Pechwell 1757 1811 painter Theodor Korner 1791 1813 poet and soldier 152 Moritz Hauptmann 1792 1868 music theorist teacher and composer 153 Ludwig Richter 1803 1884 painter 154 Hans von Bulow 1830 1894 conductor virtuoso pianist and composer 155 Paul Miersch 1868 1956 composer Elsa Laura Wolzogen 1876 1945 composer Victor Klemperer 1881 1960 Jewish author of I Will Bear Witness Erich Kastner 1899 1974 author of books Carle Hessay 1911 1978 Canadian painter Siegfried Geissler 1929 2014 composer conductor hornist and politician Gerhard Richter born 1932 painter Gernot Roll 1939 2020 cinematographer film director and script writer Thomas Fritsch 1944 2021 film television and dubbing actor Andrea Ihle born 1953 operatic soprano Annette Jahns 1958 2020 operatic mezzo soprano and contralto and opera director Siarhei Mikhalok born 1972 Belarusian rock musician and actorScience and business Edit Georg Bartisch ca 1535 1607 eye surgeon and author of first German language textbook of ophthalmology Carl Friedrich Wenzel ca 1740 1793 chemist and metallurgist 156 Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann 1797 1873 mineralogist and geologist 157 Otto Linne Erdmann 1804 1869 chemist introduced vaccination into Saxony 158 Ferdinand A Lange 1815 1875 watchmaker founder of A Lange amp Sohne Julius Hermann Moritz Busch 1821 1899 publicist Bismarck s Boswell 159 Ernst Engel 1821 1896 statistician and economist Engel curve amp Engel s law 160 Karl Reinisch 1921 2007 engineer Edith Schonert Geiss 1933 2012 numismatistSport Edit Ad Santel 1887 1966 professional wrestler Fritz Wiessner 1900 1988 pioneer of free climbing Helmut Schon 1915 1996 football coach Matthias Sammer born 1967 footballer and football coach Axel Tischer born 1986 professional wrestlerNotes Edit Dresden is actually the third largest city on the River Vltava after Hamburg and Prague because above the 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Dresden Geschichte der Stadt Dresden in German Theiss p 626 ISBN 978 3 8062 1928 9 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Helas Volker 1 December 2013 Architektur in Dresden 1800 1900 in German Springer Verlag pp 27 29 ISBN 978 3 322 84117 9 Moskaus kleine Schwestern Stalins Stadte in der DDR DER SPIEGEL in German 31 August 2018 Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 Hellerau Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 History hellerau org Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 Festspielhaus Hellerau World Monuments Fund Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 Entwurf zur Moderne Hellerau Stand Ort Bestimmung Dokumentation der Fachtagung in Hellerau 1995 Durth Werner Bracher Erich Wustenrot Stiftung Stuttgart Dt Verl Anst 1996 ISBN 3 421 03217 3 OCLC 312519193 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Libeskind Daniel 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Augustus III Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed 1911 p 916 Hashagen Justus 1911 Frederick Augustus I Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed pp 60 61 Bellegarde Heinrich Joseph Johannes Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 p 697 Thielmann Johann Adolf Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed 1911 p 847 Becker Wilhelm Adolf Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 p 608 Hashagen Justus 1911 Frederick Augustus II Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed p 61 Hashagen Justus 1911 John King of Saxony Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed pp 444 445 Manteuffel Edwin Freiherr von Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed 1911 p 604 Albert king of Saxony Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed 1911 p 498 George King of Saxony Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed 1911 pp 746 747 Korner Karl Theodor Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed 1911 p 913 Hauptmann Moritz Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 pp 68 69 Richter Adrian Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 p 312 Bulow Hans Guido von Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 795 Wenzel Karl Friedrich Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed 1911 pp 521 522 Naumann Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 19 11th ed 1911 p 278 Erdmann Otto Linne Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 9 11th ed 1911 p 734 Busch Julius Hermann Moritz Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 869 Engel Ernst Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 9 11th ed 1911 p 405 Sources Edit Dresden Tuesday 13 February 1945 by Frederick Taylor 2005 ISBN 0 7475 7084 1 Dresden and the Heavy Bombers An RAF Navigator s Perspective by Frank Musgrove 2005 ISBN 1 84415 194 8 Return to Dresden by Maria Ritter 2004 ISBN 1 57806 596 8 Dresden Heute Today by Dieter Zumpe 2003 ISBN 3 7913 2860 3 Destruction of Dresden by David Irving 1972 ISBN 0 345 23032 9 Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut 1970 ISBN 0 586 03328 9 Disguised Visibilities Dresden by Mark Jarzombek in Memory and Architecture Ed By Eleni Bastea University of Mexico Press 2004 Miller Michael 2017 Gauleiter Vol 2 California R James Bender Publishing ISBN 978 1 932970 32 6 Preserve and Rebuild Dresden during the Transformations of 1989 1990 Architecture Citizens Initiatives and Local Identities by Victoria Knebel 2007 ISBN 978 3 631 55954 3 La tutela del patrimonio culturale in caso di conflitto by Fabio Maniscalco editor 2002 ISBN 88 87835 18 7Further reading EditFor a more comprehensive list see Timeline of Dresden Bibliography External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dresden Wikisource has original text related to this article Dresden Official homepage of the city Dresden travel guide from Wikivoyage Official tourist office Homepage of the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe the public transport provider Network maps of the public transport system https web archive org web 20200412221256 http www neumarkt dresden de Organisation for reconstruction of the Neumarkt Portal Germany Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 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