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Stuttgart

February 11, 2023

This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation).

Stuttgart (German: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt] (listen); Swabian: Schduagert [ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥]; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel[5] (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart has a population of 635,911,[6] making it the sixth largest city in Germany.[7] 2.8 million people live in the city's administrative region[3] and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area,[2] making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany. The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living;[a] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index;[b] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status global city in their 2020 survey.[10] Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.

Stuttgart
City
Clockwise from top left: Staatsoper Stuttgart; Mercedes-Benz Museum; Schloss Solitude; Stadtbibliothek; Kunstmuseum Stuttgart; Neues Schloss; Königsbau and Marquardtbau
Flag
Coat of arms
Location within Baden-Württemberg
Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 09°10′48″E / 48.77750°N 9.18000°E / 48.77750; 9.18000Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 09°10′48″E / 48.77750°N 9.18000°E / 48.77750; 9.18000
CountryGermany
StateBaden-Württemberg
Admin. regionStuttgart
DistrictStadtkreis
Founded10th century
Subdivisions23 districts
Government
 • Lord mayor (2020–28) Frank Nopper [de][1] (CDU)
Area
 • City207.33 km2 (80.05 sq mi)
Elevation
245 m (804 ft)
Population
 (2021-12-31)[4]
 • City626,275
 • Density3,000/km2 (7,800/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,787,724 (31 Dec 2018)[3]
 • Metro
5,465,093 (2021)[2]
DemonymStuttgarter
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
70173–70619
Dialling codes0711
Vehicle registrationS
Websitewww.stuttgart.de

Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.[11] It is spread across a variety of hills (some of them covered in vineyards),[12] valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin) and parks. The city is known as the "cradle of the automobile".[13][14] As such, it is home to famous automobile museums like the Mercedes-Benz Museum and Porsche Museum, as well as numerous auto-enthusiast magazines, which contributes to Stuttgart's status as Germany's "Autohauptstadt" ("car capital city").[15][16][17] The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more".[18] Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo and slogan in March 2008, describing itself as "Das neue Herz Europas" ("The new Heart of Europe").[19] For business, it describes itself as "Where business meets the future". In July 2010, the city unveiled a new logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area.[20]

Since the seventh millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in AD 83 and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt, making it the most important regional centre for several centuries. Stuttgart's roots were truly laid in the tenth century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, as a stud farm for his warhorses. Initially overshadowed by nearby Bad Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320. The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their county, duchy, and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II. However, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing centre it is today.[21]

Stuttgart is known for its strong high-tech industry, especially in the automotive sector. It has the highest general standard of prosperity of any German city. In addition to many medium-sized companies, several major corporations are headquartered in Stuttgart, including Porsche, Bosch, and Mercedes-Benz Group. Stuttgart is an important financial center; the Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt), and the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) is Germany's largest Landesbank. Stuttgart is also a major transport junction; it is among the most congested conurbations of Europe, and its airport is the sixth-busiest in Germany (2019). Stuttgart is a city with a high number of immigrants; according to Dorling Kindersley's Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, "In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner."[22] 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five, are of immigrant background.[23]

Etymology

Stuttgart, often nicknamed the "Schwabenmetropole" (English: Swabian metropolis) in reference to its location in the centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians, has its etymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten,[24] or "stud farm",[25] because the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses.[26]

In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be "Schtuegert", and in Swabian German "Stuagart"; with similar variant spellings, usually dropping the central T sound.

History

Main articles: History of Stuttgart and Timeline of Stuttgart
Historical affiliations
 
Stuttgart's first coat of arms (1286)[c]
 
1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by Matthäus Merian
 
Drawing of Stuttgart, 1794
 
Map of Stuttgart, 1888
 
Map of Stuttgart area, 1888
 
View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, between 1890 and 1905. The Rotebühlkaserne is visible to the left, and the Old Castle and Stiftskirche to the right.
 
The historic Stuttgart Marktplatz looking west, 1881
 
Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz, 1907. The building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall.
 
Villa Berg, the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845 to 1853, in a colorized photograph from 1910
 
A colorized photo from 1911 of the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft factory in Untertürkheim. Today, this building is the seat of Mercedes-Benz Group.
 
Front and back of a 50-pfennig Notgeld from 1921 featuring the state capital, Stuttgart
 
Demonstration at the Stuttgart Marktplatz on German Hiking Day (German: Deutschen Wandertag), 1938
 
Map of the destruction of Stuttgart after the air raids
 
A war-damaged Neues Schloss at Schlossplatz prior to restoration, 1956
 
Stuttgart's Hauptbahnhof from the Königstraße, 1965

Antiquity

Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley was the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt.[27] Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa (Cannstatt Castrum)[26] built c. 90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). Cannstatt was a part of the Roman imperial province Germania Superior.

As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.[28] When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the third century by the Alamanni,[29] the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century.[30]

Middle Ages

See also: Germany in the Middle Ages

In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.[31] Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.[32]

Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "Canstat ad Neccarum" (German: Cannstatt-on-Neckar) in 708.[citation needed] The etymology of the name "Cannstatt" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th century),[citation needed] it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "Condi-." Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.[33] There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence".[30][34]

In AD 950, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the old Roman castrum.[27] The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.[31]

Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year AD 1108,[31] kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.[35] Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten".[31] A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX.[24] In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V, Margrave of Baden.[24] In addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in c. 1220.[36] In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's dowry. His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious",[24] would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria, eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII, newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311)[37] to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315.[24] Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,[38] and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle, ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a new and expanded castle,[39] the collegiate church in Beutelsbach, where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,[38] moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320,[38] and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.[38] A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,[26] the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.[26] At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483.[38]

Early Modern era

In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.[25] Eberhard I, then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg[d] in 1495,[27] and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, Ulrich. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I,[40] he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects,[40] who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514.[41][42] Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria.[43] In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,[44] obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen, prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.[40] Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V,[45] who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I, thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs.[35] When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War,[41][42] Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)[40] in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548.[46] Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;[47] knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a Renaissance palace,[39] and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square.[27] Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2,810 ft (860 m) tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,[48] and expanded the Prinzebau.[49]

The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,[50] and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.[26] After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.[51] The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population.[52] The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.[53] Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.[54] This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,[54] but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,[54] reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,[55] Eberhard Ludwig.[56]

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to Ludwigsburg, founded in 1704, while the namesake Baroque palace, known as the "Versailles of Swabia",[57] was still under construction.[57] When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander, ascended to the throne.[50] Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746,[58] Castle Solitude in 1763,[59] Castle Hohenheim in 1785,[60] and the Karlsschule in 1770.[61] The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here.[50] Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city.[62] In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,[27] and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.[63]

Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire

King Frederick I's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.[64] Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace, Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery, the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I.[65] In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the Year Without Summer and following famine,[66] introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.[25][27] Hohenheim University was founded in 1818,[67] and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood.

From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),[68] but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834–1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, University of Stuttgart in 1829,[69] the University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857.[70] Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and Mainz.[71] Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Württemberg,[72] the Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart,[72] were driven out by the King's army.[72]

Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig Uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike.[73] From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.[74] A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall.[75] Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,[76] rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,[76] and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.[76] By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the Unification of Germany, as an autonomous kingdom.

 
Territorial expansion of Stuttgart from 1836 to 1942

Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in a small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887.[77] As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile',[13] and today Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. The year prior, Robert Bosch opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907, the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.[78] In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded.[73] Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927.[79]

During World War I, the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.[80]

Weimar Republic

At the end of the First World War, November revolutionaries[81] stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.[82] When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic, and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch.[83] Also in 1920, Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years.[84]

Nazi Germany

Due to the Nazi Party's practice of Gleichschaltung, Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central Neckar region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the Abroad Germans" in 1936.[85][86][87] The first prototypes of the Volkswagen Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche, by a design team including Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe.[88][89]

The Hotel Silber (English: Silver), previously occupied by other forms of political police, was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.[90] The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including Eugen Bolz, Kurt Schumacher, and Lilo Herrmann to concentration camps. The nearby court at Archive Street (German: Archivstraße) 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.[91] Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground[92] along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its Jewish cemetery.[93] The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau.[94] Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg. As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records,[95] between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to Riga) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg[95] were deported to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and the ghettos at Riga and Izbica. Of them, only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah.[96][97]

Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by Allied air raids. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces, the Luftwaffe, and artificial fog.[98] Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on the city were suicidal,[98] substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people.[98] With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the Eastern Front.[98] In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to Allied bombing raids that could now more easily attack the city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the Royal Air Force, dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 blockbusters – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting firestorm.[98] In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city,[e] the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and the injury of 8,908 more people.[98] The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men.[98] To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the Birkenkopf.

French-American Tensions

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division, French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division, 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later, the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery, who began a barrage of the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance.[99] The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were frequent (there were at least 1389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers),[100][101] and the city's surviving populace were poorly rationed.[f] The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House. President Harry S. Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established.[103] The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew. Stuttgart then became capital of Württemberg-Baden, one of the three areas of Allied occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952.

Baden-Württemberg

The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons, mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.[104] There was, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah.

An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech 6 September 1946 given by US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House.[105] His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be Federal Republic of Germany, and was a serious contender against Frankfurt, Kassel, and Bonn. All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat,[106] but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949.[106] The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government.

The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett, the first Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a modernist Automotive city with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the Athens Charter. Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage, a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of Friederich Schiller, the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the Bundesstraße 14. Klett also dramatically expanded the public transportation of Stuttgart with the Stuttgart Stadtbahn and, in 1961, initiated a city partnership with the French city of Strasbourg as part of an attempt to mend Franco-German relations. It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today.[107] Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then French president Charles de Gaulle visited the city and Ludwigsburg Palace in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany,[108] and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965.[109]

On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of Baden and Württemberg, South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged and formed the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg, with Stuttgart as its capital.[110] Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in southern Germany behind Frankfurt and Munich. The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of German refugees expelled from their homes and communities by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city. Economic migrants, called "Gastarbeiter," from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from Yugoslavia, came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the "Wirtschaftswunder" unfolding in West Germany.[111] These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962.

In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall. Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837-1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.

In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. Stammheim Prison, built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, members of a communist terrorist organization known as the Red Army Faction, during their trial at the Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the "German Autumn" of 1977 that culminated in such events as the kidnap and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181. When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer,[112][113] that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive Life sentencing, the terrorists killed themselves[g] in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the "Todesnacht von Stammheim," "Night of Death at Stammheim."

The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the opening of the Stuttgart S-Bahn on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the European Union met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the Solemn Declaration on European Union.[114] In 1986, the European Athletics Championships of that year were held in the Mercedes-Benz Arena. Mikhail Gorbachev, while on a trip to West Germany to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission,[115] visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the New Palace.[116]

Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the World Horticultural Exposition, for which two new bridges were built,[117] and World Athletics Championships of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Mercedes-Benz Area respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete Sally Gunnell and the United States Relay team both set world records. In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on Leipzig to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted the FIFA World Cup as it had in 1974.

Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21.

US military in Stuttgart

Since shortly after the end of World War II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the Cold War over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.[118] Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense, unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.

In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed Patch Barracks) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.[119] In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.[120] In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.[121] The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army. As the Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War.

In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.[122]

Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM. In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.[123] Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.[124] The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, Robinson Barracks, Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks.[125] From the end of World War II until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities.[126]

Geography

 
Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast. From the Neckar valley on the left the city rises to the city centre, backed by high woods to the south (television tower). Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right.

The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about 900 ft (270 m) above sea level,[127][h] an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura[26] on the banks of the Neckar river at 48°47′N 9°11′E / 48.783°N 9.183°E / 48.783; 9.183 115 mi (185 km) to the west and north of Munich.[128] The city is often described as being "zwischen Wald und Reben", or "between forest and vines" because of its viticulture and surrounding forests.

Stuttgart covers an area of 207.35 km2 (80 sq mi) and sits at elevation ranging from 207 m (679 ft) above sea level by the Neckar river to 549 m (1,801 ft) on Bernhartshöhe hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the Birkenkopf (511 m (1,677 ft)) on the edge of the Stuttgart basin, the Württemberg (411 m (1,348 ft)) rising above the Neckar valley, and the Grüner Heiner (395 m (1,296 ft)) at the northeast end of the city.

 
Stuttgart Region with centers

Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region, making it the administrative centre for a region of 3,700 km2 (1,400 sq mi) containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.[129] In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen, Gerlingen, and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, an area of 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) containing 5.3 million persons.[130]

 
Untertürkheim

Climate

 
City center, winter

Stuttgart experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb),[131] just like the British Isles and Northern France, but it is very extreme at times. As a result of the urban heat island caused by the dense development of the city, inside its "Cauldron" average temperatures in the summer months regularly beat 20 °C (68 °F) from June to August and come very near in September. In the winter temperatures are quite mild, with daily means never sinking below 0 °C (32 °F) even in the coldest months (January and February). In spite of the heat, there is no dry season and the city receives frequent but moderate precipitation year-round. Annually, the city receives average 718.7 mm (28.30 in) of rain (German average national annual rainfall is 700 mm (28 in)).[132][133] On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F).[134]

Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, Swabian Alb mountains, and Black Forest, Schurwald, and Swabian-Franconian Forest act as a shield from harsh weather but the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days. Winters last from December to March. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of 0 °C (32 °F). Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it has been known to last several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. The summers are warm with an average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) in the hottest months of July and August. Summers last from May until September. Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms, such as in July 2013.[135] In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as "Hagelflieger" are stationed near the city and are largely funded by Daimler AG, who maintain several parking lots and factories in the municipal area.[136]

Climate data for Stuttgart, elevation: 246.8 m or 810 ft (1981–2010) extremes (1958–2004)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		37.7
(99.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		29.7
(85.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		37.7
(99.9)
Average high °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.8
(49.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Average low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −25.5
(−13.9) 		−20.3
(−4.5) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−25.5
(−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41.2
(1.62) 		36.5
(1.44) 		47.6
(1.87) 		49.6
(1.95) 		85.7
(3.37) 		86.8
(3.42) 		86.1
(3.39) 		69.1
(2.72) 		57.1
(2.25) 		58.8
(2.31) 		49.8
(1.96) 		50.4
(1.98) 		718.7
(28.30)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 79.8 96.4 137.9 177.0 216.5 216.8 232.4 224.1 169.4 122.6 74.1 60.4 1,807.2
Percent possible sunshine 29 34 37 43 46 45 48 50 45 37 27 23 40
Source 1: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst, note: sunshine hours are from 1990–2012 [137]
Source 2: KNMI[138]

Landmarks and culture

 
Solitude Palace

Inner city

 
The Stiftskirche, seen from south-east (Kirchstraße)

At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square, Schlossplatz. As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, Schlossgarten park which runs down to the river Neckar, Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Königstraße, Stuttgart's most important shopping street which runs along the northwestern edge of Schlossplatz, claims to be the longest pedestrianized street in Germany.[139]

Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II,[139] many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include:

 
The Alte Kanzlei on Schillerplatz square
  • The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534.[139] Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
  • Altes Schloss (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320.[139] Renaissance style; reconstructed[139]
  • Alte Kanzlei (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
  • Neues Schloss (the New Castle), completed in 1807.[139] Baroque/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices.[139] The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors[140]
  • Wilhelmpalais (the King Wilhelm Palais), 1840
  • Königsbau (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the "Königsbau Passagen" shopping centre since 2006.
  • The Großes Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
  • Markthalle Market Hall, 1910. (Art Nouveau)
  • The Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920;[139] its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend 'Neue Sachlichkeit' (New Objectivity)[139]
  • The Württembergische Landesbibliothek state library, rebuilt in 1970.
  • Friedrichsbau Varieté (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building

Architecture in other districts

 
Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900

A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:

Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (see also museums below):

Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest

 
The Johanneskirche on the Feuersee, designed by Christian Friedrich von Leins
 
Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background

At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the Green U. The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the Old Castle, the Main Station, the State Theater and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens – a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium.

At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second Green U park, the larger Rosensteinpark which borders Stuttgart's Wilhelma zoo and botanical gardens. Planted by King William I of Württemberg, it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English-style garden in southern Germany. In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle, now the Rosenstein museum.

Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final Green U park, Killesbergpark or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the Third Reich garden show of 1939 (and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart.

On the northern edge of the Rosensteinpark is the famous 'Wilhelma', Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound, with its ornate pavilions, greenhouses, walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of Württemberg. It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest magnolia grove in Europe.

Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic Botanischer Garten der Universität Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden-Württemberg at Castle Hohenheim (which date back to 1776 and are still used to catalog and research plant species), Uhlandshöhe hill (between the city center, Bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf, and home to Stuttgart observatory), the Weißenburgpark (a five-hectare park in the Bopser area of Stuttgart South which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a 'tea house' and the 'marble room' and offers a relaxing view across the city center), the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg (at 511 m (1,677 ft) the highest point in central Stuttgart, where many ruins were laid to commemorate the Second World War), and the Eichenhain park in Sillenbuch (declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 oak trees, many 300–400 years old).

 
View from the Birkenkopf (partly of Schuttberg)

There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen]. There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a 3 km (1.9 mi) trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.

In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.

Cemeteries in Stuttgart include:

  • The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
  • The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
  • The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky
  • The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985.

The city boasts the second-largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest,[139][141] with over 250 springs within the urban area.[141] The Athenebrunnen (or Fountain of Pallas Athena) is along Jean-Amery-Weg in the western part of Stuttgart, dating from 1911.

Culture and events

 
The Protestant Stiftskirche (originally built in 1170, pictured around 1900) with the memorial on Schillerplatz square in foreground

Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage, in particular its State Theatre (Staatstheater) and State Gallery (Staatsgalerie). The Staatstheater is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres. It regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The Staatstheater was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland "Theatre of the year" in 2006; the Stuttgart Opera has won the 'Opera of the year' award six times.[142] Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée.

Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany's most prestigious symphony orchestras, the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, with famous English conductor Sir Roger Norrington, who developed a distinct sound of that orchestra, known as the Stuttgart Sound. They mostly perform in the Liederhalle concert hall.

The city offers two Broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.

As a result of Stuttgart's long history of viticulture (Even today there are vineyards less than 500 m (1,640 ft) from the Main Station), there are more than 400 flights of stairs (known in the local dialect as the "Stäffele") around the city, equivalent to approximately 20 km (12 mi) of steps.[143] Later, in the early 19th Century, the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the Stäffele were used as footpaths to connect the newly built neighborhoods. Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings.[143]

The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.

Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond.[144] For example, Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East.

 
The Cannstatter Volksfest in the district of 'Bad Cannstatt'

In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional specialty", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.[145]

In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg. In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup. In 2007, Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships.[citation needed] In 2015, Stuttgart hosted the Protestant Kirchentag (church convention) festival, a festival that takes place in a different German city every two years.[146]

Regular events that take place in Stuttgart:

  • The world-famous annual 'Volksfest', originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
  • With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007[147] and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's Christmas Market, running from late November to 23 December,[148] is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe.[148] It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.[149]
  • The Fish Market (Hamburger Fischmarkt, late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from Hamburg.
  • The Summer Festival (Stuttgart Sommerfest, usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart[150] and adjacent parks
  • The Lantern Festival (Lichterfest, early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
  • The Wine Village (Weindorf, late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz (Market Square)[150]

Museums

 
Entrance to the Old State Gallery
 
The Württemberg crown jewels on display in the State Museum of Württemberg (Old Castle)

Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden-Württemberg. The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery (opened in 1843, extended in 1984) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann, Dalí, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Klee, Chagall and Kandinsky.

The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Württemberg. The museum traces the rich history of Württemberg with many artifacts from its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remnants dating back to the Stone Age. On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944.

Other leading museums in Stuttgart include:

  • The History Museum (Haus der Geschichte, 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history
  • State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS) in Park Rosenstein housed in Castle Rosenstein (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and Löwentor Museum (paleontology and geology, home of the Steinheim skull and many unique fossils from the triassic, jurassic and tertiary periods)
  • The Mercedes-Benz Museum (1936, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year).[151] The museum traces the 125-year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the Mercedes-Benz brand of today
  • Stuttgart Art Museum (Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, 2005), the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art (the foremost exhibition of Otto Dix works). The museum stands on the corner of Schlossplatz, Stuttgart in a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture.
  • The Porsche Museum (1976, reopened in 2008 on new premises).
  • Hegel House (Hegelhaus), birthplace of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which documents his life works
  • The Linden Museum, established in 1911, a leading international ethnological museum[152]
  • Stuttgart Tram Museum (Straßenbahnwelt Stuttgart) in Bad Cannstatt, a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868
  • Theodor Heuss House (Theodor-Heuss-Haus, 2002) in Killesbergpark, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president
  • The North Station Memorial (Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart) in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish holocaust victims deported by the Nazis from the now disused North Station

Churches

Stuttgart is the seat of a Protestant bishop (Protestant State Church in Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostal Gospel Forum is the largest place of worship (megachurch) in Germany.[153] It is also home to a large English speaking church, The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart.[154]

Libraries

 
City Library
 
Central State Archive

The Württembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) is one of two state libraries for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tübingen. Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring, cataloging, archiving and provision of literature about Württemberg, called Württembergica. Together with the Badische Landesbibliothek (BLB) in Karlsruhe it also has the legal deposit for Baden-Württemberg, making it an archive library.

The Stuttgart University Library (UBS) is a central institution of the University of Stuttgart . It forms the center of the library system of the university, ensuring the supply of research, teaching and studies with literature and other information resources. It stands next to the members of the university and citizens of the city are available. Together with other research libraries and documentation centers in the Stuttgart area – such as the University of Hohenheim Library – it forms the UBS Library Information System of the Stuttgart Region (BISS).

The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in. It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Württemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Württemberg.

The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart. The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt.

The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Württemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions: the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, deanery and parish archives, educational institutions, the works and associations as well as estates and collections. It also has the microfilms of all church books (especially baptism, marriage, and family Death's Register) in the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.

The "Archive instigator" is dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigators are working on a memoir about "The dead town". So far, about 5,000 names of victims of the regime of National Socialism have been acquired.

There are two large tours that are available to visitors to Stuttgart. The first is the Hop-on Hop-off bus tour (also called the CityTour Stuttgart), lasting from 10 AM to 4 PM that takes visitors around the city.[155] The other is the Neckar-Käpt'n, only available from May to October, which cruises on the Neckar river from its dock at Wilhelma in Bad Cannstatt.[148]

Demographics

Largest groups of foreign residents[156]
Nationality Population (31.12.2018)
  Turkey 17,900
  Croatia 15,268
  Italy 14,021
  Greece 13,757
  Romania 6,121
  Serbia 5,844
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,963
  Syria 4,585
  Portugal 4,172
  Poland 4,162
  India 3,624
  Kosovo 3,363
  Spain 3,233
  France 3,212
  China 3,134
  Iraq 3,099
  Bulgaria 3,041
  Hungary 2,738
  Austria 2,643
  Algeria 2,584
  Russia 2,495
  Ukraine 2,038
  Afghanistan 2,008

The population of Stuttgart declined steadily between 1960 (637,539) and 2000 (586,978). Then low levels of unemployment and attractive secondary education opportunities led to renewed population growth, fuelled especially by young adults from the former East Germany.[157] For the first time in decades, in 2006 there were also more births in the city than deaths. In April 2008 there were 590,720 inhabitants in the city.[158]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
14004,000—    
170716,000+300.0%
183736,041+125.3%
1900166,699+362.5%
1920315,796+89.4%
1930377,461+19.5%
1940454,600+20.4%
1950497,677+9.5%
1956601,115+20.8%
1961637,539+6.1%
1966624,202−2.1%
1971632,947+1.4%
1976590,135−6.8%
1981583,001−1.2%
1986565,486−3.0%
1991591,946+4.7%
1996585,540−1.1%
2001587,152+0.3%
2006593,923+1.2%
2011591,015−0.5%
2015623,738+5.5%
2018632,743+1.4%
2019634,830+0.3%
source:[159]

Immigrants

More than half of the population today is not of Swabian background, as many non-Swabian Germans have moved here due to the employment situation, which is far better than in most areas of Germany. Since the 1960s, many foreigners have also immigrated to Stuttgart to work here (as part of the "Gastarbeiter" program); another wave of immigrants came as refugees from the Wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Thus, 40% of the city's population is of foreign background. In 2000, 22.8% of the population did not hold German citizenship, in 2006 this had reduced to 21.7%. by end of 2018 the largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (17,900), Greeks (13,757), Italians (14,021), Croats (15,268), Serbs (5,844) followed by immigrants from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Poland, France, and Austria. 39% of foreign nationals come from the European Union (mostly Italy, Greece, and Poland).[160]

Religion

The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the Reformation.[161] Since this time Württemberg has been predominantly Protestant. However, since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300,000 to 200,000. In 2014, 26.2% of inhabitants were Protestant and 24.0% were Roman Catholic. 49.8% of the population fell into other categories: Muslims, Jews and those who either followed no religion or one not accounted for in official statistics.[162]

Unemployment

Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden-Württemberg, but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany. In November 2008, before the annual winter rise, unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3.8%, 0.1% lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in February 2009 it was 4.7%. Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5.2% and 6.0% (8 Nov and 9 Feb respectively). By comparison: unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7.1% (8 Nov) and 8.5% (9 Feb).[163][164]

Crime rates

Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751).[165] Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind Munich.[166] 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind Nuremberg.

Government and politics

 
Stuttgart Town Hall (Rathaus)

When Stuttgart was run as a (or within) the Duchy of Württemberg, it was governed by a type of protectorate called a Vogt appointed by the Duke. After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or 'Stadtdirektor'. After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or 'Schultheiß'. Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister (the nearest equivalent of which would be an executive form of lord mayor in English) has applied to Stuttgart and all other Württemberg towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

At the end of the Second World War, French administrators appointed the independent politician Arnulf Klett as Burgomaster, a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974. Since this time Stuttgart has mainly been governed by the CDU. One former mayor was Manfred Rommel (son of perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II, Erwin Rommel).

As the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or Landtag as well as all Baden-Württemberg state departments.

In June 2009, for the first time the Greens gained the most seats in a German city with more than 500,000 inhabitants, effectively changing the balance of power in the city council. For the first time since 1972 the CDU no longer held the most seats, toppling its absolute majority shared with the Independent Party and the FDP. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, the main reason for the Greens' victory was disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project.[167]

Mayor

 
Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election.

The current mayor of Stuttgart is Frank Nopper of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 8 November 2020, with a runoff held on 29 November, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Frank Nopper Christian Democratic Union 69,338 31.8 83,812 42.3
Veronika Kienzle Alliance 90/The Greens 37,620 17.2 Withdrew
Marian Schreier Independent (SPD) 32,678 15.0 73,209 36.9
Hannes Rockenbauch Independent (Left/SÖS/Pirate/DiB) 30,465 14.0 35,349 17.8
Martin Körner Social Democratic Party 21,281 9.8 Withdrew
Sebastian Reutter Independent 9,494 4.4 Withdrew
Michael Ballweg Independent 5,687 2.6 2,439 1.2
Malte Kaufmann Alternative for Germany 4,712 2.2 Withdrew
Ralph Schertlen Independent 2,113 1.0 1,183 0.6
John Heer Independent 1,774 0.8 Withdrew
Issam Abdul-Karim Independent 1,322 0.6 770 0.4
Marco Völker Independent 734 0.3 392 0.2
Friedhild Anni Miller Independent 722 0.3 616 0.3
Werner Ressdorf Independent 143 0.1 114 0.1
Other 40 0.0 266 0.1
Valid votes 218,123 99.8 198,150 99.6
Invalid votes 540 0.2 751 0.4
Total 218,663 100.0 198,901 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 446,375 49.0 445,577 44.5
Source: City of Stuttgart (1st round, 2nd round)

City council

 
Results of the 2019 city council election.

The Stuttgart city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 3,694,305 26.3   2.3 16   2
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 2,722,927 19.4   8.9 11   6
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1,632,732 11.6   2.7 7   2
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 1,116,739 7.9   2.0 5   1
Free Voters Baden-Württemberg (FW) 995,622 7.1   0.0 4 ±0
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 856,335 6.1   1.4 4   1
The Left (Die Linke) 746,365 5.3   0.8 3 ±0
Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS) 615,986 4.4   1.0 3 ±0
City People (Stadtisten) 356,808 2.5   0.8 2   1
Youth List (JL) 272,933 1.9   0.7 1 ±0
No Driving Ban for Stuttgart (KFiS) 220,044 1.6 New 1 New
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 207,970 1.5 New 1 New
Pirate Party (Piraten) 163,575 1.2   0.8 1 ±0
Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutzpartei) 145,525 1.0 New 1 New
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) 101,475 0.7 New 0 New
Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG) 69,842 0.5 New 0 New
Alliance Future Stuttgart 23 (BZS23) 45,410 0.3 New 0 New
Democracy in Motion (DiB) 36,389 0.3 New 0 New
Schertlens' Independent Citizens (SchUB) 23,792 0.2 New 0 New
Feminist List (FeLi) 22,576 0.2 New 0 New
Valid votes 254,770 98.0
Invalid votes 5,247 2.0
Total 260,017 100.0 60 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 452,227 57.5   10.9
Source: City of Stuttgart

City districts

The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 city districts[168] – five "inner" districts and 18 "outer" districts. Each district has a council headed by a district director. From there, the districts are broken down into quarters. Since the changes in city statutes on 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009, the total number of quarters rose to 152.[169]

The 23 city districts and their quarters
Inner Districts
Stuttgart-Center (10), Stuttgart-North (11), Stuttgart-East (8), Stuttgart-South (7), Stuttgart-West (9)
Outer Districts
Bad Cannstatt (18), Birkach (3), Botnang (4), Degerloch (5), Feuerbach (8), Hedelfingen (4), Möhringen (9), Mühlhausen (5), Münster (1), Obertürkheim (2), Plieningen (5), Sillenbuch (3), Stammheim (2), Untertürkheim (8), Vaihingen (12), Wangen (1), Weilimdorf (6), Zuffenhausen (11)
Stuttgart-CenterStuttgart-NorthStuttgart-EastStuttgart-SouthStuttgart-WestBad CannstattBirkachBotnangDegerlochFeuerbachHedelfingenMöhringenMühlhausenMünsterObertürkheimPlieningenSillenbuchStammheimUntertürkheimVaihingenWangenWeilimdorfZuffenhausen 
Click me! Municipalities and Districts of Stuttgart

Economy

The Stuttgart area is known for its high-tech industry. Some of its most prominent companies include Mercedes-Benz Group,[170] Porsche,[171] Robert Bosch GmbH,[172] McKesson Europe, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Sika AG – all of whom have their world or European headquarters here.

Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition center, Stuttgart Trade Fair, which lies on the city outskirts next to Stuttgart Airport. Hundreds of SMEs are still based in Stuttgart (often termed Mittelstand), many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive, electronics, engineering and high-tech industry.

Stuttgart has the highest general standard of prosperity of any city in Germany.[173] Its nominal GDP per capita is €57,100 and GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is €55,400. Total GDP of Stuttgart is €33.9 billion, of which service sector contributes around 65.3%, industry 34.5%, and agriculture 0.2%.[citation needed]

The cradle of the automobile

The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart (by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialized in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile'.[13] Today, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. A number of auto-enthusiast magazines are published in Stuttgart.[174]

Science and research and development

The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart.[77] 45% of Baden-Württemberg's R&D capacities are concentrated in the Swabian capital.[175] More than 11% of all German R&D costs are invested in the Stuttgart region (approximately 4.3 billion euros per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (e.g. University of Stuttgart, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology[26] and several Stuttgart Universities of Applied Sciences), the area is home to six Fraunhofer institutes, four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities, two Max-Planck institutes and a major establishment of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).

 
The 'Königsbau' on Schlossplatz, former home to the Stuttgart Stock Exchange

Financial services

The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. LBBW Bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Life Assurance).

 
Kriegsberg vineyard in the city center

A history of wine and beer

Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area, mainly in the districts of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim.

Wine-growing in the area dates back to 1108 when, according to State archives, Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from 'Monk Ulrich'. In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the Holy Roman Empire. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century.

Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area, thanks in main to its location at the center of Germany's fourth largest wine region, the Württemberg wine growing area which covers 11,522 ha (28,470 acres) and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German Wine law. The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ('Weindorf').

Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu.

Education

 
The new building of the State University of Music and Performing Arts, designed by James Stirling

Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature, the most important ones being Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Hölderlin.

The city, in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile, has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation. Stuttgart has Germany's second-highest number of institutions (six) of applied research of the Fraunhofer Society (after Dresden).

Tertiary education

The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:

Historically, an elite military academy existed in Stuttgart in the late 18th century (1770–1794), the Hohe Karlsschule, at Solitude Castle. Friedrich Schiller and the city's most famous Classicist architect, Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, were among its many esteemed alumni.

Primary and secondary education

The first Waldorf School (also known as Rudolf Steiner School) was founded here in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory, Emil Molt, and Austrian social thinker Rudolf Steiner, a comprehensive school following Steiner's educational principles of anthroposophy and humanistic ideals. Today, four of these schools are located in Stuttgart.

International School

Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart,[176] one of fewer than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs- the IB Primary Years (Early Learning to Grade 5), IB Middle Years (Grade 6 to 10), IB Diploma (grades 11–12).[177] The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.[178]

Media and publishing

One of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk (SWR; Southwest Broadcasting) channels (several radio and one TV channel; regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate) is located in Stuttgart (the other ones being Baden-Baden and Mainz). It also has a Landesmedienzentrum, a state media center.

Furthermore, the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing, with renowned houses such as Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Ernst Klett Verlag (schoolbooks), Kohlhammer Verlag, Metzler Verlag and Motor Presse having their head offices there. The Reclam Verlag is located in nearby Ditzingen.

The newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published here as well as a number of smaller, local papers such as Cannstatter Zeitung.

As is the case wherever the US military is stationed, there is an American Forces Network (AFN) station. It transmits on FM on 102.3 MHz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on AM on 1143 kHz from Hirschlanden transmitter.

Transport

Following the suit of other German cities such as Berlin, Cologne and Hanover, on 1 March 2008 a low emission zone (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart 'Environmental zone' (Umweltzone), including vehicles from abroad.[179][180]

Local transport

 
Stuttgart Stadtbahn
 
Stuttgart S-Bahn
 
Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof (main railway station)

Stuttgart has a light rail system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In the city center and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a 'U' symbol, which stands for Untergrundbahn (underground rail). Until 2007, Stuttgart also operated regular trams. Stuttgart also has a large bus network. Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB). The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the Stuttgart S-Bahn, using tracks supplied by the national Deutsche Bahn AG (DB).

A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Zahnradbahn, a rack railway that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner-city district of the city and the district of Degerloch. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a Standseilbahn, a funicular railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the miniature railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).

Rail links

 
Stuttgart Airport
 
Stuttgart rack railway

Stuttgart is a hub in the Intercity-Express and Intercity networks of Deutsche Bahn AG (DB), with through services to most other major German cities. It also operates international services to Strasbourg, Vienna, Zürich and Paris (five times a day, journey time 3 hours 11 minutes).[181]

Long-distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus, which is also used by Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.[citation needed]

Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with marshalling yards and a container terminal in the Obertürkheim area of Hedelfingen.[citation needed]

Rail: The Stuttgart 21 project

After years of political debate and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above-ground main train station to an underground through station. The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart's enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and was slated to be completed in 2019, then 2021 and now 2025.

Air transport

Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport (German: Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code STR), an international airport approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighboring towns. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city center using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3 or Stadtbahn line U6. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only international airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway.[182]

Road transport

Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8, that runs east–west from Karlsruhe to Munich, and Autobahn A81 that runs north–south from Würzburg to Singen. The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart.

 
Port on Neckar River in Stuttgart

Besides these Autobahns, Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways, many of which are built to Autobahn standards, and were once intended to carry an A-number. Important expressways like B10, B14, B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs. Due to the hilly surroundings, there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart. There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the center of Stuttgart.

Waterways

Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the Neckar.

Sport

Football

 
VfB Stuttgart's home ground, the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt. In the background: the Stuttgart Spring Festival

As in many parts of Germany, football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to 'The Reds' and 'The Blues'. 'The Reds', VfB Stuttgart, are the most famous and popular local club. An established team currently playing in the German Bundesliga, VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt.

'The Blues', Stuttgarter Kickers, are the second most important football team. They currently play in the Regionalliga Südwest (fourth division) at the smaller Gazi Stadium close to the TV tower in Degerloch.

Other lower-division football teams are Sportfreunde Stuttgart – most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first World Cup[183] – and FV Zuffenhausen.

Other sports

TV Bittenfeld has been playing in the men's Handball-Bundesliga since the 2015–2016 season under the name TVB 1898 Stuttgart. The home venue is the Scharrena Stuttgart, part of the home games also take place in the Porsche-Arena for capacity reasons. VfL Pfullingen/Stuttgart played in the Bundesliga from 2001 to 2006, where they played their home games in the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle. In the 1990–1991 season, SG Stuttgart-Scharnhausen also played in the Bundesliga.

Since 2008, the women's volleyball team Allianz MTV Stuttgart (until 2010 Allianz Volley Stuttgart, until 2012 Smart Allianz Stuttgart) plays in the Deutsche Volleyball-Bundesliga. They became German champions in 2019 and 2022, having previously been runners-up four times in a row from 2015 to 2018, and also won the German cup four times and reached the final of CEV Cup. CJD Feuerbach was German champion in women's volleyball three times. The club withdrew its first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for financial reasons.

Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams. Stuttgart Rebels EC, plays in the "Landesliga" (4th tier) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the first division of the DEL. The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim.

The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt, which won the German championship in 2006.

Stuttgart has three American Football teams: the Stuttgart Silver Arrows, who play in the Regionalliga Südwest, and the Stuttgart Scorpions as part of the German Football League, who play in Stuttgarter Kickers' Gazi Stadium. With Stuttgart Surge a third team was founded in 2021 as part of the European League of Football (ELF) and is likewise supposed to play in the Gazi Stadium.

Australian Football is practiced by the Stuttgart Emus – one of only six active teams in Germany. It participates in the Australian Football League Germany when they play their home games in the Eberhard-Bauer-Stadion.

TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart-based women's tennis team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart (German champions in 2006).

HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006.

Stuttgart has also hosted the Stihl Timbersports Series in world logging championships.

Sporting events

Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the FIFA World Cup 1974, the finals stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985, the UEFA Euro 1988, and the World Championships in Athletics 1993. It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, three of them second round matches, including the third and fourth place playoff, were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium (today Mercedes-Benz Arena). Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport,[184] hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final.

Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual Mercedes Cup tennis tournament is played, the Porsche Arena (hosting tennis, basketball and handball) and the Schleyerhalle (boxing, equestrianism/show jumping, gymnastics, track cycling etc.), Scharrena Stuttgart.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Twin towns – sister cities

Stuttgart is twinned with:[185]

The city district of Bad Cannstatt is twinned with:[186]

The city district of Vaihingen is twinned with:[186]

The city district of Zuffenhausen is twinned with:[186]

Friendships

Stuttgart has friendly relations with:[186]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Stuttgart

In popular culture

Gaming

Novels

  • In the 2005 novel The Book Thief, protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.[192]

TV and cinema

  • In the 2012 film The Avengers, the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film's depiction of the city.[193]

Gallery

 
Stuttgart at night, looking northwest
  •  

    Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road

  •  

    The Markthalle Stuttgart (Stuttgart Market Hall)

  •  

    The 216 m (709 ft) Fernsehturm Stuttgart (Stuttgart Television Tower) at night

  •  

    Neues Schloss at night

  •  

    The Hegel Museum, birthplace of Hegel

  •  

    Stuttgart annual Christmas Market

  •  

    Old downtown area of Stuttgart

  •  

    Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde

  •  

    The Haus der Wirtschaft (House of Commerce)

  •  

    Schlossplatz

  •  

    The grave chapel atop the Württemberg

  •  

    The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect for viticulture, as the Romans discovered. Pictured are vineyards near Obertürkheim.

  •  

    View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf

  •  

    View from the Killesbergpark

  •  

    Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Obertürkheim

  •  

    Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Sixth in Germany behind Munich, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Berlin, and Hamburg[8]
  2. ^ 10th in Europe and third in Germany, behind Munich and Berlin[9]
  3. ^ The history of Stuttgart's coat of arms is long. The Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).
  4. ^ This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a Herzog.
  5. ^ Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.[98]
  6. ^ "When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized ... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves ... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."[102]
  7. ^ Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.
  8. ^ The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about 207 m (679 ft), whereas the highest elevation Bernhartshöhe is 549 m (1,801 ft) – something rather unique in large German cities.

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February 11, 2023
stuttgart, this, article, about, city, germany, other, uses, disambiguation, german, ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt, listen, swabian, schduagert, ˈʒ, ɛʕd, names, other, languages, capital, largest, city, german, state, baden, württemberg, located, neckar, river, fertile, valley, k. This article is about the city in Germany For other uses see Stuttgart disambiguation Stuttgart German ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt listen Swabian Schduagert ˈʒ d ua ɡ ɛʕd names in other languages is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden Wurttemberg It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel 5 Stuttgart Cauldron and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest Stuttgart has a population of 635 911 6 making it the sixth largest city in Germany 7 2 8 million people live in the city s administrative region 3 and 5 3 million people in its metropolitan area 2 making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living a innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index b and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta status global city in their 2020 survey 10 Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups StuttgartCityClockwise from top left Staatsoper Stuttgart Mercedes Benz Museum Schloss Solitude Stadtbibliothek Kunstmuseum Stuttgart Neues Schloss Konigsbau and MarquardtbauFlagCoat of armsLocation within Baden WurttembergStuttgartShow map of GermanyStuttgartShow map of Baden WurttembergCoordinates 48 46 39 N 09 10 48 E 48 77750 N 9 18000 E 48 77750 9 18000 Coordinates 48 46 39 N 09 10 48 E 48 77750 N 9 18000 E 48 77750 9 18000CountryGermanyStateBaden WurttembergAdmin regionStuttgartDistrictStadtkreisFounded10th centurySubdivisions23 districtsGovernment Lord mayor 2020 28 Frank Nopper de 1 CDU Area City207 33 km2 80 05 sq mi Elevation245 m 804 ft Population 2021 12 31 4 City626 275 Density3 000 km2 7 800 sq mi Urban2 787 724 31 Dec 2018 3 Metro5 465 093 2021 2 DemonymStuttgarterTime zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Postal codes70173 70619Dialling codes0711Vehicle registrationSWebsitewww wbr stuttgart wbr deStuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities 11 It is spread across a variety of hills some of them covered in vineyards 12 valleys especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin and parks The city is known as the cradle of the automobile 13 14 As such it is home to famous automobile museums like the Mercedes Benz Museum and Porsche Museum as well as numerous auto enthusiast magazines which contributes to Stuttgart s status as Germany s Autohauptstadt car capital city 15 16 17 The city s tourism slogan is Stuttgart offers more 18 Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure as part of the Stuttgart 21 project Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as Das neue Herz Europas The new Heart of Europe 19 For business it describes itself as Where business meets the future In July 2010 the city unveiled a new logo designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area 20 Since the seventh millennium BC the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley The Roman Empire conquered the area in AD 83 and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt making it the most important regional centre for several centuries Stuttgart s roots were truly laid in the tenth century with its founding by Liudolf Duke of Swabia as a stud farm for his warhorses Initially overshadowed by nearby Bad Cannstatt the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320 The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Wurttemberg and they made it the capital of their county duchy and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918 Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II However by 1952 the city had bounced back and became the major economic industrial tourism and publishing centre it is today 21 Stuttgart is known for its strong high tech industry especially in the automotive sector It has the highest general standard of prosperity of any German city In addition to many medium sized companies several major corporations are headquartered in Stuttgart including Porsche Bosch and Mercedes Benz Group Stuttgart is an important financial center the Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany after Frankfurt and the Landesbank Baden Wurttemberg LBBW is Germany s largest Landesbank Stuttgart is also a major transport junction it is among the most congested conurbations of Europe and its airport is the sixth busiest in Germany 2019 Stuttgart is a city with a high number of immigrants according to Dorling Kindersley s Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany In the city of Stuttgart every third inhabitant is a foreigner 22 40 of Stuttgart s residents and 64 of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background 23 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 2 Middle Ages 2 3 Early Modern era 2 4 Kingdom of Wurttemberg and German Empire 2 5 Weimar Republic 2 6 Nazi Germany 2 7 French American Tensions 2 8 Baden Wurttemberg 2 8 1 US military in Stuttgart 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Landmarks and culture 4 1 Inner city 4 2 Architecture in other districts 4 3 Parks lakes cemeteries and other places of interest 4 4 Culture and events 4 5 Museums 4 6 Churches 4 7 Libraries 5 Demographics 5 1 Immigrants 5 2 Religion 5 3 Unemployment 5 4 Crime rates 6 Government and politics 6 1 Mayor 6 2 City council 6 3 City districts 7 Economy 7 1 The cradle of the automobile 7 2 Science and research and development 7 3 Financial services 7 4 A history of wine and beer 8 Education 8 1 Tertiary education 8 2 Primary and secondary education 8 3 International School 9 Media and publishing 10 Transport 10 1 Local transport 10 2 Rail links 10 3 Rail The Stuttgart 21 project 10 4 Air transport 10 5 Road transport 10 6 Waterways 11 Sport 11 1 Football 11 2 Other sports 11 3 Sporting events 12 International relations 12 1 Twin towns sister cities 12 2 Friendships 13 Notable people 14 In popular culture 14 1 Gaming 14 2 Novels 14 3 TV and cinema 15 Gallery 16 Notes 16 1 Footnotes 16 2 Citations 17 References 17 1 Further reading 18 External linksEtymology EditStuttgart often nicknamed the Schwabenmetropole English Swabian metropolis in reference to its location in the centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians has its etymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten 24 or stud farm 25 because the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses 26 In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be Schtuegert and in Swabian German Stuagart with similar variant spellings usually dropping the central T sound History EditMain articles History of Stuttgart and Timeline of Stuttgart Historical affiliations Roman Empire 83 475 Kingdom of Alamannia ca 475 911 Duchy of Swabia 915 1313 Duchy of Wurttemberg 1495 1803 Electorate of Wurttemberg 1803 1805 Kingdom of Wurttemberg 1805 1918 German Empire 1871 1918 Weimar Republic 1918 1933 Nazi Germany 1933 1945 Allied occupied Germany 1945 1949 West Germany 1949 1990 Germany 1990 present Stuttgart s first coat of arms 1286 c 1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by Matthaus Merian Drawing of Stuttgart 1794 Map of Stuttgart 1888 Map of Stuttgart area 1888 View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstrasse between 1890 and 1905 The Rotebuhlkaserne is visible to the left and the Old Castle and Stiftskirche to the right The historic Stuttgart Marktplatz looking west 1881 Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz 1907 The building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall Villa Berg the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845 to 1853 in a colorized photograph from 1910 A colorized photo from 1911 of the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft factory in Unterturkheim Today this building is the seat of Mercedes Benz Group Front and back of a 50 pfennig Notgeld from 1921 featuring the state capital Stuttgart Demonstration at the Stuttgart Marktplatz on German Hiking Day German Deutschen Wandertag 1938 Map of the destruction of Stuttgart after the air raids A war damaged Neues Schloss at Schlossplatz prior to restoration 1956 Stuttgart s Hauptbahnhof from the Konigstrasse 1965 Antiquity Edit Originally the most important location in the Neckar river valley was the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt 27 Thus the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa Cannstatt Castrum 26 built c 90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum Mainz to Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg Cannstatt was a part of the Roman imperial province Germania Superior As with many military installations a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the limes moved further east When they did the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery 28 When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the third century by the Alamanni 29 the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century 30 Middle Ages Edit See also Germany in the Middle Ages In 700 Duke Gotfrid mentions a Chan Stada in a document regarding property 31 Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did 32 Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St Gall s archives as Canstat ad Neccarum German Cannstatt on Neckar in 708 citation needed The etymology of the name Cannstatt is not clear but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz 9th century citation needed it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita foundation suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix Condi Alternatively Sommer 1992 suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Ohringen 33 There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish kondati confluence 30 34 In AD 950 Duke Liudolf of Swabia son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 km 3 1 mi south of the old Roman castrum 27 The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf s hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later In 1089 Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle 31 Stuttgart s viticulture first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year AD 1108 31 kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes 35 Nevertheless the existence of a settlement here despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a Hugo de Stuokarten 31 A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229 but this time by Pope Gregory IX 24 In AD 1219 Stuttgart then Stuotgarten became a possession of Herman V Margrave of Baden 24 In addition to Backnang Pforzheim and Besigheim Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in c 1220 36 In 1251 the city passed to the Ulrich I von Wurttemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden s dowry His son Eberhard I the Illustrious 24 would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Wurttemberg Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti king Henry Raspe IV Landgrave of Thuringia but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor s created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II Duke of Austria eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I s death in 1291 against the Emperor s men After initially defeating his regional rivals Henry VII newly elected as Emperor decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt Konrad IV von Weinberg to declare war on Eberhard I Eberhard I defeated on the battlefield lost Stuttgart and his castle razed in 1311 37 to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315 24 Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII s death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti king Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316 38 and made much territorial gain With peace restored at last Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle ancestral home to the House of Wurttemberg in 1317 and then began expansion of the city s defenses The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a new and expanded castle 39 the collegiate church in Beutelsbach where previous members of the Wurttemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311 38 moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320 38 and the town s Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321 38 A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Wurttemberg in 1320 26 the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights 26 At the end of the 14th century new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city s fortifications as well Towards the end of the 15th century Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche In the 1457 the first Landtag of the Estates of Wurttemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg After the temporary partitions of the County of Wurttemberg by the Treaties of Nurtingen Munsingen and Esslingen Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483 38 Early Modern era Edit In 1488 Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home the Old Castle 25 Eberhard I then Count Eberhard V became the first Duke of Wurttemberg d in 1495 27 and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Wurttemberg in addition to the County thereof All this would be lost to the Wurttembergs during the reign of his son Ulrich Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I 40 he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects 40 who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514 41 42 Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria 43 In 1515 Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina s by the name of Hans von Hutten 44 obliging her to flee to the court of her brother William IV Duke of Bavaria who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice When the Emperor died in 1519 Ulrich struck seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen prompting the League to intervene That same year Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League s conquest of Wurttemberg 40 Wurttemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V 45 who then granted it to his brother Ferdinand I thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs 35 When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants War 41 42 Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525 Ulrich with the help of Philip I Landgrave of Hesse seized the chance to restore himself to power albeit as an Austrian vassal 40 in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart He accepted was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548 46 Duke Ulrich himself died two years later and was succeeded by his son Christoph He had grown up in a Wurttemberg in turmoil and wished to rebuild its image To this end he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch 47 knowing full well that the time of the Reisekonigtum was over Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a Renaissance palace 39 and from 1542 to 1544 what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square 27 Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2 810 ft 860 m tunnel to Pffaf Lake the Glems and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575 In 1575 Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect and he built the Lusthaus But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch s torch further Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today s Schillerplatz 48 and expanded the Prinzebau 49 The Thirty Years War devastated the city 50 and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on 26 After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Norlingen in 1634 Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro Habsburg forces The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro Habsburg armies in Swabia Ferdinand III King of the Romans entered the city in 1634 and two years later in 1636 once again attempted to re Catholicize Wurttemberg 51 The next year the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population 52 The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region and entirely ravaged by the war In the Duchy itself battle famine plague and war reduced the Duchy s population of 350 000 in 1618 to 120 000 in 1648 about 57 of the population of Wurttemberg 53 Recovery would be slow for the next several decades but began nonetheless with the city s first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686 54 This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezechiel du Mas appeared outside the city s walls in 1688 during the Nine Years War 54 but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla 54 reigning over Wurttemberg as regent for her son 55 Eberhard Ludwig 56 For the first time in centuries Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to Ludwigsburg founded in 1704 while the namesake Baroque palace known as the Versailles of Swabia 57 was still under construction 57 When Eberhard Ludwig died his nephew Charles Alexander ascended to the throne 50 Charles Alexander himself died in 1737 meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke and later King at the age of nine When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great King of Prussia Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746 58 Castle Solitude in 1763 59 Castle Hohenheim in 1785 60 and the Karlsschule in 1770 61 The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here 50 Stuttgart at the end of the 18th century remained a very provincial town of 20 000 residents narrow alleys and agriculture and livestock Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy the general staff of the Army of Wurttemberg was not present in the city 62 In 1794 Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Wurttemberg became an electorate in 1803 27 and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Wurttemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg 63 Kingdom of Wurttemberg and German Empire Edit King Frederick I s Wurttemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings and the lands of nearby secondary German states 64 Within Stuttgart the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart s most important buildings including Wilhelm Palace Katharina Hospital the State Gallery the Villa Berg and the Konigsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I 65 In 1818 King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the Year Without Summer and following famine 66 introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year s bountiful harvest 25 27 Hohenheim University was founded in 1818 67 and two years later the Wurttemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood From the outset of the 19th century Stuttgart s development was once again impeded by its location population of the city at the time was around 50 000 68 but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846 Prior to then the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822 1830 the Wilhelmspalais 1834 1840 and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843 University of Stuttgart in 1829 69 the University of Music and Performing Arts later in 1857 70 Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848 1849 as well When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and Mainz 71 Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Wurttemberg 72 the Congress not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart 72 were driven out by the King s army 72 Stuttgart s literary tradition also bore yet more fruits being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff Ludwig Uhland Gustav Schwab and Eduard Morike 73 From 1841 to 1846 the Jubilaumssaule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I 74 A decade later the Konigsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall 75 Another milestone in Stuttgart s history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Unterturkheim on 22 October 1845 The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart In 1834 Stuttgart counted 35 200 inhabitants 76 rose to 50 000 in 1852 69 084 inhabitants in 1864 76 and finally 91 000 residents in 1871 76 By 1874 Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100 000 inhabitant mark This number doubled due to the incorporation of local towns to approximately 185 000 in 1901 and then 200 000 in 1904 In 1871 Wurttemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia during the Unification of Germany as an autonomous kingdom Territorial expansion of Stuttgart from 1836 to 1942 Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile s invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in a small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in 1887 77 As a result it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the cradle of the automobile 13 and today Mercedes Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle The year prior Robert Bosch opened his first Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering in Stuttgart In 1907 the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60 000 people 78 In 1912 VfB Stuttgart was founded 73 Two years later the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927 79 During World War I the city was a target of air raids In 1915 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebuhlkaserne killing four soldiers and injuring another 43 and likewise killing four civilians The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918 when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people 80 Weimar Republic Edit At the end of the First World War November revolutionaries 81 stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate but failed halfway Under pressure from the revolutionaries Wilhelm II refused the crown but also refused to abdicate the throne 82 When he did eventually abdicate the Free State of Wurttemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic and Stuttgart was declared its capital On 26 April 1919 a new constitution was devised and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly In 1920 Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch 83 Also in 1920 Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years 84 Nazi Germany Edit Due to the Nazi Party s practice of Gleichschaltung Stuttgart s political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central Neckar region Stuttgart one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime was given the moniker City of the Abroad Germans in 1936 85 86 87 The first prototypes of the Volkswagen Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche by a design team including Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe 88 89 The Hotel Silber English Silver previously occupied by other forms of political police was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents 90 The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including Eugen Bolz Kurt Schumacher and Lilo Herrmann to concentration camps The nearby court at Archive Street German Archivstrasse 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls 91 Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground 92 along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its Jewish cemetery 93 The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart s Jewish inhabitants beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart to the police run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau 94 Other Jews from around Wurttemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records 95 between 1941 the first train arrived 1 December 1941 and took around 1 000 men to Riga and 1945 more than 2 000 Jews from all over Wurttemberg 95 were deported to Theresienstadt Auschwitz and the ghettos at Riga and Izbica Of them only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah 96 97 Stuttgart like many of Germany s major cities was ravaged throughout the war by Allied air raids For the first four years of the war successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces the Luftwaffe and artificial fog 98 Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day time air raids on the city were suicidal 98 substantial damage to the city s industrial capacity still occurred such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people 98 With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the Eastern Front 98 In 1944 the city centre was entirely in ruins due to Allied bombing raids that could now more easily attack the city The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944 when the Royal Air Force dropping over 184 000 bombs including 75 blockbusters levelled Stuttgart s city centre killing 957 people in the resulting firestorm 98 In totality Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids resulting in the destruction of 57 7 of all buildings in the city e the deaths of 4 477 inhabitants the disappearance of 85 citizens and the injury of 8 908 more people 98 The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men 98 To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war the rubble was assembled and used to create the Birkenkopf French American Tensions Edit The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945 Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army s 100th Infantry Division French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post war decisions Independently he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945 Two days later the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery who began a barrage of the city The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945 encountering little resistance 99 The city fared poorly under their direction French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city rapes were frequent there were at least 1389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers 100 101 and the city s surviving populace were poorly rationed f The circumstances of what later became known as The Stuttgart Crisis provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House President Harry S Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established 103 The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew Stuttgart then became capital of Wurttemberg Baden one of the three areas of Allied occupation in Baden Wurttemberg from 1945 until 1952 Baden Wurttemberg Edit The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area 104 There was however a camp located in Stuttgart West that until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949 housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech 6 September 1946 given by US Secretary of State James F Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House 105 His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones resulting in the bi zone later the tri zone when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state In 1948 the city applied to become the capital of the soon to be Federal Republic of Germany and was a serious contender against Frankfurt Kassel and Bonn All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat 106 but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949 106 The city s bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett the first Oberburgermeister of Stuttgart to restore the city Klett favored the idea of a modernist Automotive city with functional divisions for residential commercial and industrial areas according to the Athens Charter Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries In the 150th year since his death 1955 the last remnant of the alma mater of Friederich Schiller the Karlsschule was removed in favor of an expansion to the Bundesstrasse 14 Klett also dramatically expanded the public transportation of Stuttgart with the Stuttgart Stadtbahn and in 1961 initiated a city partnership with the French city of Strasbourg as part of an attempt to mend Franco German relations It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today 107 Klett s Stuttgart saw two major media events the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized then French president Charles de Gaulle visited the city and Ludwigsburg Palace in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany 108 and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965 109 On 25 April 1952 the other two parts of the former German states of Baden and Wurttemberg South Baden and Wurttemberg Hohenzollern merged and formed the modern German state of Baden Wurttemberg with Stuttgart as its capital 110 Since the 1950s Stuttgart has been the third largest city in southern Germany behind Frankfurt and Munich The city s population halved by the Second World War began sudden growth with the mass influx of German refugees expelled from their homes and communities by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city Economic migrants called Gastarbeiter from Italy and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from Yugoslavia came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the Wirtschaftswunder unfolding in West Germany 111 These factors saw the city reach its then peak population of 640 000 in 1962 In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwabisch Hall Her great grandfather Duke Francis 1837 1900 had been a member of the Wurttemberg royal family In the late 1970s the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post war history Stammheim Prison built from 1959 to 1963 came to be the place of incarceration for Ulrike Meinhof Andreas Baader Gudrun Ensslin and Jan Carl Raspe members of a communist terrorist organization known as the Red Army Faction during their trial at the Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart in 1975 Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the German Autumn of 1977 that culminated in such events as the kidnap and murder of Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 When it became clear after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer 112 113 that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive Life sentencing the terrorists killed themselves g in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the Todesnacht von Stammheim Night of Death at Stammheim The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind starting in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the opening of the Stuttgart S Bahn on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes from 17 to 19 June 1983 ten European heads of state and representatives from the European Union met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the Solemn Declaration on European Union 114 In 1986 the European Athletics Championships of that year were held in the Mercedes Benz Arena Mikhail Gorbachev while on a trip to West Germany to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission 115 visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the New Palace 116 Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe but also the world In 1993 the World Horticultural Exposition for which two new bridges were built 117 and World Athletics Championships of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Mercedes Benz Area respectively bringing millions of new visitors to the city At the 1993 WCA British athlete Sally Gunnell and the United States Relay team both set world records In 2003 Stuttgart applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on Leipzig to host the Olympics in Germany Three years later in 2006 Stuttgart once again hosted the FIFA World Cup as it had in 1974 Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War In 2010 the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21 US military in Stuttgart Edit Since shortly after the end of World War II there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart At the height of the Cold War over 45 000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city 118 Today about 10 000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations Patch Barracks Panzer Kaserne Kelley Barracks Robinson Barracks and Stuttgart Army Airfield representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a headquarters at Kurmarker Kaserne later renamed Patch Barracks in Stuttgart These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re established 119 In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart 120 In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks 121 The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army As the Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951 where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart After returning from the Middle East the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army 122 Since 1967 Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks 123 Due to these 2 major headquarters Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few enduring communities where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany 124 The remaining U S bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks Robinson Barracks Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks 125 From the end of World War II until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army but have become increasingly Purple as in joint service since the end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities 126 Geography Edit Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast From the Neckar valley on the left the city rises to the city centre backed by high woods to the south television tower Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl shaped valley about 900 ft 270 m above sea level 127 h an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura 26 on the banks of the Neckar river at 48 47 N 9 11 E 48 783 N 9 183 E 48 783 9 183 115 mi 185 km to the west and north of Munich 128 The city is often described as being zwischen Wald und Reben or between forest and vines because of its viticulture and surrounding forests Stuttgart covers an area of 207 35 km2 80 sq mi and sits at elevation ranging from 207 m 679 ft above sea level by the Neckar river to 549 m 1 801 ft on Bernhartshohe hill something rather unique in large German cities The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the Birkenkopf 511 m 1 677 ft on the edge of the Stuttgart basin the Wurttemberg 411 m 1 348 ft rising above the Neckar valley and the Gruner Heiner 395 m 1 296 ft at the northeast end of the city Stuttgart Region with centers Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden Wurttemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region making it the administrative centre for a region of 3 700 km2 1 400 sq mi containing a total of 2 76 million people as of December 2014 129 In addition Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen Gerlingen and Korntal Munchingen in Ludwigsburg District Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region an area of 15 000 km2 5 800 sq mi containing 5 3 million persons 130 Mittelzentrum Middle Stage centers of the Stuttgart RegionBacknang Bietigheim Bissingen Besigheim Boblingen Sindelfingen Esslingen am Neckar Geislingen Goppingen Herrenberg Kirchheim unter Teck Leonberg Ludwigsburg Kornwestheim Nurtingen Schorndorf Vaihingen an der Enz Waiblingen Fellbach Unterturkheim Climate Edit City center winter Stuttgart experiences an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb 131 just like the British Isles and Northern France but it is very extreme at times As a result of the urban heat island caused by the dense development of the city inside its Cauldron average temperatures in the summer months regularly beat 20 C 68 F from June to August and come very near in September In the winter temperatures are quite mild with daily means never sinking below 0 C 32 F even in the coldest months January and February In spite of the heat there is no dry season and the city receives frequent but moderate precipitation year round Annually the city receives average 718 7 mm 28 30 in of rain German average national annual rainfall is 700 mm 28 in 132 133 On average Stuttgart enjoys 1 807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 C 48 F 134 Typically during summer months the nearby hills Swabian Alb mountains and Black Forest Schurwald and Swabian Franconian Forest act as a shield from harsh weather but the city can be subject to thunderstorms whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days Winters last from December to March The coldest month is January with an average temperature of 0 C 32 F Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it has been known to last several weeks at a time as recently as 2010 The summers are warm with an average temperature of 20 C 68 F in the hottest months of July and August Summers last from May until September Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms such as in July 2013 135 In order to fight this phenomenon weather stations known as Hagelflieger are stationed near the city and are largely funded by Daimler AG who maintain several parking lots and factories in the municipal area 136 Climate data for Stuttgart elevation 246 8 m or 810 ft 1981 2010 extremes 1958 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 17 1 62 8 21 0 69 8 24 6 76 3 26 8 80 2 31 5 88 7 35 0 95 0 36 6 97 9 37 7 99 9 31 6 88 9 29 7 85 5 20 3 68 5 16 5 61 7 37 7 99 9 Average high C F 3 7 38 7 5 4 41 7 9 8 49 6 14 1 57 4 18 6 65 5 23 7 74 7 26 2 79 2 25 9 78 6 19 5 67 1 14 4 57 9 8 1 46 6 4 4 39 9 14 0 57 2 Daily mean C F 0 5 32 9 1 3 34 3 5 2 41 4 9 0 48 2 13 6 56 5 16 7 62 1 18 8 65 8 18 3 64 9 14 1 57 4 9 6 49 3 4 4 39 9 1 4 34 5 9 4 48 9 Average low C F 2 9 26 8 2 5 27 5 0 8 33 4 3 8 38 8 8 2 46 8 11 3 52 3 13 3 55 9 12 9 55 2 9 2 48 6 5 4 41 7 1 0 33 8 1 6 29 1 4 9 40 8 Record low C F 25 5 13 9 20 3 4 5 18 6 1 5 6 3 20 7 1 9 28 6 3 3 37 9 5 5 41 9 3 8 38 8 0 2 32 4 6 3 20 7 14 9 5 2 18 5 1 3 25 5 13 9 Average precipitation mm inches 41 2 1 62 36 5 1 44 47 6 1 87 49 6 1 95 85 7 3 37 86 8 3 42 86 1 3 39 69 1 2 72 57 1 2 25 58 8 2 31 49 8 1 96 50 4 1 98 718 7 28 30 Mean monthly sunshine hours 79 8 96 4 137 9 177 0 216 5 216 8 232 4 224 1 169 4 122 6 74 1 60 4 1 807 2Percent possible sunshine 29 34 37 43 46 45 48 50 45 37 27 23 40Source 1 Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst note sunshine hours are from 1990 2012 137 Source 2 KNMI 138 Landmarks and culture Edit Solitude Palace Inner city Edit The Stiftskirche seen from south east Kirchstrasse At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square Schlossplatz As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart it stands at the crossover point between the city s shopping area Schlossgarten park which runs down to the river Neckar Stuttgart s two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west Konigstrasse Stuttgart s most important shopping street which runs along the northwestern edge of Schlossplatz claims to be the longest pedestrianized street in Germany 139 Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II 139 many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post war architecture Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include The Alte Kanzlei on Schillerplatz square The Stiftskirche Collegiate Church dates back to the 12th century but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534 139 Exterior Romanesque Gothic interior Romanesque Gothic Modern Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II Altes Schloss the Old Castle mostly dating from the late 15th century some parts date back to 1320 139 Renaissance style reconstructed 139 Alte Kanzlei the Old Chancellery on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar Neues Schloss the New Castle completed in 1807 139 Baroque Classicism reconstructed with modern interior currently houses government offices 139 The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors 140 Wilhelmpalais the King Wilhelm Palais 1840 Konigsbau the King s Building 1850 Classicism reconstructed has been housing the Konigsbau Passagen shopping centre since 2006 The Grosses Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre 1909 1912 Markthalle Market Hall 1910 Art Nouveau The Hauptbahnhof Main Railway Station was designed in 1920 139 its stark functional lines are typical of the artistic trend Neue Sachlichkeit New Objectivity 139 The Wurttembergische Landesbibliothek state library rebuilt in 1970 Friedrichsbau Variete Friedrich Building rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau buildingArchitecture in other districts Edit Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Garden around 1900 A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart s suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city s royal past These include Castle Solitude 1700 1800 Baroque Rococo Ludwigsburg Palace 1704 1758 Baroque with its enormous Baroque garden Castle Hohenheim 1771 1793Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include see also museums below Castle Rosenstein 1822 1830 Classical Wurttemberg Mausoleum 1824 which holds the remains of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia and King William I of Wurttemberg Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Gardens 1853 The Observation Tower of Burgholzhof an 1891 brick observation tower constructed by the Cannstatt municipal architect Friedrich Keppler on behalf of the Verschonerungsverein Cannstatt e V Society for the Beautification of Cannstatt in the style of a Roman tower Weissenhof Estate 1927 International Style Friedenskirche a 1966 church using the 1892 tower of a bombed church The TV Tower 1950 the world s first concrete TV tower Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building 2000 In neighboring Leinfelden EchterdingenParks lakes cemeteries and other places of interest Edit The Johanneskirche on the Feuersee designed by Christian Friedrich von Leins Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists Because of its shape on a map the locals refer to it as the Green U The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350 The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden bordering the Old Castle the Main Station the State Theater and the State Parliament building and the middle and lower gardens a total of 61 hectares The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second Green U park the larger Rosensteinpark which borders Stuttgart s Wilhelma zoo and botanical gardens Planted by King William I of Wurttemberg it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English style garden in southern Germany In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle now the Rosenstein museum Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final Green U park Killesbergpark or Hohenpark which is a former quarry that was converted for the Third Reich garden show of 1939 and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults The viewing tower Killesbergturm offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart On the northern edge of the Rosensteinpark is the famous Wilhelma Germany s only combined zoological and botanical garden The whole compound with its ornate pavilions greenhouses walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of Wurttemberg It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest magnolia grove in Europe Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic Botanischer Garten der Universitat Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden Wurttemberg at Castle Hohenheim which date back to 1776 and are still used to catalog and research plant species Uhlandshohe hill between the city center Bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf and home to Stuttgart observatory the Weissenburgpark a five hectare park in the Bopser area of Stuttgart South which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a tea house and the marble room and offers a relaxing view across the city center the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg at 511 m 1 677 ft the highest point in central Stuttgart where many ruins were laid to commemorate the Second World War and the Eichenhain park in Sillenbuch declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 oak trees many 300 400 years old View from the Birkenkopf partly of Schuttberg There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart The largest is the Max Eyth See which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near Muhlhausen There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers families cyclists and ramblers The most frequented lakes form a 3 km 1 9 mi trio made up of the Barensee Neuer See and Pfaffensee The lakes are also used for local water supplies In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two Feuersee s literally fire lakes striking for its views of the Johanneskirche St Johns church across the lake surrounded by nearby houses and offices The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen Cemeteries in Stuttgart include The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626 an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951 The Waldfriedhof the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Sudheimer Platz by funicular railway The Pragfriedhof with its Art Nouveau crematorium Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky The Uff Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985 The city boasts the second largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest 139 141 with over 250 springs within the urban area 141 The Athenebrunnen or Fountain of Pallas Athena is along Jean Amery Weg in the western part of Stuttgart dating from 1911 Culture and events Edit The State Opera House The Protestant Stiftskirche originally built in 1170 pictured around 1900 with the memorial on Schillerplatz square in foreground Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage in particular its State Theatre Staatstheater and State Gallery Staatsgalerie The Staatstheater is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres It regularly stages opera ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts The Staatstheater was named Germany Austria Switzerland Theatre of the year in 2006 the Stuttgart Opera has won the Opera of the year award six times 142 Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydee Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany s most prestigious symphony orchestras the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra with famous English conductor Sir Roger Norrington who developed a distinct sound of that orchestra known as the Stuttgart Sound They mostly perform in the Liederhalle concert hall The city offers two Broadway style musical theatres the Apollo and the Palladium Theater each approx 1800 seats Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events As a result of Stuttgart s long history of viticulture Even today there are vineyards less than 500 m 1 640 ft from the Main Station there are more than 400 flights of stairs known in the local dialect as the Staffele around the city equivalent to approximately 20 km 12 mi of steps 143 Later in the early 19th Century the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the Staffele were used as footpaths to connect the newly built neighborhoods Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings 143 The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour Stuttgart s Swabian cuisine beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond 144 For example Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart s Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East The Cannstatter Volksfest in the district of Bad Cannstatt In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a regional specialty thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden Wurttemberg 145 In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup In 2007 Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships citation needed In 2015 Stuttgart hosted the Protestant Kirchentag church convention festival a festival that takes place in a different German city every two years 146 Regular events that take place in Stuttgart The world famous annual Volksfest originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year With more than 3 6 million visitors in 2007 147 and more than 200 stands Stuttgart s Christmas Market running from late November to 23 December 148 is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe 148 It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas 149 The Fish Market Hamburger Fischmarkt late July with fresh fish other food and beer from Hamburg The Summer Festival Stuttgart Sommerfest usually in early August with shows music children s entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz Stuttgart 150 and adjacent parks The Lantern Festival Lichterfest early July in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions The Wine Village Weindorf late August early September vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz Market Square 150 Museums Edit Entrance to the Old State Gallery The Wurttemberg crown jewels on display in the State Museum of Wurttemberg Old Castle Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden Wurttemberg The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery opened in 1843 extended in 1984 which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens Rembrandt Monet Renoir Cezanne and Beuys Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery 1980 with its controversial modern architecture Among others this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann Dali Matisse Miro Picasso Klee Chagall and Kandinsky The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Wurttemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Wurttemberg The museum traces the rich history of Wurttemberg with many artifacts from its dukes counts and kings as well as earlier remnants dating back to the Stone Age On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944 Mercedes Benz Museum Porsche Museum Other leading museums in Stuttgart include The History Museum Haus der Geschichte 1987 examining local history finds the conflict between modern society and its cultural history State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart SMNS in Park Rosenstein housed in Castle Rosenstein with an emphasis on biology and natural history and Lowentor Museum paleontology and geology home of the Steinheim skull and many unique fossils from the triassic jurassic and tertiary periods The Mercedes Benz Museum 1936 moved in 2006 now the most visited museum in Stuttgart 440 000 visits per year 151 The museum traces the 125 year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the Mercedes Benz brand of today Stuttgart Art Museum Kunstmuseum Stuttgart 2005 the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art the foremost exhibition of Otto Dix works The museum stands on the corner of Schlossplatz Stuttgart in a huge glass cube in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture The Porsche Museum 1976 reopened in 2008 on new premises Hegel House Hegelhaus birthplace of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which documents his life works The Linden Museum established in 1911 a leading international ethnological museum 152 Stuttgart Tram Museum Strassenbahnwelt Stuttgart in Bad Cannstatt a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868 Theodor Heuss House Theodor Heuss Haus 2002 in Killesbergpark a tribute to the life and times of the former German president The North Station Memorial Gedenkstatte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish holocaust victims deported by the Nazis from the now disused North StationChurches Edit Stuttgart is the seat of a Protestant bishop Protestant State Church in Wurttemberg and one of the two co seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg Stuttgart The Stuttgart based Pentecostal Gospel Forum is the largest place of worship megachurch in Germany 153 It is also home to a large English speaking church The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart 154 Libraries Edit City Library State Library of Wurttemberg Central State Archive The Wurttembergische Landesbibliothek WLB is one of two state libraries for Baden Wurttemberg The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tubingen Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring cataloging archiving and provision of literature about Wurttemberg called Wurttembergica Together with the Badische Landesbibliothek BLB in Karlsruhe it also has the legal deposit for Baden Wurttemberg making it an archive library The Stuttgart University Library UBS is a central institution of the University of Stuttgart It forms the center of the library system of the university ensuring the supply of research teaching and studies with literature and other information resources It stands next to the members of the university and citizens of the city are available Together with other research libraries and documentation centers in the Stuttgart area such as the University of Hohenheim Library it forms the UBS Library Information System of the Stuttgart Region BISS The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden Wurttemberg Since 1965 it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden Wurttemberg in It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Wurttemberg until 1806 the Wurttemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Wurttemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Wurttemberg The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Wurttemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions the ducal and royal Wurttemberg consistory the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council deanery and parish archives educational institutions the works and associations as well as estates and collections It also has the microfilms of all church books especially baptism marriage and family Death s Register in the area of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Wurttemberg The Archive instigator is dedicated to the dead of the city Since 2005 the instigators are working on a memoir about The dead town So far about 5 000 names of victims of the regime of National Socialism have been acquired There are two large tours that are available to visitors to Stuttgart The first is the Hop on Hop off bus tour also called the CityTour Stuttgart lasting from 10 AM to 4 PM that takes visitors around the city 155 The other is the Neckar Kapt n only available from May to October which cruises on the Neckar river from its dock at Wilhelma in Bad Cannstatt 148 Demographics EditLargest groups of foreign residents 156 Nationality Population 31 12 2018 Turkey 17 900 Croatia 15 268 Italy 14 021 Greece 13 757 Romania 6 121 Serbia 5 844 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 963 Syria 4 585 Portugal 4 172 Poland 4 162 India 3 624 Kosovo 3 363 Spain 3 233 France 3 212 China 3 134 Iraq 3 099 Bulgaria 3 041 Hungary 2 738 Austria 2 643 Algeria 2 584 Russia 2 495 Ukraine 2 038 Afghanistan 2 008The population of Stuttgart declined steadily between 1960 637 539 and 2000 586 978 Then low levels of unemployment and attractive secondary education opportunities led to renewed population growth fuelled especially by young adults from the former East Germany 157 For the first time in decades in 2006 there were also more births in the city than deaths In April 2008 there were 590 720 inhabitants in the city 158 Historical populationYearPop 14004 000 170716 000 300 0 183736 041 125 3 1900166 699 362 5 1920315 796 89 4 1930377 461 19 5 1940454 600 20 4 1950497 677 9 5 1956601 115 20 8 1961637 539 6 1 1966624 202 2 1 1971632 947 1 4 1976590 135 6 8 1981583 001 1 2 1986565 486 3 0 1991591 946 4 7 1996585 540 1 1 2001587 152 0 3 2006593 923 1 2 2011591 015 0 5 2015623 738 5 5 2018632 743 1 4 2019634 830 0 3 source 159 Immigrants Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2018 More than half of the population today is not of Swabian background as many non Swabian Germans have moved here due to the employment situation which is far better than in most areas of Germany Since the 1960s many foreigners have also immigrated to Stuttgart to work here as part of the Gastarbeiter program another wave of immigrants came as refugees from the Wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s Thus 40 of the city s population is of foreign background In 2000 22 8 of the population did not hold German citizenship in 2006 this had reduced to 21 7 by end of 2018 the largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks 17 900 Greeks 13 757 Italians 14 021 Croats 15 268 Serbs 5 844 followed by immigrants from Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Portugal Poland France and Austria 39 of foreign nationals come from the European Union mostly Italy Greece and Poland 160 Religion Edit The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the Reformation 161 Since this time Wurttemberg has been predominantly Protestant However since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300 000 to 200 000 In 2014 26 2 of inhabitants were Protestant and 24 0 were Roman Catholic 49 8 of the population fell into other categories Muslims Jews and those who either followed no religion or one not accounted for in official statistics 162 Unemployment Edit Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden Wurttemberg but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany In November 2008 before the annual winter rise unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3 8 0 1 lower than the rate for Baden Wurttemberg in February 2009 it was 4 7 Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5 2 and 6 0 8 Nov and 9 Feb respectively By comparison unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7 1 8 Nov and 8 5 9 Feb 163 164 Crime rates Edit Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany In 2003 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100 000 inhabitants versus the average for all German cities of 12 751 165 Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind Munich 166 60 of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003 ranking second behind Nuremberg Government and politics Edit Stuttgart Town Hall Rathaus When Stuttgart was run as a or within the Duchy of Wurttemberg it was governed by a type of protectorate called a Vogt appointed by the Duke After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or Stadtdirektor After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or Schultheiss Since 1930 the title of Oberburgermeister the nearest equivalent of which would be an executive form of lord mayor in English has applied to Stuttgart and all other Wurttemberg towns of more than 20 000 inhabitants At the end of the Second World War French administrators appointed the independent politician Arnulf Klett as Burgomaster a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974 Since this time Stuttgart has mainly been governed by the CDU One former mayor was Manfred Rommel son of perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II Erwin Rommel As the capital of Baden Wurttemberg Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament or Landtag as well as all Baden Wurttemberg state departments In June 2009 for the first time the Greens gained the most seats in a German city with more than 500 000 inhabitants effectively changing the balance of power in the city council For the first time since 1972 the CDU no longer held the most seats toppling its absolute majority shared with the Independent Party and the FDP According to the German newspaper Die Welt the main reason for the Greens victory was disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project 167 Mayor Edit Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election The current mayor of Stuttgart is Frank Nopper of the Christian Democratic Union CDU since 2020 The most recent mayoral election was held on 8 November 2020 with a runoff held on 29 November and the results were as follows Candidate Party First round Second roundVotes Votes Frank Nopper Christian Democratic Union 69 338 31 8 83 812 42 3Veronika Kienzle Alliance 90 The Greens 37 620 17 2 WithdrewMarian Schreier Independent SPD 32 678 15 0 73 209 36 9Hannes Rockenbauch Independent Left SOS Pirate DiB 30 465 14 0 35 349 17 8Martin Korner Social Democratic Party 21 281 9 8 WithdrewSebastian Reutter Independent 9 494 4 4 WithdrewMichael Ballweg Independent 5 687 2 6 2 439 1 2Malte Kaufmann Alternative for Germany 4 712 2 2 WithdrewRalph Schertlen Independent 2 113 1 0 1 183 0 6John Heer Independent 1 774 0 8 WithdrewIssam Abdul Karim Independent 1 322 0 6 770 0 4Marco Volker Independent 734 0 3 392 0 2Friedhild Anni Miller Independent 722 0 3 616 0 3Werner Ressdorf Independent 143 0 1 114 0 1Other 40 0 0 266 0 1Valid votes 218 123 99 8 198 150 99 6Invalid votes 540 0 2 751 0 4Total 218 663 100 0 198 901 100 0Electorate voter turnout 446 375 49 0 445 577 44 5Source City of Stuttgart 1st round 2nd round City council Edit Results of the 2019 city council election The Stuttgart city council governs the city alongside the Mayor The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 and the results were as follows Party Votes Seats Alliance 90 The Greens Grune 3 694 305 26 3 2 3 16 2Christian Democratic Union CDU 2 722 927 19 4 8 9 11 6Social Democratic Party SPD 1 632 732 11 6 2 7 7 2Free Democratic Party FDP 1 116 739 7 9 2 0 5 1Free Voters Baden Wurttemberg FW 995 622 7 1 0 0 4 0Alternative for Germany AfD 856 335 6 1 1 4 4 1The Left Die Linke 746 365 5 3 0 8 3 0Stuttgart Ecological Social SOS 615 986 4 4 1 0 3 0City People Stadtisten 356 808 2 5 0 8 2 1Youth List JL 272 933 1 9 0 7 1 0No Driving Ban for Stuttgart KFiS 220 044 1 6 New 1 NewDie PARTEI PARTEI 207 970 1 5 New 1 NewPirate Party Piraten 163 575 1 2 0 8 1 0Human Environment Animal Protection Tierschutzpartei 145 525 1 0 New 1 NewEcological Democratic Party ODP 101 475 0 7 New 0 NewAlliance for Innovation and Justice BIG 69 842 0 5 New 0 NewAlliance Future Stuttgart 23 BZS23 45 410 0 3 New 0 NewDemocracy in Motion DiB 36 389 0 3 New 0 NewSchertlens Independent Citizens SchUB 23 792 0 2 New 0 NewFeminist List FeLi 22 576 0 2 New 0 NewValid votes 254 770 98 0Invalid votes 5 247 2 0Total 260 017 100 0 60 0Electorate voter turnout 452 227 57 5 10 9Source City of StuttgartCity districts Edit The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 city districts 168 five inner districts and 18 outer districts Each district has a council headed by a district director From there the districts are broken down into quarters Since the changes in city statutes on 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009 the total number of quarters rose to 152 169 The 23 city districts and their quartersInner DistrictsStuttgart Center 10 Stuttgart North 11 Stuttgart East 8 Stuttgart South 7 Stuttgart West 9 Outer DistrictsBad Cannstatt 18 Birkach 3 Botnang 4 Degerloch 5 Feuerbach 8 Hedelfingen 4 Mohringen 9 Muhlhausen 5 Munster 1 Oberturkheim 2 Plieningen 5 Sillenbuch 3 Stammheim 2 Unterturkheim 8 Vaihingen 12 Wangen 1 Weilimdorf 6 Zuffenhausen 11 Click me Municipalities and Districts of StuttgartEconomy EditThe Stuttgart area is known for its high tech industry Some of its most prominent companies include Mercedes Benz Group 170 Porsche 171 Robert Bosch GmbH 172 McKesson Europe Hewlett Packard IBM and Sika AG all of whom have their world or European headquarters here Stuttgart is home to Germany s ninth biggest exhibition center Stuttgart Trade Fair which lies on the city outskirts next to Stuttgart Airport Hundreds of SMEs are still based in Stuttgart often termed Mittelstand many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive electronics engineering and high tech industry Stuttgart has the highest general standard of prosperity of any city in Germany 173 Its nominal GDP per capita is 57 100 and GDP purchasing power parity PPP per capita is 55 400 Total GDP of Stuttgart is 33 9 billion of which service sector contributes around 65 3 industry 34 5 and agriculture 0 2 citation needed The cradle of the automobile Edit The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialized in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft As a result it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the cradle of the automobile 13 Today Mercedes Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle A number of auto enthusiast magazines are published in Stuttgart 174 Science and research and development Edit The region currently has Germany s highest density of scientific academic and research organisations No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart 77 45 of Baden Wurttemberg s R amp D capacities are concentrated in the Swabian capital 175 More than 11 of all German R amp D costs are invested in the Stuttgart region approximately 4 3 billion euros per year In addition to several universities and colleges e g University of Stuttgart University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology 26 and several Stuttgart Universities of Applied Sciences the area is home to six Fraunhofer institutes four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities two Max Planck institutes and a major establishment of the German Aerospace Centre DLR The Konigsbau on Schlossplatz former home to the Stuttgart Stock Exchange Financial services Edit The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany after Frankfurt Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total e g LBBW Bank Wustenrot amp Wurttembergische Allianz Life Assurance Kriegsberg vineyard in the city center A history of wine and beer Edit Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area mainly in the districts of Rotenberg Uhlbach and Unterturkheim Wine growing in the area dates back to 1108 when according to State archives Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from Monk Ulrich In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine growing community in the Holy Roman Empire Wine remained Stuttgart s leading source of income well into the 19th century Stuttgart is still one of Germany s largest wine growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area thanks in main to its location at the center of Germany s fourth largest wine region the Wurttemberg wine growing area which covers 11 522 ha 28 470 acres and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German Wine law The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival Weindorf Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbrau Dinkelacker and Schwaben Brau Education Edit The new building of the State University of Music and Performing Arts designed by James Stirling Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature the most important ones being Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Holderlin The city in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation Stuttgart has Germany s second highest number of institutions six of applied research of the Fraunhofer Society after Dresden Tertiary education Edit The city is not considered a traditional university city but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education The most significant of them are University of Stuttgart it is the fourth biggest university in Baden Wurttemberg after Heidelberg Tubingen and Freiburg Founded in 1829 it was a Technische Hochschule Technical University until 1967 when it was renamed to university Its campus for social sciences and architecture is located in the city centre near the main train station while the natural science campus is in the southwestern city district of Vaihingen Historically it has been especially renowned for its faculty of architecture Stuttgarter Schule Today its main focus is on engineering and other technical subjects University of Hohenheim founded in 1818 as an academy for agricultural science and forestry While these subjects are still taught there today its other focus today is on business administration It is located in Hohenheim quarter of the southern city district of Plieningen State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart founded in 1857 located in the city center next to the Neue Staatsgalerie State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart one of the biggest art colleges in Germany founded in 1761 located in the Killesberg quarter of the northern city district Stuttgart Nord Stuttgart Media University Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart founded in 2001 as a university of applied sciences a merger of the former College of Printing and Publishing and the College of Librarianship located in Vaihingen Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences Hochschule fur Technik Stuttgart founded in 1832 as a college for craftsmanship university of applied sciences since 1971 located in the city center near the University of Stuttgart s city center campus University of Cooperative Education Baden Wurttemberg founded in 1974 with a focus on practical experience subjects are business technology and social work Historically an elite military academy existed in Stuttgart in the late 18th century 1770 1794 the Hohe Karlsschule at Solitude Castle Friedrich Schiller and the city s most famous Classicist architect Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret were among its many esteemed alumni Primary and secondary education Edit The first Waldorf School also known as Rudolf Steiner School was founded here in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory Emil Molt and Austrian social thinker Rudolf Steiner a comprehensive school following Steiner s educational principles of anthroposophy and humanistic ideals Today four of these schools are located in Stuttgart International School Edit Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart 176 one of fewer than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs the IB Primary Years Early Learning to Grade 5 IB Middle Years Grade 6 to 10 IB Diploma grades 11 12 177 The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges 178 Media and publishing EditOne of the headquarters of the public Sudwestrundfunk SWR Southwest Broadcasting channels several radio and one TV channel regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden Wurttemberg and Rhineland Palatinate is located in Stuttgart the other ones being Baden Baden and Mainz It also has a Landesmedienzentrum a state media center Furthermore the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing with renowned houses such as Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Ernst Klett Verlag schoolbooks Kohlhammer Verlag Metzler Verlag and Motor Presse having their head offices there The Reclam Verlag is located in nearby Ditzingen The newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung StZ regional with significant supra regional national and international sections and Stuttgarter Nachrichten StN regional are published here as well as a number of smaller local papers such as Cannstatter Zeitung As is the case wherever the US military is stationed there is an American Forces Network AFN station It transmits on FM on 102 3 MHz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on AM on 1143 kHz from Hirschlanden transmitter Transport EditFollowing the suit of other German cities such as Berlin Cologne and Hanover on 1 March 2008 a low emission zone LEZ came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart Environmental zone Umweltzone including vehicles from abroad 179 180 Local transport Edit Stuttgart Stadtbahn Stuttgart S Bahn Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof main railway station Stuttgart has a light rail system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn In the city center and densely built up areas the Stadtbahn runs underground Stations are signposted with a U symbol which stands for Untergrundbahn underground rail Until 2007 Stuttgart also operated regular trams Stuttgart also has a large bus network Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Strassenbahnen AG SSB The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the Stuttgart S Bahn using tracks supplied by the national Deutsche Bahn AG DB A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Zahnradbahn a rack railway that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner city district of the city and the district of Degerloch It is the only urban rack railway in Germany Stuttgart also has a Standseilbahn a funicular railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery Waldfriedhof In Killesberg Park on a prominent hill overlooking the city there is the miniature railway run by diesel and on weekends with steam Rail links Edit Stuttgart Airport Stuttgart rack railway Stuttgart is a hub in the Intercity Express and Intercity networks of Deutsche Bahn AG DB with through services to most other major German cities It also operates international services to Strasbourg Vienna Zurich and Paris five times a day journey time 3 hours 11 minutes 181 Long distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof the city s main line terminus which is also used by Interregio Express Regional Express and Regionalbahn trains for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area The local rail networks see above operate underneath the terminus citation needed Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with marshalling yards and a container terminal in the Oberturkheim area of Hedelfingen citation needed Rail The Stuttgart 21 project Edit After years of political debate and controversy plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above ground main train station to an underground through station The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart s enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and was slated to be completed in 2019 then 2021 and now 2025 Air transport Edit Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport German Flughafen Stuttgart IATA airport code STR an international airport approximately 13 km 8 mi south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighboring towns It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city center using S Bahn lines S2 or S3 or Stadtbahn line U6 Stuttgart airport is Germany s only international airport with one runway Despite protests and local initiatives surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway 182 Road transport Edit Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8 that runs east west from Karlsruhe to Munich and Autobahn A81 that runs north south from Wurzburg to Singen The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart Port on Neckar River in Stuttgart Besides these Autobahns Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways many of which are built to Autobahn standards and were once intended to carry an A number Important expressways like B10 B14 B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs Due to the hilly surroundings there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the center of Stuttgart Waterways Edit Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the Neckar Sport EditFootball Edit VfB Stuttgart s home ground the Mercedes Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt In the background the Stuttgart Spring Festival As in many parts of Germany football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to The Reds and The Blues The Reds VfB Stuttgart are the most famous and popular local club An established team currently playing in the German Bundesliga VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950 most recently in 1992 and 2007 VfB is based at the Mercedes Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt The Blues Stuttgarter Kickers are the second most important football team They currently play in the Regionalliga Sudwest fourth division at the smaller Gazi Stadium close to the TV tower in Degerloch Other lower division football teams are Sportfreunde Stuttgart most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908 considered the first World Cup 183 and FV Zuffenhausen Other sports Edit TV Bittenfeld has been playing in the men s Handball Bundesliga since the 2015 2016 season under the name TVB 1898 Stuttgart The home venue is the Scharrena Stuttgart part of the home games also take place in the Porsche Arena for capacity reasons VfL Pfullingen Stuttgart played in the Bundesliga from 2001 to 2006 where they played their home games in the Hanns Martin Schleyer Halle In the 1990 1991 season SG Stuttgart Scharnhausen also played in the Bundesliga Since 2008 the women s volleyball team Allianz MTV Stuttgart until 2010 Allianz Volley Stuttgart until 2012 Smart Allianz Stuttgart plays in the Deutsche Volleyball Bundesliga They became German champions in 2019 and 2022 having previously been runners up four times in a row from 2015 to 2018 and also won the German cup four times and reached the final of CEV Cup CJD Feuerbach was German champion in women s volleyball three times The club withdrew its first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for financial reasons Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams Stuttgart Rebels EC plays in the Landesliga 4th tier at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the first division of the DEL The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt which won the German championship in 2006 Stuttgart has three American Football teams the Stuttgart Silver Arrows who play in the Regionalliga Sudwest and the Stuttgart Scorpions as part of the German Football League who play in Stuttgarter Kickers Gazi Stadium With Stuttgart Surge a third team was founded in 2021 as part of the European League of Football ELF and is likewise supposed to play in the Gazi Stadium Australian Football is practiced by the Stuttgart Emus one of only six active teams in Germany It participates in the Australian Football League Germany when they play their home games in the Eberhard Bauer Stadion TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart based women s tennis team that has won the German championship four times Another women s team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart German champions in 2006 HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006 Stuttgart has also hosted the Stihl Timbersports Series in world logging championships Sporting events Edit Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events including the FIFA World Cup 1974 the finals stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985 the UEFA Euro 1988 and the World Championships in Athletics 1993 It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006 Six matches three of them second round matches including the third and fourth place playoff were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium today Mercedes Benz Arena Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport 184 hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts where the annual Mercedes Cup tennis tournament is played the Porsche Arena hosting tennis basketball and handball and the Schleyerhalle boxing equestrianism show jumping gymnastics track cycling etc Scharrena Stuttgart International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Twin towns sister cities Edit Stuttgart is twinned with 185 St Helens England 1948 Cardiff Wales 1955 St Louis United States 1960 Strasbourg France 1962 Mumbai India 1968 Menzel Bourguiba Tunisia 1971 Cairo Egypt 1979 Lodz Poland 1988 Brno Czech Republic 1989 Samara Russia 1992 The city district of Bad Cannstatt is twinned with 186 Ujbuda Budapest HungaryThe city district of Vaihingen is twinned with 186 Melun FranceThe city district of Zuffenhausen is twinned with 186 La Ferte sous Jouarre FranceFriendships Edit Stuttgart has friendly relations with 186 Ōgaki Japan Nanjing China Shavei Tzion IsraelNotable people EditMain article List of people from StuttgartIn popular culture EditGaming Edit In the 2003 video game Command amp Conquer Generals Zero Hour GLA forces attacked the US base in Stuttgart in their final mission In the first Chinese mission the player must reclaim the city from the GLA 187 Dr Ludwig more commonly known as the Medic in Valve s 2007 first person shooter game Team Fortress 2 is a native of Stuttgart 188 but was raised in Rottenburg am Neckar 189 In the 2008 adventure game episode Sam amp Max Night of the Raving Dead the title characters travel to Stuttgart to kill a vampire 190 Reinhardt one of the tank classes in Blizzard s 2016 team based shooter Overwatch originates from Stuttgart Furthermore the game also features the map Eichenwalde which is a fictional castle town near the city 191 Novels Edit In the 2005 novel The Book Thief protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book 192 TV and cinema Edit In the 2012 film The Avengers the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland Ohio and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film s depiction of the city 193 Gallery Edit Stuttgart at night looking northwest Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road The Markthalle Stuttgart Stuttgart Market Hall The 216 m 709 ft Fernsehturm Stuttgart Stuttgart Television Tower at night Castle Rosenstein Neues Schloss at night The Hegel Museum birthplace of Hegel Stuttgart annual Christmas Market Old downtown area of Stuttgart Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde The Haus der Wirtschaft House of Commerce Schlossplatz The grave chapel atop the Wurttemberg The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect for viticulture as the Romans discovered Pictured are vineyards near Oberturkheim View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf View from the Killesbergpark Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Oberturkheim Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Muhlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006Notes EditFootnotes Edit Sixth in Germany behind Munich Dusseldorf Frankfurt Berlin and Hamburg 8 10th in Europe and third in Germany behind Munich and Berlin 9 The history of Stuttgart s coat of arms is long The Chorographia Wurttemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 p 225 has the modern coat of arms with the horse facing dexter on a field or The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952 This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a Herzog Of those 67 8 of the residential buildings and 75 of the Industrial structures were destroyed 98 When French troops occupied Stuttgart which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Wurttemberg the Americans ordered them to leave De Gaulle refused saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Wurttemberg while keeping the lion s share for themselves French soldiers behaviour in Stuttgart where some 3 000 women and 8 men were raped was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines 102 Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell 9 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