International Paralympic Committee
The International Paralympic Committee (IPC; German: Internationales Paralympisches Komitee) is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and functions as the international federation for nine sports. Founded on 22 September 1989 in Düsseldorf, West Germany, its mission is to "enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the world". Furthermore, the IPC wants to promote the Paralympic values and to create sport opportunities for all persons with a disability, from beginner to elite level.
| Formation | 22 September 1989 |
|---|---|
| Type | Sports federation |
| Headquarters | Bonn |
Membership | 183 National Paralympic Committees (July 2022) |
Official language | English, French, German, and the host country's official language when necessary |
President | Andrew Parsons |
Vice President | Duane Kale |
| Website | www |
| Anthem: Paralympic Anthem | |
The IPC has a democratic constitution and structure and is composed of representatives from 182 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs), four international organizations of sport for the disabled (IOSDs) and five regional organizations.[a] The IPC's headquarters is located in Bonn, Germany.
Overview
On the basis of being able to organize the Paralympic Games more efficiently and to give the Paralympic movement one voice, the four international organizations of sports for the disabled, founded the International Co-ordination Committee of World Sports Organizations for the Disabled (ICC) in 1982. In the upcoming years, other organizations joined and the need for a democratically guided organization emerged, demanded by the nations participating in the Paralympic Movement. They desired a democratic structure, to improve national and regional representation, which led to the foundation of the IPC as it is known today. The 1994 Winter Paralympics, Norway, were the first to be organized by the IPC.
The IPC functions as an umbrella organization, representing several sports and disabilities, in contrast to other international sports organizations for athletes with a disability, which are predominantly limited to a single sport or disability (as well as the International Olympic Committee, who relies on separate member sanctioning bodies representing each Olympic sport).
A fifteen-member Governing Board oversees the IPC between meetings of the General Assembly. Dr. Robert D. Steadward became the first President in 1989. Since 2017, Andrew Parsons is President of the IPC.
Presidents
The International Paralympic Committee has had three presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward, who had previously founded the Canadian Sports Fund for the Physically Disabled.[1] He was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British Paralympian and former President of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation, who served as president until 2017. Craven was succeeded by Brazil's Andrew Parsons, IPC Vice President from 2013 to 2017 and a former President of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee.[2]
| Image | Name | Country | Term |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robert Steadward | Canada | 1989–2001 | |
| Sir Philip Craven | United Kingdom | 2001–2017 | |
| Andrew Parsons | Brazil | 2017– |
Governing Board
The IPC Governing Board consists of 14 members, of which 12 are elected at the General Assembly, including the President and Vice President. The most recent election for the Governing Board was held on 12 December 2021:[2]
- Andrew Parsons, President
- Duane Kale, Vice President
- Debra Alexander
- Mohamed Alhameli
- Jai-Jun Choung
- Marianna "Muffy" Davis
- Chelsey Gotell
- Miki Matheson
- Luca Pancalli
- John Petersson
- Majid Rashed
- Robyn Smith
The IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson, Jitske Visser, and IPC Athletes' Council First Vice Chairperson, Josh Dueck, also have voting rights on the board.
IPC Honorary Board
The IPC has an honorary board of distinguished individuals who support the IPC's goals and use their profile to raise funds and awareness for its work.[3]
Current honorary board members are:
- Princess Margriet of the Netherlands
- Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg
- Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden
- Prince Albert of Monaco
- James Wolfensohn, former President of the World Bank
- Maria Guleghina, opera singer
- Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein
- Thérèse Rein, Founder of Ingeus
- Princess Astrid of Belgium.
History
Chronology of milestones in the development of the International Paralympic Committee and the Summer and Winter Paralympics.
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1944 | Dr Ludwig Guttmann established the Spinal Injuries Centre at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital.[4][5] |
| 1948 | On 29 July, the day of the Opening Ceremony of the London 1948 Olympic Games, Dr Ludwig Guttmann organised the first competition for wheelchair athletes which he named the Stoke Mandeville Games, a milestone in Paralympics history. They involved 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery[6] |
| 1952 | Dutch ex-servicemen travelled to England to compete against British athletes and this led to the establishment of the International Stoke Mandeville Games.[6] |
| 1955 | International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[5] |
| 1960 | 18 – 25 September – Rome Summer Paralympics – 400 athletes from 23 countries; 57 events in 8 sports.[7] These Games became known as the 1st Summer Paralympic Games and were the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games. The Games followed the Rome Olympics and used same venues. |
| 1960 | International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee (ISMGC) established.[5] |
| 1962 | International Sports Organisation for the Disabled (IOSD) was established to assist visually impaired, amputees, persons with cerebral palsy and paraplegics who were not eligible to compete at the International Stoke Mandeville Games.[6] |
| 1964 | 3 – 12 November – Tokyo Summer Paralympics – 375 athletes from 21 countries; 144 events in 9 sports. Weightlifting added to the program.[7] Opening ceremony held in front of 5,000 spectators.[8] |
| 1968 | 4–13 November – Tel Aviv Summer Paralympics – 750 athletes from 29 countries; 181 events in 10 sports.[7] New sports included lawn bowls, women's basketball and Men's 100m wheelchair race. |
| 1972 | 2 – 11 August – Heidelberg Summer Paralympics – 984 athletes from 43 countries; 1987 events in 10 sports.[7] Events for quadriplegic added to program for the first time.[7] Demonstration events for visually impaired athletes.[7] Heidelberg was used as the Olympic Village in Munich was unavailable as it was converted into private apartments.[8] |
| 1976 | 3–11 August – Toronto Summer Paralympics – 1657 athletes from 38 countries; 447 events in 13 sports.[7] Amputee and vision impaired athletes competed for the first time.[4][5] goalball, shooting and standing volleyball added to program.[7] Specialized racing wheelchairs used for the first time.[7] |
| 1976 | 21–28 February – Örnsköldsvik Winter Paralympics – 198 athletes from 16 countries; 53 events in 2 sports. First Winter Paralympics. Games demonstrated innovations in ski equipment design with 'three-track skiing' using crutches. Demonstration event was sledge racing.[9] |
| 1976 | UNESCO Conference established the right for people with a disability to participate in sport and physical education.[5] |
| 1980 | 21–30 June – Arnhem Summer Paralympics – 1973 athletes from 42 countries; 489 events in 12 sports. Sitting volleyball added to the program.[7] Moscow declined to host the Games.[8] Cerebral palsy athletes compete for the first time.[4][7] There were 12,000 spectators at the opening ceremony.[8] |
| 1980 | 1–7 February – Geilo Winter Paralympics – 350 athletes from 18 countries;[9] 63 events in 2 sports. Amputee, visual impairment and les autres compete for the first time at a Winter Games.[9] |
| 1982 | International Co-ordination Committee of World Sports Organisations for the Disabled (ICC) was established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) due to the need for a single governing body to look after disability sport[4][10] |
| 1984 | 17–30 June (US) / 22 July – 1 August (UK) – Stoke Mandeville/New York Summer Paralympics – 1100 athletes from 41 countries (UK) and 1,800 from 45 countries (USA); 903 events in 18 sports.[7] New York Games were held at the Hofstra University and events were held for amputees, les austres, cerebral palsy and vision impaired athletes. Stoke Mandeville Games were for athletes with a spinal cord disability. It was decided that future Games should be held in one city. boccia, road cycling and football 7-a-side added to program.[7] |
| 1984 | 14–20 January – Innsbruck Winter Paralympics – 457 athletes from 21 countries;[9] 107 events in 3 sports. Cerebral palsy athletes compete for the first time.[9] |
| 1984 | 1984 Los Angeles Olympics included Men's 1500m and Women's 800m wheelchair races as demonstration events. |
| 1984 | The term Paralympic Games approved by the IOC.[5] It was used in the lead up to the 1988 Seoul Paralympics.[4] |
| 1988 | 15–24 October – Seoul Summer Paralympics – 3057 athletes from 61 countries; 732 events in 16 sports. The Games utilized Olympic facilities.[7] For the first time short stature athletes competed in the les autres category.[4] Judo was added to the program[7] and Wheelchair tennis was a demonstration sport. |
| 1988 | 17–24 January – Innsbruck Winter Paralympics – 397 athletes from 22 countries;[9] 96 events in 4 sports. Sit ski events introduced in the sports of alpine and Nordic skiing.[9] |
| 1989 | On 22 September, International Paralympic Committee (IPC) replaced the ICC as the governing body of the Paralympic movement with Canadian Robert Steadward as its inaugural President.[11][12] |
| 1990 | ISMFG changed its name to International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF). |
| 1990 | IPC agreement with the ICC so that it remained responsible for the Paralympic Games until after the 1992 Barcelona Paralympic Games.[12] |
| 1992 | 3–14 September – Barcelona Summer Paralympics – 3001 athletes from 33 countries:[7] 431 events in 16 sports Wheelchair tennis was a medal sport for the first time. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch attended and endorsed the Games.[5] Inaugural Paralympics for Persons with an Intellectual Disability held in Madrid, Spain immediately after the Games.[7] Final Games organized by ICC.[12] |
| 1992 | 25 March – 1 April – Tignes/Albertville Winter Paralympics – 475 athletes from 24 countries;[9] 78 events in 3 sports. Biathlon added to the program.[9] Demonstration events held for athletes with an intellectual disability in alpine and cross country skiing.[9] First Winter Games to share Olympic venues.[9] |
| 1992 | The Mind, Body and Spirit logo (3 tae-guks) adopted by IPC and used until 2003.[4][12] |
| 1993 | IPC established a Sport Science Committee.[5] |
| 1994 | 10–19 March – Lillehammer Winter Paralympics – 492 athletes from 31 countries;[9] 133 events in 5 sports. First Winter Games held under IPC control and Games aligned to revised Winter Olympic Games four-year schedule. Ice sledge hockey added to the program.[9] |
| 1995 | International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) withdraws from the IPC.[12] |
| 1996 | 16–25 August – Atlanta Summer Paralympics – 3259 athletes from 104 countries; 508 events in 20 sports. Athletes with an intellectual disability included for the first time at a Summer Games. equestrian and track cycling discipline added to the program[7] and sailing was a demonstration sport. IPC officially hosted the Games for the first time and assumed responsibility for future Games.[5] First Games to attract worldwide sponsorship. 12,000 volunteers assisted with the operation of the Games.[8] |
| 1998 | 5–14 March – Nagano Winter Paralympics – 571 athletes from 32 countries;[9] 122 events in 4 sports. Athletes with an intellectual disability included for the first time at a Winter Games. With the internet in its infancy, the official website recorded 7.7 million hits during the Games.[8] |
| 1999 | IPC moved into what remains its current Headquarters in Bonn, Germany.[10] IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch attended opening.[12] |
| 1999 | INAS-FMH changed its name to International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability(INAS-FID). |
| 2000 | 18–29 October – Sydney Summer Paralympics – 3,881 athletes from 122 countries;[7] 551 events in 20 sports. First Games held in the Southern Hemisphere. Women's events were included in the powerlifting program and wheelchair rugby and sailing were medal sports for the first time.[7] IOC signed a co-operation agreement with IPC to strengthen their relationship.[5][12] Games had comprehensive international television coverage for the first time. Over 340,000 school children attended and were given an insight into Paralympic sport.[8] |
| 2001 | Robert Steadward was succeeded by the former British Paralympian Sir Philip Craven after serving three terms as president.[10][12] |
| 2001 | On 19 June, IPC and IOC signed an agreement that ensured the practice of "one bid, one city", meaning the same city will host both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.[4][12] |
| 2001 | IPC General Assembly suspended athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) from the Paralympic Games due to 69% of athletes who won medals in intellectual disability events at the Sydney Games not have the correct ID verification.[4] |
| 2002 | 7–16 March – Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics – 416 athletes from 36 countries;[9] 92 events in 5 sports. Worldwide television coverage was secured by the organizers, and there was high demand for tickets.[8] |
| 2003 | Sir Philip Craven, IPC President elected as a new IOC member at the 115th IOC Session in Prague, Czech Republic.[5][12] |
| 2003 | IPC Governing Board approved the development of a Universal Classification Code.[12] |
| 2003 | New Spirit in motion logo (Agitos) adopted by IPC.[4][12] |
| 2003 | IPC signs the World Anti-Doping Code and revised its Anti-Doping Code to comply with the World Anti-Doping Code.[5] |
| 2004 | 17–28 September – Athens Summer Paralympics – 3808 athletes from 135 countries;[7] 517 events in 19 sports. 5-a-side football added to the program.[7] A cumulated global TV audience of 1.8 billion watch the Athens 2004 Paralympic Games.[12] Over 3000 journalists covered the Games.[8] |
| 2004 | International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWSF) established with the merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.[4] |
| 2005 | Paralympic Awards are presented for the first time.[12] |
| 2006 | 10–19 March – Torino Winter Paralympics – 477 athletes from 39 countries;[9] 58 events in 4 sports. Wheelchair curling made its Games debut.[9] IPC launched ParalympicSport.TV, an online TV channel, during the Games[12] and it attracted nearly 40,000 unique viewers from 105 nations. |
| 2006 | IPC's revenue exceeded EUR 5 million for the first time.[12] |
| 2007 | IPC Classification Code and International Standards approved at IPC General Assembly meeting held in November.[4][12] |
| 2008 | 6–17 September – Beijing Summer Paralympics – 3,951 from 146 countries;[7] 472 events in 20 sports. Rowing was added to the program.[7] 3.8 billion throughout the world viewed the Games on television[7] and 3.4 million spectators attended the Games.[8] |
| 2009 | IPC General Assembly reinstated athletes with an intellectual disability into the Paralympic Games.[4] |
| 2009 | IPC Position Stand – Background and Scientific Principles of Classification in Paralympic Sport passed by IPC Sports Science Committee, Classification Committee and Governing Board in June.[4][12] |
| 2010 | 12–21 March – Vancouver Winter Paralympics – 502 athletes from 44 countries;[9] 64 events in 5 sports. 230,000 ticket sales, a record for the Games.[9] |
| 2012 | 29 August – 9 September – London Summer Paralympics – 4,237 athletes from 164 countries; 503 events in 20 sports. Athletes with an intellectual disability return to the Games by competing in athletics, swimming and table tennis.[7] |
| 2012 | IPC and IOC signed a new co-operation agreement which increased IOC financial support and guaranteed the Paralympics will be staged in the same city and venues as the Olympics through until 2020.[12] |
| 2012 | IPC's revenue exceeded EUR 10 million for the first time.[12] |
| 2012 | IPC launched the Agitos Foundation.[12] |
| 2014 | 7–16 March – Sochi Winter Paralympics – 541 athletes from 45 countries;[9] 72 events in 5 sports. 316,200 tickets were sold, the most ever for Paralympic Winter Games. Para-snowboard added to the program.[9] 316,200 ticket sales, surpassing the record from Vancouver Games.[9] |
| 2016 | 7–18 September – Rio de Janeiro Summer Paralympics. The first games in Latin America, Paracanoe and paratriathlon added to the program. 30 November – IPC officially rebrands the 10 sports for which it serves as the international federation with the "World Para" mark. At the same time, IPC changes the names of three of these 10 sports:[13]
|
| 2017 | Philip Craven was succeeded by the Brazilian Andrew Parsons as IPC President after serving four terms. |
| 2018 | 9–18 March – PyeongChang Winter Paralympics – 569 athletes from 49 countries;[9] 80 events in 6 sports, Snowboarding has been expanded into a separate discipline for 2018, with 10 medal events (in 2014, two medal events in snowboarding were held within the alpine skiing programme). IOC and IPC, signed an agreement that renewed the partnership between the two institutions by 2032. |
Publications
The IPC publishes The Paralympian three times a year.[14]
Paralympic SPORT.TV
The Paralympics and other sport events related The Paralympic Movement to be watched on Internet TV channel for Paralympic sports created of IPC.[15]
Paralympic Hall of Fame
- 2006: Jouko Grip , Ulla Renvall , Annemie Schneider
- 2008: Connie Hansen , Claudia Hengst , Peter Homann , André Viger , Kevin McIntosh (coach)
- 2010: Tanja Kari , Chris Waddell , Rolf Hettich (coach)
- 2012: Louise Sauvage , Trischa Zorn-Hudson , Roberto Marson , Frank Ponta , Chris Holmes
- 2014: Jon Kreamelmeyer , Eric Villalon Fuentes , Verena Bentele
Paralympic marketing
The Organizing Committees
In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games.[16] The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver.
However, the Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee (SLOC), chose to follow the practice of "one bid, one city" already at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, with one Organizing Committee for both Games, which was followed up by the 2004 Games in Athens and Beijing in 2008.
The agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006.[16] A further extension was signed in 2012, valid until 2020. In March 2018, a historic long-term extension was signed establishing a partnership until 2032.
National Paralympic Committees (NPCs)
The NPCs receive financial support for the training and development of Paralympic teams, Paralympic athletes and Paralympic hopefuls.
International Paralympic Sports Federations (IFs)
There are 11 international federations recognized by the IPC, and there are four disability specific organizations, while the IPC itself serves as the international federation for 10 sports.[17][18]
On 30 November 2016, the IPC officially adopted the "World Para" brand for all sports in which it is the international federation. Sports contested in the Summer Paralympics began using the new branding immediately. For winter sports, whose competitive seasons had already started by the announcement, only the world championships were immediately changed to reflect the new branding; the full switchover did not occur until the 2017–18 season.[13]
Note that the Paralympic versions of some sports have different governing structures than the able-bodied versions of the same sports:
- The remit of World Para Nordic Skiing includes both Para biathlon and Para cross-country skiing; the able-bodied versions of the two disciplines are governed by entirely separate international federations, respectively the International Biathlon Union (IBU) and International Ski Federation (FIS).
- Able-bodied Alpine skiing and snowboarding are also governed by FIS. The IPC has distinct governing councils for its versions of the sports.
World Para Alpine Skiing
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Alpine Skiing Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaAlpineSkiing.org (Paralympic.org/alpine-skiing)
- Sport name: Para alpine skiing[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Alpine Skiing[13]
World Para Athletics
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Athletics Championships, World Para Athletics European Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaAthletics.org (Paralympic.org/athletics)
- Sport name: Para athletics[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Athletics[13]
World Para Dance Sport
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Dance Sport Championships and other competitions. The rebranding saw the sport renamed from "wheelchair dance sport" to "Para dance sport" due to the IPC's desire to expand the sport beyond wheelchair users.[13]
- Official website: WorldParaDanceSport.org (Paralympic.org/dance-sport)
- Sport name: Para dance sport[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Wheelchair Dance Sport[13]
World Para Ice Hockey
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Ice Hockey Championships and other competitions. With the November 2016 rebranding, the official name of the sport was changed from "sledge hockey" to "Para ice hockey". This change was made upon the request of the sport's community, partly due to the word "sledge" having different meanings across languages.[13]
- Official website: WorldParaIceHockey.org (Paralympic.org/ice-hockey)
- Sport name: Para ice hockey[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Ice Sledge Hockey[13]
World Para Nordic Skiing
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Nordic Skiing Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaNordicSkiing.org (Paralympic.org/nordic-skiing)
- Sport name: Para Nordic skiing[13] (includes Para biathlon and Para cross-country skiing)
- Former sport committee names: IPC Biathlon & IPC Cross-Country[13]
World Para Powerlifting
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Powerlifting Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaPowerlifting.org (Paralympic.org/powerlifting)
- Sport name: Para powerlifting[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Powerlifting[13]
World Shooting Para Sport
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Shooting Para Sport Championships and other competitions. The rebranding saw the sport renamed as "shooting Para sport" to avoid possible confusion with parachuting.[13]
- Official website: WorldShootingParaSport.org (Paralympic.org/shooting)
- Sport name: Shooting Para sport[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Shooting[13]
World Para Snowboard
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Snowboard Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaSnowboard.org (Paralympic.org/snowboard)
- Sport name: Para snowboard[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Snowboard[13]
World Para Swimming
Supervises and co-ordinates the World Para Swimming Championships and other competitions.
- Official website: WorldParaSwimming.org (Paralympic.org/swimming)
- Sport name: Para swimming[13]
- Former sport committee name: IPC Swimming[13]
The Paralympic Partner programme
The Paralympic Partner (TOP) sponsorship programme includes the following commercial sponsors of the Paralympic Games.
See also
Notes
- ^ IPC contains Asian Paralympic Committee (APC), African Sports Confederation of Disabled (ASCD), Americas Paralympic Committee (APC), European Paralympic Committee (EPC), Oceania Paralympic Committee (OPC).
References
- ^ a b "Robert Steadward, builder" 25 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Canadian Paralympic Committee
- ^ a b "Andrew Parsons re-elected as IPC President for second term". paralympic.org. International Paralympic Committee. 12 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ "Honorary Board". IPC.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Vanlandewijck, Yves (2011). The Paralympic Athlete : Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–30. ISBN 9781444334043.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l DePauw, Karen; et al. (2005). Disability sport (2nd ed.). Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics. pp. 277–287.
- ^ a b c "Paralympics – History of the movement". International Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z . International Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ottoblock. "History of the Paralympic Games" (PDF). Channel 4 website. (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w . International Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c "The History of the Paralympic Movement". Inside the Games website. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ "About Us". International Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "25-year anniversary of the IPC". International Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "The IPC to rebrand the 10 sports it acts as International Federation for" (Press release). International Paralympic Committee. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ The Paralympian, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
- ^ "Paralympic Games". YouTube. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b IPC-IOC Co-operation, The official website of the International Paralympic Committee
- ^ International Sports Federations, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
- ^ Contacts – International Sports Federations (IFs), International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
- , International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
External links
- Official website
- Paralympic Sport TV YouTube channel