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Autogenic training

January 28, 2023

For other uses of "Autogenic", see Autogenesis.

Autogenic training is a desensitization-relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz[1] by which a psychophysiologically determined relaxation response is obtained.[2] The technique was first published in 1932. Studying the self-reports of people immersed in a hypnotic state, J.H. Schultz noted that physiological changes are accompanied by certain feelings.[3] Abbé Faria and Émile Coué are the forerunners of Schultz. The technique involves repetitions of a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation and is based on passive concentration of bodily perceptions (e.g., heaviness and warmth of arms, legs), which are facilitated by self-suggestions.[2][4] The technique is used to alleviate many stress-induced psychosomatic disorders.[4]

Autogenic training
MeSHD001326
[edit on Wikidata]

Biofeedback practitioners integrate basic elements of autogenic imagery and have simplified versions of parallel techniques that are used in combination with biofeedback. This was done at the Menninger Foundation by Elmer Green, Steve Fahrion, Patricia Norris, Joe Sargent, Dale Walters and others. They incorporated the hand warming imagery of autogenic training and used it as an aid to develop thermal biofeedback.[1]

History

The roots of this technique lie in the research carried out by Oscar Vogt in the field of sleep and hypnosis. Vogt investigated individuals who had experience in hypnotic sessions. Under his guidance, they were able to go into a state (similar to a hypnotic state) for a self-determined period of time. These short-term mental exercises appeared to reduce stress or effects such as fatigue and tension. In the meantime, other disturbing effects (e.g. headaches) could be avoided. Inspired by this research and Vogt's work, Johannes Heinrich Schultz became interested in the phenomenon of autosuggestion. He wanted to explore an approach, which would avoid undesirable implications of hypnotherapy (e.g., the passivity of the individual and dependency on the therapist). When he was investigating hallucinations in healthy persons, he found that a majority of the subjects reported having two types of experienced sensation: heaviness in the extremities and feeling of warmth. Schultz wanted to understand whether simply imagining a state of heaviness and warmth in one's limbs could induce a state similar to hypnosis. Based on this idea he developed six basic exercises.[5]

Autogenic training was popularized in North America and the English-speaking world by Wolfgang Luthe, who co-authored, with Schultz, a multi-volume tome on autogenic training. In 1963 Luthe discovered the significance of "autogenic discharges", paroxysmic phenomena of motor, sensorial, visual and emotional nature related to the traumatic history of the patient, and developed the method of "autogenic abreaction". His disciple Luis de Rivera, a McGill University-trained psychiatrist, introduced psychodynamic concepts[6] into Luthe's approach, developing "autogenic analysis"[7] as a new method for uncovering the unconscious.

Practice and effects

The main purpose of autogenic training is the achievement of autonomic self-regulation by removing environmental distraction, training imagery that accompanies autonomic self-regulation, and by providing a facilitative set of exercises that are easy to learn and remember.[8]

Autogenic training is based on three main principles:[5]

  • Reduction of afferent stimulation (both exteroceptive and proprioceptive)
  • Mental repetition of verbal formulae
  • Passive concentration

In the context of autogenic training passive concentration means that the trainee is instructed to concentrate on inner sensations rather than environmental stimuli. Passiveness refers to allowing sensations to happen and being an observer rather than a manipulator.[4]

The training can be performed in different postures:[5]

  • Simple sitting
  • Reclined armchair
  • Horizontal posture

The technique consists of six standard exercises according to Schultz:[5][9]

  1. Muscular relaxation by repetition of a verbal formula, "My right arm is heavy", emphasizing heaviness. During the initial stages of the training, the feeling of heaviness in the trained arm is more expressed and occurs more rapidly. The same feeling can be experienced in the other extremities at the same time in the other arm. Within a week, a short concentration can trigger the sensation of heaviness in a trainee's arms and legs.[4]
  2. Passive concentration focuses on feeling warm, initiated by the instruction "My right arm is warm".
  3. Initiation of cardiac activity using the formula "My heartbeat is calm and regular".
  4. Passive concentration on the respiratory mechanism with the formula "It breathes me".
  5. Concentration on the warmth in the abdominal region with "My solar plexus is warm" formula.
  6. Passive concentration on coolness in the cranial region with the formula "My forehead is cool".

When a new exercise step is added in autogenic training, the trainee should always concentrate initially on the already learned exercises and then add a new exercise. In the beginning, a new exercise is added for only brief periods.[4]

According to the specific clinical needs, different modifications of formulas are used. These modifications can be classified into 3 main types:[4]

  • Only a few formulas are used (e.g., the formulas of heaviness and warmth)
  • The standard set of formulas is taught, but one specific formula is modified
  • The standard set is used and a complementary, problem-specific formula is added.

A study by Spencer[1] suggests that autogenic training restores the balance between the activity of the sympathetic (flight or fight) and the parasympathetic (rest and digest) branches of the autonomic nervous system. The author hypothesizes that this can have important health benefits, as the parasympathetic activity promotes digestion and bowel movements, lowers the blood pressure, slows the heart rate, and promotes the functions of the immune system.

Neurophysiological aspects

There is a lack of neurophysiological investigations addressing this topic; however, one EEG study from 1963 suggests that the decrease in afferent stimulation induces:[10]

The same study suggests that EEG patterns obtained from subjects with different level of practice are not similar.

Another study from 1958 hypothesizes that autogenic state is between the normal waking state and sleep. It suggests that EEG patterns occurring during autogenic training are similar to electrophysiological changes occurring during initial stages of sleep.[11]

Contraindications

Autogenic training is contra-indicated for children below the age of 5 and the individuals whose symptoms cannot be controlled.[5]

Clinical application and evidence

Autogenic training has different applications and is used in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, such as bronchial asthma or hypertension, as well as psychological disorders e.g. anxiety and depression.[5][9] Autogenic training has been subject to clinical evaluation from its early days in Germany, and from the early 1980s worldwide. In 2002, a meta-analysis of 60 studies was published in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,[12] finding significant positive effects of treatment when compared to normals over a number of diagnoses; finding these effects to be similar to best recommended rival therapies; and finding positive additional effects by patients, such as their perceived quality of life. Autogenic training is recommended in the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Guideline for prevention of cardiovascular disease in persons who experience psychosocial problems.[13] The International Journal of Dermatology conducted a study and found that Autogenic Training was potentially helpful for improving aged skin in women experiencing menopause.[14]

In Japan, researchers from the Tokyo Psychology and Counseling Service Center have formulated a measure for reporting clinical effectiveness of autogenic training.[15]

Versus other relaxation techniques

The principle of passive concentration in autogenic training makes this technique different from other relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation and biofeedback, in which trainees try to control physiological functions. As in biofeedback, bidirectional change in physiological activity is possible. Autogenic training is classified as a self-hypnotic technique. It is different from hetero-hypnosis, where trance is induced by another individual. Autogenic training emphasizes a trainee's independence and gives control from therapist to the trainee. By this, the need for physiological feedback devices or a hypnotherapist is eliminated.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c LACI., SPENCER (2015). FLOTATION : a guide for sensory deprivation, relaxation, & isolation tanks. [S.l.]: LULU COM. ISBN 9781329173750. OCLC 980240164.
  2. ^ a b Stetter, Friedhelm; Kupper, Sirko (2002-03-01). "Autogenic Training: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcome Studies". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 27 (1): 45–98. doi:10.1023/a:1014576505223. ISSN 1090-0586. PMID 12001885. S2CID 22876957.
  3. ^ Moral aspect of Autogenic Training. 22 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Principles and practice of stress management. Lehrer, Paul M., Woolfolk, Robert L., Sime, Wesley E. (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. 2007. ISBN 9781606230008. OCLC 144770991.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kanji, N. (1997-09-01). "Autogenic training". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 5 (3): 162–167. doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(97)80060-x.
  6. ^ Rivera, José Luis González de (1997). "Autogenic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis" (PDF). In Guimón, J (ed.). The body in psychotherapy: international congress, Geneva, February 1–3, 1996. Basel; New York: Karger. pp. 176–181. ISBN 9783805562850. OCLC 36511904.
  7. ^ Rivera, José Luis González de (2001). "Autogenic analysis: the tool Freud was looking for" (PDF). International Journal of Psychotherapy. 6 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1080/13569080120042216.
  8. ^ Linden, Wolfgang (1994-09-01). "Autogenic Training: A narrative and quantitative review of clinical outcome". Biofeedback and Self-regulation. 19 (3): 227–264. doi:10.1007/bf01721069. ISSN 0363-3586. PMID 7811786. S2CID 34267006.
  9. ^ a b Autogenic therapy. Luthe, Wolfgang,, Schultz, J. H. (Johannes Heinrich), 1884-1970. New York: Grune & Stratton. ISBN 9780808906643. OCLC 47990.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ^ Luthe, W.; Jus, A.; Geissmann, P. (1963). "Autogenic State and Autogenic Shift: Psychophysiologic and Neurophysiologic Aspects". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 11 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1159/000285660. ISSN 0033-3190. PMID 14044678.
  11. ^ Israel, L., & Rohmer, F. (1958). Variations électroencéphalographiques au cours de la relaxationautogène et hypnotique.In P. Aboulker, L. Chertok,& M. Sapir(Eds.), pp 88-98, La relaxation: Aspects théoriques et pratiques Paris: Expansion Scientifique Française.
  12. ^ Stetter, Friedhelm; Kupper, Sirko (March 2002). "Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 27 (1): 45–98. doi:10.1023/A:1014576505223. PMID 12001885. S2CID 22876957.
  13. ^ "Sorry, requested page was not found".
  14. ^ Sakai, Shingo; Inoue‐Sato, Mayumi; Amemiya, Rei; Murakami, Motoko; Inagaki, Kazuki; Sakairi, Yosuke (2020). "The influence of autogenic training on the physical properties of skin and cardiac autonomic activity in postmenopausal women: an exploratory study". International Journal of Dermatology. 59: 103–109. doi:10.1111/ijd.14582. PMID 31294461. S2CID 195879795. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  15. ^ Ikezuki, M; Miyauchi, Y; Yamaguchi, H; Koshikawa, F (February 2002). "自律訓練法の臨床効果測定用尺度 (ATCES) の開発 [Development of Autogenic Training Clinical Effectiveness Scale (ATCES)]". 心理学研究 (Shinrigaku Kenkyu) (in Japanese). 72 (6): 475–481. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.72.475. PMID 11977841.

Further reading

  • Bird, Jane; Pinch, Christine (2002). Autogenic therapy: self-help for mind and body. Dublin: Newleaf. ISBN 9780717134229.
  • Greenberg. Comprehensive Stress Mgmt 10E. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-0-07-067104-1.
  • Luthe, Wolfgang; Schultz, Johannes Heinrich (1969). Autogenic therapy. New York: Grune & Stratton. ISBN 9780808906643. OCLC 47990. Republished in 2001 by The British Autogenic Society. In six volumes.
Vol. 1 Autogenic Methods
Vol. 2 Medical Applications
Vol. 3 Applications in Psychotherapy
Vol. 4 Research and Theory
Vol. 5 Dynamics of Autogenic Neutralisation
Vol. 6 Treatment with Autogenic Neutralisation

External links

  • The British Autogenic Society

January 28, 2023
autogenic, training, other, uses, autogenic, autogenesis, desensitization, relaxation, technique, developed, german, psychiatrist, johannes, heinrich, schultz, which, psychophysiologically, determined, relaxation, response, obtained, technique, first, publishe. For other uses of Autogenic see Autogenesis Autogenic training is a desensitization relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz 1 by which a psychophysiologically determined relaxation response is obtained 2 The technique was first published in 1932 Studying the self reports of people immersed in a hypnotic state J H Schultz noted that physiological changes are accompanied by certain feelings 3 Abbe Faria and Emile Coue are the forerunners of Schultz The technique involves repetitions of a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation and is based on passive concentration of bodily perceptions e g heaviness and warmth of arms legs which are facilitated by self suggestions 2 4 The technique is used to alleviate many stress induced psychosomatic disorders 4 Autogenic trainingMeSHD001326 edit on Wikidata Biofeedback practitioners integrate basic elements of autogenic imagery and have simplified versions of parallel techniques that are used in combination with biofeedback This was done at the Menninger Foundation by Elmer Green Steve Fahrion Patricia Norris Joe Sargent Dale Walters and others They incorporated the hand warming imagery of autogenic training and used it as an aid to develop thermal biofeedback 1 Contents 1 History 2 Practice and effects 3 Neurophysiological aspects 4 Contraindications 5 Clinical application and evidence 6 Versus other relaxation techniques 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory EditThe roots of this technique lie in the research carried out by Oscar Vogt in the field of sleep and hypnosis Vogt investigated individuals who had experience in hypnotic sessions Under his guidance they were able to go into a state similar to a hypnotic state for a self determined period of time These short term mental exercises appeared to reduce stress or effects such as fatigue and tension In the meantime other disturbing effects e g headaches could be avoided Inspired by this research and Vogt s work Johannes Heinrich Schultz became interested in the phenomenon of autosuggestion He wanted to explore an approach which would avoid undesirable implications of hypnotherapy e g the passivity of the individual and dependency on the therapist When he was investigating hallucinations in healthy persons he found that a majority of the subjects reported having two types of experienced sensation heaviness in the extremities and feeling of warmth Schultz wanted to understand whether simply imagining a state of heaviness and warmth in one s limbs could induce a state similar to hypnosis Based on this idea he developed six basic exercises 5 Autogenic training was popularized in North America and the English speaking world by Wolfgang Luthe who co authored with Schultz a multi volume tome on autogenic training In 1963 Luthe discovered the significance of autogenic discharges paroxysmic phenomena of motor sensorial visual and emotional nature related to the traumatic history of the patient and developed the method of autogenic abreaction His disciple Luis de Rivera a McGill University trained psychiatrist introduced psychodynamic concepts 6 into Luthe s approach developing autogenic analysis 7 as a new method for uncovering the unconscious Practice and effects EditThe main purpose of autogenic training is the achievement of autonomic self regulation by removing environmental distraction training imagery that accompanies autonomic self regulation and by providing a facilitative set of exercises that are easy to learn and remember 8 Autogenic training is based on three main principles 5 Reduction of afferent stimulation both exteroceptive and proprioceptive Mental repetition of verbal formulae Passive concentrationIn the context of autogenic training passive concentration means that the trainee is instructed to concentrate on inner sensations rather than environmental stimuli Passiveness refers to allowing sensations to happen and being an observer rather than a manipulator 4 The training can be performed in different postures 5 Simple sitting Reclined armchair Horizontal postureThe technique consists of six standard exercises according to Schultz 5 9 Muscular relaxation by repetition of a verbal formula My right arm is heavy emphasizing heaviness During the initial stages of the training the feeling of heaviness in the trained arm is more expressed and occurs more rapidly The same feeling can be experienced in the other extremities at the same time in the other arm Within a week a short concentration can trigger the sensation of heaviness in a trainee s arms and legs 4 Passive concentration focuses on feeling warm initiated by the instruction My right arm is warm Initiation of cardiac activity using the formula My heartbeat is calm and regular Passive concentration on the respiratory mechanism with the formula It breathes me Concentration on the warmth in the abdominal region with My solar plexus is warm formula Passive concentration on coolness in the cranial region with the formula My forehead is cool When a new exercise step is added in autogenic training the trainee should always concentrate initially on the already learned exercises and then add a new exercise In the beginning a new exercise is added for only brief periods 4 According to the specific clinical needs different modifications of formulas are used These modifications can be classified into 3 main types 4 Only a few formulas are used e g the formulas of heaviness and warmth The standard set of formulas is taught but one specific formula is modified The standard set is used and a complementary problem specific formula is added A study by Spencer 1 suggests that autogenic training restores the balance between the activity of the sympathetic flight or fight and the parasympathetic rest and digest branches of the autonomic nervous system The author hypothesizes that this can have important health benefits as the parasympathetic activity promotes digestion and bowel movements lowers the blood pressure slows the heart rate and promotes the functions of the immune system Neurophysiological aspects EditThere is a lack of neurophysiological investigations addressing this topic however one EEG study from 1963 suggests that the decrease in afferent stimulation induces 10 A reduction in reticulo cortical activity A decrease in thalamo cortical activity Functional changes in the structures connected to reticular system hypothalamus limbic system red nucleus globus pallidus The same study suggests that EEG patterns obtained from subjects with different level of practice are not similar Another study from 1958 hypothesizes that autogenic state is between the normal waking state and sleep It suggests that EEG patterns occurring during autogenic training are similar to electrophysiological changes occurring during initial stages of sleep 11 Contraindications EditAutogenic training is contra indicated for children below the age of 5 and the individuals whose symptoms cannot be controlled 5 Clinical application and evidence EditAutogenic training has different applications and is used in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as bronchial asthma or hypertension as well as psychological disorders e g anxiety and depression 5 9 Autogenic training has been subject to clinical evaluation from its early days in Germany and from the early 1980s worldwide In 2002 a meta analysis of 60 studies was published in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 12 finding significant positive effects of treatment when compared to normals over a number of diagnoses finding these effects to be similar to best recommended rival therapies and finding positive additional effects by patients such as their perceived quality of life Autogenic training is recommended in the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Guideline for prevention of cardiovascular disease in persons who experience psychosocial problems 13 The International Journal of Dermatology conducted a study and found that Autogenic Training was potentially helpful for improving aged skin in women experiencing menopause 14 In Japan researchers from the Tokyo Psychology and Counseling Service Center have formulated a measure for reporting clinical effectiveness of autogenic training 15 Versus other relaxation techniques EditThe principle of passive concentration in autogenic training makes this technique different from other relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation and biofeedback in which trainees try to control physiological functions As in biofeedback bidirectional change in physiological activity is possible Autogenic training is classified as a self hypnotic technique It is different from hetero hypnosis where trance is induced by another individual Autogenic training emphasizes a trainee s independence and gives control from therapist to the trainee By this the need for physiological feedback devices or a hypnotherapist is eliminated 4 See also EditAffirmations Progressive muscle relaxation Qigong Suggestion The Relaxation Response Yoga nidraReferences Edit a b c LACI SPENCER 2015 FLOTATION a guide for sensory deprivation relaxation amp isolation tanks S l LULU COM ISBN 9781329173750 OCLC 980240164 a b Stetter Friedhelm Kupper Sirko 2002 03 01 Autogenic Training A Meta Analysis of Clinical Outcome Studies Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 27 1 45 98 doi 10 1023 a 1014576505223 ISSN 1090 0586 PMID 12001885 S2CID 22876957 Moral aspect of Autogenic Training 22 November 2016 a b c d e f g Principles and practice of stress management Lehrer Paul M Woolfolk Robert L Sime Wesley E 3rd ed New York Guilford Press 2007 ISBN 9781606230008 OCLC 144770991 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c d e f Kanji N 1997 09 01 Autogenic training Complementary Therapies in Medicine 5 3 162 167 doi 10 1016 s0965 2299 97 80060 x Rivera Jose Luis Gonzalez de 1997 Autogenic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis PDF In Guimon J ed The body in psychotherapy international congress Geneva February 1 3 1996 Basel New York Karger pp 176 181 ISBN 9783805562850 OCLC 36511904 Rivera Jose Luis Gonzalez de 2001 Autogenic analysis the tool Freud was looking for PDF International Journal of Psychotherapy 6 1 67 76 doi 10 1080 13569080120042216 Linden Wolfgang 1994 09 01 Autogenic Training A narrative and quantitative review of clinical outcome Biofeedback and Self regulation 19 3 227 264 doi 10 1007 bf01721069 ISSN 0363 3586 PMID 7811786 S2CID 34267006 a b Autogenic therapy Luthe Wolfgang Schultz J H Johannes Heinrich 1884 1970 New York Grune amp Stratton ISBN 9780808906643 OCLC 47990 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Luthe W Jus A Geissmann P 1963 Autogenic State and Autogenic Shift Psychophysiologic and Neurophysiologic Aspects Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 11 1 1 13 doi 10 1159 000285660 ISSN 0033 3190 PMID 14044678 Israel L amp Rohmer F 1958 Variations electroencephalographiques au cours de la relaxationautogene et hypnotique In P Aboulker L Chertok amp M Sapir Eds pp 88 98 La relaxation Aspects theoriques et pratiques Paris Expansion Scientifique Francaise Stetter Friedhelm Kupper Sirko March 2002 Autogenic training a meta analysis of clinical outcome studies Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 27 1 45 98 doi 10 1023 A 1014576505223 PMID 12001885 S2CID 22876957 Sorry requested page was not found Sakai Shingo Inoue Sato Mayumi Amemiya Rei Murakami Motoko Inagaki Kazuki Sakairi Yosuke 2020 The influence of autogenic training on the physical properties of skin and cardiac autonomic activity in postmenopausal women an exploratory study International Journal of Dermatology 59 103 109 doi 10 1111 ijd 14582 PMID 31294461 S2CID 195879795 Retrieved 25 September 2019 Ikezuki M Miyauchi Y Yamaguchi H Koshikawa F February 2002 自律訓練法の臨床効果測定用尺度 ATCES の開発 Development of Autogenic Training Clinical Effectiveness Scale ATCES 心理学研究 Shinrigaku Kenkyu in Japanese 72 6 475 481 doi 10 4992 jjpsy 72 475 PMID 11977841 Further reading EditBird Jane Pinch Christine 2002 Autogenic therapy self help for mind and body Dublin Newleaf ISBN 9780717134229 Greenberg Comprehensive Stress Mgmt 10E McGraw Hill Education India Pvt Limited pp 181 ISBN 978 0 07 067104 1 Luthe Wolfgang Schultz Johannes Heinrich 1969 Autogenic therapy New York Grune amp Stratton ISBN 9780808906643 OCLC 47990 Republished in 2001 by The British Autogenic Society In six volumes Vol 1 Autogenic Methods Vol 2 Medical Applications Vol 3 Applications in Psychotherapy Vol 4 Research and Theory Vol 5 Dynamics of Autogenic Neutralisation Vol 6 Treatment with Autogenic NeutralisationExternal links EditThe British Autogenic Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Autogenic training amp oldid 1104489007, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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