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Cruise missile

January 10, 2023

For a missile that follows a ballistic trajectory, see Ballistic missile.

A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of travelling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.

A BGM-109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002

History

The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London.[1]

In 1916, the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, a small biplane carrying a TNT charge, a Sperry autopilot and a barometric altitude control. Inspired by the experiments, the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders (Torpedogleiter) built by Siemens-Schuckert beginning in 1916.[2]

In the Interwar Period, Britain's Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine), which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s.[3]

In the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-glide bomb design. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained gyroscopic guidance systems.[4] The vehicle was designed to boost to 28 km altitude and glide a distance of 280 km, but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of 500 meters.

In 1944, during World War II, Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The V-1, often called a flying bomb, contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug". Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of 250 km was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a V-2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar-sized warhead.[5] Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment. Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile.

Immediately after the war, the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects, including would-be cruise missiles. All but four were cancelled by 1948, — the Air Materiel Command Banshee, the SM-62 Snark, the SM-64 Navaho, and the MGM-1 Matador. The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite; like Aphrodite, it failed, and was cancelled in April 1949.[6] Concurrently, the US Navy's Operation Bumblebee, was conducted at Topsail Island, North Carolina, from c. 1 June 1946, to 28 July 1948. Bumblebee produced proof-of-concept technologies that influenced the US military's other missile projects.

During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept, deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines and aircraft. The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, based upon the V-1.

The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable MGM-1 Matador, also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in 1954, first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China and South Korea. On 7 November 1956, the U.S. Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact, from their fixed day-to-day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program to develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, Supersonic Low Altitude Missile (SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry hydrogen bombs that it would drop along its path over enemy territory. Although the concept was proven sound and the 500 megawatt engine finished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project was finally abandoned in favor of ICBM development.

While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and conventional weapon tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval carrier battle groups. Large submarines (for example, Echo and Oscar classes) were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, Backfire, Bear, and Blackjack models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration.

General design

Cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system, payload, and aircraft propulsion system, housed in an airframe with small wings and empennage for flight control. Payloads usually consist of a conventional warhead or a nuclear warhead. Cruise missiles tend to be propelled by jet engine, with turbofan engines in particular being preferred due to their greater efficiency at low altitude and subsonic speed.

Guidance systems

Main article: Missile guidance

Guidance systems also vary greatly. Low-cost systems use a radar altimeter, barometric altimeter and clock to navigate a digital strip map. More advanced systems use inertial guidance, satellite guidance and terrain contour matching (TERCOM). Use of an automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm/device in the guidance system increases accuracy of the missile. The Standoff Land Attack Missile features an ATR unit from General Electric.

Categories

Cruise missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), range, and whether launched from land, air, surface ship, or submarine. Often versions of the same missile are produced for different launch platforms; sometimes air- and submarine-launched versions are a little lighter and smaller than land- and ship-launched versions.

Guidance systems can vary across missiles. Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems (Inertial navigation, TERCOM, or satellite navigation). Larger cruise missiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead, while smaller ones carry only conventional warheads.

Hypersonic

See also: Hypersonic weapon and Hypersonic flight

A hypersonic cruise missile travels at least five times the speed of sound (Mach 5).

Supersonic

 
BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007.

These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound, usually using ramjet engines. The range is typically 100–500 km, but can be greater. Guidance systems vary.

Examples:

Intercontinental-range supersonic

Long-range subsonic

 
India's Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher

The United States, Russia, North Korea, India, Iran, South Korea, Israel, France, China and Pakistan have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These missiles have a range of over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) and fly at about 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph).[34] They typically have a launch weight of about 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb)[35] and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead. Earlier versions of these missiles used inertial navigation; later versions use much more accurate TERCOM and DSMAC systems. Most recent versions can use satellite navigation.

Examples:

Medium-range subsonic

 
Storm Shadow (France/UK)
 
A Pakistani Babur cruise missile launcher

These missiles are about the same size and weight and fly at similar speeds to the above category. Guidance systems vary.

Examples:

Short-range subsonic

These are subsonic missiles that weigh around 500 kilograms (1,102 lb) and have a range of up to 300 km (190 mi).[citation needed]

Examples:

 
Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling
 
Hsiung Feng II
Sea Killer export variant  
Otomat Mk2 E / Teseo Mk2/E   360 km new turbofan

Deployment

 
AGM-129 ACM being secured on a B-52H bomber

The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high-value targets such as ships, command bunkers, bridges and dams.[45] Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks.

As of 2001, the BGM-109 Tomahawk missile model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal. It gives ships and submarines an extremely accurate, long-range, conventional land attack weapon. Each costs about US$1.99 million.[46] Both the Tomahawk and the AGM-86 were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm. On 7 April 2017, during the Syrian Civil War, U.S. warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian air base in retaliation for a Syrian Sarin gas attack against a rebel stronghold.[47]

The United States Air Force (USAF) deploys an air-launched cruise missile, the AGM-86 ALCM. The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM-86 and AGM-129 ACM. Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads.

The USAF adopted the AGM-86 for its bomber fleet while AGM-109 was adapted to launch from trucks and ships and adopted by the USAF and Navy. The truck-launched versions, and also the Pershing II and SS-20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, were later destroyed under the bilateral INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) treaty with the USSR.

The British Royal Navy (RN) also operates cruise missiles, specifically the U.S.-made Tomahawk, used by the RN's nuclear submarine fleet. UK conventional warhead versions were first fired in combat by the RN in 1999, during the Kosovo War (the United States fired cruise missiles in 1991). The Royal Air Force uses the Storm Shadow cruise missile on its Typhoon and previously its Tornado GR4 aircraft. It is also used by France, where it is known as SCALP EG, and carried by the Armée de l'Air's Mirage 2000 and Rafale aircraft.

 
The Indian Army's BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL)

India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos. There are three versions of the Brahmos: ship/land-launched, air-launched and sub-launched. The ship/land-launched version were operational as of late 2007. The Brahmos has the capability to attack targets on land. Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles: the SS-N-12 Sandbox, SS-N-19 Shipwreck, SS-N-22 Sunburn and SS-N-25 Switchblade. Germany and Spain operate the Taurus missile while Pakistan has made the Babur missile[48] Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have designed several cruise missile variants, such as the well-known C-802, some of which are capable of carrying biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional warheads.

Nuclear warhead versions

China

See also: China and weapons of mass destruction

China has CJ-10 land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.[49] Additionally, China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021, a claim it denies.[50]

France

See also: France and weapons of mass destruction

The French Force de Frappe nuclear forces include both land and sea-based bombers with Air-Sol Moyenne Portée (ASMP) high speed medium range nuclear cruise missiles. Two models are in use, ASMP and a newer ASMP-Ameliorer Plus (ASMP-A), which was developed in 1999. An estimated 40 to 50 were produced.[51][52]

India

See also: India and weapons of mass destruction

India in 2017 successfully flight-tested its indigenous Nirbhay ('Fearless') land-attack cruise missile, which can deliver nuclear warheads to a strike range of 1,000-km.[53] Nirbhay had been flight-tested successfully.[53][54]

Israel

See also: Israel and weapons of mass destruction

The Israel Defense Forces reportedly deploy the medium-range air-launched Popeye Turbo ALCM and the Popeye Turbo SLCM medium-long range cruise missile with nuclear warheads on Dolphin class submarines.[55]

Pakistan

See also: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Pakistan currently has four cruise missile systems: the air-launched Ra'ad and its enhanced version Ra'ad II; the ground and underwater launched Babur;[56][57][58] ship-launched Harbah missile[59] and surface launched Zarb missile.[60] Both, Ra'ad and Babur, can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt, and deliver them to targets at a range of up to 300 km (190 mi) and 450 km (280 mi) respectively.[61] Babur has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2010.[62]

Russia

See also: Russia and weapons of mass destruction
 
Export variant of the Kalibr missile

Russia has Kh-55SM cruise missiles, with a range similar to the United States' AGM-129 range of 3000 km, but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200 kt. They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an inertial navigation system. They are air-launched from either Tupolev Tu-95s, Tupolev Tu-22Ms, or Tupolev Tu-160s, each able to carry 16 for the Tu-95, 12 for the Tu-160, and 4 for the Tu-22M. A stealth version of the missile, the Kh-101 is in development. It has similar qualities as the Kh-55, except that its range has been extended to 5,000 km, equipped with a 1,000 kg conventional warhead, and has stealth features which reduces its probability of intercept.[63]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most recent cruise missile developed was the Kalibr missile which entered production in the early 1990s and officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994. However, it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015, in Syria as a part of the Russian military campaign in Syria. The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles. In this short time frame, the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles. However, due to resources, most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs). The SS-N-1 cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship. However, as the time progressed, the Soviet Union began to work on air launched cruise missiles as well (ALCM). These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as "Blinders" or "Backfire". The missiles in this configuration were called the AS-1, and AS-2 with eventual new variants with more development time. The main purpose of Soviet-based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships; in other words most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti-ship missiles. the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land, sea, and air delivery systems.[64]

United States

See also: United States and weapons of mass destruction

The United States has deployed nine nuclear cruise missiles at one time or another.

Efficiency in modern warfare

Currently cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons, up to several million dollars apiece. One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in target allocation, to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value. For instance, during the 2001 strikes on Afghanistan the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles, which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon. However, proponents of the cruise missile counter that the weapon can not be blamed for poor target selection and the same argument applies to other types of UAVs: they are cheaper than human pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account, not to mention the risk of loss of personnel. As demonstrated in Libya in 2011 and prior conflicts, cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets (reduced radar cross-section, infrared and visual signature due to smaller size), suiting them to attacks against static air defense systems.

See also

References

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https://uslivenic.com/3m22-zircon-missile-russias-fastest-missile/

External links

  •   Media related to Cruise missiles at Wikimedia Commons
  • 3M22 Zircon missile – Russia’s fastest missile.{{ Cruise Missile |Russia Cruise missile
  • *An introduction to cruise missiles 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine — From the website of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS)
  • Missile Threat: A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies

January 10, 2023
cruise, missile, missile, that, follows, ballistic, trajectory, ballistic, missile, cruise, missile, guided, missile, used, against, terrestrial, naval, targets, that, remains, atmosphere, flies, major, portion, flight, path, approximately, constant, speed, de. For a missile that follows a ballistic trajectory see Ballistic missile A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision Modern cruise missiles are capable of travelling at high subsonic supersonic or hypersonic speeds are self navigating and are able to fly on a non ballistic extremely low altitude trajectory A BGM 109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002 Contents 1 History 2 General design 2 1 Guidance systems 3 Categories 3 1 Hypersonic 3 2 Supersonic 3 2 1 Intercontinental range supersonic 3 3 Long range subsonic 3 4 Medium range subsonic 3 5 Short range subsonic 4 Deployment 4 1 Nuclear warhead versions 4 1 1 China 4 1 2 France 4 1 3 India 4 1 4 Israel 4 1 5 Pakistan 4 1 6 Russia 4 1 7 United States 4 2 Efficiency in modern warfare 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory Edit A Fieseler Fi 103 the German V 1 flying bomb The idea of an aerial torpedo was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London 1 In 1916 the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an aerial torpedo the Hewitt Sperry Automatic Airplane a small biplane carrying a TNT charge a Sperry autopilot and a barometric altitude control Inspired by the experiments the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug Germany had also flown trials with remote controlled aerial gliders Torpedogleiter built by Siemens Schuckert beginning in 1916 2 In the Interwar Period Britain s Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s 3 In the Soviet Union Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD 06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939 which used a rocket powered boost glide bomb design The 06 III RP 216 and 06 IV RP 212 contained gyroscopic guidance systems 4 The vehicle was designed to boost to 28 km altitude and glide a distance of 280 km but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of 500 meters In 1944 during World War II Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles The V 1 often called a flying bomb contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine the sound of which gave it the nickname of buzz bomb or doodlebug Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets the general area of a city while the range of 250 km was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload The main advantages were speed although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller driven interceptors and expendability The production cost of a V 1 was only a small fraction of that of a V 2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar sized warhead 5 Unlike the V 2 the initial deployments of the V 1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment Nazi Germany in 1943 also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program which can be seen as a rudimentary air launched cruise missile where a piloted fighter type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target Bomber launched variants of the V 1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war with the pioneering V 1 s design reverse engineered by the Americans as the Republic Ford JB 2 cruise missile Immediately after the war the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects including would be cruise missiles All but four were cancelled by 1948 the Air Materiel Command Banshee the SM 62 Snark the SM 64 Navaho and the MGM 1 Matador The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite like Aphrodite it failed and was cancelled in April 1949 6 Concurrently the US Navy s Operation Bumblebee was conducted at Topsail Island North Carolina from c 1 June 1946 to 28 July 1948 Bumblebee produced proof of concept technologies that influenced the US military s other missile projects During the Cold War both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept deploying early cruise missiles from land submarines and aircraft The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine missile project was the SSM N 8 Regulus missile based upon the V 1 The United States Air Force s first operational surface to surface missile was the winged mobile nuclear capable MGM 1 Matador also similar in concept to the V 1 Deployment overseas began in 1954 first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China and South Korea On 7 November 1956 the U S Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact from their fixed day to day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well funded program to develop a nuclear powered cruise missile Supersonic Low Altitude Missile SLAM It was designed to fly below the enemy s radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry hydrogen bombs that it would drop along its path over enemy territory Although the concept was proven sound and the 500 megawatt engine finished a successful test run in 1961 no airworthy device was ever completed The project was finally abandoned in favor of ICBM development While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets heavy nuclear and conventional weapon tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval carrier battle groups Large submarines for example Echo and Oscar classes were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea and large bombers for example Backfire Bear and Blackjack models were equipped with the weapons in their air launched cruise missile ALCM configuration General design EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system payload and aircraft propulsion system housed in an airframe with small wings and empennage for flight control Payloads usually consist of a conventional warhead or a nuclear warhead Cruise missiles tend to be propelled by jet engine with turbofan engines in particular being preferred due to their greater efficiency at low altitude and subsonic speed Guidance systems Edit Main article Missile guidance Guidance systems also vary greatly Low cost systems use a radar altimeter barometric altimeter and clock to navigate a digital strip map More advanced systems use inertial guidance satellite guidance and terrain contour matching TERCOM Use of an automatic target recognition ATR algorithm device in the guidance system increases accuracy of the missile The Standoff Land Attack Missile features an ATR unit from General Electric Categories EditCruise missiles can be categorized by size speed subsonic or supersonic range and whether launched from land air surface ship or submarine Often versions of the same missile are produced for different launch platforms sometimes air and submarine launched versions are a little lighter and smaller than land and ship launched versions Guidance systems can vary across missiles Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems Inertial navigation TERCOM or satellite navigation Larger cruise missiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead while smaller ones carry only conventional warheads Hypersonic Edit See also Hypersonic weapon and Hypersonic flight A hypersonic cruise missile travels at least five times the speed of sound Mach 5 14 X a scramjet engine currently under development by Brazil 7 8 3M22 Zircon gt 1000 1500 km hypersonic anti ship cruise missile 9 ASN4G Air Sol Nucleaire de 4e Generation a scramjet powered hypersonic cruise missile being developed by France 10 11 BrahMos II 800 1000 km a hypersonic missile under development as of 2011 update in India and Russia 12 13 FC ASW 300 km under development Franco British stealth hypersonic cruise missile concept 14 15 16 17 18 HTDV hypersonic scramjet demonstration a carrier vehicle for hypersonic and long range cruise missiles is being developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO 19 20 Hyfly 2 air launched hypersonic cruise missile first displayed at Sea Air Space 2021 developed by Boeing 21 Hypersonic Air breathing Weapon Concept HAWC pronounced Hawk scramjet powered air launched hypersonic cruise missile without a warhead and use its own kinetic energy upon impact to destroy the target developed by DARPA 22 23 Kh 90 3 000 4 000 km a hypersonic air to surface cruise missile developed in 1990 by the USSR and later by Russia This missile was designed to cruise from Mach 4 to Mach 6 eventually being able to travel at speeds lower than Mach 10 15 But this cruise missile system did not enter service Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile HACM planned for use by the United States Air Force 24 25 SCIFiRE Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment SCIFiRE is a joint program between the US Department of Defense and the Australian Department of Defence for a Mach 5 scramjet powered missile 26 27 28 In September 2021 the US Department of Defense awarded Preliminary Design Review contracts to Boeing Lockheed Martin and Raytheon Missiles amp Defense 29 30 Supersonic Edit BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007 These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound usually using ramjet engines The range is typically 100 500 km but can be greater Guidance systems vary Examples 3M 54 Kalibr up to 4 500 km Russia the Sizzler variant is capable of supersonic speed at the terminal stage only 3M 51 Alfa 250 km Kh 15 300 km AGM 69 SRAM 200 km United States Air Sol Moyenne Portee 300 500 km France supersonic stand off nuclear missile South Korea new AShM similar to Brahmos ramjet BrahMos block I 290 km Block II 500 amp Block IIA 600 km India Russia fastest supersonic cruise missile 3 2 mach and the only one to complete the tactical cruise missile triad 31 32 33 ASM 3 150 200 E 400 Japan Air Self Defense Force Blyskavka Artem Luch Pivdenmash 100 370 km Hsiung Feng III 400 km Taiwan Yun Feng 2 000 km Taiwan KD 88 China Kh 20 380 600 km USSR Kh 31 25 110 km Russia Kh 32 600 1 000 km Russia Kh 61 USSR Russia Kh 80 3 000 5 000 km P 270 Moskit 120 250 km USSR Russia P 500 Bazalt 550 km USSR Russia P 700 Granit 625 km USSR Russia P 800 Oniks 600 800 km Russia P 1000 Vulkan 800 km USSR Russia DF 100 China C 101 China C 301 China C 803 China supersonic terminal stage only C 805 China CX 1 China YJ 12 250 400 km China YJ 18 220 540 km China YJ 91 China SSM N 9 Regulus II 1 852 km United StatesIntercontinental range supersonic Edit 9M730 Burevestnik Unlimited Range Russia Burya 8 500 km USSR MKR 8 000 km USSR RSS 40 Buran 8 500 km USSR SLAM cancelled in 1964 United States SM 62 Snark 10 200 km United States SM 64 Navaho canceled in 1958 United StatesLong range subsonic Edit India s Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck based launcher The United States Russia North Korea India Iran South Korea Israel France China and Pakistan have developed several long range subsonic cruise missiles These missiles have a range of over 1 000 kilometres 620 mi and fly at about 800 kilometres per hour 500 mph 34 They typically have a launch weight of about 1 500 kilograms 3 300 lb 35 and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead Earlier versions of these missiles used inertial navigation later versions use much more accurate TERCOM and DSMAC systems Most recent versions can use satellite navigation Examples 3M 54 Kalibr up to 4 500 km Russia AGM 86 ALCM United States AGM 129 ACM United States AGM 181 LRSO United States BGM 109 Tomahawk up to 1 700 km United States BGM 109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile 2 500 km Kh 55 3 000 km and Kh 65 Russia Kh 101 4500 5500 km Russia Iskander K not less than 3 500 km Geumseong 4 North Korea gt 1000 2000 km RK 55 3 000 km Soviet Union Nirbhay India up to 1500 km 36 Meshkat Iran Range 2000 km citation needed MdCN gt 1 000 km France Soumar Iran Range allegedly 2 000 3 000 km Hoveyzeh Cruise Missile Iran Range 1 350 km Quds 1 Houthi Hsiung Feng IIE Taiwan Hyunmoo III South Korea Hyunmoo IIIA 500 km Hyunmoo IIIB 1000 km Hyunmoo IIIC 1500 km Type 12 SSM Japan MGM 13 Mace United States DF 10 CJ 10 China CJ 10K 1500 km CJ 20 2000 km Popeye Turbo SLCM Israel GEZGIN 800 1 200 km Turkey 37 Medium range subsonic Edit Storm Shadow France UK A Pakistani Babur cruise missile launcher These missiles are about the same size and weight and fly at similar speeds to the above category Guidance systems vary Examples Storm Shadow SCALP 560 km France UK Taurus KEPD 350 500 km Germany Sweden Spain Kh 50 Kh SD and Kh 101 Kh 65 variants Russia P 5 Pyatyorka 450 750 km Russia North Korea Raad Iran 360 km Ya Ali 700 km Iran Hyunmoo 3 within 1500 km South Korea Babur 1 Pakistan 300 km Babur 1 A Pakistan 450 km Babur 1 B Pakistan 600 km Babur 2 Pakistan 650 km Babur 3 Pakistan 450 km Ra ad ALCM 350 km Pakistan Ra ad Mark 2 ALCM 400 km Pakistan Zarb 320 km Pakistan Harbah 250 450 km Pakistan KD 63 China SOM SOM B Block I Turkey 350 km range under serial production 500 km range under development 500 km 1500 km and 2500 km versions 38 39 40 AGM 158 JASSM 370 1900 km United States AGM 158C LRASM USA 370 km 560 km United States MGM 1 Matador 700 km United States SSM N 8 Regulus 926 km United StatesShort range subsonic Edit These are subsonic missiles that weigh around 500 kilograms 1 102 lb and have a range of up to 300 km 190 mi citation needed A Naval Strike Missile of the Norwegian Navy Examples Apache 100 140 km France AVMT 300 300 km Brazil MICLA BR 300 km Brazil 41 Hyunmoo 3 over 300 km shorter range South Korea SSM 700K Haeseong 180 km South Korea Kh 35 130 300 km Russia KN 19 Ks3 4 North Korea Kh 59 115 550 km Russia P 15 40 80 km Russia KN 1 North Korea Nasr 1 Iran Zafar 25 km Iran Noor Iran Qader Iran Naval Strike Missile 185 555 km Norway RBS 15 Sweden Korshun a locally derivative of Kh 55 and RK 55 made by Artem Luch Vizar ZhMZ KhAZ Yuzhnoe Pivdenmash powered by an AI Progress Motor Sich MS 400 like Neptun missile and same builders designer Neptune Ukraine 42 V 1 flying bomb 250 km Nazi Germany Hsiung Feng II Anti Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling Hsiung Feng II Hsiung Feng II Taiwan Wan Chien Taiwan VCM 01 Vietnam 100 300 km Aist Belarus 100 200 300 km Marte ER 100 km Sea Killer export variant Otomat 180 km France ItalyOtomat Mk2 E Teseo Mk2 E 360 km new turbofanC 801 40 km China C 802 120 230 km China C 803 China C 805 China C 602 China CM 602G China Delilah missile 250 km Israel Gabriel IV 200 km Israel Popeye turbo ALCM 78 km Israel RGM 84 Harpoon 124 310 km United States AGM 84E Standoff Land Attack Missile 110 km United States AGM 84H K SLAM ER 270 km United States Silkworm 100 500 km China SOM Turkey 43 44 Atmaca Turkey Cakir TurkeyDeployment Edit AGM 129 ACM being secured on a B 52H bomber The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high value targets such as ships command bunkers bridges and dams 45 Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks As of 2001 update the BGM 109 Tomahawk missile model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal It gives ships and submarines an extremely accurate long range conventional land attack weapon Each costs about US 1 99 million 46 Both the Tomahawk and the AGM 86 were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm On 7 April 2017 during the Syrian Civil War U S warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian air base in retaliation for a Syrian Sarin gas attack against a rebel stronghold 47 The United States Air Force USAF deploys an air launched cruise missile the AGM 86 ALCM The Boeing B 52 Stratofortress is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM 86 and AGM 129 ACM Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads The USAF adopted the AGM 86 for its bomber fleet while AGM 109 was adapted to launch from trucks and ships and adopted by the USAF and Navy The truck launched versions and also the Pershing II and SS 20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles were later destroyed under the bilateral INF Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces treaty with the USSR The British Royal Navy RN also operates cruise missiles specifically the U S made Tomahawk used by the RN s nuclear submarine fleet UK conventional warhead versions were first fired in combat by the RN in 1999 during the Kosovo War the United States fired cruise missiles in 1991 The Royal Air Force uses the Storm Shadow cruise missile on its Typhoon and previously its Tornado GR4 aircraft It is also used by France where it is known as SCALP EG and carried by the Armee de l Air s Mirage 2000 and Rafale aircraft The Indian Army s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers MAL India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos There are three versions of the Brahmos ship land launched air launched and sub launched The ship land launched version were operational as of late 2007 The Brahmos has the capability to attack targets on land Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles the SS N 12 Sandbox SS N 19 Shipwreck SS N 22 Sunburn and SS N 25 Switchblade Germany and Spain operate the Taurus missile while Pakistan has made the Babur missile 48 Both the People s Republic of China and the Republic of China Taiwan have designed several cruise missile variants such as the well known C 802 some of which are capable of carrying biological chemical nuclear and conventional warheads Nuclear warhead versions Edit China Edit See also China and weapons of mass destruction China has CJ 10 land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead 49 Additionally China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021 a claim it denies 50 France Edit See also France and weapons of mass destruction The French Force de Frappe nuclear forces include both land and sea based bombers with Air Sol Moyenne Portee ASMP high speed medium range nuclear cruise missiles Two models are in use ASMP and a newer ASMP Ameliorer Plus ASMP A which was developed in 1999 An estimated 40 to 50 were produced 51 52 India Edit See also India and weapons of mass destruction India in 2017 successfully flight tested its indigenous Nirbhay Fearless land attack cruise missile which can deliver nuclear warheads to a strike range of 1 000 km 53 Nirbhay had been flight tested successfully 53 54 Israel Edit See also Israel and weapons of mass destruction The Israel Defense Forces reportedly deploy the medium range air launched Popeye Turbo ALCM and the Popeye Turbo SLCM medium long range cruise missile with nuclear warheads on Dolphin class submarines 55 Pakistan Edit See also Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Pakistan currently has four cruise missile systems the air launched Ra ad and its enhanced version Ra ad II the ground and underwater launched Babur 56 57 58 ship launched Harbah missile 59 and surface launched Zarb missile 60 Both Ra ad and Babur can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt and deliver them to targets at a range of up to 300 km 190 mi and 450 km 280 mi respectively 61 Babur has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2010 62 Russia Edit See also Russia and weapons of mass destruction Export variant of the Kalibr missile Russia has Kh 55SM cruise missiles with a range similar to the United States AGM 129 range of 3000 km but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200 kt They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an inertial navigation system They are air launched from either Tupolev Tu 95s Tupolev Tu 22Ms or Tupolev Tu 160s each able to carry 16 for the Tu 95 12 for the Tu 160 and 4 for the Tu 22M A stealth version of the missile the Kh 101 is in development It has similar qualities as the Kh 55 except that its range has been extended to 5 000 km equipped with a 1 000 kg conventional warhead and has stealth features which reduces its probability of intercept 63 After the collapse of the Soviet Union the most recent cruise missile developed was the Kalibr missile which entered production in the early 1990s and officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994 However it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015 in Syria as a part of the Russian military campaign in Syria The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut In the late 1950s and early 1960s the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles In this short time frame the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles However due to resources most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine Launched Cruise Missiles SLCMs The SS N 1 cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship However as the time progressed the Soviet Union began to work on air launched cruise missiles as well ALCM These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as Blinders or Backfire The missiles in this configuration were called the AS 1 and AS 2 with eventual new variants with more development time The main purpose of Soviet based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships in other words most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti ship missiles the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land sea and air delivery systems 64 United States Edit See also United States and weapons of mass destruction An AGM 129 ACM of the United States Air Force The United States has deployed nine nuclear cruise missiles at one time or another MGM 1 Matador ground launched missile out of service MGM 13 Mace ground launched missile out of service SSM N 8 Regulus submarine launched missile out of service SM 62 Snark ground launched missile out of service AGM 28 Hound Dog air launched missile out of service BGM 109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile out of service AGM 86 ALCM air launched cruise missile 350 to 550 missiles and W80 warheads still in service BGM 109 Tomahawk cruise missile in nuclear submarine surface ship and ground launched models nuclear models out of service but warheads kept in reserve AGM 129 ACM air launched missile out of service 65 Efficiency in modern warfare Edit Currently cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single use weapons up to several million dollars apiece One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in target allocation to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value For instance during the 2001 strikes on Afghanistan the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon However proponents of the cruise missile counter that the weapon can not be blamed for poor target selection and the same argument applies to other types of UAVs they are cheaper than human pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account not to mention the risk of loss of personnel As demonstrated in Libya in 2011 and prior conflicts cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets reduced radar cross section infrared and visual signature due to smaller size suiting them to attacks against static air defense systems See also EditAffordable Weapon System Cruise missile submarine Eugene Vielle pioneer of technology that led to the Cruise missile Expendable launch system List of cruise missiles List of rocket aircraft Lists of weapons Low Cost Miniature Cruise Missile NATO reporting name has lists of various Soviet missiles Weapon of mass destructionReferences Edit Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles The Aerial Target and Aerial Torpedo in Britain Ctie monash edu au Retrieved 13 February 2012 Roger Branfill Cook Torpedo Seaforth Publishing Great Britain 2014 1 0 The Aerial Torpedo 13 August 2007 Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 Object No 212 1936 report in Tvorcheskoi Nasledie Akedemika Sergeya Pavlovicha Koroleva Both missiles were manufactured under the heavy use of Nazi slave labour The Evolution of the Cruise Missile by Werrell Kenneth P see PDF page 92 Concluida mais uma etapa do projeto de desenvolvimento de um veiculo hipersonico Brazilian Air Force in Portuguese 21 February 2019 Brasil pondra a prueba el 14 X en la Operacion Cruzeiro Infodefensa com in Spanish 3 March 2020 Russia will refit nuclear powered guided missile cruiser with mach 5 hypersonic 3M22 missiles with 2022 deployment NextBigFuture com 21 February 2016 Counting the cost of deterrence France s nuclear recapitalisation IISS Retrieved 26 October 2022 Wright Timothy 1 May 2022 HYPERSONIC MISSILE PROLIFERATION AN EMERGING EUROPEAN PROBLEM PDF The EU Non Proliferation Consortium Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Hypersonic version of Brahmos on the way The Times of India 9 October 2011 Archived copy Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 Retrieved 23 February 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Janes Perseus MBDA s missile of the future 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Arkin William May 1983 Soviet Cruise Missile Programs Arms Control Today 13 4 3 4 JSTOR 23623103 Cruise missile career comes to a close U S Air Force Tinker Air Force Base public affairs 24 April 2012 Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 27 December 2012 https uslivenic com 3m22 zircon missile russias fastest missile External links Edit Media related to Cruise missiles at Wikimedia Commons 3M22 Zircon missile Russia s fastest missile Cruise Missile Russia Cruise missile The Cruise Missile Precursors and Problems by Werrell Kenneth P An introduction to cruise missiles Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine From the website of the Federation of American Scientists FAS Missile Threat A Project of theCenter for Strategic and International Studies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cruise missile amp oldid 1132148529, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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