Friedrich Bergius
Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈbɛʁɡi̯ʊs] ⓘ, 11 October 1884 – 30 March 1949) was a German chemist known for the Bergius process for producing synthetic fuel from coal, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1931, together with Carl Bosch) in recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. Having worked with IG Farben during World War II, his citizenship came into question following the war, causing him to ultimately flee to Argentina, where he acted as adviser to the Ministry of Industry.[1][2]
Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11 October 1884 |
| Died | 30 March 1949 (aged 64) |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | University of Breslau, University of Leipzig |
| Known for | Bergius process Hydrothermal carbonization |
| Awards | Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1931) Melchett Medal (1934) Wilhelm Exner Medal (1937) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry |
| Institutions | Leibniz University Hannover |
| Doctoral advisor | Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch[citation needed] |
| Other academic advisors | Richard Abegg |
Bergius was born near Breslau (Wrocław), within the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia.
Academic career edit
Before studying chemistry, Bergius was sent to work for 6 months at the Friedrich Wilhelms steel works in Mülheim. His studies started at the University of Breslau in 1903 and ended with a PhD in chemistry at the University of Leipzig in 1907, after only 4 years. His thesis on sulfuric acid as solvent was supervised by Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.[citation needed] In 1909 Bergius worked for one semester with Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch at the University of Karlsruhe in the development of the Haber-Bosch Process. On the same year he was invited to work at the Leibniz University Hannover with Max Bodenstein, who developed the idea of chemical kinetics and held a position as professor.
Work edit
Synthetic fuel from coal edit
During his habilitation, techniques for the high-pressure and high-temperature chemistry of carbon-containing substrates were developed, yielding a patent on the Bergius process in 1913. In this process liquid hydrocarbons used as synthetic fuel are produced by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal). He developed the process well before the commonly known Fischer–Tropsch process. Theodor Goldschmidt invited him to build an industrial plant at his factory the Th. Goldschmidt AG in 1914. The production began only in 1919, after the World War I ended, when the need for fuel was already declining. The technical problems, inflation and the constant criticism of Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, which changed to support after a personal demonstration of the process, made the progress slow and Bergius sold his patent to BASF, where Carl Bosch worked on it. Before World War II several plants were built with an annual capacity of 4 million tons of synthetic fuel.
Sugar from wood edit
The hydrolysis of wood to produce sugar for industrial use became a hard task for Bergius. After he moved to Heidelberg he started to improve the process and planned an industrial scale production. The high costs and technical problems nearly led him to bankruptcy. A bailiff followed Bergius to Stockholm to get the money from his Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931.
The autarky movement before the World War II boosted the process and several plants were built. Bergius moved to Berlin where he was only marginally involved in the development. While he was in Bad Gastein Austria, his laboratory and his house were destroyed by an air raid. The rest of the war he stayed in Austria.
International engagement edit
After the war his citizenship was called into question because of his collaboration with IG Farben, resulting in his departure from Germany to work as an adviser in Italy, Turkey, Switzerland and Spain. He emigrated to Argentina, where he worked as an adviser to the Ministry of Industry. He died in Buenos Aires on 30 March 1949, and is buried in the Cementerio Alemán next to La Chacarita Cemetery.
Awards edit
He and Carl Bosch won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. In 1937, he was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal.
Personal life edit
Bergius was the father of Renate Burgess.[3]
References edit
- ^ "New Scientist", Vol. 104, No. 1426. 18 October 1984. ISSN 0262-4079. 2014-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation", Giles MacDonogh. Public Affairs, 2009. p. 294. ISBN 0-465-00338-9, ISBN 978-0-465-00338-9.
- ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2007). Dictionary of Women Worldwide: A-L. Thomson Gale. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-7876-7676-6.
Further reading edit
- Kerstein, Gunther (1970). "Bergius, Friedrich". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
- Anthony N. Stranges (1984). "Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry". Isis. 75 (4): 642–667. doi:10.1086/353647. JSTOR 232411. S2CID 143962648.
- Dietrich Stoltzenberg (1999). "Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch und Friedrich Bergius – Protagonisten der Hochdrucksynthese". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 33 (6): 359–364. doi:10.1002/ciuz.19990330607.
- Robert Haul (1985). "Das Portrait: Freidrich Berguis (1884–1949)". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 19 (2): 59–67. doi:10.1002/ciuz.19850190205.
External links edit
- Media related to Friedrich Bergius at Wikimedia Commons
- Friedrich Bergius on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, May 21, 1932 Chemical Reactions under High Pressure
- Newspaper clippings about Friedrich Bergius in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW