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Carl Bosch

January 01, 1970

This article is about the chemical engineer. For other uses, see Bosch (disambiguation).

Carl Bosch (German pronunciation: [kaʁl ˈbɔʃ] ⓘ; 27 August 1874 – 26 April 1940) was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.[2] He was a pioneer in the field of high-pressure industrial chemistry and founder of IG Farben, at one point the world's largest chemical company.[3]

Carl Bosch
Born(1874-08-27)27 August 1874
Cologne, German Empire
Died26 April 1940(1940-04-26) (aged 65)
Heidelberg, Germany
EducationTechnical University of Berlin
Leipzig University
Known forBosch reaction
Bosch–Meiser urea process
Haber–Bosch process
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsBASF, IG Farben
Doctoral advisorJohannes Wislicenus[1]
Signature

He also developed the Haber–Bosch process, important for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. It is estimated that one-third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this supports nearly half of the world's population.[4] In addition, he co-developed the so-called Bosch-Meiser process for the industrial production of urea.

Biography edit

Early years edit

Carl Bosch was born in Cologne to a successful gas and plumbing supplier.[5] His father was Carl Friedrich Alexander Bosch (1843–1904) and his uncle was Robert Bosch, who pioneered the development of the spark plug and founded the multinational company Bosch. Carl, trying to decide between a career in metallurgy or chemistry, studied at the Königlich Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg (now the Technical University of Berlin) and the University of Leipzig from 1892 to 1898. [citation needed]

Career edit

 
Share of the IG Farbenindustrie AG, issued September 1926; signed by Carl Bosch as chairman
 
Painting by Hermann Groeber: Der Aufsichtsrat der 1925 gegründeten I.G. Farben AG, Carl Bosch and Carl Duisberg (in front sitting), Edmund ter Meer (third person from right with newspaper)

Carl Bosch attended the University of Leipzig, and this is where he studied under Johannes Wislicenus,[6] and he obtained his doctorate in 1898 for research in organic chemistry. After he left in 1899 he took an entry-level job at BASF, then Germany's largest chemical and dye firm. From 1909 until 1913 he transformed Fritz Haber's tabletop demonstration of a method to fix nitrogen using high-pressure chemistry through the Haber–Bosch process to produce synthetic nitrate, a process that has countless industrial applications for making a near-infinite variety of industrial compounds, consumer goods, and commercial products. His primary contribution was to expand the scale of the process, enabling the industrial production of vast quantities of synthetic nitrate. To do this, he had to construct a plant and equipment that would function effectively under high gas pressures and high temperatures. [citation needed] Bosch was also responsible for finding a more practical catalyst than the scarce osmium and expensive uranium being used by Haber.[7]

There were many more obstacles as well, such as designing large compressors and safe high-pressure furnaces. A means was needed to provide pure hydrogen gas in quantity as the feedstock. Also, cheap and safe means had to be developed to clean and process the product ammonia. The first full-scale Haber–Bosch plant was erected in Oppau, Germany, now part of Ludwigshafen. With the process complete he was able to synthesize large amounts of ammonia, which was available for the industrial and agricultural fields. In fact, this production has increased the agricultural yields throughout the world.[5] This work won him the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1931.[2]

After World War I Bosch extended high-pressure techniques to the production of synthetic fuel via the Bergius process and methanol. In 1925 Bosch helped found IG Farben, and was the first head of the company. From 1935, Bosch was chairman of the board of directors.

He received the Siemens-Ring in 1924 for his contributions to applied research and his support of basic research. In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Friedrich Bergius for the introduction of high pressure chemistry. Today the Haber–Bosch process produces 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year.[8] After the Nazi seizure of power, Bosch was one of the industrialists selected for membership in Hans Frank's Academy for German Law in October 1933, where he served on the General Economic Council (Generalrat der Wirtschaft). In December 1933, Bosch received a contract to expand the production of synthetic oil, a development which was essential to Adolf Hitler's future war plans.[9]

Personal life edit

 
Bosch's grave in Heidelberg
49°23′46″N 8°41′33″E / 49.396155°N 8.692567°E / 49.396155; 8.692567 (Site at Bergfriedhof und Jüdischer Friedhof or Mountain cemetery – Bergfriedhof Heidelberg)

Bosch married Else Schilbach in 1902. Carl and Else had a son and a daughter together. A critic of many Nazi policies, including anti-Semitism, Bosch was gradually relieved of his high positions, and fell into depression and alcoholism.[5] He died in Heidelberg.

Legacy edit

The Haber–Bosch Process today consumes more than one percent of humanity's energy production and is responsible for feeding roughly one-third of its population.[10] On average, one-half of the nitrogen in a human body comes from synthetically fixed sources, the product of a Haber–Bosch plant.[11] Bosch was an ardent collector of insects, minerals, and gems. His collected meteorites and other mineral samples were loaned to Yale University, and eventually purchased by the Smithsonian.[12][13] He was an amateur astronomer with a well-equipped private observatory. The asteroid 7414 Bosch was named in his honour.[14]

Carl Bosch along with Fritz Haber were voted the world's most influential chemical engineers of all time by members of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.[15]

The Haber–Bosch process, quite possibly the best-known chemical process in the world, which captures nitrogen from the air and converts it to ammonia, has its hand in the process of the Green Revolution that has been feeding the increasing population of the world.[16]

Bosch also won numerous awards including an honorary doctorate from Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe (1918), the Liebig Memorial Medal of the Association of German Chemists along with the Bunsen Medal of the German Bunsen Society, the Siemens Ring, and the Golden Grashof Memorial medal of the VDI. In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the contribution to the invention of chemical high pressure methods. He also received the Exner medal from the Austrian Trade Association and the Carl Lueg Memorial Medal. Bosch also enjoyed his membership of various German and foreign scientific academics, and his chairmanship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society of which he became the President in 1937.[17]

Awards and honours edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Entry at Academic Tree
  2. ^ a b "Carl Bosch – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  3. ^ Hager, Thomas (2006). The Demon under the Microscope. New York: Harmony Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4000-8214-8.
  4. ^ Flavell-While, Claudia. "Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World". www.thechemicalengineer.com. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Hager, Thomas (2008). The alchemy of air. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4. OCLC 191318130.
  6. ^ "Carl Bosch | German chemist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  7. ^ Bosch, Carl. "The development of the chemical high pressure method during the establishment of the new ammonia industry" (PDF). Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  8. ^ "Carl Bosch (German chemist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 August 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  9. ^ Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
  10. ^ Smil, Vaclav (2001). Enriching the earth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. OCLC 61678151.
  11. ^ "Fixing the Nitrogen Fix, Can Chemistry Save The World?, Discovery – BBC World Service". BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  12. ^ Wilson, Wendell E. (2013). . Biographical Archive. The Mineralogical Record. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  13. ^ Servos, Kurt (1954). "Meteorites in the Carl Bosch Collection of Minerals Yale University". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 5 (6): 299–300. Bibcode:1954GeCoA...5..299S. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(54)90037-X.(registration required)
  14. ^ Lehmann, Gerhard; Kandler, Jens; Knöfel, André (27 October 2004). "Amateurastronomen am Sternenhimmel" (in German). Amateure am Sternenhimmel. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  15. ^ . IChemE.org. Institution of Chemical Engineers. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  16. ^ . tce today. Institution of Chemical Engineers. March 2010. 2010 Entries: Feed the world. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.
  17. ^ "Famous Scientists – Carl Bosch". The Human Touch of Chemistry. Tata Chemicals. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.

Further reading edit

  • Vaclav Smil (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69313-4.
  • Thomas Hager, The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler (2008) ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4.
  • Peter Hayes (1987). "Carl Bosch and Carl Krauch: Chemistry and the Political Economy of Germany, 1925–1945". The Journal of Economic History. 47 (2): 353–363. doi:10.1017/S0022050700048117. JSTOR 2122234. S2CID 96617284.
  • K. Holdermann (1949). "Carl Bosch und die Naturwissenschaft". Naturwissenschaften. 36 (6): 161–165. Bibcode:1949NW.....36..161H. doi:10.1007/BF00626575. S2CID 28091913.
  • Carl Krauch (1940). "Carl Bosch zum Gedächtnis". Angewandte Chemie. 53 (27–28): 285–288. Bibcode:1940AngCh..53..285K. doi:10.1002/ange.19400532702.
  • "Carl Bosch". Famous Scientists. Human Touch of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
  • "Carl Bosch". The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931. Nobelprize.org.
  • "Carl Bosch (German chemist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 August 2023.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
carl, bosch, this, article, about, chemical, engineer, other, uses, bosch, disambiguation, german, pronunciation, kaʁl, ˈbɔʃ, august, 1874, april, 1940, german, chemist, engineer, nobel, laureate, chemistry, pioneer, field, high, pressure, industrial, chemistr. This article is about the chemical engineer For other uses see Bosch disambiguation Carl Bosch German pronunciation kaʁl ˈbɔʃ 27 August 1874 26 April 1940 was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 2 He was a pioneer in the field of high pressure industrial chemistry and founder of IG Farben at one point the world s largest chemical company 3 Carl BoschBorn 1874 08 27 27 August 1874Cologne German EmpireDied26 April 1940 1940 04 26 aged 65 Heidelberg GermanyEducationTechnical University of BerlinLeipzig UniversityKnown forBosch reactionBosch Meiser urea processHaber Bosch processAwardsLiebig Medal 1919 Werner von Siemens Ring 1924 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 Wilhelm Exner Medal 1932 Goethe Prize 1939 Scientific careerFieldsChemistryInstitutionsBASF IG FarbenDoctoral advisorJohannes Wislicenus 1 Signature He also developed the Haber Bosch process important for the large scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives It is estimated that one third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber Bosch process and that this supports nearly half of the world s population 4 In addition he co developed the so called Bosch Meiser process for the industrial production of urea Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early years 1 2 Career 2 Personal life 3 Legacy 4 Awards and honours 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBiography editEarly years edit Carl Bosch was born in Cologne to a successful gas and plumbing supplier 5 His father was Carl Friedrich Alexander Bosch 1843 1904 and his uncle was Robert Bosch who pioneered the development of the spark plug and founded the multinational company Bosch Carl trying to decide between a career in metallurgy or chemistry studied at the Koniglich Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg now the Technical University of Berlin and the University of Leipzig from 1892 to 1898 citation needed Career edit nbsp Share of the IG Farbenindustrie AG issued September 1926 signed by Carl Bosch as chairman nbsp Painting by Hermann Groeber Der Aufsichtsrat der 1925 gegrundeten I G Farben AG Carl Bosch and Carl Duisberg in front sitting Edmund ter Meer third person from right with newspaper Carl Bosch attended the University of Leipzig and this is where he studied under Johannes Wislicenus 6 and he obtained his doctorate in 1898 for research in organic chemistry After he left in 1899 he took an entry level job at BASF then Germany s largest chemical and dye firm From 1909 until 1913 he transformed Fritz Haber s tabletop demonstration of a method to fix nitrogen using high pressure chemistry through the Haber Bosch process to produce synthetic nitrate a process that has countless industrial applications for making a near infinite variety of industrial compounds consumer goods and commercial products His primary contribution was to expand the scale of the process enabling the industrial production of vast quantities of synthetic nitrate To do this he had to construct a plant and equipment that would function effectively under high gas pressures and high temperatures citation needed Bosch was also responsible for finding a more practical catalyst than the scarce osmium and expensive uranium being used by Haber 7 There were many more obstacles as well such as designing large compressors and safe high pressure furnaces A means was needed to provide pure hydrogen gas in quantity as the feedstock Also cheap and safe means had to be developed to clean and process the product ammonia The first full scale Haber Bosch plant was erected in Oppau Germany now part of Ludwigshafen With the process complete he was able to synthesize large amounts of ammonia which was available for the industrial and agricultural fields In fact this production has increased the agricultural yields throughout the world 5 This work won him the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1931 2 After World War I Bosch extended high pressure techniques to the production of synthetic fuel via the Bergius process and methanol In 1925 Bosch helped found IG Farben and was the first head of the company From 1935 Bosch was chairman of the board of directors He received the Siemens Ring in 1924 for his contributions to applied research and his support of basic research In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Friedrich Bergius for the introduction of high pressure chemistry Today the Haber Bosch process produces 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year 8 After the Nazi seizure of power Bosch was one of the industrialists selected for membership in Hans Frank s Academy for German Law in October 1933 where he served on the General Economic Council Generalrat der Wirtschaft In December 1933 Bosch received a contract to expand the production of synthetic oil a development which was essential to Adolf Hitler s future war plans 9 Personal life edit nbsp Bosch s grave in Heidelberg49 23 46 N 8 41 33 E 49 396155 N 8 692567 E 49 396155 8 692567 Site at Bergfriedhof und Judischer Friedhof or Mountain cemetery Bergfriedhof Heidelberg Bosch married Else Schilbach in 1902 Carl and Else had a son and a daughter together A critic of many Nazi policies including anti Semitism Bosch was gradually relieved of his high positions and fell into depression and alcoholism 5 He died in Heidelberg Legacy editThe Haber Bosch Process today consumes more than one percent of humanity s energy production and is responsible for feeding roughly one third of its population 10 On average one half of the nitrogen in a human body comes from synthetically fixed sources the product of a Haber Bosch plant 11 Bosch was an ardent collector of insects minerals and gems His collected meteorites and other mineral samples were loaned to Yale University and eventually purchased by the Smithsonian 12 13 He was an amateur astronomer with a well equipped private observatory The asteroid 7414 Bosch was named in his honour 14 Carl Bosch along with Fritz Haber were voted the world s most influential chemical engineers of all time by members of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 15 The Haber Bosch process quite possibly the best known chemical process in the world which captures nitrogen from the air and converts it to ammonia has its hand in the process of the Green Revolution that has been feeding the increasing population of the world 16 Bosch also won numerous awards including an honorary doctorate from Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe 1918 the Liebig Memorial Medal of the Association of German Chemists along with the Bunsen Medal of the German Bunsen Society the Siemens Ring and the Golden Grashof Memorial medal of the VDI In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the contribution to the invention of chemical high pressure methods He also received the Exner medal from the Austrian Trade Association and the Carl Lueg Memorial Medal Bosch also enjoyed his membership of various German and foreign scientific academics and his chairmanship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society of which he became the President in 1937 17 Awards and honours edit1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1919 Liebig Medal of German Chemists Association 1924 Werner von Siemens Ring of Stiftung Werner von Siemens Ring foundation 1932 Wilhelm Exner Medal of Austrian Trade Association Bunsen Medal of the German Bunsen Society Golden Grashof Memorial medal of the VDI Carl Lueg Memorial MedalSee also editGerman inventors and discoverers Fritz HaberReferences edit Entry at Academic Tree a b Carl Bosch Biographical Nobelprize org Nobel Media AB Retrieved 15 December 2013 Hager Thomas 2006 The Demon under the Microscope New York Harmony Books p 74 ISBN 978 1 4000 8214 8 Flavell While Claudia Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch Feed the World www thechemicalengineer com Retrieved 30 April 2021 a b c Hager Thomas 2008 The alchemy of air New York Harmony Books ISBN 978 0 307 35178 4 OCLC 191318130 Carl Bosch German chemist Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 9 December 2017 Bosch Carl The development of the chemical high pressure method during the establishment of the new ammonia industry PDF Retrieved 17 November 2019 Carl Bosch German chemist Encyclopaedia Britannica 23 August 2023 Retrieved 15 December 2013 Klee Ernst 2007 Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich Wer war was vor und nach 1945 Frankfurt am Main Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag pp 66 67 ISBN 978 3 596 16048 8 Smil Vaclav 2001 Enriching the earth Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press OCLC 61678151 Fixing the Nitrogen Fix Can Chemistry Save The World Discovery BBC World Service BBC Retrieved 27 August 2016 Wilson Wendell E 2013 Carl Bosch 1874 1940 Biographical Archive The Mineralogical Record Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 Retrieved 15 December 2013 Servos Kurt 1954 Meteorites in the Carl Bosch Collection of Minerals Yale University Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5 6 299 300 Bibcode 1954GeCoA 5 299S doi 10 1016 0016 7037 54 90037 X registration required Lehmann Gerhard Kandler Jens Knofel Andre 27 October 2004 Amateurastronomen am Sternenhimmel in German Amateure am Sternenhimmel Retrieved 15 December 2013 Haber and Bosch named top chemical engineers IChemE org Institution of Chemical Engineers 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 15 December 2013 Chemical engineers who changed the world tce today Institution of Chemical Engineers March 2010 2010 Entries Feed the world Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 Famous Scientists Carl Bosch The Human Touch of Chemistry Tata Chemicals Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 Retrieved 15 December 2013 Further reading editVaclav Smil 2004 Enriching the Earth Fritz Haber Carl Bosch and the Transformation of World Food Production MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 69313 4 Thomas Hager The Alchemy of Air A Jewish Genius a Doomed Tycoon and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler 2008 ISBN 978 0 307 35178 4 Peter Hayes 1987 Carl Bosch and Carl Krauch Chemistry and the Political Economy of Germany 1925 1945 The Journal of Economic History 47 2 353 363 doi 10 1017 S0022050700048117 JSTOR 2122234 S2CID 96617284 K Holdermann 1949 Carl Bosch und die Naturwissenschaft Naturwissenschaften 36 6 161 165 Bibcode 1949NW 36 161H doi 10 1007 BF00626575 S2CID 28091913 Carl Krauch 1940 Carl Bosch zum Gedachtnis Angewandte Chemie 53 27 28 285 288 Bibcode 1940AngCh 53 285K doi 10 1002 ange 19400532702 Carl Bosch Famous Scientists Human Touch of Chemistry Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 Carl Bosch The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 Nobelprize org Carl Bosch German chemist Encyclopaedia Britannica 23 August 2023 External links editrecognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods at the Wayback Machine archived 30 June 2006 Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch BASF Where Carl Worked BASF s Production Newspaper clippings about Carl Bosch in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW nbsp Carl Bosch on Nobelprize org nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carl Bosch amp oldid 1217695267, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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