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Hornbostel–Sachs

January 23, 2023

Hornbostel–Sachs or Sachs–Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs, and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914.[1] An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961. It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists (people who study musical instruments). The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) Project.[2]

Hornbostel and Sachs based their ideas on a system devised in the late 19th century by Victor-Charles Mahillon, the curator of musical instruments at Brussels Conservatory. Mahillon divided instruments into four broad categories according to the nature of the sound-producing material: an air column; string; membrane; and body of the instrument. From this basis, Hornbostel and Sachs expanded Mahillon's system to make it possible to classify any instrument from any culture.

Formally, the Hornbostel–Sachs is modeled on the Dewey Decimal Classification for libraries. It has five top-level classifications, with several levels below those, adding up to over 300 basic categories in all. The top five levels of the scheme are as follows:

Idiophones (1)

Main article: Idiophone
See also: List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Idiophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air. In essence, this group includes all percussion instruments apart from drums, and some other instruments. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification, idiophones are first categorized according to the method used to play the instrument. The result is four main categories: struck idiophones (11), plucked idiophones (12), friction idiophones (13) and blown idiophones (14). These groups are subsequently divided through various criteria. In many cases these sub-categories are split in singular specimens and sets of instruments. The class of idiophones includes the xylophone, the marimba, the glockenspiel, and the glass harmonica.

Struck idiophones (11)

Main article: Struck idiophone

These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck, for example cymbals or xylophones.

Directly struck idiophones (111)

The player executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clear, exact, individual strokes, and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion.

  • 111.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers – Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.
    • 111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers (clapstick).
    • 111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers (paiban).
    • 111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers (devil chase).
    • 111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers (spoons).
      • 111.141 Castanets – Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers.
      • 111.142 Cymbals – Vessel clappers with manufactured rim.
  • 111.2 Percussion idiophones – The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).
    • 111.21 Percussion sticks.
      • 111.211 Individual percussion sticks.
      • 111.212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument. – All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes.
    • 111.22 Percussion plaques.
      • 111.221 Individual percussion plaques.
      • 111.222 Sets of percussion plaques – Examples are the lithophone and also most metallophones.
    • 111.23 Percussion tubes.
      • 111.231 Individual percussion tubes.
      • 111.232 Sets of percussion tubes.
    • 111.24 Percussion vessels.
      • 111.241 Gongs – The vibration is strongest near the vertex.
        • 111.241.1 Individual gongs.
        • 111.241.2 Sets of gongs.
      • 111.242 Bells – The vibration is weakest near the vertex.
        • 111.242.1 Individual bells.
          • 111.242.11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward (for example the standing bell)
          • 111.242.12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex.
            • 111.242.121 Hanging bells without internal strikers.
            • 111.242.122 Hanging bells with internal strikers.
        • 111.242.2 Sets of bells or chimes.
          • 111.242.21 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward.
          • 111.242.22 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex.
            • 111.242.221 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers.
            • 111.242.222 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.
    • 111.3 Mixed sets of directly struck idiophones

Indirectly struck idiophones (112)

The player themself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player.

  • 112.1 Shaken Idiophones or rattles – The player makes a shaking motion
    • 112.11 Suspension rattles – Perforated idiophones are mounted together, and shaken to strike against each other.
      • 112.111 Strung rattles – Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord.
      • 112.112 Stick rattles – Rattling objects are strung on a bar or ring.
    • 112.12 Frame rattles – Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike (flexatone).
      • 112.121 Pendant rattles.
      • 112.122 Sliding rattles.
    • 112.13 Vessel rattles – Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both.
  • 112.2 Scraped Idiophones – The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to cause a series of impacts. This group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones.
    • 112.21 Scraped sticks.
      • 112.211 Scraped sticks without resonator.
      • 112.212 Scraped sticks with resonator.
    • 112.22 Scraped tubes.
      • 112.221 Scraped tubes without resonator.
      • 112.222 Scraped tubes with resonator.
    • 112.23 Scraped vessels.
      • 112.231 Scraped vessels without resonator.
      • 112.232 Scraped vessels with resonator.
    • 112.24 Scraped wheels – cog rattles or Ratchet
      • 112.241 Scraped wheels without resonator.
      • 112.242 Scraped wheels with resonator.
  • 112.3 Split idiophones – Instruments in the shape of two springy arms connected at one end and touching at the other: the arms are forced apart by a little stick, to jangle or vibrate on recoil.

Plucked idiophones (12)

Further information: List of lamellophones

Plucked idiophones, or lamellaphones, are idiophones set in vibration by being plucked; examples include the jaw harp or mbira. This group is sub-divided in the following two categories:

In the form of a frame (121)

The lamellae vibrate within a frame or hoop.

  • 121.1 Clack idiophones or Cricri – The lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell, which serves as resonator.
  • 121.2 Guimbardes and Jaw harps (i. e. "kissed" idiophones) – The lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame and depends on the player's mouth cavity for resonance.
    • 121.21 Idioglot guimbardes – The lamella is cut through the frame of the instrument (kubing).
      • 121.211 Individual idioglot guimbardes.
      • 121.212 Sets of idioglot guimbardes
    • 121.22 Heteroglot guimbardes – The lamella is attached to the frame (Western Jew's harp, kouxian). Present-day ethnomusicologists, such as Margaret Kartomi (page 173) and Ellingson (PhD dissertation, 1979, p. 544), might support the suggestion that, in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel–Sachs classification scheme, of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument, that the supposed class 412.13 should count as these instead.
      • 121.221 Individual heteroglot guimbardes.
      • 121.222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes
    • 121.23 Mixed sets of guimbardes

In the form of a comb (122)

The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb.

  • 122.1 With laced on lamellae.
    • 122.11 Without resonator.
    • 122.12 With resonator.
  • 122.2 With cut-out lamellae – Musical box
    • 122.21 Without resonator.
    • 122.22 With resonator.
  • 122.3 Mixed sets of combs

Mixed sets of lamellophones (123)

Friction idiophones (13)

Idiophones which are rubbed, for example the nail violin, a bowed instrument with solid pieces of metal or wood rather than strings.

Friction sticks (131)

  • 131.1 Individual friction sticks.
    • 131.11 Without direct friction.
    • 131.12 With direct friction.
  • 131.2 Sets of friction sticks.
    • 131.21 Without direct friction.
    • 131.22 With direct friction.
    • 131.23 Mixed

Friction plaques (132)

  • 132.1 Individual friction plaques.
    • 132.11 Without direct friction.
    • 132.12 With direct friction.
  • 132.2 Sets of friction plaques.
    • 132.21 Without direct friction.
    • 132.22 With direct friction.
    • 132.23 Mixed

Friction vessels (133)

  • 133.1 Individual friction vessels (for example the singing bowl)
    • 133.11 Without direct friction.
    • 133.12 With direct friction.
  • 133.2 Sets of friction vessels.
    • 133.21 Without direct friction.
    • 133.22 With direct friction.
    • 133.23 Mixed

Sets of Friction idiophones (134)

  • 134.1 Without direct friction.
  • 134.2 With direct friction.
  • 134.3 Mixed

Blown idiophones (14)

Main article: Blown idiophone

Blown idiophones are idiophones set in vibration by the movement of air, for example the Aeolsklavier, an instrument consisting of several pieces of wood which vibrate when air is blown onto them by a set of bellows. The piano chanteur features plaques.

Blown sticks (141)

  • 141.1 Individual blown sticks.
  • 141.2 Sets of blown sticks.

Blown plaques (142)

  • 142.1 Individual blown plaques.
  • 142.2 Sets of blown plaques.

Mixed sets of blown idiophones (143)

Unclassified idiophones (15)

Membranophones (2)

Main article: Membranophone
See also: List of membranophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Membranophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a tightly stretched membrane. This group includes all drums and kazoos.

Struck membranophones (21)

Struck drums are instruments which have a struck membrane. This includes most types of drums, such as the timpani, or kettle drum, and the snare drum.

Directly struck membranophones (211)

Main article: Directly struck membranophone

Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly, such as through bare hands, beaters or keyboards.

  • 211.1 Instruments in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped (kettle drums)
    • 211.11 Single instruments
    • 211.12 Sets of instruments
  • 211.2 Instruments in which the body is tubular (tubular drums)
    • 211.21 Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end (cylindrical drums)
      • 211.211 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.211.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.211.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.212 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.212.1 Single instruments
        • 211.212.2 Sets of instruments
      • 211.213 Mixed sets of cylindrical drums
    • 211.22 Instruments in which the body is barrel-shaped (barrel drums)
      • 211.221 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.221.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.221.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.222 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.222.1 Single instruments
        • 211.222.2 Sets of instruments
      • 211.223 Mixed sets of barrel drums
    • 211.23 Instruments in which the body is hourglass-shaped
      • 211.231 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.231.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.231.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.232 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.232.1 Single instruments
        • 211.232.2 Sets of instruments
      • 211.223 Mixed sets of hourglass drums
    • 211.24 Instruments in which the body is conical-shaped (conical drums)
      • 211.241 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.241.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.241.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.242 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.242.1 Single instruments
        • 211.242.2 Sets of instruments
      • 211.243 Mixed sets of single-conical drums
      • 211.244 Instruments in which the body is double-conical
        • 211.244.1 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
          • 211.244.11 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
          • 211.244.12 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
        • 211.244.2 Instruments which have two usable membranes
          • 211.244.21 Single instruments
          • 211.244.22 Sets of instruments
      • 211.245 Mixed sets of double-conical drums
      • 211.246 Mixed sets of conical drums
    • 211.25 Instruments in which the body is goblet-shaped (goblet drums)
      • 211.251 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.251.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.251.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.252 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.252.1 Single instruments
        • 211.252.2 Sets of instruments
      • 211.253 Mixed sets of goblet drums
    • 211.26 Mixed sets of tubular drums
  • 211.3 Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane (frame drums).
    • 211.31 Instruments which do not have a handle
      • 211.311 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.312 Instruments which have two usable membranes
    • 211.32 Instruments which have a handle
      • 211.321 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.322 Instruments which have two usable membranes

Shaken membranophones (212)

Instruments which are shaken, the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum (rattle drums).

Plucked membranophones (22)

Instruments with a string attached to the membrane, so that when the string is plucked, the membrane vibrates (plucked drums).
Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below).

Friction membranophones (23)

Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction. These are drums which are rubbed, rather than being struck.

Friction drums with stick (231)

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated from a stick that is rubbed or used to rub the membrane

  • 231.1 Instruments in which the stick is inserted in a hole in the membrane
    • 231.11 Instruments in which the stick can not be moved and is subject to rubbing, causing friction on the membrane
    • 231.12 Instruments in which the stick is semi-movable, and can be used to rub the membrane
    • 231.13 Instruments in which the stick is freely movable, and is used to rub the membrane
  • 231.2 Instruments in which the stick is tied upright to the membrane

Friction drum with cord (232)

Instruments in which a cord, attached to the membrane, is rubbed.

  • 232.1 Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing
    • 232.11 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
    • 232.12 Instruments which have two usable membranes
  • 232.2 Instruments in which the drum is twirled by a cord, which rubs in a notch on the stick held by the player

Hand friction drums (233)

Instruments in which the membrane is rubbed by hand

Singing membranes (kazoos) (24)

Main article: Kazoo

This group includes kazoos, instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane.

Free kazoos (241)

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated by an unbroken column of wind, without a chamber

Tube or vessel-kazoos (242)

Instruments in which the membrane is placed in a box, tube or other container

Unclassified membranophones (25)

Chordophones (3)

Main article: Chordophone
See also: List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Chordophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points. This group includes all instruments generally called string instruments in the west, as well as many (but not all) keyboard instruments, such as pianos and harpsichords.

Simple chordophones or zithers (31)

Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer. These instruments may have a resonator box, but removing it should not render the instrument unplayable, though it may result in quite a different sound being produced. They include the piano therefore, as well as other kinds of zithers such as the koto, and musical bows.

Bar zithers (311)

Main article: Bar zither

The string bearer is bar-shaped.

  • 311.1 Musical bows – The string bearer is flexible (and curved).
    • 311.11 Idiochord musical bows – The string is cut from the bark of the cane, remaining attached at each end.
      • 311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows – Containing one string only
      • 311.112 Poly-idiochord musical bows or harp-bows – Containing several strings that pass over some type of bridge.
    • 311.12 Heterochord musical bows – The string is of separate material from the bearer.
      • 311.121 Mono-heterochord musical bows – The bow has one heterochord string only.
        • 311.121.1 Without resonator.
          • 311.121.11 Without tuning noose.
          • 311.121.12 With tuning noose.
        • 311.121.2 With resonator.
          • 311.121.21 With independent resonator.
            • 311.121.211 Without tuning noose.
            • 311.121.212 With tuning noose.
          • 311.121.22 With resonator attached.
            • 311.121.221 Without tuning noose.
            • 311.121.222 With tuning noose.
      • 311.122 Poly-heterochord musical bows – The bow has several heterochord strings.
        • 311.122.1 Without tuning noose.
        • 311.122.2 With tuning noose.
  • 311.2 Stick zithers – With rigid string carrier
    • 311.21 Musical bow/stick – The string carrier has one rigid and one flexible end.
      • 311.211 Instrument has one resonator gourd
      • 311.212 Instrument has several resonator gourds
    • 311.22 True stick zithers – NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers.
      • 311.221 With one resonator gourd
      • 311.222 With several resonator gourds.

Tube zithers (312)

Main article: Tube zither

The string bearer is a vaulted surface.

  • 312.1 Whole tube zithers – The string carrier is a complete tube
    • 312.11 Idiochord tube zithers.
      • 312.111 Without extra resonator.
      • 312.112 With extra resonator.
    • 312.12 Heterochord tube zithers.
      • 312.121 Without extra resonator.
      • 312.122 With extra resonator.
  • 312.2 Half-tube zithers – The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter.
    • 312.21 Idiochord half-tube zithers.
      • 312.211 Without extra resonator.
      • 312.212 With extra resonator.
    • 312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers.
      • 312.221 Without extra resonator.
      • 312.222 With extra resonator.

Raft zithers (313)

Main article: Raft zither

The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft.

  • 313.1 Idiochord raft zithers.
    • 313.11 Without extra resonator.
    • 313.12 With extra resonator.
  • 313.2 Heterochord raft zithers.
    • 313.21 Without extra resonator.
    • 313.22 With extra resonator.

Board zithers (314)

The string bearer is a board.

  • 314.1 True board zithers.
    • 314.11 Without resonator.
    • 314.12 With resonator.
      • 314.121 With resonator bowl.
      • 314.122 With resonator box – the piano is part of this subdivision.
      • 314.123 With resonator tube
  • 314.2 Board zither variations.
    • 314.21 Ground zithers.
      • 314.211 Without resonator.
      • 314.212 With resonator.
        • 314.212.1 With resonator bowl.
        • 314.212.2 With resonator box
        • 314.212.3 With resonator tube
    • 314.22 Harp zithers.
      • 314.221 Without resonator.
      • 314.222 With resonator.
        • 314.222.1 With resonator bowl.
        • 314.222.2 With resonator box
        • 314.222.3 With resonator tube

Trough zithers (315)

Main article: Trough zither

The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough.

  • 315.1 Without resonator.
  • 315.2 With resonator.

Frame zithers (316)

Main article: Frame zither

The strings are stretched across an open frame.

  • 316.1 Without resonator.
  • 316.2 With resonator.

Composite chordophones (32)

Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones. This includes most western string instruments, including lute-type instruments such as violins and guitars, and harps.

Lutes (321)

Main article: Lute

The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator's surface.

  • 321.1 Bow lutes – Each string has its own flexible carrier.
  • 321.2 Yoke lutes or lyres – The strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the same plane as the sound-table and consists of two arms and a cross-bar.
  • 321.3 Handle lutes – The string bearer is a plain handle.

Harps (322)

The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface.

  • 322.1 Open harps – The harp has no pillar.
  • 322.2 Frame harps – The harp has a pillar
    • 322.21 Without tuning mechanism.
      • 322.211 Diatonic frame harps.
        • 322.211.1 With all strings in one plane.
        • 322.211.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other.
      • 322.212 Chromatic frame harps.
    • 322.22 With tuning action.
      • 322.221 With manual tuning action. Lever harp
        • 322.221.1 With all strings in one plane.
        • 322.221.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other.
      • 322.222 With pedal action. Pedal harp
        • 322.222.1 With all strings in one plane.
        • 322.222.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other.

Harp lutes (323)

The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. These have notched bridges.

Unclassified chordophones (33)

Aerophones (4)

Main article: Aerophone
See also: List of aerophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Aerophones primarily produce their sounds by means of vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.

Free aerophones (41)

Instruments in which the vibrating air is not contained within the instrument, for example, acme sirens or the bullroarer.

Displacement free aerophones (411)

The air-stream meets a sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air. In either case, according to more recent views, a periodic displacement of air occurs to the alternate flanks of the edge. Examples are the swordblade or the whip.

Interruptive free aerophones (412)

The air-stream is interrupted periodically.

  • 412.1 Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds – The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently. In this group also belong reeds with a 'cover,' i.e. a tube in which the air vibrates only in a secondary sense, not producing the sound but simply adding roundness and timbre to the sound made by the reed's vibration; generally recognizable by the absence of fingerholes though present-day ethnomusicologists, such as Margaret Kartomi (page 173) and Ellingson (PhD dissertation, 1979, p. 544), might support the suggestion that, in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel–Sachs classification scheme, of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument, that such reeds should not really remain as aerophones, exiting for the lamellophones.
    • 412.11 Concussion reeds – Two lamellae make a gap which closes periodically during their vibration.
      • 412.111 Independent pairs of concussion reeds.
      • 412.112 Paired sets of concussion reeds
    • 412.12 Percussion reeds – A single lamella strikes against a frame.
      • 412.121 Independent percussion reeds.
      • 412.122 Sets of percussion reeds. – Earlier organs
    • 412.13 Free-reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot (there may be an attached pipe, but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed, and not have an effect on the pitch – instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422.3 by the lack of finger-holes).
    • 412.14 Band reed instruments – The air hits the sharp edge of a band under tension. The acoustics of this instrument have so far not been investigated.[3]
      • 412.141 Individual band reeds.
      • 412.142 Sets of band reeds
    • 412.15 Mixed sets of reeds
  • 412.2 Non-idiophonic interruptive instruments. The interruptive agent is not a reed.
    • 412.21 Rotating aerophones (interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis)- Siren disk.
      • 412.211 Independent disks.
      • 412.212 Sets of disks
    • 412.22 Whirling aerophones (interruptive agent turns on its axis) – Bullroarer, whirly tube.
      • 412.221 Independent tubes.
      • 412.222 Sets of tubes
    • 412.23 Sets of disks and tubes
  • 412.3 Mixed sets of interruptive aerophones

Plosive aerophones (413)

The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air. Examples include the botija, the gharha, the ghatam, and the udu.

Mixed sets of free aerophones (414)

Non-free aerophones (wind instruments proper) (42)

The vibrating air is contained within the instrument. This group includes most of the instruments called wind instruments in the west, such as the flute or French horn, as well as many other kinds of instruments such as conch shells.

Edge-blown aerophones or flutes (421)

The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with their lips (421.1), or their breath is directed through a duct against an edge (421.2).

  • 421.1 Flutes without duct – The player themself creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with their lips.
    • 421.11 End-blown flutes – The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube.
      • 421.111 Individual end-blown flutes.
        • 421.111.1 Open single end-blown flutes – The lower end of the flute is open.
          • 421.111.11 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.111.12 With fingerholes.
        • 421.111.2 Stopped single end-blown flutes – The lower end of the flute is closed.
          • 421.111.21 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.111.22 With fingerholes.
      • 421.112 Sets of end-blown flutes or panpipes – Several end-blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument.
        • 421.112.1 Open panpipes.
          • 421.112.11 Open (raft) panpipes – The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes *in a board.
          • 421.112.12 Open bundle (pan-) pipes – The pipes are tied together in a round bundle.
        • 421.112.2 Stopped panpipes.
          • 421.112.21 Stopped (raft) panpipes – The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes *in a board.
          • 421.112.22 Stopped bundle (pan-) pipes – The pipes are tied together in a round bundle.
        • 421.112.3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes.
          • 421.112.21 Mixed (raft) panpipes – The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes *in a board.
          • 421.112.22 Mixed bundle (pan-) pipes – The pipes are tied together in a round bundle.
    • 421.12 Side-blown flutes – The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube.
      • 421.121 (Single) side-blown flutes.
        • 421.121.1 Open side-blown flutes.
        • 421.121.2 Partly stopped side-blown flutes – The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole.
          • 421.121.21 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.121.22 With fingerholes
        • 421.121.3 Stopped side-blown flutes.
          • 421.121.31 Without fingerholes.
            • 421.121.311 With fixed stopped lower end – (apparently non-existent).
            • 421.121.312 With adjustable stopped lower end – piston flutes.
          • 421.121.32 With fingerholes.
            • 421.121.321 With fixed stopped lower end
            • 421.121.322 With adjustable stopped lower end
      • 421.122 Sets of side-blown flutes.
        • 421.122.1 Sets of open side-blown flutes.
        • 421.122.2 Sets of partly stopped side-blown flutes.
        • 421.122.3 Sets of stopped side-blown flutes.
          • 421.122.31 With fixed stopped lower end
          • 421.122.32 With adjustable stopped lower end
          • 421.122.33 Mixed
        • 421.122.4 Mixed sets of stopped side-blown flutes.
    • 421.13 Vessel flutes (without distinct beak) The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel-shaped – Xun.
  • 421.2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes – A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice.
    • 421.21 Flutes with external duct – The duct is outside the wall of the flute; this group includes flutes with the duct chamfered in the wall under a ring-like sleeve and other similar arrangements.
      • 421.211 (Single) flutes with external duct.
        • 421.211.1 Open flutes with external duct.
          • 421.211.11 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.211.12 With fingerholes.
        • 421.211.2 Partly stopped flutes with external duct.
          • 421.211.21 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.211.22 With fingerholes.
        • 421.211.3 Stopped flutes with external duct.
          • 421.211.31 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.211.32 With fingerholes.
      • 421.212 Sets of flutes with external duct.
    • 421.22 Flutes with internal duct – The duct is inside the tube. This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle (natural node, block of resin) and an exterior tied-on cover (cane, wood, hide).
      • 421.221 (Single) flutes with internal duct.
        • 421.221.1 Open flutes with internal duct.
          • 421.221.11 Without fingerholes – Whistle
          • 421.221.12 With fingerholes – Recorder
        • 421.221.2 Partly stopped flute with internal duct.
        • 421.221.3 Stopped flutes with internal duct.
          • 421.221.31 Without fingerholes.
            • 421.221.311 With fixed stopped lower end.
            • 421.221.312 With adjustable stopped lower end.
        • 421.221.4 Vessel flutes with duct.
          • 421.221.41 Without fingerholes.
          • 421.221.42 With fingerholes – Ocarina.
      • 421.222 Sets of flutes with internal duct.
        • 421.222.1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct.
        • 421.222.2 Sets of partly stopped flutes with internal duct.
        • 421.222.3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct.
  • 421.3 Mixed sets of flutes

Reed aerophones (422)

The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.

  • 422.1 Double reed instruments – There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
    • 422.11 (Single) oboes.
      • 422.111 With regular bore.
        • 422.111.1 Without fingerholes.
        • 422.111.2 With fingerholes. – Oboe, bassoon.
      • (422.112 With irregular bore.)
    • 422.12 Sets of oboes.
      • 422.121 With regular bore.
        • 422.121.1 Without fingerholes.
        • 422.121.2 With fingerholes.
      • (422.122 With irregular bore.)
      • (422.123 With mixed bores.)
  • 422.2 Single reed instruments – The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella.
    • 422.21 (Single) clarinets.
      • 422.211 With regular bore.
        • 422.211.1 Without fingerholes.
        • 422.211.2 With fingerholes – Western clarinet.
      • 422.212 With irregular bore – Saxophone.
    • 422.22 Sets of clarinets.
      • 422.221 With regular bore.
        • 422.221.1 Without fingerholes.
        • 422.221.2 With fingerholes.
      • (422.222 With irregular bore.)
      • (422.223 With mixed bores.)
  • 422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds – The reed vibrates through [at] a closely fitted frame. There must be fingerholes, otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412.13.
    • 422.31 Single pipes with free reeds. – (Bawu).
    • 422.32 Double pipes with free reeds. – (Hulusi).
  • (422.4 Reedpipes with band reeds – Though the precise acoustics of 412.14 are as yet unknown, wherefore it is as yet unknown whether the instrument must be fingerholed in order to belong to this class rather than 412.14, nevertheless it should be physically possible to put a band reed in a pipe.)
  • 422.5 Mixed sets of reedpipes
  • 422.6 Non-idiophonic interruptor pipes. The interruptive agent is not a reed.
    • 422.61 Rotating aerophones (interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis)- Siren diskpipes.
      • 422.611 (Single) diskpipes
        • 422.611.1 With regular bore
          • 422.611.11 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.611.111 With independent disks.
            • 422.611.112 With sets of disks
          • 422.611.12 With fingerholes
            • 422.611.121 With independent disks.
            • 422.611.122 With sets of disks
        • 422.611.2 With irregular bore
          • 422.611.21 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.611.211 With independent disks.
            • 422.611.212 With sets of disks
          • 422.611.22 With fingerholes
            • 422.611.221 With independent disks.
            • 422.611.222 With sets of disks
      • 422.612 Sets of diskpipes
        • 422.612.1 With regular bore
          • 422.612.11 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.612.111 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.112 With sets of disks
          • 422.612.12 With fingerholes
            • 422.612.121 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.122 With sets of disks
        • 422.612.2 With irregular bore
          • 422.612.21 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.612.211 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.212 With sets of disks
          • 422.612.22 With fingerholes
            • 422.612.221 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.222 With sets of disks
        • 422.612.3 With mixed bores
          • 422.612.31 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.612.311 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.312 With sets of disks
          • 422.612.32 With fingerholes
            • 422.612.321 With independent disks.
            • 422.612.322 With sets of disks
    • 422.62 Whirling aerophones (interruptive agent turns on its axis) – Bullroarerpipes, Matryoshka tubes.
      • 422.621 Bullroarerpipes
        • 422.621.1 Independent singly nested tubes.
          • 422.621.11 With same bore
            • 422.621.111 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.621.112 With fingerholes
          • 422.621.12 With opposite bores
            • 422.621.121 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.621.122 With fingerholes
        • 422.621.2 Sets of singly nested tubes
          • 422.621.21 With same bore
            • 422.621.211 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.621.212 With fingerholes
          • 422.621.22 With opposite bores
            • 422.621.221 Without fingerholes.
            • 422.621.222 With fingerholes
      • 422.622 Multiply nested (Matryoshka) tubes
        • 422.622.1 With same bores
          • 422.622.11 Without fingerholes.
          • 422.622.12 With fingerholes
        • 422.622.2 With opposite bores
          • 422.622.21 Without fingerholes.
          • 422.622.22 With fingerholes
    • 422.63 Sets of diskpipes and Matryoshka tubes
  • 422.7 Mixed sets of interruptor pipes

Trumpets (423)

Main article: Trumpet

The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.

  • 423.1 Natural trumpets – There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips. Examples include the bugle, didgeridoo, natural horn, and the shofar.
    • 423.11 Conches – A conch shell serves as trumpet.
      • 423.111 End-blown.
        • 423.111.1 Without mouthpiece.
        • 423.111.2 With mouthpiece.
      • 423.112 Side-blown.
        • 423.112.1 Without mouthpiece.
        • 423.112.2 With mouthpiece.
      • 423.113 Sets of conches
        • 423.113.1 End-blown.
        • 423.113.2 Side-blown.
        • 423.113.3 Mixed.
    • 423.12 Tubular trumpets.
      • 423.121 End-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.
        • 423.121.1 End-blown straight trumpets – The tube is neither curved nor folded.
          • 423.121.11 Without mouthpiece.
          • 423.121.12 With mouthpiece.
        • 423.121.2 End-blown horns – The tube is curved or folded.
          • 423.121.21 Without mouthpiece.
          • 423.121.22 With mouthpiece.
        • 423.121.3 Sets of End-blown trumpets
          • 423.121.31 Straight trumpets
          • 423.121.32 End-blown horns
          • 423.121.33 Mixed
      • 423.122 Side blown trumpets.
        • 423.122.1 Without mouthpiece.
        • 423.122.2 With mouthpiece
        • 423.122.3 Sets of side blown trumpets
  • 423.2 Chromatic trumpets – The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically
    • 423.21 Keyed trumpets – Ophicleide.
      • 423.211 Regular bore
      • (423.212 Irregular bore)
      • 423.213 Sets of keyed trumpets
        • 423.213.1 Regular bore
        • (423.213.2 Irregular bore)
        • (423.213.3 Mixed bores)
    • 423.22 Slide trumpets – Trombone, bazooka
      • 423.221 Regular bore
      • (423.222 Irregular bore)
      • 423.223 Sets of slide trumpets
        • 423.223.1 Regular bore
        • (423.223.2 Irregular bore)
        • (423.223.3 Mixed bores)
    • 423.23 Valved trumpets – French horn, euphonium, baritone horn, trumpet, tuba, and other members of the saxhorn family.
      • 423.231 Regular bore
      • (423.232 Irregular bore)
      • 423.233 Sets of slide trumpets
        • 423.233.1 Regular bore
        • (423.233.2 Irregular bore)
        • (423.233.3 Mixed bores)
    • 423.24 Mixed sets of chromatic trumpets
  • 423.3 Mixed sets of trumpets

Mixed sets of wind instruments (424)

Mixed sets of aerophones (43)

Electrophones (5)

Main article: Electrophone
  • 51. Instruments having electric action (e.g. pipe organ with electrically controlled solenoid air valves);
  • 52. Instruments having electrical amplification, such as the Neo-Bechstein piano of 1931, which had 18 microphones built into it;
  • 53. Radioelectric instruments: instruments in which sound is produced by electrical means.

The fifth top-level group, the electrophones category, was added by Sachs in 1940, to describe instruments involving electricity. Sachs broke down his 5th category into 3 subcategories: 51=electrically actuated acoustic instruments; 52=electrically amplified acoustic instruments; 53= instruments which make sound primarily by way of electrically driven oscillators, such as theremins or synthesizers, which he called radioelectric instruments. Francis William Galpin provided such a group in his own classification system, which is closer to Mahillon than Sachs–Hornbostel. For example, in Galpin's 1937 book A Textbook of European Musical Instruments, he lists electrophones with three second-level divisions for sound generation ("by oscillation", "electro-magnetic", and "electro-static"), as well as third-level and fourth-level categories based on the control method. Sachs himself proposed subcategories 51, 52, and 53, on pages 447–467 of his 1940 book The History of Musical Instruments.

Present-day ethnomusicologists, such as Margaret Kartomi (page 173) and Ellingson (PhD dissertation, 1979, p. 544), suggest that, in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel–Sachs classification scheme, of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument, that only subcategory 53 should remain in the electrophones category. Thus it has been more recently proposed that, for example, the pipe organ (even if it uses electric key action to control solenoid valves) remain in the aerophones category, and that the electric guitar remain in the chordophones category, etc.

Application of the system

Beyond the top three groups are several further levels of classification, so that the xylophone, for example, is in the group labeled 111.212 (periods are usually added after every third digit to make long numbers easier to read). A long classification number does not necessarily indicate the instrument is a complicated one. The valveless bugle, for instance, has the classification number 423.121.22, even though it is generally regarded as a relatively simple instrument. The numbers in the bugle's classification indicate the following:

  • 4 – an aerophone
  • 42 – the vibrating air is enclosed within the instrument
  • 423 – the player's lips cause the air to vibrate directly (as opposed to an instrument with a reed like a clarinet, or an edge-blown instrument, like a flute)
  • 423.1 – the player's lips are the only means of changing the instrument's pitch (that is, there are no valves as on a trumpet)
  • 423.12 – the instrument is tubular, rather than being a conch-type instrument
  • 423.121 – the player blows into the end of the tube, as opposed to the side of the tube
  • 423.121.2 – the tube is bent or folded, as opposed to straight
  • 423.121.22 – the instrument has a mouthpiece

423.121.22 does not uniquely identify the bugle, but rather identifies the bugle as a certain kind of instrument which has much in common with other instruments in the same class. Another instrument classified as 423.121.22 is the bronze lur, an instrument dating back to the Bronze Age.

Suffixes and composite instruments

After the number described above, a number of suffixes may be appended. An 8 indicates that the instrument has a keyboard attached, while a 9 indicates the instrument is mechanically driven. In addition to these, there are a number of suffixes unique to each of the top-level groups indicating details not considered crucial to the fundamental nature of the instrument. In the membranophone class, for instance, suffixes can indicate whether the skin of a drum is glued, nailed or tied to its body; in the chordophone class, suffixes can indicate whether the strings are plucked with fingers or plectrum, or played with a bow.

There are ways to classify instruments with this system even if they have elements from more than one group. Such instruments may have particularly long classification numbers with colons and hyphens used as well as numbers. Hornbostel and Sachs themselves cite the case of various bagpipes where some of the pipes are single reed (like a clarinet) and others are double reed (like the oboe). A number of similar composite instruments exist.

See also

References

  1. ^ Volume 46 (1914) of the Zeitschrift is available online in a variety of formats, as part of the digital collection of the University of Toronto. The article by Hornbostel and Sachs is to be found on pages 553–90.
  2. ^ Evénement. "MIMO Project – Musical Instrument Museums Online". Mimo-international.com. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  3. ^ "412.14 Ribbon reeds," Mimo-db.eu.

External links

  • (archived)
  • , Wesleyan University (archived)
  • International Committee of Musical Instrument Museums and Collections, publishes updates to the Hornbostel–Sachs system
  • Revision of the Hornbostel–Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium, 8 July 2011

January 23, 2023
hornbostel, sachs, sachs, hornbostel, system, musical, instrument, classification, devised, erich, moritz, hornbostel, curt, sachs, first, published, zeitschrift, für, ethnologie, 1914, english, translation, published, galpin, society, journal, 1961, most, wid. Hornbostel Sachs or Sachs Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs and first published in the Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie in 1914 1 An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961 It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists people who study musical instruments The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online MIMO Project 2 Hornbostel and Sachs based their ideas on a system devised in the late 19th century by Victor Charles Mahillon the curator of musical instruments at Brussels Conservatory Mahillon divided instruments into four broad categories according to the nature of the sound producing material an air column string membrane and body of the instrument From this basis Hornbostel and Sachs expanded Mahillon s system to make it possible to classify any instrument from any culture Formally the Hornbostel Sachs is modeled on the Dewey Decimal Classification for libraries It has five top level classifications with several levels below those adding up to over 300 basic categories in all The top five levels of the scheme are as follows Contents 1 Idiophones 1 1 1 Struck idiophones 11 1 1 1 Directly struck idiophones 111 1 1 2 Indirectly struck idiophones 112 1 2 Plucked idiophones 12 1 2 1 In the form of a frame 121 1 2 2 In the form of a comb 122 1 2 3 Mixed sets of lamellophones 123 1 3 Friction idiophones 13 1 3 1 Friction sticks 131 1 3 2 Friction plaques 132 1 3 3 Friction vessels 133 1 4 Blown idiophones 14 1 4 1 Blown sticks 141 1 4 2 Blown plaques 142 1 5 Unclassified idiophones 15 2 Membranophones 2 2 1 Struck membranophones 21 2 1 1 Directly struck membranophones 211 2 1 2 Shaken membranophones 212 2 2 Plucked membranophones 22 2 3 Friction membranophones 23 2 3 1 Friction drums with stick 231 2 3 2 Friction drum with cord 232 2 3 3 Hand friction drums 233 2 4 Singing membranes kazoos 24 2 4 1 Free kazoos 241 2 4 2 Tube or vessel kazoos 242 2 5 Unclassified membranophones 25 3 Chordophones 3 3 1 Simple chordophones or zithers 31 3 1 1 Bar zithers 311 3 1 2 Tube zithers 312 3 1 3 Raft zithers 313 3 1 4 Board zithers 314 3 1 5 Trough zithers 315 3 1 6 Frame zithers 316 3 2 Composite chordophones 32 3 2 1 Lutes 321 3 2 2 Harps 322 3 2 3 Harp lutes 323 3 3 Unclassified chordophones 33 4 Aerophones 4 4 1 Free aerophones 41 4 1 1 Displacement free aerophones 411 4 1 2 Interruptive free aerophones 412 4 1 3 Plosive aerophones 413 4 2 Non free aerophones wind instruments proper 42 4 2 1 Edge blown aerophones or flutes 421 4 2 2 Reed aerophones 422 4 2 3 Trumpets 423 4 2 4 Mixed sets of wind instruments 424 4 3 Mixed sets of aerophones 43 5 Electrophones 5 6 Application of the system 7 Suffixes and composite instruments 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksIdiophones 1 EditMain article Idiophone See also List of idiophones by Hornbostel Sachs number Idiophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the actual body of the instrument vibrating rather than a string membrane or column of air In essence this group includes all percussion instruments apart from drums and some other instruments In the Hornbostel Sachs classification idiophones are first categorized according to the method used to play the instrument The result is four main categories struck idiophones 11 plucked idiophones 12 friction idiophones 13 and blown idiophones 14 These groups are subsequently divided through various criteria In many cases these sub categories are split in singular specimens and sets of instruments The class of idiophones includes the xylophone the marimba the glockenspiel and the glass harmonica Struck idiophones 11 Edit Main article Struck idiophone These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck for example cymbals or xylophones Directly struck idiophones 111 Edit The player executes the movement of striking whether by mechanical intermediate devices beaters keyboards or by pulling ropes etc It is definitive that the player can apply clear exact individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion 111 1 Concussion idiophones or clappers Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other 111 11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers clapstick 111 12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers paiban 111 13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers devil chase 111 14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers spoons 111 141 Castanets Natural and hollowed out vessel clappers 111 142 Cymbals Vessel clappers with manufactured rim 111 2 Percussion idiophones The instrument is struck either with a non sonorous object hand stick striker or against a non sonorous object human body the ground 111 21 Percussion sticks 111 211 Individual percussion sticks 111 212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument All xylophones as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes 111 22 Percussion plaques 111 221 Individual percussion plaques 111 222 Sets of percussion plaques Examples are the lithophone and also most metallophones 111 23 Percussion tubes 111 231 Individual percussion tubes 111 232 Sets of percussion tubes 111 24 Percussion vessels 111 241 Gongs The vibration is strongest near the vertex 111 241 1 Individual gongs 111 241 2 Sets of gongs 111 242 Bells The vibration is weakest near the vertex 111 242 1 Individual bells 111 242 11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward for example the standing bell 111 242 12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex 111 242 121 Hanging bells without internal strikers 111 242 122 Hanging bells with internal strikers 111 242 2 Sets of bells or chimes 111 242 21 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward 111 242 22 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex 111 242 221 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers 111 242 222 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers 111 3 Mixed sets of directly struck idiophonesIndirectly struck idiophones 112 Edit The player themself does not go through the movement of striking percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player 112 1 Shaken Idiophones or rattles The player makes a shaking motion 112 11 Suspension rattles Perforated idiophones are mounted together and shaken to strike against each other 112 111 Strung rattles Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord 112 112 Stick rattles Rattling objects are strung on a bar or ring 112 12 Frame rattles Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike flexatone 112 121 Pendant rattles 112 122 Sliding rattles 112 13 Vessel rattles Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel or usually against both 112 2 Scraped Idiophones The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly a non sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non sonorous object to cause a series of impacts This group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones 112 21 Scraped sticks 112 211 Scraped sticks without resonator 112 212 Scraped sticks with resonator 112 22 Scraped tubes 112 221 Scraped tubes without resonator 112 222 Scraped tubes with resonator 112 23 Scraped vessels 112 231 Scraped vessels without resonator 112 232 Scraped vessels with resonator 112 24 Scraped wheels cog rattles or Ratchet 112 241 Scraped wheels without resonator 112 242 Scraped wheels with resonator 112 3 Split idiophones Instruments in the shape of two springy arms connected at one end and touching at the other the arms are forced apart by a little stick to jangle or vibrate on recoil Plucked idiophones 12 Edit Further information List of lamellophones Plucked idiophones or lamellaphones are idiophones set in vibration by being plucked examples include the jaw harp or mbira This group is sub divided in the following two categories In the form of a frame 121 Edit The lamellae vibrate within a frame or hoop 121 1 Clack idiophones or Cricri The lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell which serves as resonator 121 2 Guimbardes and Jaw harps i e kissed idiophones The lamella is mounted in a rod or plaque shaped frame and depends on the player s mouth cavity for resonance 121 21 Idioglot guimbardes The lamella is cut through the frame of the instrument kubing 121 211 Individual idioglot guimbardes 121 212 Sets of idioglot guimbardes 121 22 Heteroglot guimbardes The lamella is attached to the frame Western Jew s harp kouxian Present day ethnomusicologists such as Margaret Kartomi page 173 and Ellingson PhD dissertation 1979 p 544 might support the suggestion that in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel Sachs classification scheme of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument that the supposed class 412 13 should count as these instead 121 221 Individual heteroglot guimbardes 121 222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes 121 23 Mixed sets of guimbardesIn the form of a comb 122 Edit The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb 122 1 With laced on lamellae 122 11 Without resonator 122 12 With resonator 122 2 With cut out lamellae Musical box 122 21 Without resonator 122 22 With resonator 122 3 Mixed sets of combsMixed sets of lamellophones 123 Edit Friction idiophones 13 Edit Idiophones which are rubbed for example the nail violin a bowed instrument with solid pieces of metal or wood rather than strings Friction sticks 131 Edit 131 1 Individual friction sticks 131 11 Without direct friction 131 12 With direct friction 131 2 Sets of friction sticks 131 21 Without direct friction 131 22 With direct friction 131 23 MixedFriction plaques 132 Edit 132 1 Individual friction plaques 132 11 Without direct friction 132 12 With direct friction 132 2 Sets of friction plaques 132 21 Without direct friction 132 22 With direct friction 132 23 MixedFriction vessels 133 Edit 133 1 Individual friction vessels for example the singing bowl 133 11 Without direct friction 133 12 With direct friction 133 2 Sets of friction vessels 133 21 Without direct friction 133 22 With direct friction 133 23 MixedSets of Friction idiophones 134 134 1 Without direct friction 134 2 With direct friction 134 3 MixedBlown idiophones 14 Edit Main article Blown idiophone Blown idiophones are idiophones set in vibration by the movement of air for example the Aeolsklavier an instrument consisting of several pieces of wood which vibrate when air is blown onto them by a set of bellows The piano chanteur features plaques Blown sticks 141 Edit 141 1 Individual blown sticks 141 2 Sets of blown sticks AeolodionBlown plaques 142 Edit 142 1 Individual blown plaques 142 2 Sets of blown plaques Mixed sets of blown idiophones 143 Unclassified idiophones 15 EditMembranophones 2 EditMain article Membranophone See also List of membranophones by Hornbostel Sachs number Membranophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a tightly stretched membrane This group includes all drums and kazoos Struck membranophones 21 Edit Struck drums are instruments which have a struck membrane This includes most types of drums such as the timpani or kettle drum and the snare drum Directly struck membranophones 211 Edit Main article Directly struck membranophone Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly such as through bare hands beaters or keyboards 211 1 Instruments in which the body of the drum is dish or bowl shaped kettle drums 211 11 Single instruments 211 12 Sets of instruments 211 2 Instruments in which the body is tubular tubular drums 211 21 Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end cylindrical drums 211 211 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 211 1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 211 2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 212 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 212 1 Single instruments 211 212 2 Sets of instruments 211 213 Mixed sets of cylindrical drums 211 22 Instruments in which the body is barrel shaped barrel drums 211 221 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 221 1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 221 2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 222 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 222 1 Single instruments 211 222 2 Sets of instruments 211 223 Mixed sets of barrel drums 211 23 Instruments in which the body is hourglass shaped 211 231 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 231 1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 231 2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 232 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 232 1 Single instruments 211 232 2 Sets of instruments 211 223 Mixed sets of hourglass drums 211 24 Instruments in which the body is conical shaped conical drums 211 241 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 241 1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 241 2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 242 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 242 1 Single instruments 211 242 2 Sets of instruments 211 243 Mixed sets of single conical drums 211 244 Instruments in which the body is double conical 211 244 1 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 244 11 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 244 12 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 244 2 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 244 21 Single instruments 211 244 22 Sets of instruments 211 245 Mixed sets of double conical drums 211 246 Mixed sets of conical drums 211 25 Instruments in which the body is goblet shaped goblet drums 211 251 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 251 1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open 211 251 2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed 211 252 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 252 1 Single instruments 211 252 2 Sets of instruments 211 253 Mixed sets of goblet drums 211 26 Mixed sets of tubular drums 211 3 Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane frame drums 211 31 Instruments which do not have a handle 211 311 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 312 Instruments which have two usable membranes 211 32 Instruments which have a handle 211 321 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 211 322 Instruments which have two usable membranesShaken membranophones 212 Edit Instruments which are shaken the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum rattle drums Plucked membranophones 22 Edit Instruments with a string attached to the membrane so that when the string is plucked the membrane vibrates plucked drums Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones see below Friction membranophones 23 Edit Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction These are drums which are rubbed rather than being struck Friction drums with stick 231 Edit Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated from a stick that is rubbed or used to rub the membrane 231 1 Instruments in which the stick is inserted in a hole in the membrane 231 11 Instruments in which the stick can not be moved and is subject to rubbing causing friction on the membrane 231 12 Instruments in which the stick is semi movable and can be used to rub the membrane 231 13 Instruments in which the stick is freely movable and is used to rub the membrane 231 2 Instruments in which the stick is tied upright to the membraneFriction drum with cord 232 Edit Instruments in which a cord attached to the membrane is rubbed 232 1 Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing 232 11 Instruments which have only one usable membrane 232 12 Instruments which have two usable membranes 232 2 Instruments in which the drum is twirled by a cord which rubs in a notch on the stick held by the playerHand friction drums 233 Edit Instruments in which the membrane is rubbed by hand Singing membranes kazoos 24 Edit Main article Kazoo This group includes kazoos instruments which do not produce sound of their own but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane Free kazoos 241 Edit Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated by an unbroken column of wind without a chamber Tube or vessel kazoos 242 Edit Instruments in which the membrane is placed in a box tube or other container Unclassified membranophones 25 EditChordophones 3 EditMain article Chordophone See also List of chordophones by Hornbostel Sachs number Chordophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points This group includes all instruments generally called string instruments in the west as well as many but not all keyboard instruments such as pianos and harpsichords Simple chordophones or zithers 31 Edit Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer These instruments may have a resonator box but removing it should not render the instrument unplayable though it may result in quite a different sound being produced They include the piano therefore as well as other kinds of zithers such as the koto and musical bows Bar zithers 311 Edit Main article Bar zither The string bearer is bar shaped 311 1 Musical bows The string bearer is flexible and curved 311 11 Idiochord musical bows The string is cut from the bark of the cane remaining attached at each end 311 111 Mono idiochord musical bows Containing one string only 311 112 Poly idiochord musical bows or harp bows Containing several strings that pass over some type of bridge 311 12 Heterochord musical bows The string is of separate material from the bearer 311 121 Mono heterochord musical bows The bow has one heterochord string only 311 121 1 Without resonator 311 121 11 Without tuning noose 311 121 12 With tuning noose 311 121 2 With resonator 311 121 21 With independent resonator 311 121 211 Without tuning noose 311 121 212 With tuning noose 311 121 22 With resonator attached 311 121 221 Without tuning noose 311 121 222 With tuning noose 311 122 Poly heterochord musical bows The bow has several heterochord strings 311 122 1 Without tuning noose 311 122 2 With tuning noose 311 2 Stick zithers With rigid string carrier 311 21 Musical bow stick The string carrier has one rigid and one flexible end 311 211 Instrument has one resonator gourd 311 212 Instrument has several resonator gourds 311 22 True stick zithers NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers but are round bar zithers however instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator like the modern Mexican harpa are tube zithers 311 221 With one resonator gourd 311 222 With several resonator gourds Tube zithers 312 Edit Main article Tube zither The string bearer is a vaulted surface 312 1 Whole tube zithers The string carrier is a complete tube 312 11 Idiochord tube zithers 312 111 Without extra resonator 312 112 With extra resonator 312 12 Heterochord tube zithers 312 121 Without extra resonator 312 122 With extra resonator 312 2 Half tube zithers The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter 312 21 Idiochord half tube zithers 312 211 Without extra resonator 312 212 With extra resonator 312 22 Heterochord half tube zithers 312 221 Without extra resonator 312 222 With extra resonator Raft zithers 313 Edit Main article Raft zither The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft 313 1 Idiochord raft zithers 313 11 Without extra resonator 313 12 With extra resonator 313 2 Heterochord raft zithers 313 21 Without extra resonator 313 22 With extra resonator Board zithers 314 Edit The string bearer is a board 314 1 True board zithers 314 11 Without resonator 314 12 With resonator 314 121 With resonator bowl 314 122 With resonator box the piano is part of this subdivision 314 123 With resonator tube 314 2 Board zither variations 314 21 Ground zithers 314 211 Without resonator 314 212 With resonator 314 212 1 With resonator bowl 314 212 2 With resonator box 314 212 3 With resonator tube 314 22 Harp zithers 314 221 Without resonator 314 222 With resonator 314 222 1 With resonator bowl 314 222 2 With resonator box 314 222 3 With resonator tubeTrough zithers 315 Edit Main article Trough zither The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough 315 1 Without resonator 315 2 With resonator Frame zithers 316 Edit Main article Frame zither The strings are stretched across an open frame 316 1 Without resonator 316 2 With resonator Composite chordophones 32 Edit Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument and solid body electric chordophones This includes most western string instruments including lute type instruments such as violins and guitars and harps Lutes 321 Edit Main article Lute The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator s surface 321 1 Bow lutes Each string has its own flexible carrier 321 2 Yoke lutes or lyres The strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the same plane as the sound table and consists of two arms and a cross bar 321 21 Bowl lyres 321 22 Box lyres 321 23 Tube lyres 321 3 Handle lutes The string bearer is a plain handle 321 31 Spike lutes 321 311 Spike bowl lutes 321 312 Spike box lutes 321 313 Spike tube lutes 321 32 Necked lutes 321 321 Necked bowl lute Mandolin Balalaika etc 321 322 Necked box lutes Guitar Violin etc 321 323 Necked tube lutesHarps 322 Edit The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator s surface 322 1 Open harps The harp has no pillar 322 11 Arched harps 322 12 Angular harps 322 2 Frame harps The harp has a pillar 322 21 Without tuning mechanism 322 211 Diatonic frame harps 322 211 1 With all strings in one plane 322 211 2 With strings in two planes crossing each other 322 212 Chromatic frame harps 322 212 1 With all strings in one plane Inline chromatic harp 322 212 2 With strings in two planes crossing each other Cross strung harp 322 22 With tuning action 322 221 With manual tuning action Lever harp 322 221 1 With all strings in one plane 322 221 2 With strings in two planes crossing each other 322 222 With pedal action Pedal harp 322 222 1 With all strings in one plane 322 222 2 With strings in two planes crossing each other Harp lutes 323 Edit The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound table a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck These have notched bridges Unclassified chordophones 33 EditAerophones 4 EditMain article Aerophone See also List of aerophones by Hornbostel Sachs number Aerophones primarily produce their sounds by means of vibrating air The instrument itself does not vibrate and there are no vibrating strings or membranes Free aerophones 41 Edit Instruments in which the vibrating air is not contained within the instrument for example acme sirens or the bullroarer Displacement free aerophones 411 Edit The air stream meets a sharp edge or a sharp edge is moved through the air In either case according to more recent views a periodic displacement of air occurs to the alternate flanks of the edge Examples are the swordblade or the whip Interruptive free aerophones 412 Edit The air stream is interrupted periodically 412 1 Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds The air stream is directed against a lamella setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently In this group also belong reeds with a cover i e a tube in which the air vibrates only in a secondary sense not producing the sound but simply adding roundness and timbre to the sound made by the reed s vibration generally recognizable by the absence of fingerholes though present day ethnomusicologists such as Margaret Kartomi page 173 and Ellingson PhD dissertation 1979 p 544 might support the suggestion that in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel Sachs classification scheme of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument that such reeds should not really remain as aerophones exiting for the lamellophones 412 11 Concussion reeds Two lamellae make a gap which closes periodically during their vibration 412 111 Independent pairs of concussion reeds 412 112 Paired sets of concussion reeds 412 12 Percussion reeds A single lamella strikes against a frame 412 121 Independent percussion reeds 412 122 Sets of percussion reeds Earlier organs 412 13 Free reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot there may be an attached pipe but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed and not have an effect on the pitch instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422 3 by the lack of finger holes 412 131 Individual free reeds 412 132 Sets of free reeds Accordion harmonica and reed pipes of the pipe organ 412 14 Band reed instruments The air hits the sharp edge of a band under tension The acoustics of this instrument have so far not been investigated 3 412 141 Individual band reeds 412 142 Sets of band reeds 412 15 Mixed sets of reeds 412 2 Non idiophonic interruptive instruments The interruptive agent is not a reed 412 21 Rotating aerophones interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis Siren disk 412 211 Independent disks 412 212 Sets of disks 412 22 Whirling aerophones interruptive agent turns on its axis Bullroarer whirly tube 412 221 Independent tubes 412 222 Sets of tubes 412 23 Sets of disks and tubes 412 3 Mixed sets of interruptive aerophonesPlosive aerophones 413 Edit The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air Examples include the botija the gharha the ghatam and the udu Mixed sets of free aerophones 414 Non free aerophones wind instruments proper 42 Edit The vibrating air is contained within the instrument This group includes most of the instruments called wind instruments in the west such as the flute or French horn as well as many other kinds of instruments such as conch shells Edge blown aerophones or flutes 421 Edit The player makes a ribbon shaped flow of air with their lips 421 1 or their breath is directed through a duct against an edge 421 2 421 1 Flutes without duct The player themself creates a ribbon shaped stream of air with their lips 421 11 End blown flutes The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube 421 111 Individual end blown flutes 421 111 1 Open single end blown flutes The lower end of the flute is open 421 111 11 Without fingerholes 421 111 12 With fingerholes 421 111 2 Stopped single end blown flutes The lower end of the flute is closed 421 111 21 Without fingerholes 421 111 22 With fingerholes 421 112 Sets of end blown flutes or panpipes Several end blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument 421 112 1 Open panpipes 421 112 11 Open raft panpipes The pipes are tied together in the form of a board or they are made by drilling tubes in a board 421 112 12 Open bundle pan pipes The pipes are tied together in a round bundle 421 112 2 Stopped panpipes 421 112 21 Stopped raft panpipes The pipes are tied together in the form of a board or they are made by drilling tubes in a board 421 112 22 Stopped bundle pan pipes The pipes are tied together in a round bundle 421 112 3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes 421 112 21 Mixed raft panpipes The pipes are tied together in the form of a board or they are made by drilling tubes in a board 421 112 22 Mixed bundle pan pipes The pipes are tied together in a round bundle 421 12 Side blown flutes The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube 421 121 Single side blown flutes 421 121 1 Open side blown flutes 421 121 11 Without fingerholes 421 121 12 With fingerholes Western concert flute 421 121 2 Partly stopped side blown flutes The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole 421 121 21 Without fingerholes 421 121 22 With fingerholes 421 121 3 Stopped side blown flutes 421 121 31 Without fingerholes 421 121 311 With fixed stopped lower end apparently non existent 421 121 312 With adjustable stopped lower end piston flutes 421 121 32 With fingerholes 421 121 321 With fixed stopped lower end 421 121 322 With adjustable stopped lower end 421 122 Sets of side blown flutes 421 122 1 Sets of open side blown flutes 421 122 2 Sets of partly stopped side blown flutes 421 122 3 Sets of stopped side blown flutes 421 122 31 With fixed stopped lower end 421 122 32 With adjustable stopped lower end 421 122 33 Mixed 421 122 4 Mixed sets of stopped side blown flutes 421 13 Vessel flutes without distinct beak The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel shaped Xun 421 2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes A narrow duct directs the air stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice 421 21 Flutes with external duct The duct is outside the wall of the flute this group includes flutes with the duct chamfered in the wall under a ring like sleeve and other similar arrangements 421 211 Single flutes with external duct 421 211 1 Open flutes with external duct 421 211 11 Without fingerholes 421 211 12 With fingerholes 421 211 2 Partly stopped flutes with external duct 421 211 21 Without fingerholes 421 211 22 With fingerholes 421 211 3 Stopped flutes with external duct 421 211 31 Without fingerholes 421 211 32 With fingerholes 421 212 Sets of flutes with external duct 421 22 Flutes with internal duct The duct is inside the tube This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle natural node block of resin and an exterior tied on cover cane wood hide 421 221 Single flutes with internal duct 421 221 1 Open flutes with internal duct 421 221 11 Without fingerholes Whistle 421 221 12 With fingerholes Recorder 421 221 2 Partly stopped flute with internal duct 421 221 3 Stopped flutes with internal duct 421 221 31 Without fingerholes 421 221 311 With fixed stopped lower end 421 221 312 With adjustable stopped lower end 421 221 4 Vessel flutes with duct 421 221 41 Without fingerholes 421 221 42 With fingerholes Ocarina 421 222 Sets of flutes with internal duct 421 222 1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct 421 222 11 Without fingerholes Open flue pipes of the pipe organ 421 222 12 With fingerholes Double flageolet 421 222 2 Sets of partly stopped flutes with internal duct 421 222 3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct 421 3 Mixed sets of flutesReed aerophones 422 Edit The player s breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion 422 1 Double reed instruments There are two lamellae which beat against one another 422 11 Single oboes 422 111 With regular bore 422 111 1 Without fingerholes 422 111 2 With fingerholes Oboe bassoon 422 112 With irregular bore 422 12 Sets of oboes 422 121 With regular bore 422 121 1 Without fingerholes 422 121 2 With fingerholes 422 122 With irregular bore 422 123 With mixed bores 422 2 Single reed instruments The pipe has a single reed consisting of a percussion lamella 422 21 Single clarinets 422 211 With regular bore 422 211 1 Without fingerholes 422 211 2 With fingerholes Western clarinet 422 212 With irregular bore Saxophone 422 22 Sets of clarinets 422 221 With regular bore 422 221 1 Without fingerholes 422 221 2 With fingerholes 422 222 With irregular bore 422 223 With mixed bores 422 3 Reedpipes with free reeds The reed vibrates through at a closely fitted frame There must be fingerholes otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412 13 422 31 Single pipes with free reeds Bawu 422 32 Double pipes with free reeds Hulusi 422 4 Reedpipes with band reeds Though the precise acoustics of 412 14 are as yet unknown wherefore it is as yet unknown whether the instrument must be fingerholed in order to belong to this class rather than 412 14 nevertheless it should be physically possible to put a band reed in a pipe 422 5 Mixed sets of reedpipes 422 6 Non idiophonic interruptor pipes The interruptive agent is not a reed 422 61 Rotating aerophones interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis Siren diskpipes 422 611 Single diskpipes 422 611 1 With regular bore 422 611 11 Without fingerholes 422 611 111 With independent disks 422 611 112 With sets of disks 422 611 12 With fingerholes 422 611 121 With independent disks 422 611 122 With sets of disks 422 611 2 With irregular bore 422 611 21 Without fingerholes 422 611 211 With independent disks 422 611 212 With sets of disks 422 611 22 With fingerholes 422 611 221 With independent disks 422 611 222 With sets of disks 422 612 Sets of diskpipes 422 612 1 With regular bore 422 612 11 Without fingerholes 422 612 111 With independent disks 422 612 112 With sets of disks 422 612 12 With fingerholes 422 612 121 With independent disks 422 612 122 With sets of disks 422 612 2 With irregular bore 422 612 21 Without fingerholes 422 612 211 With independent disks 422 612 212 With sets of disks 422 612 22 With fingerholes 422 612 221 With independent disks 422 612 222 With sets of disks 422 612 3 With mixed bores 422 612 31 Without fingerholes 422 612 311 With independent disks 422 612 312 With sets of disks 422 612 32 With fingerholes 422 612 321 With independent disks 422 612 322 With sets of disks 422 62 Whirling aerophones interruptive agent turns on its axis Bullroarerpipes Matryoshka tubes 422 621 Bullroarerpipes 422 621 1 Independent singly nested tubes 422 621 11 With same bore 422 621 111 Without fingerholes 422 621 112 With fingerholes 422 621 12 With opposite bores 422 621 121 Without fingerholes 422 621 122 With fingerholes 422 621 2 Sets of singly nested tubes 422 621 21 With same bore 422 621 211 Without fingerholes 422 621 212 With fingerholes 422 621 22 With opposite bores 422 621 221 Without fingerholes 422 621 222 With fingerholes 422 622 Multiply nested Matryoshka tubes 422 622 1 With same bores 422 622 11 Without fingerholes 422 622 12 With fingerholes 422 622 2 With opposite bores 422 622 21 Without fingerholes 422 622 22 With fingerholes 422 63 Sets of diskpipes and Matryoshka tubes 422 7 Mixed sets of interruptor pipesTrumpets 423 Edit Main article Trumpet The player s vibrating lips set the air in motion 423 1 Natural trumpets There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player s lips Examples include the bugle didgeridoo natural horn and the shofar 423 11 Conches A conch shell serves as trumpet 423 111 End blown 423 111 1 Without mouthpiece 423 111 2 With mouthpiece 423 112 Side blown 423 112 1 Without mouthpiece 423 112 2 With mouthpiece 423 113 Sets of conches 423 113 1 End blown 423 113 2 Side blown 423 113 3 Mixed 423 12 Tubular trumpets 423 121 End blown trumpets The mouth hole faces the axis of the trumpet 423 121 1 End blown straight trumpets The tube is neither curved nor folded 423 121 11 Without mouthpiece 423 121 12 With mouthpiece 423 121 2 End blown horns The tube is curved or folded 423 121 21 Without mouthpiece 423 121 22 With mouthpiece 423 121 3 Sets of End blown trumpets 423 121 31 Straight trumpets 423 121 32 End blown horns 423 121 33 Mixed 423 122 Side blown trumpets 423 122 1 Without mouthpiece 423 122 2 With mouthpiece 423 122 3 Sets of side blown trumpets 423 2 Chromatic trumpets The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically 423 21 Keyed trumpets Ophicleide 423 211 Regular bore 423 212 Irregular bore 423 213 Sets of keyed trumpets 423 213 1 Regular bore 423 213 2 Irregular bore 423 213 3 Mixed bores 423 22 Slide trumpets Trombone bazooka 423 221 Regular bore 423 222 Irregular bore 423 223 Sets of slide trumpets 423 223 1 Regular bore 423 223 2 Irregular bore 423 223 3 Mixed bores 423 23 Valved trumpets French horn euphonium baritone horn trumpet tuba and other members of the saxhorn family 423 231 Regular bore 423 232 Irregular bore 423 233 Sets of slide trumpets 423 233 1 Regular bore 423 233 2 Irregular bore 423 233 3 Mixed bores 423 24 Mixed sets of chromatic trumpets 423 3 Mixed sets of trumpetsMixed sets of wind instruments 424 Edit Mixed sets of aerophones 43 EditElectrophones 5 EditMain article Electrophone 51 Instruments having electric action e g pipe organ with electrically controlled solenoid air valves 52 Instruments having electrical amplification such as the Neo Bechstein piano of 1931 which had 18 microphones built into it 53 Radioelectric instruments instruments in which sound is produced by electrical means The fifth top level group the electrophones category was added by Sachs in 1940 to describe instruments involving electricity Sachs broke down his 5th category into 3 subcategories 51 electrically actuated acoustic instruments 52 electrically amplified acoustic instruments 53 instruments which make sound primarily by way of electrically driven oscillators such as theremins or synthesizers which he called radioelectric instruments Francis William Galpin provided such a group in his own classification system which is closer to Mahillon than Sachs Hornbostel For example in Galpin s 1937 book A Textbook of European Musical Instruments he lists electrophones with three second level divisions for sound generation by oscillation electro magnetic and electro static as well as third level and fourth level categories based on the control method Sachs himself proposed subcategories 51 52 and 53 on pages 447 467 of his 1940 book The History of Musical Instruments Present day ethnomusicologists such as Margaret Kartomi page 173 and Ellingson PhD dissertation 1979 p 544 suggest that in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel Sachs classification scheme of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument that only subcategory 53 should remain in the electrophones category Thus it has been more recently proposed that for example the pipe organ even if it uses electric key action to control solenoid valves remain in the aerophones category and that the electric guitar remain in the chordophones category etc Application of the system EditBeyond the top three groups are several further levels of classification so that the xylophone for example is in the group labeled 111 212 periods are usually added after every third digit to make long numbers easier to read A long classification number does not necessarily indicate the instrument is a complicated one The valveless bugle for instance has the classification number 423 121 22 even though it is generally regarded as a relatively simple instrument The numbers in the bugle s classification indicate the following 4 an aerophone 42 the vibrating air is enclosed within the instrument 423 the player s lips cause the air to vibrate directly as opposed to an instrument with a reed like a clarinet or an edge blown instrument like a flute 423 1 the player s lips are the only means of changing the instrument s pitch that is there are no valves as on a trumpet 423 12 the instrument is tubular rather than being a conch type instrument 423 121 the player blows into the end of the tube as opposed to the side of the tube 423 121 2 the tube is bent or folded as opposed to straight 423 121 22 the instrument has a mouthpiece423 121 22 does not uniquely identify the bugle but rather identifies the bugle as a certain kind of instrument which has much in common with other instruments in the same class Another instrument classified as 423 121 22 is the bronze lur an instrument dating back to the Bronze Age Suffixes and composite instruments EditAfter the number described above a number of suffixes may be appended An 8 indicates that the instrument has a keyboard attached while a 9 indicates the instrument is mechanically driven In addition to these there are a number of suffixes unique to each of the top level groups indicating details not considered crucial to the fundamental nature of the instrument In the membranophone class for instance suffixes can indicate whether the skin of a drum is glued nailed or tied to its body in the chordophone class suffixes can indicate whether the strings are plucked with fingers or plectrum or played with a bow There are ways to classify instruments with this system even if they have elements from more than one group Such instruments may have particularly long classification numbers with colons and hyphens used as well as numbers Hornbostel and Sachs themselves cite the case of various bagpipes where some of the pipes are single reed like a clarinet and others are double reed like the oboe A number of similar composite instruments exist See also EditList of musical instruments by Hornbostel Sachs numberReferences Edit Volume 46 1914 of the Zeitschrift is available online in a variety of formats as part of the digital collection of the University of Toronto The article by Hornbostel and Sachs is to be found on pages 553 90 Evenement MIMO Project Musical Instrument Museums Online Mimo international com Retrieved 2018 11 20 412 14 Ribbon reeds Mimo db eu External links EditHornbostel Sachs on www music vt edu archived SVH Classification Wesleyan University archived International Committee of Musical Instrument Museums and Collections publishes updates to the Hornbostel Sachs system Revision of the Hornbostel Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium 8 July 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hornbostel Sachs amp oldid 1130990096, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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