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List of national founders

February 16, 2024

"Founding fathers" redirects here. For the founding fathers of the United States, see Founding Fathers of the United States. For the founding fathers of the European Union, see Founding fathers of the European Union.
"Founding Father" redirects here. For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see Founding Father (short story).
Further information: Father of the Nation

The following is a list of national founders of sovereign states who were credited with establishing a state. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the establishment of a sovereign state.

Africa edit

Algeria edit

Ahmed Ben Bella served as first Prime Minister of Algeria from 1962 to 1963, then as first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

Angola edit

Agostinho Neto served as first President of Angola from 1975 to 1979.

Benin edit

Hubert Maga served as first President of Dahomey from 1960 to 1963.

Botswana edit

Seretse Khama served as first President of Botswana from 1966 to 1980.

Burkina Faso edit

Thomas Sankara served as first President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987.

Burundi edit

Michel Micombero was the first President of Burundi from 1966 to 1976

Cameroon edit

Ahmadou Ahidjo served as first President of Cameroon from 1960 to 1982.

Cape Verde edit

Amílcar Cabral (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (1924–1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. Aristides Pereira served as first President of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991.

Central African Republic edit

David Dacko served as first President of Central African Republic from 1960 to 1966. The constitution outlines him as being the "Founding Father."

Chad edit

François Tombalbaye served as first President of Chad from 1960 to 1975.

Comoros edit

Ahmed Abdallah (State of the Comoros; First president of the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros) Ali Soilih (State of the Comoros; First president) Azali Assoumani (Union of the Comoros)

Republic of the Congo edit

Fulbert Youlou served as first President of the Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1963.

Democratic Republic of the Congo edit

Patrice Lumumba, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, Albert Kalonji, Jean Bolikango, Cléophas Kamitatu, and Paul Bolya are all considered "Fathers of Independence" in the Congo.[1]

Djibouti edit

Hassan Gouled Aptidon served as first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999.

Egypt edit

 
Saad Zaghloul is seen as the founder of independent Egypt. "Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)"[citation needed]

There is no agreed founder of Egypt as the area was politically unified around 3000 BC and has since endured multiple changes in terms of government and polities. The ruler who unified upper and lower Egypt is widely identified with Narmer or Menes, who are regarded by many scholars as the same person.[citation needed]

The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state.[2]

The Founder of Independent Egypt, Saad Zaghloul (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government, and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta, but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919. Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince the British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister. British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956.

Equatorial Guinea edit

Francisco Macías Nguema served as first President of Equatorial Guinea from 1968 to 1979.

Eritrea edit

Isaias Afwerki serves as first President of Eritrea from 1993 to present.

Eswatini edit

Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini.

Ethiopia edit

Menelik I is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A.D. Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state.

Gabon edit

Léon M'ba served as first President of Gabon from 1961 to 1967.

The Gambia edit

Dawda Jawara served as first Prime Minister of the Gambia from 1962 to 1970. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1965.

Ghana edit

Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.

Guinea edit

Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France.

He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union, and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union.

Guinea-Bissau edit

Luís Cabral served as first President of Guinea-Bissau from 1973 to 1980.

Ivory Coast edit

Félix Houphouët-Boigny served as first President of Ivory Coast from 1960 to 1993.

Kenya edit

Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of the Republic. Oginga Odinga served as the first vice-president.

Lesotho edit

Leabua Jonathan served as Prime Minister of Lesotho from 1965 to 1986. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1966.

Liberia edit

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876) was born a free man of African American descent. He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of the American Colonization Society. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847.[3] The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo-Liberian people.

Libya edit

King Idris Al-sanusi, also known as Idris I of Libya, (1889–1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan).[4] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951.

Madagascar edit

Malawi edit

Hastings Banda served as first Prime Minister of Malawi from 1964 to 1966, then as first President from 1966 to 1994.

Mali edit

Modibo Keïta served as first President of Mali from 1960 to 1968.

Mauritania edit

Moktar Ould Daddah served as first President of Mauritania from 1960 to 1978.

Mauritius edit

Seewoosagur Ramgoolam served as first Prime Minister of Mauritius from 1968 to 1982.

Morocco edit

The first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. The 'Alawi dynasty, which rules the country to this day, was established by Sharif bin Ali in 1631.

Sultan Mohammed V, who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself the first King of Morocco in 1957.

Mozambique edit

Samora Machel served as first President of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986.

Namibia edit

Niger edit

Hamani Diori served as first President of Niger from 1960 to 1974.

Nigeria edit

All are considered founders of Nigeria. The troika of Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain, aided by such figures as Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.

Rwanda edit

Grégoire Kayibanda served as first President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973.

São Tomé and Príncipe edit

Manuel Pinto da Costa served as first President of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991.

Sierra Leone edit

Freetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by a Black American soldier, Thomas Peters in 1792, after managing to convince British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom. Peters, alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson, were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone. The descendants of Peters and the Black American founders form part of the Sierra Leone Creole or Krio ethnicity today[5][6] and in 2011, a statue was erected in Freetown to honour him.[7]

Senegal edit

The founder of modern Senegal is Léopold Sédar Senghor. He served as first President from 1960 to 1980.

Seychelles edit

James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France-Albert René, who led the country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa.

Somalia edit

The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents, Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke. There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in Mogadishu.

Republic of Somaliland edit

Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland.

Republic of South Africa edit

Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was the President of South Africa, in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with F. W. de Klerk, to racially integrate and unite the country.

Other anti-apartheid activists include:

South Sudan edit

  • John Garang was the main figure involved in spawning and leading the South Sudanese Independence Movement. Even though he did not live to see his country attain independence, he is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation."
  • Salva Kiir Mayardit serves as first President of South Sudan from 2011 to present.

Sudan edit

Ibrahim Abboud served as first President of Sudan from 1958 to 1964.

Tanzania edit

 
Julius Nyerere

Being the first President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania's independence. He is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation."

Togo edit

Sylvanus Olympio served as first President of Togo from 1960 to 1963.

Tunisia edit

Habib Bourguiba, considered the founder of modern Tunisia, led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished its monarchy and served as the country's first President from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day.

Uganda edit

Milton Obote was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985.

Zambia edit

 
Kenneth Kaunda

Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021) is the prominent icon in the independence and unification of Zambia. He served as first President from 1964 to 1991. However, there are important personalities like Simon Kapwepwe and Harry Nkumbula (1916–18) that fairly deserve recognition. Together, in their different capacities, they led the nation to freedom.

Zimbabwe edit

Abel Muzorewa (1925–2010) was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) was the leader of ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017.
Others

Americas edit

Antigua and Barbuda edit

Vere Bird served as first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1981 to 1994.

Argentina edit

 
The Argentine military commander José de San Martín is known as the "Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru".[8]

The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the "Father of the Homeland" (Spanish: Padre de la Patria) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday.[9] One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence, San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero.[10] One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes, when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces.[11]

Manuel Belgrano, another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina, is also widely regarded as a national hero.[12]

María Remedios del Valle, an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria).[13]

Bahamas edit

Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973.

Barbados edit

Errol Barrow served as first Prime Minister of Barbados from 1966 to 1976.

Belize edit

George Cadle Price (1919–2011) is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize.[14][15] He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.

Bolivia edit

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia.

Brazil edit

 
Pedro I, founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil

Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America.

José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy.

Canada edit

Main article: Fathers of Confederation

The name "Fathers of Confederation" is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866, to establish the Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.[16]

Queen Victoria, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation".[17]

Caribbean Community edit

Errol Barrow (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community.[18]

Chile edit

 
Posthumous (1854) portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic. From left to right: José Miguel Carrera, Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, Diego Portales

Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.

Colombia edit

Simón Bolívar, was founder of Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia. Antonio Nariño ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic.

Costa Rica edit

Juan Mora Fernández, first Head of State of Costa Rica.[19] José María Castro Madriz, First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress[20] Juan Rafael Mora Porras, President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker, proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress.

Cuba edit

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).

José Martí is a Cuban national hero.

Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution.

Dominica edit

Patrick John served as first Prime Minister of Dominica from 1978 to 1979.

Dominican Republic edit

Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill.[21]

Ecuador edit

Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820.

El Salvador edit

José Matías Delgado is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland".[22]

Grenada edit

Eric Gairy served as head of government of Grenada from 1967 to 1979. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1974.

Guatemala edit

In 1523, Pedro de Alvarado, a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala.

Guyana edit

Explorer Christopher Columbus sighted the Guyana coast in 1498, and Spain subsequently claimed, but largely avoided, the area between the Orinoco and Amazon deltas, a region long known as the Wild Coast. It was the Dutch who finally began European settlement, establishing trading posts upriver in about 1580.Arthur Raymond Chung (10 January 1918 – 23 June 2008) was the 1st President of Guyana from 1970 to 1980.

Haiti edit

 
Toussaint Louverture of Haiti

Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti. Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti.

Honduras edit

Founders of the Honduran Nation are José Cecilio del Valle (1777–1834), Dionisio de Herrera (1781–1850), Francisco Morazán (1792–1842), José Trinidad Reyes (1797–1855), and José Trinidad Cabañas (1805–1871).

Jamaica edit

Norman Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party. Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Alexander Bustamante was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party. Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister.

Mexico edit

According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823,[23] the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), Ignacio Allende (1769–1811), Juan Aldama (1774–1811), Mariano Abasolo (1783–1816), José María Morelos (1765–1815), Mariano Matamoros (1770–1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764–1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown–1814), Hermenegildo Galeana (1762–1814), Mariano Jiménez (1781–1811), Xavier Mina (1789–1817), Pedro Moreno (1775–1817), and Víctor Rosales (1776–1817).

Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to Independence in Mexico City.[24]

Nicaragua edit

 
José Anacleto Ordóñez, "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua"

José Anacleto Ordóñez (1778–1839) is recognised as the "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua", as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America.

José Núñez (1800–1880) and Joaquín del Cossío (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838.

Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic.

Panama edit

The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila founded Panama City.

Paraguay edit

José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only prócer of the 1811 revolution, others include: Fulgencio Yegros, Pedro Juan Caballero, Fernando de la Mora, Mauricio José Troche and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as consul alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him.

General Andrés Rodríguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay, shortly after leading the 1989 coup that ended Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship. This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay.

Peru edit

José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country.[25]

Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco, is the founder of the Inca Empire.

Saint Kitts and Nevis edit

Centre-Left Labour Party founded to campaign for independence of the country in 1932.

Saint Lucia edit

Saint Lucia was first known as Louanalao by the Arawak Indians in 200 AD, meaning "Island of the Iguanas", and then Hewanorra in 800 AD when the Carib Indians arrived and assimilated their culture into Saint Lucia. Residents of Carib descent can still be found in Saint Lucia today.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines edit

The French (centred on the island of Martinique) would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719.

South America edit

 
Simón Bolívar of Venezuela

José de San Martín,[26] Simón Bolívar,[27] Antonio José de Sucre, Francisco de Paula Santander,[28] Francisco de Miranda[29] have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama.

Suriname edit

Johan Ferrier served as first President of Suriname from 1975 to 1980.

Trinidad and Tobago edit

Eric Williams served as first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962 to 1981.

Uruguay edit

José Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay. He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism.

United States edit

Main article: Founding Fathers of the United States
 
George Washington, chief among the founders of the United States, called "the Father of his country" (Pater Patriae)

Within the large group known as "the Founding Fathers", there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America.[30]

American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.

Venezuela edit

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela, but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia. José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Scholars credit president Rómulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and Hugo Chávez as the founding father of modern Venezuela.

Asia edit

Afghanistan edit

 
Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of Afghanistan

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.[31] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father).

However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan. Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation."

Armenia edit

Azerbaijan edit

Mammad Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.

Bahrain edit

Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa served as first Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1970 to 2020. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1971.

Bangladesh edit

 
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh

Apart from the founding leaders, the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government vice-president Syed Nazrul Islam, prime minister Tajuddin Ahmad, finance minister Muhammad Mansur Ali and home minister Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman (altogether known as 'Four National Leaders') and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh's independence.

Bhutan edit

Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.

Brunei edit

According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.

 
Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia

Cambodia edit

Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan.

Jayavarman II (770–850) was the founder of the Khmer Empire.

Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) declared Cambodia's independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father.

China edit

For a list of founders of major Chinese dynasties, see Dynasties in Chinese history.

The Yellow Thearch is revered as the legendary initiator of Chinese civilization, one of the cradles of civilization.[38]

Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty, the first orthodox dynasty of China, in circa 2070 BC.[39]

In 221 BC, the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin dynasty.[40] Its monarch then took the title of Huángdì (皇帝; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming Qin Shi Huang.[40]

Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president. He was officially conferred the title of Guófù (國父; "Father of the Nation") by the Nationalist government in AD 1940.[41] Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule, while the People's Republic of China considers him the Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě (革命先行者; "Forerunner of the Revolution").[42]

Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People's Republic of China,[43] even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone.[44]

 
Yellow Thearch
 
Yu the Great
 
Qin Shi Huang
 
Sun Yat-sen
 
Mao Zedong

Cyprus edit

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch".[45]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.[46]

East Timor edit

Xanana Gusmao served as President of East Timor from 2002 to 2007.

East Turkistan edit

Sabit Damolla is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the East Turkistan independence movement. He organized the Kumul Rebellion which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the First East Turkestan Republic from 1933 to 1934.

India edit

 
Mahatma Gandhi of India

Chandragupta Maurya (350-295 BCE) , the founder of the Mauryan Empire , is considered as the first unifier of India. His chief advisor, Chanakya , is regarded as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire subcontinent.

Later, directly or indirectly, majority of the subcontinent was united for a brief period under the Gupta Empire (319-550 CE), the Rashtrakutas (753 – 982 CE) , the Mughal Empire (1526-1707) and the Maratha Confederacy (1674–1818).

Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement.[47][48] He is regarded as the founder of the modern Republic of India. He is featured on the Indian rupee.

Indonesia edit

The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno, Sutan Syahrir and Tan Malaka.[49] Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia.

As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949.[50]

 
Sukarno
 
Mohammad Hatta
 
Sutan Sjahrir
 
Tan Malaka

Iran edit

Cyrus the Great (600–530 BC) was the founder of the First Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Many Iranians gather at his tomb in Pasargadae annually on the Cyrus the Great Day and Nowruz, the Persian New Year. Prior to the 1979 Revolution the 2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran took place. It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and First Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.[51][52] The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran's old civilization and history to showcase its contemporary advancements under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.[53][54]

Ruhollah Khomeini is considered the founder of the modern Islamic Republic of Iran.[55]

Israel edit

 
Theodor Herzl of Israel.

Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism, the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later.

David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel, and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism, Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right.

Other figures include Moshe Dayan, who became a war hero and symbol of the Israel Defense Forces and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda who led the revival of the Hebrew language.

Japan edit

Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō) (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the first emperor of Japan,[56] according to the traditional order of succession.[57] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day (建国記念の日, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi) is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne.[58]

Jordan edit

 
Abdullah I of Jordan

Abdullah bin Al-Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951.

He was the Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate, until 25 May 1946,[59][60] after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad, as he belongs to the Hashemite family.

Kazakhstan edit

 
Alikhan Bokeikhanov, leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.

There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov (1866–1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe. In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.

Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin, who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan, meaning December in Kazakh.

Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation".

North Korea edit

 
Dangun, Legendary founding father of Korea.

Kim Il-sung was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998.

South Korea edit

Dangun, the legendary first king of Gojoseon, is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples. His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day (개천절), which falls on 3 October. There have been many founders throughout history such as Lee Seonggye, Taejo Wang Geon, and Dongmyeong the great.

There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government, though some figures like Syngman Rhee or Kim Ku are proposed as the father of his country.

Kuwait edit

The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah. However, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence.

Kyrgyzstan edit

Askar Akayev served as first post-Soviet President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 to 2005.

Laos edit

Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day Laos, Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist–Leninist state.

Lebanon edit

Bechara El Khoury and Riad El Solh served as the first president and the first Prime Minister respectively of Lebanon after the French mandate in 1943.

Maldives edit

Sumuvvul Ameer Mohamed Ameen Dhoshimeynaa Kilegefaanu, commonly known as Mohamed Ameen Didi, was the first elected president of the Maldives in 1953. After he passed away, Muhammad Fareed Didi I (The former sultan's heir) took power. He was succeeded by the former Prime Minister of the Maldives, Ibrahim Nasir.

Malaysia edit

 
Tunku Abdul Rahman of Malaysia

Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia.

Mongolia edit

 
Genghis Khan posthumous portrait

Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia.[citation needed] Although downcast during the communist-era, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990.

Myanmar edit

Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan.

General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burma Independence Army, spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma campaign. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon.

U Nu served as first Prime Minister of Myanmar from 1948 to 1956.

General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw. On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a military coup that brought him to power. Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years.

Nepal edit

 
Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal, and is considered to be the founder of Nepal. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress.[61] Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendants continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008.

Oman edit

Sultan Qaboos bin Said changed the name of the country from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to simply Oman.

Pakistan edit

 
Muhammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan

Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state. Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Abdul Rab Nishtar, Malik Feroze Khan Noon, Khwaja Nazimuddin and I. I. Chundrigar.

Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views.

Palestine edit

 
Yasser Arafat of Palestine

Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat has been considered by some commentators as being the "founding father" of Palestine.[62][63] Born in 1929 in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat soon became a supporter of Arab nationalism and anti-Zionism; in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood against the newly independent State of Israel.[64] From 1969 until 2004, he served as the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a Palestinian nationalist organization which engaged in a numerous guerrilla conflicts with the Israel Defense Forces during the second half of the 20th century.[65]

Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government, acknowledging Israel's right to exist in a UN resolution and supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit.[66] In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the Palestinian territories, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year. Among Palestinians, Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people.[67]

Philippines edit

 
José Rizal of the Philippines

There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere, and El Filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Manuel Roxas served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948.

 
Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia

Qatar edit

Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar. He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity.

Saudi Arabia edit

King Abdulaziz Al Saud, also known as Ibn Saud, is the founding father of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He served as first King from 1932 to 1953.

Singapore edit

 
Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), often referred to by his initials "LKY", was the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades, from 1959 to 1990. Lee has helped to build the economy from a third world country to a first world country and turned Singapore into a metropolis after the separation from Malaysia in 1965.

 
Don Stephen Senanayaka of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka edit

Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with King Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. D. S. Senanayake (1883–1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) father of the nation. William Gopallawa (1896–1981) was the first Constitutional President while J. R. Jayewardene (1906–1996) was the first Executive President.

Syria edit

Hashim al-Atassi, who had been Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign, was the first president to be elected under a new constitution, effectively the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria.

Tajikistan edit

Emomali Rahmon was the first president of Tajikistan and founder of the country. He has been in office since 1994 after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Thailand edit

 
Atatürk, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey

Turkey edit

  • Alp Arslan (1029–1072) was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south and northwest, and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia.
  • Osman I (1258–1324), was the leader of the Kayi tribe and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty.
  • Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
  • Mahmud II (1785–1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization"). Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.
  • Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) in 1923.[68] He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic.[69]

Turkmenistan edit

Saparmurat Niyazov served as first post-Soviet President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006.

United Arab Emirates edit

Initially independent emirates part of the Trucial states, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the United Arab Emirates by joining the seven independent emirates into a federation.

Uzbekistan edit

In Uzbekistan, no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history.

 
Muhammad Shaybani the Uzbek ruler, founder of Shaybanid Dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara
 
Amir Timur

Amir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan, as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood.

Another significant historical figure, Muhammad Shaybani, is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.

 
Fayzulla Xoʻjayev in 1896

And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement. This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia.

Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan. He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture and language, including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union. His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity.

Vietnam edit

Kinh Dương Vương – Lạc Long Quân and the Hùng Kings were the founders of the Hồng Bàng dynasty – the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam.

Yemen edit

Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ruled as first independent King of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 to 1948.

Europe edit

Albania edit

 
Ismail Kemal of Albania

Ismail Kemal (24 January 1844 – 26 January 1919) was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first prime minister and head of state and government.

Andorra edit

The first Co-Princes of Andorra were Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix and Pere d'Urtx, Bishop of Urgell, who signed the Paréage, which gave them joint sovereignty over Andorra in 1278.

Austria edit

Karl Renner, who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post-war President of Austria after World War II, is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic, and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic.

Belarus edit

Belgium edit

Though there is no official founding father of Belgium, the leaders of the Belgian Revolution, Charles Rogier and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, as well as the first King of the Belgians, Leopold I, were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Bosnia and Herzegovina edit

Bulgaria edit

Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC.

Medieval edit

Modern edit

Croatia edit

  • Višeslav was one of the first dukes of Croatia, and the early attested by name.
  • Tomislav is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the first united Croatian state.
  • Ante Starčević, has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.
  • Franjo Tuđman, first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990–99.[77] Sometimes referred to as and self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation".[78]

Cyprus edit

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch".[45]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.[46]

Czech Republic edit

Denmark edit

 
Gorm the Old
 
Niels Ebbesen (1308 – 21 November 1340)
  • Dan (king) (or Halfdan) is the name of the legendary earliest king of the Danes and Denmark, mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts. He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.
  • Gorm the Old, the first recorded ruler of Denmark, reigning from c.  936 to his death c.  958. The current Queen Margrethe II of Denmark can trace her heritage back to Gorm the Old. He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark, though at the time he did not control the whole country, only Jutland.
  • Harald Bluetooth was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes, which is proclaimed on the Jelling stone.
  • Niels Ebbesen was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark, which had been patented away to German barons and landlords. He is known for his killing of Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg in 1340, and in doing so returning control of Jutland and Funen back to the Danish king.

Estonia edit

Edgar Savisaar served as first post-Soviet Prime Minister of Estonia from 1991 to 1992.

Finland edit

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud served as first Prime Minister of Finland from 1917 to 1918.

France edit

Georgia edit

Germany edit

 
Otto von Bismarck

Before the national unification of Germany in 1871, German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius, Charlemagne and – as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner – Henry the Fowler. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871.[citation needed]

Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee, and by the first German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. For reunified Germany, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany.[citation needed]

Greece edit

Ancient edit

Modern edit

Hungary edit

According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Árpád. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary. Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic.

Iceland edit

Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement.[81] He was the first president of the Althingi, restored as a legislative branch in 1875.

Ireland edit

The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), in which Éamon de Valera, Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (1922–23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic: Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Éamonn Ceannt, Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, and Joseph Plunkett.

Italy edit

Ancient edit

 
Augustus

Modern Italy edit

 
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Kosovo edit

It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia. Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo, and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021.

Latvia edit

Most Latvians regard Kārlis Ulmanis, a key figure in the Latvian war of independence and four-times Prime Minister of Latvia, as being the founding father of modern Latvia.

Liechtenstein edit

Lithuania edit

The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, Mindaugas, is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on Statehood Day on 6 July.[84] Dr. Jonas Basanavičius, activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state, is universally considered the "Patriarch of the Nation".[85]

Luxembourg edit

Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes

Malta edit

Anthony Mamo (1909–2008) was the first president of the Republic of Malta.

Moldova edit

Monaco edit

Montenegro edit

Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era.

Netherlands edit

Prince William I of Orange (1533–1584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands ("Father of the Fatherland").[89]

North Macedonia edit

Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia).[90]

Norway edit

Poland edit

 
Mieszko I of Poland

Legendary:

Kingdom of Poland and Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów:

  • Mieszko I (c. 920/45–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire. In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called "Dagome iudex", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).
  • Bolesław I Chrobry (967–1025), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. He supported the missionary views of Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, and Bruno of Querfurt. The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno. This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno, bishoprics were also established in Kraków, Wrocław and Kołobrzeg, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev, where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's Golden Gate. Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called Szczerbiec ("Jagged Sword") would become the coronation sword of Poland's kings. Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist, and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen, Lusatia, and Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland. He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex (Latin: "king").
 
Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Władysław II Jagiełło rule.
 
Gen. Józef Piłsudski (first on the left) Ignacy Jan Paderewski (next to Piłsudski in the a civil coat) and Stanisław Wojciechowski (behind Paderewski), future second President of Poland, during the opening ceremony of the Legislative Sejm, 9 February 1919.

Fathers of Polish Independence:

Portugal edit

Romania edit

  • Burebista is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes. He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the Adriatic Sea and Southern Germany, from east to the Black Sea, from north to Southern Poland and from south to Greek Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero. The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania's history.
  • Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars.[citation needed]
  • Basarab I the Founder (c. 1270-1351/1352) was the great voivode of Wallachia. Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. In 1330 he defeated Charles I of Hungary at the battle of Posada, and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded. He founded the Basarab dynasty and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries. From the middle of the 14th century, some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name: "Basarab", when referring to Wallachia.
  • Michael the Brave (1558–1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians, as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
  • Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.
  • Carol I was the first King of Romania that obtained the independence of the country.
  • Ion C. Brătianu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
  • Mihail Kogălniceanu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
  • Ferdinand I was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia.

Russia edit

San Marino edit

Saint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.

Serbia edit

Slovakia edit

Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder.

Slovenia edit

France Bučar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president.

Spain edit

 
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, unified Spain in the 15th century. Both came from the noble House of Trastámara. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch. His successor, Philip II of Spain, established a capital in Madrid. The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain, who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country.

Sweden edit

While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl, father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66.

Gustav I of Sweden, who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.

Switzerland edit

Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jakob Stämpfli, Jonas Furrer, Josef Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.[citation needed]

Ukraine edit

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king.

Mykhailo Hrushevsky was the President the Central Council of Ukraine People's Republic.

Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991.

United Kingdom edit

 
Robert Walpole

James VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain (both England and Scotland). Robert Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Vatican City edit

Peter the Apostle is seen as the first pope.

Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI.

Oceania edit

Australia edit

Early colonial era edit

Late colonial and federation era edit

 
Sir Henry Parkes, colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation"
  • Sir Henry Parkes is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.[95]
  • Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.
  • Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers.[96]
  • John Dunmore Lang. Although passing away over two decades before federation, John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the British Empire.[97][98]
  • Sir Edmund Barton was the first Australian Prime Minister. Unlike many other nation's inaugural leaders, he is not often regarded as a Founder of Australia

Federated States of Micronesia edit

Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia".[99][100]

Fiji edit

Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent Fiji.[101][102][103][104][105]

Kiribati edit

The I-Kiribati or Gilbertese people settled what would become known as the Gilbert Islands (named for British captain Thomas Gilbert by von Krusenstern in 1820) some time in between 3000 BC[1] [2] and 1300 AD.

Marshall Islands edit

The British naval captains John Marshall and Thomas Gilbert partially explored the Marshalls in 1788, but much of the mapping was done by Russian expeditions under Adam Johann Krusenstern (1803) and Otto von Kotzebue (1815 and 1823).

Nauru edit

Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as president for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians.

New Zealand edit

Maori people consider Kupe, a mythologised figure who led the first Polynesian migration to New Zealand from Hawaiki in the 10th century, to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori. In the 19th century, the Scottish businessman, James Busby, drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi with the Royal Navy officer, William Hobson. It is considered by many to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand.[citation needed]

Palau edit

Palau was truly discovered by the Europeans on 28 December 1696 when the first map of Palau was drawn by the Czech missionary Paul Klein.

Papua New Guinea edit

Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea.[106][107][108][109] The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister.

Samoa edit

In 1722, Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see the islands. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), the man who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768.

Solomon Islands edit

It is believed that at least 30,000 years ago, the first Papuan settlement from New Guinea happened in the Solomon Islands. Most of the languages spoken in the Solomons derive from this era. Spanish explorer Alvoro de Mendana was the first European to officially sight the islands and found signs of gold on Guadalcanal.

Tonga edit

 
George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of Tonga

King George Tupou I, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father".[110][111]

Tuvalu edit

Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands.

Vanuatu edit

The first settlers to arrive in Vanuatu are believed to have arrived by canoe approximately 3,500 years ago from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In 1606, the Portuguese explorer, Pedro Fernández de Quirós, discovered the island of Espiritu Santo, which he thought was a great southern continent.

Former states and other territories edit

Arabian Peninsula edit

After the Hijrah (622), the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day Medina. This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both Jews and Arab pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the Battle of Badr (624) saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised. Eventually, at the Conquest of Mecca (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies sent across Arabia, including Yemen. The last Persian governor Badhan converted to Islam (628), thus including Southern Arabia under Islamic rule. Pre-Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion.

Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires.

Bohemia edit

Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the "Father of the Homeland" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.

Czechoslovakia edit

Kingdom of England edit

It was King Athelstan (893/95–939) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871–899), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder.

Kingdom of Hawaiʻi edit

Polynesians arrived on the islands from 1000-1200 AD, becoming Native Hawaiians. However, it was in 1795 when King Kamehameha I conceived the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and unified the islands, beginning modern Hawaiian history.

Ancient Korea edit

For ancient Korea, Hwanung (환웅/桓雄) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검/檀君王儉) were the legendary founders of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (개천절/開天節, lit. 'Festival of the Opening of Heaven'). However, in North Korea, Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea.

Ottoman Empire edit

 
Osman I, the founding father of the Turkish Empire

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire, which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum, with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire.[112]

Russian Empire edit

Kingdom of Scotland edit

It was King Kenneth MacAlpin (841–858) who united Pictland and Scotland, around the year 843, when he became King of Scots, as opposed to his previous title, King of Dál Riada. However, his fame is partly eclipsed by Malcolm III (1058–1093), who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland, after annexing Strathclyde.[116]

The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace (c. 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England.[117]

Serbia and Montenegro edit

Soviet Union edit

 
Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party.
 
Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution.

Republic of Texas edit

Wales edit

Republic of Vietnam edit

Ngô Đình Diệm (1901–1963), first president of South Vietnam.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia edit

King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, known as Alexander the Unifier.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia edit

Josip Broz Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980).

Union of South Africa edit

  • Louis Botha was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, and Jan Smuts, its second prime minister, was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent polls as the Union of South Africa's greatest historical leader.
  • Jan van Riebeeck was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era, being featured on statues and the country's currency (although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man).[126][127]

Zaire edit

Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president.

References edit

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  2. ^ The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, Egypt in Transition, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008, . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009. (accessed 29 October 2008); Metz, Helen, Chapin. "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48," Egypt: a Country Study, 1990, http://countrystudies.us/egypt/ (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48: The Father of Modern Egypt," Travel to Egypt – Egypt Travel Guide, 2007, http://www.travel-to-egypt.net/muhammad-ali.html (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt," Answer.com, 2008, http://www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-ali (accessed 29 October 2008).
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February 16, 2024
list, national, founders, founding, fathers, redirects, here, founding, fathers, united, states, founding, fathers, united, states, founding, fathers, european, union, founding, fathers, european, union, founding, father, redirects, here, short, story, isaac, . Founding fathers redirects here For the founding fathers of the United States see Founding Fathers of the United States For the founding fathers of the European Union see Founding fathers of the European Union Founding Father redirects here For the short story by Isaac Asimov see Founding Father short story Further information Father of the Nation This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items April 2012 This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of national founders news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The following is a list of national founders of sovereign states who were credited with establishing a state National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance i e political system form of government and constitution of the country They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the establishment of a sovereign state Contents 1 Africa 1 1 Algeria 1 2 Angola 1 3 Benin 1 4 Botswana 1 5 Burkina Faso 1 6 Burundi 1 7 Cameroon 1 8 Cape Verde 1 9 Central African Republic 1 10 Chad 1 11 Comoros 1 12 Republic of the Congo 1 13 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 14 Djibouti 1 15 Egypt 1 16 Equatorial Guinea 1 17 Eritrea 1 18 Eswatini 1 19 Ethiopia 1 20 Gabon 1 21 The Gambia 1 22 Ghana 1 23 Guinea 1 24 Guinea Bissau 1 25 Ivory Coast 1 26 Kenya 1 27 Lesotho 1 28 Liberia 1 29 Libya 1 30 Madagascar 1 31 Malawi 1 32 Mali 1 33 Mauritania 1 34 Mauritius 1 35 Morocco 1 36 Mozambique 1 37 Namibia 1 38 Niger 1 39 Nigeria 1 40 Rwanda 1 41 Sao Tome and Principe 1 42 Sierra Leone 1 43 Senegal 1 44 Seychelles 1 45 Somalia 1 46 Republic of Somaliland 1 47 Republic of South Africa 1 48 South Sudan 1 49 Sudan 1 50 Tanzania 1 51 Togo 1 52 Tunisia 1 53 Uganda 1 54 Zambia 1 55 Zimbabwe 2 Americas 2 1 Antigua and Barbuda 2 2 Argentina 2 3 Bahamas 2 4 Barbados 2 5 Belize 2 6 Bolivia 2 7 Brazil 2 8 Canada 2 9 Caribbean Community 2 10 Chile 2 11 Colombia 2 12 Costa Rica 2 13 Cuba 2 14 Dominica 2 15 Dominican Republic 2 16 Ecuador 2 17 El Salvador 2 18 Grenada 2 19 Guatemala 2 20 Guyana 2 21 Haiti 2 22 Honduras 2 23 Jamaica 2 24 Mexico 2 25 Nicaragua 2 26 Panama 2 27 Paraguay 2 28 Peru 2 29 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 30 Saint Lucia 2 31 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 32 South America 2 33 Suriname 2 34 Trinidad and Tobago 2 35 Uruguay 2 36 United States 2 37 Venezuela 3 Asia 3 1 Afghanistan 3 2 Armenia 3 3 Azerbaijan 3 4 Bahrain 3 5 Bangladesh 3 6 Bhutan 3 7 Brunei 3 8 Cambodia 3 9 China 3 10 Cyprus 3 11 East Timor 3 12 East Turkistan 3 13 India 3 14 Indonesia 3 15 Iran 3 16 Israel 3 17 Japan 3 18 Jordan 3 19 Kazakhstan 3 20 North Korea 3 21 South Korea 3 22 Kuwait 3 23 Kyrgyzstan 3 24 Laos 3 25 Lebanon 3 26 Maldives 3 27 Malaysia 3 28 Mongolia 3 29 Myanmar 3 30 Nepal 3 31 Oman 3 32 Pakistan 3 33 Palestine 3 34 Philippines 3 35 Qatar 3 36 Saudi Arabia 3 37 Singapore 3 38 Sri Lanka 3 39 Syria 3 40 Tajikistan 3 41 Thailand 3 42 Turkey 3 43 Turkmenistan 3 44 United Arab Emirates 3 45 Uzbekistan 3 46 Vietnam 3 47 Yemen 4 Europe 4 1 Albania 4 2 Andorra 4 3 Austria 4 4 Belarus 4 5 Belgium 4 6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 7 Bulgaria 4 7 1 Medieval 4 7 2 Modern 4 8 Croatia 4 9 Cyprus 4 10 Czech Republic 4 11 Denmark 4 12 Estonia 4 13 Finland 4 14 France 4 15 Georgia 4 16 Germany 4 17 Greece 4 17 1 Ancient 4 17 2 Modern 4 18 Hungary 4 19 Iceland 4 20 Ireland 4 21 Italy 4 21 1 Ancient 4 21 2 Modern Italy 4 22 Kosovo 4 23 Latvia 4 24 Liechtenstein 4 25 Lithuania 4 26 Luxembourg 4 27 Malta 4 28 Moldova 4 29 Monaco 4 30 Montenegro 4 31 Netherlands 4 32 North Macedonia 4 33 Norway 4 34 Poland 4 35 Portugal 4 36 Romania 4 37 Russia 4 38 San Marino 4 39 Serbia 4 40 Slovakia 4 41 Slovenia 4 42 Spain 4 43 Sweden 4 44 Switzerland 4 45 Ukraine 4 46 United Kingdom 4 47 Vatican City 5 Oceania 5 1 Australia 5 1 1 Early colonial era 5 1 2 Late colonial and federation era 5 2 Federated States of Micronesia 5 3 Fiji 5 4 Kiribati 5 5 Marshall Islands 5 6 Nauru 5 7 New Zealand 5 8 Palau 5 9 Papua New Guinea 5 10 Samoa 5 11 Solomon Islands 5 12 Tonga 5 13 Tuvalu 5 14 Vanuatu 6 Former states and other territories 6 1 Arabian Peninsula 6 2 Bohemia 6 3 Czechoslovakia 6 4 Kingdom of England 6 5 Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 6 6 Ancient Korea 6 7 Ottoman Empire 6 8 Russian Empire 6 9 Kingdom of Scotland 6 10 Serbia and Montenegro 6 11 Soviet Union 6 12 Republic of Texas 6 13 Wales 6 14 Republic of Vietnam 6 15 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 6 16 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 6 17 Union of South Africa 6 18 Zaire 7 ReferencesAfrica editAlgeria edit Ahmed Ben Bella served as first Prime Minister of Algeria from 1962 to 1963 then as first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965 Angola edit Agostinho Neto served as first President of Angola from 1975 to 1979 Benin edit Hubert Maga served as first President of Dahomey from 1960 to 1963 Botswana edit Seretse Khama served as first President of Botswana from 1966 to 1980 Burkina Faso edit Thomas Sankara served as first President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987 Burundi edit Michel Micombero was the first President of Burundi from 1966 to 1976 Cameroon edit Ahmadou Ahidjo served as first President of Cameroon from 1960 to 1982 Cape Verde edit Amilcar Cabral var Amilcar Lopes da Costa Cabral 1924 1973 was an agricultural engineer writer and a nationalist thinker and political leader He was also one of Africa s foremost anti colonial leaders Amilcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea Bissau He was assassinated on 20 January 1973 several months before Guinea Bissau s unilateral declaration of independence He is considered a founder of Cape Verde Aristides Pereira served as first President of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991 Central African Republic edit David Dacko served as first President of Central African Republic from 1960 to 1966 The constitution outlines him as being the Founding Father Chad edit Francois Tombalbaye served as first President of Chad from 1960 to 1975 Comoros edit Ahmed Abdallah State of the Comoros First president of the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros Ali Soilih State of the Comoros First president Azali Assoumani Union of the Comoros Republic of the Congo edit Fulbert Youlou served as first President of the Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1963 Democratic Republic of the Congo edit Patrice Lumumba Joseph Kasa Vubu Albert Kalonji Jean Bolikango Cleophas Kamitatu and Paul Bolya are all considered Fathers of Independence in the Congo 1 Djibouti edit Hassan Gouled Aptidon served as first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999 Egypt edit nbsp Saad Zaghloul is seen as the founder of independent Egypt Zaeem al Ummah Leader of the Nation citation needed There is no agreed founder of Egypt as the area was politically unified around 3000 BC and has since endured multiple changes in terms of government and polities The ruler who unified upper and lower Egypt is widely identified with Narmer or Menes who are regarded by many scholars as the same person citation needed The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali 1769 1849 is the Father of Modern Egypt being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime he was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state 2 The Founder of Independent Egypt Saad Zaghloul 1859 1927 was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919 Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt later King Fuad I convince the British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British Egyptian relationship and in 1922 Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956 Equatorial Guinea edit Francisco Macias Nguema served as first President of Equatorial Guinea from 1968 to 1979 Eritrea edit Isaias Afwerki serves as first President of Eritrea from 1993 to present Eswatini edit Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780 He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini Ethiopia edit Menelik I is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B C 975 950 B C Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A D Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state Gabon edit Leon M ba served as first President of Gabon from 1961 to 1967 The Gambia edit Dawda Jawara served as first Prime Minister of the Gambia from 1962 to 1970 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1965 Ghana edit Kwame Nkrumah 1909 1972 led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 Guinea edit Ahmed Sekou Toure var Ahmed Seku Turay 1922 1984 was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984 Toure was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union Guinea Bissau edit Luis Cabral served as first President of Guinea Bissau from 1973 to 1980 Ivory Coast edit Felix Houphouet Boigny served as first President of Ivory Coast from 1960 to 1993 Kenya edit Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister 1963 1964 and President 1964 1978 of the Republic Oginga Odinga served as the first vice president Lesotho edit Leabua Jonathan served as Prime Minister of Lesotho from 1965 to 1986 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1966 Liberia edit Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1809 1876 was born a free man of African American descent He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of the American Colonization Society In 1839 Roberts became Liberia s lieutenant governor and afterwards its governor 1841 1848 He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia s independence in 1847 3 The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo Liberian people Libya edit King Idris Al sanusi also known as Idris I of Libya 1889 1983 was the first and only king of Libya reigning from 1951 to 1969 and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order Idris as Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949 He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya the third being Fezzan 4 By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951 A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951 Madagascar edit The King Radama I the first Malagasy sovereign to be recognized as King of Madagascar 1810 1828 Philibert Tsiranana the first President of Madagascar from 1959 to 1972 Malawi edit Hastings Banda served as first Prime Minister of Malawi from 1964 to 1966 then as first President from 1966 to 1994 Mali edit Modibo Keita served as first President of Mali from 1960 to 1968 Mauritania edit Moktar Ould Daddah served as first President of Mauritania from 1960 to 1978 Mauritius edit Seewoosagur Ramgoolam served as first Prime Minister of Mauritius from 1968 to 1982 Morocco edit The first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788 The Alawi dynasty which rules the country to this day was established by Sharif bin Ali in 1631 Sultan Mohammed V who secured Moroccan independence in 1956 declared himself the first King of Morocco in 1957 Mozambique edit Samora Machel served as first President of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986 Namibia edit Dr Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma served as first President of Namibia from 1990 to 2005 Andimba Toivo ya Toivo was the iconic figure of the Namibian Liberation struggle Hosea Kutako is considered by many as the Father of Namibian Nationalism Hendrik Witbooi was the Nama captain who led the early resistance against Germans in the late 1800s Jonker Afrikaner was the founder of the first rudimentary state in the territory of Namibia Niger edit Hamani Diori served as first President of Niger from 1960 to 1974 Nigeria edit Herbert Macaulay 1864 1946 Professor Eyo Ita 1903 1972 Alvan Ikoku 1900 1971 Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe 1904 1996 Chief Obafemi Awolowo 1909 1987 Al Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello 1910 1966 Al Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 1912 1966 served as first Prime Minister of Nigeria from 1957 to 1966 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1960 Chief Anthony Enahoro 1923 2010 Sir Egbert Udo Udoma 1917 1998 Al Haji Aminu Kano 1920 1983 Chief S A Ajayi 1910 1994 Joseph Tarka 1932 1980 Dennis Osadebay 1911 1994 All are considered founders of Nigeria The troika of Obafemi Awolowo Nnamdi Azikiwe and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria s independence from Britain aided by such figures as Chief Funmilayo Ransome Kuti Rwanda edit Gregoire Kayibanda served as first President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973 Sao Tome and Principe edit Manuel Pinto da Costa served as first President of Sao Tome and Principe from 1975 to 1991 Sierra Leone edit Freetown Sierra Leone was founded in part by a Black American soldier Thomas Peters in 1792 after managing to convince British abolitionists to help settle 1 192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom Peters alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson were influential in the establishment of Freetown but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone The descendants of Peters and the Black American founders form part of the Sierra Leone Creole or Krio ethnicity today 5 6 and in 2011 a statue was erected in Freetown to honour him 7 Senegal edit The founder of modern Senegal is Leopold Sedar Senghor He served as first President from 1960 to 1980 Seychelles edit James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977 He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa He considered himself the self proclaimed Founding Father however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France Albert Rene who led the country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa Somalia edit The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia s independence since the 1940s with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL s independence movement in Mogadishu Republic of Somaliland edit Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland Republic of South Africa edit Nelson Mandela 1918 2013 was the President of South Africa in office from 1994 to 1999 He led the negotiations together with F W de Klerk to racially integrate and unite the country Other anti apartheid activists include Oliver Tambo Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Joe Slovo Ahmed Kathrada Raymond Mhlaba Robert Sobukwe Joe Modise Jacob Zuma Chris Hani Desmond TutuSouth Sudan edit John Garang was the main figure involved in spawning and leading the South Sudanese Independence Movement Even though he did not live to see his country attain independence he is often regarded as the Father of the Nation Salva Kiir Mayardit serves as first President of South Sudan from 2011 to present Sudan edit Ibrahim Abboud served as first President of Sudan from 1958 to 1964 Tanzania edit nbsp Julius NyerereBeing the first President of Tanzania Julius Nyerere was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania s independence He is often regarded as the Father of the Nation Togo edit Sylvanus Olympio served as first President of Togo from 1960 to 1963 Tunisia edit Habib Bourguiba considered the founder of modern Tunisia led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister then abolished its monarchy and served as the country s first President from 1957 to 1987 during his leadership he modernized Tunisia built schools and hospitals and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day Uganda edit Milton Obote was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962 Following the nation s independence he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then again from 1980 to 1985 Zambia edit nbsp Kenneth KaundaKenneth Kaunda 1924 2021 is the prominent icon in the independence and unification of Zambia He served as first President from 1964 to 1991 However there are important personalities like Simon Kapwepwe and Harry Nkumbula 1916 18 that fairly deserve recognition Together in their different capacities they led the nation to freedom Zimbabwe edit Abel Muzorewa 1925 2010 was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia Robert Mugabe 1924 2019 was the leader of ZANU PF Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017 Others Rekayi Tangwena Tichafa Samuel Parirenyatwa Joshua Nkomo Leopold Takawira Simon Muzenda Ndabaningi Sithole Herbert Chitepo Josiah Tongogara Enos Nkala Edgar Tekere George Nyandoro James Chikerema Solomon Mujuru Alfred Nikita Mangena Josiah Tungamirai Jason Ziyaphapha Moyo George Silundika Dumiso Dabengwa Lookout MasukuAmericas editAntigua and Barbuda edit Vere Bird served as first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1981 to 1994 Argentina edit nbsp The Argentine military commander Jose de San Martin is known as the Liberator of Argentina Chile and Peru 8 The military commander Jose de San Martin was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence 1810 1818 in Argentina where he is known as the Father of the Homeland Spanish Padre de la Patria and the date of his death or Passage to Immortality Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish is commemorated as a national holiday 9 One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence San Martin played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero 10 One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes when he crossed the mountain range from present day Argentina to present day Chile in a surprise attack on royalist forces 11 Manuel Belgrano another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina is also widely regarded as a national hero 12 Maria Remedios del Valle an Afro Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence is regarded as the Mother of the Homeland Spanish Madre de la Patria 13 Bahamas edit Lynden Pindling is considered the Father of the Nation He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973 Barbados edit Errol Barrow served as first Prime Minister of Barbados from 1966 to 1976 Belize edit George Cadle Price 1919 2011 is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize 14 15 He served as head of government of British Honduras later Belize from 1961 to 1984 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981 Bolivia edit Simon Bolivar 1783 1830 and Antonio Jose de Sucre 1795 1830 are considered to be the founders of Bolivia Brazil edit nbsp Pedro I founder and first ruler of the Empire of BrazilPedro Alvares Cabral 1467 68 1520 commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America Jose Bonifacio de Andrada 1763 1838 known as Patriarch of Independence is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence and Pedro I of Brazil 1798 1834 son of the King Joao VI of Portugal the symbol of the center of force and union according to the Bonifacio strategy Canada edit Main article Fathers of ConfederationThe name Fathers of Confederation is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864 and the London Conference of 1866 to establish the Canadian Confederation There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation 16 Queen Victoria who supported and encouraged this process is known as the Mother of Confederation She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada s capital city The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation 17 Caribbean Community edit Errol Barrow Barbados 1920 1987 Forbes Burnham Guyana 1923 1985 Michael Manley Jamaica 1924 1997 and Eric Williams Trinidad and Tobago 1911 1981 were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community 18 Chile edit nbsp Posthumous 1854 portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic From left to right Jose Miguel Carrera Bernardo O Higgins Jose de San Martin Diego PortalesBernardo O Higgins 1778 1842 and Jose Miguel Carrera 1785 1821 are usually considered the founders of Chile Diego Portales 1793 1837 is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution Colombia edit Simon Bolivar was founder of Gran Colombia which also included Panama Ecuador and Venezuela Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia Antonio Narino Precursor of the Independence and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic Costa Rica edit Juan Mora Fernandez first Head of State of Costa Rica 19 Jose Maria Castro Madriz First President of the Republic and proclaimed Founder of the Republic by Congress 20 Juan Rafael Mora Porras President during Costa Rica s campaign against William Walker proclaimed Hero and Liberator by Congress Cuba edit Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is considered the Cuban Founding Father In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba which began the Ten Years War 1868 1878 Jose Marti is a Cuban national hero Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution Dominica edit Patrick John served as first Prime Minister of Dominica from 1978 to 1979 Dominican Republic edit Matias Ramon Mella 1816 1864 Juan Pablo Duarte 1813 1876 and Francisco del Rosario Sanchez 1817 1861 are considered the Fathers of the Country Duarte is featured on the 1 coin and on the now discontinued 1 bill Sanchez on the 5 coin and on the also discontinued 5 bill Mella on the 10 coin and on the also discontinued 10 bill 21 Ecuador edit Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador s independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820 El Salvador edit Jose Matias Delgado is considered to be the Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland 22 Grenada edit Eric Gairy served as head of government of Grenada from 1967 to 1979 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1974 Guatemala edit In 1523 Pedro de Alvarado a member of Hernan Cortes group that conquered Mexico was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala Guyana edit Explorer Christopher Columbus sighted the Guyana coast in 1498 and Spain subsequently claimed but largely avoided the area between the Orinoco and Amazon deltas a region long known as the Wild Coast It was the Dutch who finally began European settlement establishing trading posts upriver in about 1580 Arthur Raymond Chung 10 January 1918 23 June 2008 was the 1st President of Guyana from 1970 to 1980 Haiti edit nbsp Toussaint Louverture of HaitiToussaint Louverture 1743 1803 and Jean Jacques Dessalines 1758 1806 were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti Henri Christophe and Alexandre Petion were also important figures of early Haiti Honduras edit Founders of the Honduran Nation are Jose Cecilio del Valle 1777 1834 Dionisio de Herrera 1781 1850 Francisco Morazan 1792 1842 Jose Trinidad Reyes 1797 1855 and Jose Trinidad Cabanas 1805 1871 Jamaica edit Norman Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country s population in 1944 along with founding the People s National Party Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962 Alexander Bustamante was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party Bustamante served as the then colony s first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 becoming the country s first Prime Minister Mexico edit According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823 23 the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753 1811 Ignacio Allende 1769 1811 Juan Aldama 1774 1811 Mariano Abasolo 1783 1816 Jose Maria Morelos 1765 1815 Mariano Matamoros 1770 1814 Leonardo Bravo 1764 1812 Miguel Bravo unknown 1814 Hermenegildo Galeana 1762 1814 Mariano Jimenez 1781 1811 Xavier Mina 1789 1817 Pedro Moreno 1775 1817 and Victor Rosales 1776 1817 Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to Independence in Mexico City 24 Nicaragua edit nbsp Jose Anacleto Ordonez First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua Jose Anacleto Ordonez 1778 1839 is recognised as the First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823 Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America Jose Nunez 1800 1880 and Joaquin del Cossio 1789 unknown were the most important figures in Nicaragua s Independence as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State s Independence from the FRCA in 1838 Fruto Chamorro 1804 1855 is considered as Founder of the Republic as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic Panama edit The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510 Then on 25 September 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila founded Panama City Paraguay edit Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay He was named perpetual dictator as of the country s formation Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country Rodriguez de Francia was not the only procer of the 1811 revolution others include Fulgencio Yegros Pedro Juan Caballero Fernando de la Mora Mauricio Jose Troche and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe Yegros also served as consul alongside Francia shortly before being deposed by him General Andres Rodriguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay shortly after leading the 1989 coup that ended Alfredo Stroessner s dictatorship This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay Peru edit Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led Peru to independence and forged the country 25 Pachacuti the 9th Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco is the founder of the Inca Empire Saint Kitts and Nevis edit Centre Left Labour Party founded to campaign for independence of the country in 1932 Saint Lucia edit Saint Lucia was first known as Louanalao by the Arawak Indians in 200 AD meaning Island of the Iguanas and then Hewanorra in 800 AD when the Carib Indians arrived and assimilated their culture into Saint Lucia Residents of Carib descent can still be found in Saint Lucia today Saint Vincent and the Grenadines edit The French centred on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St Vincent in 1719 South America edit nbsp Simon Bolivar of VenezuelaJose de San Martin 26 Simon Bolivar 27 Antonio Jose de Sucre Francisco de Paula Santander 28 Francisco de Miranda 29 have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina Chile Venezuela Colombia Peru Ecuador Bolivia and Panama Suriname edit Johan Ferrier served as first President of Suriname from 1975 to 1980 Trinidad and Tobago edit Eric Williams served as first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962 to 1981 Uruguay edit Jose Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay He was a staunch democrat and federalist opposed to monarchism and centralism United States edit Main article Founding Fathers of the United States nbsp George Washington chief among the founders of the United States called the Father of his country Pater Patriae Within the large group known as the Founding Fathers there are two key subsets the Signers who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Framers who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the Founding Fathers including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who whether as politicians jurists statesmen soldiers diplomats and ordinary citizens took part in winning U S independence and creating the United States of America 30 American historian Richard B Morris in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries identified the following seven figures as the key founders John Adams Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton John Jay Thomas Jefferson James Madison and George Washington Venezuela edit Simon Bolivar 1783 1830 is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela but of many of the region s countries as the Gran Colombia which also included Panama Ecuador and Colombia Jose Antonio Paez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country Scholars credit president Romulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela and Hugo Chavez as the founding father of modern Venezuela Asia editAfghanistan edit nbsp Ahmad Shah Durrani founder of AfghanistanAhmad Shah Durrani 1723 1773 unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747 31 His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar Afghanistan where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba Ahmad Shah the Father However the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah the last King of Afghanistan Due to this the Afghan parliament gave him the title of Father of the Nation Armenia edit Hayk Nahapet is considered the traditional founder of Armenia to which he gave his namesake Hayk Hayastan and occasionally as the ancestor to all Armenians He was explained in the Movses Khorenatsi book History of Armenia book to have established Armenia as a home for his people around Lake Van where Hayk and his people battled with and were then free from the tyranny of the Neo Assyrian Empire and Nimrod in 2492 BC Aram Manukian is considered the founder of the First Republic of Armenia 32 33 34 35 36 Azerbaijan edit Mammad Amin Rasulzade Azerbaijani Mehemmed Emin Axund Haci Molla Elekber oglu Resulzade Turkish Mehmed Emin Resulzade 1884 1955 was an Azerbaijani statesman scholar public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic 1918 1920 His expression Bir kere yukselen bayraq bir daha enmez The flag once raised will never fall became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century Bahrain edit Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa served as first Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1970 to 2020 Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1971 Bangladesh edit nbsp Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is considered by many as the founding father of BangladeshThe first Sultan of Bengal Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah is often credited for unifying the Bengal region which he named Bangalah under a single politico social and linguistic identity Bangali people in 1352 37 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman known with the honorary title Bangabandhu is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh He led Bengali nation to the decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan finally resulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani are considered as three primary founders of Bangladesh who shaped the Bengali nationalism since the days of British rule Apart from the founding leaders the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government vice president Syed Nazrul Islam prime minister Tajuddin Ahmad finance minister Muhammad Mansur Ali and home minister Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman altogether known as Four National Leaders and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh s independence Bhutan edit Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 1594 1651 fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present Brunei editAccording to local historiography the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah reigning around AD 1400 nbsp Norodom Sihanouk of CambodiaCambodia edit Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan Jayavarman II 770 850 was the founder of the Khmer Empire Norodom Sihanouk 1922 2012 declared Cambodia s independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation s founding father China edit For a list of founders of major Chinese dynasties see Dynasties in Chinese history The Yellow Thearch is revered as the legendary initiator of Chinese civilization one of the cradles of civilization 38 Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty the first orthodox dynasty of China in circa 2070 BC 39 In 221 BC the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire the Qin dynasty 40 Its monarch then took the title of Huangdi 皇帝 Emperor to reflect his prestigious status vis a vis prior rulers thus becoming Qin Shi Huang 40 Sun Yat sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president He was officially conferred the title of Guofu 國父 Father of the Nation by the Nationalist government in AD 1940 41 Today he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule while the People s Republic of China considers him the Geming Xianxingzhe 革命先行者 Forerunner of the Revolution 42 Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People s Republic of China 43 even though the state has yet to officially confer the title Father of the Nation upon anyone 44 nbsp Yellow Thearch nbsp Yu the Great nbsp Qin Shi Huang nbsp Sun Yat sen nbsp Mao Zedong Cyprus edit Makarios III 1913 1977 archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus 1950 1977 and first president of Cyprus 1960 1977 is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or Ethnarch 45 Conversely Rauf Denktas 1924 2012 under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus 1973 1974 and first President of Northern Cyprus 1983 2005 is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus 46 East Timor edit Xanana Gusmao served as President of East Timor from 2002 to 2007 East Turkistan edit Sabit Damolla is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the East Turkistan independence movement He organized the Kumul Rebellion which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the First East Turkestan Republic from 1933 to 1934 India edit nbsp Mahatma Gandhi of IndiaChandragupta Maurya 350 295 BCE the founder of the Mauryan Empire is considered as the first unifier of India His chief advisor Chanakya is regarded as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire subcontinent Later directly or indirectly majority of the subcontinent was united for a brief period under the Gupta Empire 319 550 CE the Rashtrakutas 753 982 CE the Mughal Empire 1526 1707 and the Maratha Confederacy 1674 1818 Mahatma Gandhi 1869 1948 is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement 47 48 He is regarded as the founder of the modern Republic of India He is featured on the Indian rupee Indonesia edit The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Mohammad Hatta Sukarno Sutan Syahrir and Tan Malaka 49 Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia They both signed the Proclamation of Independence proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945 A day later they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949 In August 1949 Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949 50 nbsp Sukarno nbsp Mohammad Hatta nbsp Sutan Sjahrir nbsp Tan Malaka Iran edit Cyrus the Great 600 530 BC was the founder of the First Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty Many Iranians gather at his tomb in Pasargadae annually on the Cyrus the Great Day and Nowruz the Persian New Year Prior to the 1979 Revolution the 2 500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran took place It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12 16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2 500th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and First Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great 51 52 The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran s old civilization and history to showcase its contemporary advancements under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the last Shah of Iran 53 54 Ruhollah Khomeini is considered the founder of the modern Islamic Republic of Iran 55 Israel edit nbsp Theodor Herzl of Israel Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later David Ben Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism Israel s founding ideology Ben Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right Other figures include Moshe Dayan who became a war hero and symbol of the Israel Defense Forces and Eliezer Ben Yehuda who led the revival of the Hebrew language Japan edit Emperor Jimmu 神武天皇 Jinmu tennō traditional reign 660 585 BC was the first emperor of Japan 56 according to the traditional order of succession 57 The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day 建国記念の日 Kenkoku Kinen no Hi is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne 58 Jordan edit nbsp Abdullah I of JordanAbdullah bin Al Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951 He was the Emir of Transjordan a British protectorate until 25 May 1946 59 60 after which he was the king of an independent Jordan He was a 38th generation direct descendant of Muhammad as he belongs to the Hashemite family Kazakhstan edit nbsp Alikhan Bokeikhanov leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the Father of the Nation Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons owing to their impact on the country during their respective times Alikhan Bukeikhanov 1866 1937 was a Kazakh statesman politician publicist teacher writer and environmental scientist He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe In 1920 after the establishment of Soviet hegemony Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928 In 1926 Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him he was released from prison In 1930 the authorities banished him to Moscow where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed Dinmukhamed Kunayev 1912 1993 was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev He kept his position for twenty two more years He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967 and a full member from 1971 to 1987 During Kunayev s long rule Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy economy and educational institutions A Brezhnev loyalist he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev who accused him of corruption On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before This provoked street riots in Almaty which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev s tenure In modern Kazakhstan this revolt is called Jeltoqsan meaning December in Kazakh Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation s first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991 In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Elbasy Elbasy which means Leader of the Nation North Korea edit nbsp Dangun Legendary founding father of Korea Kim Il sung was the founder of North Korea He ruled from 1948 to 1994 After his death he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998 South Korea edit Dangun the legendary first king of Gojoseon is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day 개천절 which falls on 3 October There have been many founders throughout history such as Lee Seonggye Taejo Wang Geon and Dongmyeong the great There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government though some figures like Syngman Rhee or Kim Ku are proposed as the father of his country Kuwait edit The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah However Sheikh Mubarak Al Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence Kyrgyzstan edit Askar Akayev served as first post Soviet President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 to 2005 Laos edit Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people In present day Laos Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist Leninist state Lebanon edit Bechara El Khoury and Riad El Solh served as the first president and the first Prime Minister respectively of Lebanon after the French mandate in 1943 Maldives edit Sumuvvul Ameer Mohamed Ameen Dhoshimeynaa Kilegefaanu commonly known as Mohamed Ameen Didi was the first elected president of the Maldives in 1953 After he passed away Muhammad Fareed Didi I The former sultan s heir took power He was succeeded by the former Prime Minister of the Maldives Ibrahim Nasir Malaysia edit nbsp Tunku Abdul Rahman of MalaysiaTunku Abdul Rahman 1903 1990 usually known as the Tunku a princely title in Malaysia and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan Father of Independence or Bapa Malaysia Father of Malaysia was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 and the country s first Prime Minister from independence in 1957 He remained Prime Minister after Sabah Sarawak and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia Mongolia edit nbsp Genghis Khan posthumous portraitGenghis Khan c 1162 1227 who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire is generally regarded as the father of modern day Mongolia citation needed Although downcast during the communist era Genghis Khan s reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990 Myanmar edit Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma also known as Myanmar Although he did not live to see the country s independence he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University s newspaper where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training and he led the Burma Independence Army spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma Later he switched sides to the Allies and helped in the Burma campaign After the war he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration and was able to negotiate Burma s independence He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947 achieving independence for all Burmese territories However on Saturday 19 July 1947 Aung San along with his cabinet ministers was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon U Nu served as first Prime Minister of Myanmar from 1948 to 1956 General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw On 1962 15 years after the independence he led a military coup that brought him to power Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years Nepal edit nbsp Prithvi Narayan Shah of NepalPrithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal and is considered to be the founder of Nepal His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley Present day Kathmandu he decided he would like to rule over it His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress 61 Prithvi Narayan Shah s descendants continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra before abolishing the monarchy in 2008 Oman edit Sultan Qaboos bin Said changed the name of the country from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to simply Oman Pakistan edit nbsp Muhammad Ali Jinnah of PakistanPakistan s founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah who is hailed as Quaid e Azam or Great Leader and Baba e Qaum or Father of Nation He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India s Muslims Fatima Jinnah Mother of nation and members of Pakistan s first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan A K Fazlul Huq Abdul Rab Nishtar Malik Feroze Khan Noon Khwaja Nazimuddin and I I Chundrigar Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal s philosophy and views Palestine edit nbsp Yasser Arafat of PalestinePalestinian political leader Yasser Arafat has been considered by some commentators as being the founding father of Palestine 62 63 Born in 1929 in Cairo Egypt Arafat soon became a supporter of Arab nationalism and anti Zionism in the 1948 Arab Israeli War he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood against the newly independent State of Israel 64 From 1969 until 2004 he served as the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO a Palestinian nationalist organization which engaged in a numerous guerrilla conflicts with the Israel Defense Forces during the second half of the 20th century 65 Beginning from 1983 onwards Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government acknowledging Israel s right to exist in a UN resolution and supporting a two state solution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO including the Madrid Conference of 1991 the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit 66 In 1994 he returned to Palestine and promoted self government for the Palestinian territories receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year Among Palestinians Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people 67 Philippines edit nbsp Jose Rizal of the PhilippinesThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the Father of the Nation Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons owing to their impact on the country during their respective times Jose Rizal 1861 1896 was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines An ophthalmologist by profession Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti colonial revolution inspired in part by his writings broke out Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and a number of poems and essays Andres Bonifacio 1863 1897 rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896 which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire Emilio Aguinaldo 1869 1964 Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution Manuel Roxas served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948 nbsp Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi ArabiaQatar edit Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar He was a military leader judge and scholar knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity Saudi Arabia edit King Abdulaziz Al Saud also known as Ibn Saud is the founding father of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia He served as first King from 1932 to 1953 Singapore edit nbsp Lee Kuan Yew of SingaporeLee Kuan Yew 1923 2015 often referred to by his initials LKY was the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore governing for three decades from 1959 to 1990 Lee has helped to build the economy from a third world country to a first world country and turned Singapore into a metropolis after the separation from Malaysia in 1965 nbsp Don Stephen Senanayaka of Sri LankaSri Lanka edit Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with King Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka D S Senanayake 1883 1952 is widely known as the modern post independence father of the nation William Gopallawa 1896 1981 was the first Constitutional President while J R Jayewardene 1906 1996 was the first Executive President Syria edit Hashim al Atassi who had been Prime Minister under King Faisal s brief reign was the first president to be elected under a new constitution effectively the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria Tajikistan edit Emomali Rahmon was the first president of Tajikistan and founder of the country He has been in office since 1994 after the fall of the Soviet Union Thailand edit Si Inthrathit 1238 1270 was the founder of Sukhothai Kingdom the first Thai kingdom Naresuan 1590 1605 who retook most of Siam from the Burmese King Taksin the Great 1734 1782 who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom Rama I 1737 1809 founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam nbsp Ataturk the founding father of the Republic of TurkeyTurkey edit Alp Arslan 1029 1072 was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power defeating rivals to the south and northwest and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia Osman I 1258 1324 was the leader of the Kayi tribe and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty Mehmed the Conqueror 1432 1481 was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481 When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople At the age of 21 he conquered Constantinople modern day Istanbul and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire Mahmud II 1785 1839 was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839 His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative military and fiscal reforms he instituted which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat reorganization Mahmud s reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors reforms in the Empire The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 1881 1938 was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey Following the First World War the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states The Turkish War of Independence 1919 1923 initiated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his colleagues in Anatolia resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey Turkiye Cumhuriyeti in 1923 68 He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic 69 Turkmenistan edit Saparmurat Niyazov served as first post Soviet President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006 United Arab Emirates edit Initially independent emirates part of the Trucial states Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the United Arab Emirates by joining the seven independent emirates into a federation Uzbekistan edit In Uzbekistan no single individual is officially recognized as the Founder of the Nation However different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history nbsp Muhammad Shaybani the Uzbek ruler founder of Shaybanid Dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara nbsp Amir TimurAmir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood Another significant historical figure Muhammad Shaybani is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara nbsp Fayzulla Xoʻjayev in 1896And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan He first head of the Bukharan People s Soviet Republic which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia Khodzhayev s political career was marked by several challenges including periods of exile and imprisonment In 1920 he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People s Soviet Republic As Prime Minister Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture and language including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia Khodjaev s political career came to an abrupt end in 1937 when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin s Great Purge He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938 Today Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union His legacy continues to be debated with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity Vietnam edit Kinh Dương Vương Lạc Long Quan and the Hung Kings were the founders of the Hồng Bang dynasty the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam Yemen edit Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed Din ruled as first independent King of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 to 1948 Europe editAlbania edit nbsp Ismail Kemal of AlbaniaIsmail Kemal 24 January 1844 26 January 1919 was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912 and its first prime minister and head of state and government Andorra edit The first Co Princes of Andorra were Roger Bernard III Count of Foix and Pere d Urtx Bishop of Urgell who signed the Pareage which gave them joint sovereignty over Andorra in 1278 Austria edit Karl Renner who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post war President of Austria after World War II is often referred to as the Father of the Republic due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic Belarus edit Kastus Kalinoŭski was a revolutionary publicist and poet was one of the leaders of the failed January Uprising 1863 1864 on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the territory of the Russian Empire Janka Kupala was a Belarusian poet and writer of the early 20th century a major writer and one of the founders of Belarusian national literature Author of the slogan Zyvie Bielarus which is still used today Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski was a leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century and the Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1923Belgium edit Though there is no official founding father of Belgium the leaders of the Belgian Revolution Charles Rogier and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier as well as the first King of the Belgians Leopold I were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Bosnia and Herzegovina edit Tvrtko I of Bosnia was the founder of the first Bosnian Kingdom citation needed Husein kapetan Gradascevic led the revolt against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II who fought for an autonomous Bosnian State citation needed Bulgaria edit Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC Medieval edit Avitohol 453 AD who researchers claim to be the mythical Attila is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans He was from the Dulo clan and was succeeded by his son Ernak or Irnik the second name mentioned in the Nominalia 70 Kubrat 606 665 was the founder of the powerful Great Bulgaria in 632 AD Asparuh around 640 701 is the most venerated national founder of Bulgaria He was a son of Kubrat and started attacking and moving southwest of Old Great Bulgaria towards the Lower Danube in Southeast Europe Victorious over the Eastern Roman Empire he established the First Bulgarian Empire in 680 681 Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state Asparukh s brother Batbayan stayed ruling the core territories to the north while Kotrag migrated further north and founded Volga Bulgaria Krum the Fearsome 8th century 814 prominent ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization thus he is regarded as an important national founder 71 72 Boris I 9th century 2 May 907 officially Christianized Bulgaria in 864 a significant event that shaped the History of Bulgaria and Europe The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history 73 His son and grandson tsar Simeon I the Great and tsar Petar I are also considered as having an important role in the formation and strengthening of the Bulgarian state and nationality Samuil 997 1014 energetic emperor tsar that restored Bulgarian might in Southeast Europe and although the Empire was disestablished after his death he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria 74 75 as well as in North Macedonia 76 Ivan Asen I Peter IV and Kaloyan are the three brothers tsars that reestablished Bulgaria after a major uprising 1185 1204 Euthymius of Tarnovo Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393 Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs Euthymius was an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time Modern edit Petar Bogdan 1601 1674 Paisius of Hilendar 1722 1773 Petar Beron 1799 1871 Georgi Rakovski 1821 1867 Dragan Tsankov 1828 1911 Lyuben Karavelov 1834 1879 Vasil Levski 1837 1873 Ekzarh Yosif 1840 1915 Vasil Drumev 1841 1901 Georgi Benkovski 1843 1876 Petko Karavelov 1943 1903 Hristo Botev 1848 1876 Zahari Stoyanov 1850 1889 Ivan Vazov 1850 1921 Stefan Stambolov 1851 1895 Croatia edit Viseslav was one of the first dukes of Croatia and the early attested by name Tomislav is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the first united Croatian state Ante Starcevic has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs Franjo Tuđman first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990 99 77 Sometimes referred to as and self proclaimed Father of the Nation 78 Cyprus edit Makarios III 1913 1977 archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus 1950 1977 and first president of Cyprus 1960 1977 is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or Ethnarch 45 Conversely Rauf Denktas 1924 2012 under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus 1973 1974 and first President of Northern Cyprus 1983 2005 is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus 46 Czech Republic edit Czech one of three mythical Slavic brothers who appear together in the Wielkopolska Chronicle is considered the founder of the Czech nation Borivoj I Duke of Bohemia one of the first monarchs of the Duchy of Bohemia and the early attested by name Wenceslaus I Duke of Bohemia main patron saint of the country Anniversary of his murder on 28 September is celebrated as Statehood Day Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor King of Bohemia who is known under honorific title Father of the Homeland Frantisek Palacky politician and historian influential in Czech National Revival movement known by title Father of the Nation Tomas Masaryk founder and first president of Czechoslovakia which independence on 28 October 1918 is today celebrated as factical Independence Day Vaclav Havel founder of the Civic Forum party that played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that in 1989 toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia was the last and first democratically elected president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003 Denmark edit nbsp Gorm the Old nbsp Niels Ebbesen 1308 21 November 1340 Dan king or Halfdan is the name of the legendary earliest king of the Danes and Denmark mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to Saxo Grammaticus s Gesta Danorum Gorm the Old the first recorded ruler of Denmark reigning from c 936 to his death c 958 The current Queen Margrethe II of Denmark can trace her heritage back to Gorm the Old He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark though at the time he did not control the whole country only Jutland Harald Bluetooth was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c 958 c 986 He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes which is proclaimed on the Jelling stone Niels Ebbesen was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark which had been patented away to German barons and landlords He is known for his killing of Gerhard III Count of Holstein Rendsburg in 1340 and in doing so returning control of Jutland and Funen back to the Danish king Estonia edit Edgar Savisaar served as first post Soviet Prime Minister of Estonia from 1991 to 1992 Finland edit Pehr Evind Svinhufvud served as first Prime Minister of Finland from 1917 to 1918 France edit Vercingetorix he united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar s Gallic Wars Clovis I King of the Salian Franks 481 509 King of the Franks 509 511 united all the Frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common Catholic religion Charlemagne King of the Franks 768 814 Holy Roman Emperor 800 814 King of the Lombards 774 814 considered as a major founding figure of Europe Napoleon I First Consul of France 1799 1804 first President of the Italian Republic 1802 1805 King of Italy 1805 1814 Emperor of the French 1804 1814 founded the First French Empire and established many modern French institutions Louis Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon III 1852 1870 was the first French President 1848 1852 He was the last Monarch of France Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance to Germany during World War II and the founder and first president 1959 1969 of the Fifth French Republic Georgia edit Pharnavaz I 329 237 BC 1st monarch of the Kingdom of Iberia Bagrat III 960 1014 1st monarch of the united Kingdom of Georgia Noe Ramishvili 1881 1930 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1939 1993 1st President of GeorgiaGermany edit nbsp Otto von BismarckBefore the national unification of Germany in 1871 German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation such as Arminius Charlemagne and as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner Henry the Fowler Otto von Bismarck 1815 1898 the Iron Chancellor engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871 citation needed Modern democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the Fathers of the Basic Law in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee and by the first German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer For reunified Germany the slogan Wir sind das Volk We are the people became symbolic thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany citation needed Greece edit Ancient edit Hellen mythical progenitor of the Greeks who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language Theseus semi legendary founder hero of Athens 79 Solon 594 BC and Cleisthenes 508 7 BC inventors of democracy and founders of the Athenian constitution Lycurgus of Sparta founder of the Spartan constitution Cadmus founder and first King of Thebes Modern edit Adamantios Korais Theophilos Kairis and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment who contributed to the country s national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire Rigas Feraios writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans Theodoros Kolokotronis Georgios Karaiskakis Andreas Vokos Miaoulis Laskarina Bouboulina Yannis Makriyannis and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence Alexandros Mavrokordatos President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus co author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution and first head of government President of the Executive of Modern Greece 80 Ioannis Kapodistrias first head of state of independent Greece 1827 1831 and founder of the modern Greek stateHungary edit According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Arpad His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301 In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation He was Hungary s first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary Amongst others Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic Iceland edit Jon Sigurdsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement 81 He was the first president of the Althingi restored as a legislative branch in 1875 Ireland edit The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence 1919 21 in which Eamon de Valera Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders However they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War 1922 23 in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated For decades the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916 in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic Patrick Pearse James Connolly Eamonn Ceannt Tom Clarke Sean Mac Diarmada Thomas MacDonagh and Joseph Plunkett Italy edit Ancient edit nbsp AugustusRomulus founder of Rome the capital of Italy Julius Caesar great Roman general and dictator extended Roman citizenship to the inhabitants Cisalpine Gaul therefore extending it to the whole of Italy Augustus created during the Roman Empire for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called Italicus Populus for this reason historians called him Father of Italians 82 Constantine the Great legalized Christianity and laid the foundation for the Christianisation of the Empire Alberto da Giussano legendary warrior who defeated the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano thus securing the independence of the Northern Italian Lombard League Modern Italy edit nbsp Giuseppe GaribaldiNapoleon Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic King Vittorio Emanuele II Giuseppe Garibaldi Prime Minister Camillo Benso Count of Cavour and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the Four Fathers of the Fatherland for their contribution to Italian unification Italy was unified in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870 83 The anti fascist members of the Assemblea Costituente the Constituent Assembly of 1946 1947 are considered the fathers of the Italian Republic which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946 Prominent members among them included Alcide De Gasperi also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union the communist Palmiro Togliatti and liberal Vittorio Emanuele Orlando the premier of victory in WWI Kosovo edit It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia Additionally Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021 Latvia edit Most Latvians regard Karlis Ulmanis a key figure in the Latvian war of independence and four times Prime Minister of Latvia as being the founding father of modern Latvia Liechtenstein edit Karl I became the first Prince of Liechtenstein in 1608 Hans Adam I purchased the domain of Schellenberg and the county of Vaduz which would eventually form the modern day Lichtenstein Johann I drafted the first constitution of Lichtenstein in 1818 Lithuania edit The first and the only king 1251 1263 of Lithuania Mindaugas is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state as is commemorated on Statehood Day on 6 July 84 Dr Jonas Basanavicius activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state is universally considered the Patriarch of the Nation 85 Luxembourg edit Sigfried Count of the Ardennes Malta edit Anthony Mamo 1909 2008 was the first president of the Republic of Malta Moldova edit Bogdan I of Moldavia 86 Stephen the Great 87 Alexandru Lăpușneanu 88 Monaco edit Francois Grimaldi became the first Lord of Monaco when he captured the Rock of Monaco in 1297 Honore II Prince of Monaco secured recognition of independent sovereignty from Spain in 1633 and then from France by signing the Treaty of Peronne in 1641 Montenegro edit Petar I Petrovic Njegos 1747 1830 acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era Netherlands edit Prince William I of Orange 1533 1584 or William the Silent is known as the father of the Netherlands He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland 89 North Macedonia edit Kiro Gligorov first president of independent Macedonia 90 Norway edit King Harald Fairhair who unified Norway and ruled c 872 930 is often considered the founder of the nation Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814 consisting of 112 men from most of the country in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution 91 Poland edit nbsp Mieszko I of PolandThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Legendary Lech legendary first leader of Polans tribe Kingdom of Poland and Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow Mieszko I c 920 45 992 the first historical ruler of Poland Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death Mieszko I s marriage in 965 to the Premyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity According to existing sources Mieszko I was a wise politician a talented military leader and charismatic ruler He successfully used diplomacy concluding an alliance with Bohemia first and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire In foreign policy he placed the interests of his country foremost even entering into agreements with former enemies On his death he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory with a well established position in Europe Mieszko I also appeared as Dagome in a papal document from about 1085 called Dagome iudex which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko s land to the Pope the act took place almost a hundred years earlier Boleslaw I Chrobry 967 1025 was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025 and the first King of Poland in 1025 He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife Dobrawa of Bohemia He supported the missionary views of Adalbert Bishop of Prague and Bruno of Querfurt The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland s autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno 11 March 1000 which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church Following the Congress of Gniezno bishoprics were also established in Krakow Wroclaw and Kolobrzeg and Boleslaw formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire In the summer of 1018 in one of his expeditions Boleslaw I captured Kiev where he installed his son in law Sviatopolk I as ruler According to legend Boleslaw chipped his sword when striking Kiev s Golden Gate Later in honor of this legend a sword called Szczerbiec Jagged Sword would become the coronation sword of Poland s kings Boleslaw I was a remarkable politician strategist and statesman He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies but he raised it to the front rank of European states Boleslaw conducted successful military campaigns in the west south and east He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern day Poland including Slovakia Moravia Red Ruthenia Meissen Lusatia and Bohemia He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs Finally as the culmination of his reign in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex Latin king nbsp Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Wladyslaw II Jagiello rule Wladyslaw II Jagiello c 1352 1362 1434 was the Grand Duke of Lithuania 1377 1434 and then the King of Poland 1386 1434 first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399 and then sole King of Poland He ruled in Lithuania from 1377 Born a pagan in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Wladyslaw in Krakow married the young Queen Jadwiga and was crowned King of Poland as Wladyslaw II Jagiello In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity His own reign in Poland started in 1399 upon the death of Queen Jadwiga and lasted a further thirty five years and laid the foundation for the centuries long Polish Lithuanian union The dynasty ruled both states until 1572 and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe During his reign the Polish Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world The reign of Wladyslaw II Jagiello extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland s Golden Age Zygmunt II August 1520 1572 was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania the only son of Sigismund I the Old whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548 In 1569 he oversaw the signing of the Union of Lublin between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which formed the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and introduced an elective monarchy Tadeusz Kosciuszko 1746 1817 was a Polish Lithuanian military engineer statesman and military leader who became a national hero in Poland Lithuania Belarus and the United States He fought in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth s struggles against Russia and Prussia and on the U S side in the American Revolutionary War As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces he led the 1794 Kosciuszko Uprising nbsp Gen Jozef Pilsudski first on the left Ignacy Jan Paderewski next to Pilsudski in the a civil coat and Stanislaw Wojciechowski behind Paderewski future second President of Poland during the opening ceremony of the Legislative Sejm 9 February 1919 Fathers of Polish Independence Jozef Pilsudski 1867 1935 was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State 1918 22 and First Marshal of Poland from 1920 From World War I he had great power in Polish politics and was a distinguished figure on the international scene He is viewed as a father of the Druga Rzeczpospolita Polska re established in 1918 123 years after the 1795 Partitions of Poland by Austria Prussia and Russia Roman Dmowski 1864 1939 was a Polish politician statesman polyglot and the leader of National Democracy movement He was represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 Ignacy Jan Paderewski 1860 1941 was a Polish pianist and composer freemason politician statesman and spokesman for Polish independence He was a favorite of concert audiences around the world His musical fame opened access to diplomacy and the media Paderewski played an important role in meeting with President Woodrow Wilson and obtaining the explicit inclusion of independent Poland as point 13 in Wilson s peace terms in 1918 called the Fourteen Points He was the Prime Minister of Poland and also Poland s foreign minister in 1919 and represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 Wojciech Konfanty 1873 1939 was a Polish activist journalist and politician who served as a member of the German parliaments the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag and later in the Polish Sejm Briefly he also was a paramilitary leader known for organizing the Polish Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia which after World War I was contested by Germany and Poland Korfanty fought to protect Poles from discrimination and the policies of Germanisation in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after Poland regained its independence Wincenty Witos 1874 1945 was a Polish politic and the leader of the Polish Peasants Movement Witos was also a leader of Polish Liquidation Committee formed in Krakow in 1918 Ignacy Daszynski 1866 1936 was a Polish socialist politician journalist and Prime Minister of the Provisional People s Government of the Republic of Poland formed in Lublin in 1918 Jozef Haller von Hallenburg 1873 1960 was a lieutenant general of the Polish Army a legionary in the Polish Legions harcmistrz the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland the president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association ZHP and a political and social activist After the Peace of Brest Litovsk he arrived in France in July 1918 where on behalf of the Polish National Committee he created what was known as the Blue Army from the color of its French uniforms also known as Haller s Army For the next few months his army allied to the Entente would fight against Germany Portugal edit Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia as the Greeks called it Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries Henry of Burgundy 1066 1112 was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of Leon and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards And more importantly his son Count Afonso I of Portugal 1109 1185 a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See in 1179 as the first King of Portugal through the Manifestis Probatum bull citation needed Romania edit Burebista is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the Adriatic Sea and Southern Germany from east to the Black Sea from north to Southern Poland and from south to Greek Macedonia and Eastern Thrace He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania s history Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people as Roman veterans were settled on the present day territory of Romania following Trajan s Dacian Wars citation needed Basarab I the Founder c 1270 1351 1352 was the great voivode of Wallachia Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia Radu Negru or in 1310 by succeeding his father Thocomerius In 1330 he defeated Charles I of Hungary at the battle of Posada and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded He founded the Basarab dynasty and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries From the middle of the 14th century some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name Basarab when referring to Wallachia Michael the Brave 1558 1601 was the Prince of Wallachia 1593 1601 Prince of Moldavia 1600 and de facto ruler of Transylvania 1599 1600 He is considered one of Romania s greatest national heroes Since the 19th century Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate Carol I was the first King of Romania that obtained the independence of the country Ion C Brătianu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State Mihail Kogălniceanu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State Ferdinand I was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia Russia edit Rurik a Varangian prince and the legendary founder of the royal Rurikid dynasty established the first Russian state in Novgorod the Great in 862 Ivan IV known as Ivan the Terrible Grand Prince of Moscow from the Rurikid dynasty established the Tsardom of Muscovy and was proclaimed the first Tsar of Russia in 1547 Mikhail I of Russia was the first Tsar of Russia from the House of Romanov elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 His elevation marked the end of the period of political and civil strife known as the Time of Troubles Peter the Great Tsar and then Emperor of Russia from the House of Romanov founded Saint Petersburg in 1703 and established the Russian Empire in 1721 inaugurating the imperial period of Russian history that lasted until the February Revolution of 1917 Vladimir Lenin was the founder of Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation as an independent state He was first elected to the presidency in June 1991 while the Russian Federation was still a part of the USSR and re elected in 1996 San Marino edit Saint Marinus was the founder of the world s oldest surviving republic San Marino in 301 Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea modern Croatia fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution Serbia edit Stefan Nemanja grand prince of the medieval Serbian Grand Principality that would eventually evolve into the Serbian Kingdom and Serbian Empire He is the founder of the Nemanjic dynasty Karađorđe revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia s liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising He is the founder of the Karađorđevic dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation 92 Milos Obrenovic a revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia s liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Second Serbian Uprising He is the founder of the Obrenovic dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation 93 Slovakia edit Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors which would make Mojmir I a founder Slovenia edit France Bucar is a Slovenian politician legal expert and author Between 1990 and 1992 he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991 He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence He is also considered together with Peter Jambrek as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution Joze Pucnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence The largest Slovenian airport is named Letalisce Jozeta Pucnika Joze Pucnik airport Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kucan was the first president Spain edit nbsp The Catholic Monarchs of SpainThe Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon unified Spain in the 15th century Both came from the noble House of Trastamara Charles V Holy Roman Emperor was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch His successor Philip II of Spain established a capital in Madrid The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country Sweden edit While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time Birger Jarl father of and regent for Valdemar King of Sweden can be said to have established Sweden as a nation Birger was Jarl in the years 1248 66 Gustav I of Sweden who secured Sweden s independence from Denmark in 1523 is often considered a father of the nation Switzerland edit Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291 or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland Among the latter those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable Ulrich Ochsenbein Jakob Stampfli Jonas Furrer Josef Munzinger Henri Druey Friedrich Frey Herose Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini citation needed Ukraine edit In 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king Mykhailo Hrushevsky was the President the Central Council of Ukraine People s Republic Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991 United Kingdom edit nbsp Robert WalpoleJames VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain both England and Scotland Robert Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Vatican City edit Peter the Apostle is seen as the first pope Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI Oceania editAustralia edit Early colonial era edit Captain Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony in Australia 94 Governor Lachlan Macquarie is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century William Wentworth advocated for the rights of emancipists and for representative self government he led the drafting of New South Wales first self governing constitution establishing the Parliament of New South Wales Australia s first parliament He was among the first colonists to promote a nascent form of Australian nationalism Late colonial and federation era edit nbsp Sir Henry Parkes colonial Australian politician premier of New South Wales and Father of Federation Sir Henry Parkes is often regarded as the Father of Federation in Australia During the late 19th century he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories However he died before Australia federated and was never able to see his plan come to fruition 95 Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia s history Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia s first Attorney General He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia s 2nd 5th and 7th Prime Minister Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court Australian Navy and many other important acts of parliament Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia s greatest Prime Ministers 96 John Dunmore Lang Although passing away over two decades before federation John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic independent from the British Empire 97 98 Sir Edmund Barton was the first Australian Prime Minister Unlike many other nation s inaugural leaders he is not often regarded as a Founder of AustraliaFederated States of Micronesia edit Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia 99 100 Fiji edit Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the Founding Father of an independent Fiji 101 102 103 104 105 Kiribati edit The I Kiribati or Gilbertese people settled what would become known as the Gilbert Islands named for British captain Thomas Gilbert by von Krusenstern in 1820 some time in between 3000 BC 1 2 and 1300 AD Marshall Islands edit The British naval captains John Marshall and Thomas Gilbert partially explored the Marshalls in 1788 but much of the mapping was done by Russian expeditions under Adam Johann Krusenstern 1803 and Otto von Kotzebue 1815 and 1823 Nauru edit Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic he served as president for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989 Thereafter national politics was marked by a series of weak short lived governments the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians New Zealand edit Maori people consider Kupe a mythologised figure who led the first Polynesian migration to New Zealand from Hawaiki in the 10th century to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori In the 19th century the Scottish businessman James Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co authored the Treaty of Waitangi with the Royal Navy officer William Hobson It is considered by many to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand citation needed Palau edit Palau was truly discovered by the Europeans on 28 December 1696 when the first map of Palau was drawn by the Czech missionary Paul Klein Papua New Guinea edit Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the Founding Father of Papua New Guinea 106 107 108 109 The leading figure during the country s transition to independence from Australia he was Papua New Guinea s first Prime Minister Samoa edit In 1722 Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see the islands This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville 1729 1811 the man who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768 Solomon Islands edit It is believed that at least 30 000 years ago the first Papuan settlement from New Guinea happened in the Solomon Islands Most of the languages spoken in the Solomons derive from this era Spanish explorer Alvoro de Mendana was the first European to officially sight the islands and found signs of gold on Guadalcanal Tonga edit nbsp George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of TongaKing George Tupou I who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga has been described as Tonga s founding father 110 111 Tuvalu edit Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin 1751 Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands Vanuatu edit The first settlers to arrive in Vanuatu are believed to have arrived by canoe approximately 3 500 years ago from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands In 1606 the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernandez de Quiros discovered the island of Espiritu Santo which he thought was a great southern continent Former states and other territories editArabian Peninsula edit After the Hijrah 622 the Islamic Prophet Muhammad 570 632 assumed political leadership over Yathrib present day Medina This feat in and of itself was unheard of as the city consisted of both Jews and Arab pagans Alongside consolidating his power in Medina the Battle of Badr 624 saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised Eventually at the Conquest of Mecca 629 630 Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen Furthermore Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies sent across Arabia including Yemen The last Persian governor Badhan converted to Islam 628 thus including Southern Arabia under Islamic rule Pre Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself Yet come Muhammad s death 632 Arabia was unified under one polity and religion Despite this state not possessing a specific name it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs 632 661 to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires Bohemia edit Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Borivoj I Duke of Bohemia the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I Duke of Bohemia Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the Father of the Homeland in the Czech Republic because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity Tomas Garrigue Masaryk 1850 1937 is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia Moravia Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935 Czechoslovakia edit Tomas Garrigue Masaryk first President of Czechoslovakia known as President Liberator Kingdom of England edit It was King Athelstan 893 95 939 who united the several Anglo Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927 when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title King of the West Saxons However his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great 871 899 who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation s founder Kingdom of Hawaiʻi edit Polynesians arrived on the islands from 1000 1200 AD becoming Native Hawaiians However it was in 1795 when King Kamehameha I conceived the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and unified the islands beginning modern Hawaiian history Ancient Korea edit For ancient Korea Hwanung 환웅 桓雄 and his son Dangun Wanggeom 단군왕검 檀君王儉 were the legendary founders of Gojoseon the first kingdom of Korea The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol 개천절 開天節 lit Festival of the Opening of Heaven However in North Korea Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all unlike South Korea Ottoman Empire edit nbsp Osman I the founding father of the Turkish EmpireBy the end of the 14th century most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner proclaiming the Ottoman Empire 112 Russian Empire edit Rurik Varangian 113 prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD 114 Oleg Rurik s kinsman and successor extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev where he established Kievan Rus the modern peoples of Belarus Ukraine and Russia all have Kievan Rus as their cultural heritage 115 Ivan the Terrible Grand Prince of Moscow also Prince of Novgorod from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584 Ivan also claimed the historical title Grand Prince of Kiev for himself but this was more of a flourish since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo 1667 but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture Peter the Great Tsar from 1682 officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721 following the Treaty of Nystad and himself its first emperor He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power re organising the state in the Western style Founder of Saint Petersburg Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus Kingdom of Scotland edit It was King Kenneth MacAlpin 841 858 who united Pictland and Scotland around the year 843 when he became King of Scots as opposed to his previous title King of Dal Riada However his fame is partly eclipsed by Malcolm III 1058 1093 who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland after annexing Strathclyde 116 The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace c 1477 celebrated William Wallace died 1305 as one of the founder heroes of Scotland s struggle to preserve re establish independence from Plantagenet England 117 Serbia and Montenegro edit Dobrica Cosic often referred to as the Father of the Nation Soviet Union edit nbsp Vladimir Lenin founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party nbsp Leon Trotsky founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution Vladimir Lenin Officially one among many equal founders of the country Lenin was de facto the paramount leader founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU The party governed the Soviet Union initially through a coalition with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries along with elected soviets but later as a one party state over the course of the Russian Civil War and political uprisings Lenin is also considered the founding father of the modern Russian state He died soon after the country s founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country s history Leon Trotsky 118 Founding Politburo member head of the Red Army commissar for foreign affairs key organiser of the October Revolution Trotsky was widely considered de facto second in command in the Soviet Union during Lenin s tenure He was also nominated for the position of Vice Chairman of the Soviet Union on several occasions by Lenin 119 120 121 122 123 Trotsky was outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin during the succession struggle exiled and eventually assassinated in 1940 Republic of Texas edit Sam Houston William B Travis Lorenzo de ZavalaWales edit Magnus Maximus c 335 388 According to Welsh tradition Magnus Maximus Welsh Macsen Wledig was a Roman general who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383 As such he was the first Romano British ruler of Britain and the western portions of the Roman Empire His mytho heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan citation needed Hywel Dda c 880 950 was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law which according to historian John Davies was a powerful symbol of Welsh unity and identity as powerful indeed as their language 124 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn r 1039 63 was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales from about 1057 until his death in 1063 125 Republic of Vietnam edit Ngo Đinh Diệm 1901 1963 first president of South Vietnam Kingdom of Yugoslavia edit King Alexander I of Yugoslavia known as Alexander the Unifier Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia edit Josip Broz Tito Marshal of Yugoslavia 1943 1980 Union of South Africa edit Louis Botha was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa and Jan Smuts its second prime minister was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent polls as the Union of South Africa s greatest historical leader Jan van Riebeeck was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era being featured on statues and the country s currency although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man 126 127 Zaire edit Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president References edit Congo Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Independence Congo Planet Congo News Agency 30 June 2010 Retrieved 20 February 2010 The Father of Modern Egypt school includes Henry Dodwell The Founder of Modern Egypt A Study of Muhammad Ali Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1965 Arthur Goldschmidt Jr Modern Egypt The Formation of a Nation State Boulder CO Westview Press 1988 Albert Haurani A History of the Arab Peoples Cambridge Harvard University Press 2002 Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture Egypt in Transition trans Francis Scarfe New York Criterion Books 1958 P J Vatikiotis The History of Modern Egypt From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 1991 The following internet sources while not necessarily scholarly show how widespread this interpretation is History The Egyptian Presidency 2008 History Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Retrieved 12 April 2009 accessed 29 October 2008 Metz Helen Chapin Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805 48 Egypt a Country Study 1990 http countrystudies us egypt accessed 29 October 2008 Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805 48 The Father of Modern Egypt Travel to Egypt Egypt Travel Guide 2007 http www travel to egypt net muhammad ali html accessed 29 October 2008 Muhammad Ali of Egypt Answer com 2008 http www answers com topic muhammad ali accessed 29 October 2008 Joseph Roberts Liberia s first President Archived 23 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine The African American Registry Diller Daniel Moore John 1995 The Middle East Congressional Quarterly p 308 Walker James W 1992 Chapter Five Foundation of Sierra Leone The Black Loyalists The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783 1870 Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 94 114 ISBN 978 0 8020 7402 7 originally published by Longman amp Dalhousie University Press 1976 Redmond Shannon 13 April 2016 Saint John historian illuminates story of Thomas Peters prominent black loyalist New Brunswick CBC News Retrieved 22 November 2016 A Tribute to Thomas Peters John Lynch San Martin Argentine Soldier American Hero 2009 Por que San Martin es considerado el Padre de la Patria La Nacion in Spanish Buenos Aires 17 August 2023 Retrieved 25 November 2023 Coca Pimentel Valeria 30 July 2023 Jose de San Martin como llego a convertirse en el gestor de la independencia del Peru in Spanish Lima Infobae Peru Retrieved 25 November 2023 Wallenfeldt Jeff When the Hannibal of the Andes Liberated Chile Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 November 2023 Manuel Belgrano de lider a heroe nacional in Spanish Buenos Aires Museo Roca Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas Ministry of Culture 2020 Retrieved 25 November 2023 Maria Remedios del Valle la Madre de la Patria in Spanish Buenos Aires Museo Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolucion de Mayo Ministerio de Cultura Retrieved 19 November 2023 Respect to Father of the Nation George Cadle Price Amandala Belize City Belize 23 September 2011 Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 Retrieved 26 May 2018 Father of the Nation George Cadle Price passes The San Pedro Sun San Pedro Town Belize 19 September 2011 Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 Retrieved 26 May 2018 Library and Archives Canada Fathers of Confederation Collections Canada Canadian Confederation Canada History Fathers of Confederation Access History Web Company The History Project Granger David 16 February 2017 The Spirit of Chaguaramas CARICOM Georgetown Guyana Government of CARICOM Archived from the original on 9 June 2017 Retrieved 26 May 2018 Juan Mora Fernandez Guiascostarica com 27 June 2013 Retrieved 10 August 2017 Francisco Maria Oreamuno Badilla Guiascostarica com 27 June 2013 Retrieved 10 August 2017 es Republica Dominicana Independencia nacional Zepeda Pena Ciro Cruz 2006 Historia del organo Legislativo de la Republica de El Salvador History of the Legislative Organ of the Republic of El Salvador PDF in Spanish Legislative Assembly of El Salvador p 12 Archived from the original PDF on 31 August 2021 Retrieved 17 July 2022 Coleccion Muro de Honor PDF MX H Congreso de la Union Mexico 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 24 March 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2012 Monumento de la Independencia PDF MX INAH Mexico Retrieved 28 October 2012 Timothy Anna The fall of the royal government in Peru pp 237 238 Central amp South America Gosouthamerica about com Retrieved 10 August 2017 Statue of Venezuela s founding father unveiled in Tehran in presence of Chavez Payvand com Bentham Project Ucl ac uk Francisco de Miranda and Andres Bello lectures at The Bolivar Hall Venezlon co uk Retrieved 10 August 2017 R B Bernstein The Founding Fathers Reconsidered New York and Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Cia gov 21 December 2021 Hovannisian Richard 1971 The Republic of Armenia The First Year 1918 1919 University of California Press p 147 ISBN 9780520018051 Aram pasha as he was known to friend and foe alike had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic Libaridian Gerard J 1991 Armenia at the crossroads democracy and nationhood in the post Soviet era essays interviews and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia Watertown Massachusetts Blue Crane Nooks p 19 ISBN 9780962871511 Aram Manukian 1879 1919 a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918 He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918 Asryan Armen 2005 Արամ Մանուկյանը հայոց մեծ ողբերգության տարիներին Aram Manukyan in the Years of the Great Armenian Tragedy Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian 1 1 54 ISSN 0135 0536 Virabyan Amatuni ed 2009 Արամ Մանուկյան Փաստաթղթեր և նյութերի ժողովածու Aram Manukian Collection of documents and materials PDF in Armenian Yerevan National Archives of Armenia p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 20 September 2014 20 րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար 1918թ մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի Harutyunyan Arpi Barseghyan Haykuhi 16 March 2012 Derision at Servile Putin Fan Club in Armenia No 634 Institute for War and Peace Reporting Archived from the original on 18 September 2014 an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan founder of the 1918 First Republic Levon Shirinyan who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan s teacher training university Ahmed ABM Shamsuddin 2012 Iliyas Shah In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Yang Zhenhai 2020 The Yellow Emperor s Inner Transmission of Acupuncture The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press p 62 ISBN 9789882371132 Ebrey Patricia Liu Kwang Ching 2010 The Cambridge Illustrated History of China Cambridge University Press p 10 ISBN 9780521124331 a b Perkins Dorothy 2013 Encyclopedia of China History and Culture Routledge p 408 ISBN 9781135935627 Yin Xiong 2015 至樂齋詩抄 第二部 新華出版社 p 181 ISBN 9787516616048 Xie Xuanjun 2017 少数民族入主中国史略 p 403 ISBN 9781387255351 Stefoff Rebecca 1996 Mao Zedong Founder of the People s Republic of China ISBN 9781562945312 Liu Wenbin 2015 思想独舞 a b Varnava Andrekos Michael Michalis N 26 July 2013 The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age The Changing Role of the Archbishop Ethnarch their Identities and Politics Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 9781443850810 Retrieved 17 April 2017 via Google Books a b Turkey remembers founding father of Northern Cyprus Anadolu Agency Retrieved 19 August 2022 India becomes first Asian country to participate as Guest of Honour in international book fair India Today Nagaland CM inaugurates Multi Media Exhibition at World War II museum Archived 2 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine 4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik Sukarno pradoks Revolusi Indonesia hatta jejak yang melampaui zaman Sjahrir Peran besar Bung Kecil Tan Malaka Bapak Republik yang Dilupakan Retrieved 11 November 2023 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help H J Van Mook 1949 Indonesia Royal Institute of International Affairs 25 3 274 285 doi 10 2307 3016666 JSTOR 3016666 Charles Bidien 5 December 1945 Independence the Issue Far Eastern Survey 14 24 345 348 doi 10 2307 3023219 JSTOR 3023219 Taylor Jean Gelman 2003 Indonesia Peoples and History Yale University Press pp 325 ISBN 978 0 300 10518 6 Reid 1973 p 30 Amuzegar The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution 1991 pp 4 9 12 Narrative of Awakening A Look at Imam Khomeini s Ideal Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension by Hamid Ansari Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini International Affairs Division no date p 163 Nina Adler 14 February 2017 Als der Schah zur grossten Party auf Erden lud Der Spiegel in German Retrieved 14 February 2017 Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty i The clan and dynasty international relations The Iranian revolution Britannica Online Encyclopedia 15 December 2007 Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 Retrieved 20 August 2020 Imperial Household Agency Kunaichō 神武天皇 1 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan pp 28 29 Hardacre Helen 1989 Shinto and the State 1868 1988 pp 101 102 Kamal S Salibi 15 December 1998 The Modern History of Jordan I B Tauris p 93 ISBN 978 1 86064 331 6 Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921 and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946 Bowman John S 5 September 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture Columbia University Press p 396 ISBN 978 0 231 50004 3 Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 The Father of Palestine The Atlantic 10 August 2005 Yasser Arafat Father of a nation Daily Sabah 23 December 2017 Bernadette Brexel 2003 Yasser Arafat Rosen Publishing Group p 12 Aburish Said K 1998 From Defender to Dictator New York Bloomsbury Publishing p 46 ISBN 978 1 58234 049 4 The Oslo Accords international law and the Israeli Palestinian peace agreements By Geoffrey R Watson Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 19 829891 5 page 33 As ad Ghanem Palestinian Politics after Arafat A Failed National Movement Palestinian Politics after Arafat Indiana University Press 2010 p 259 Turkey Location Geography People Economy Culture amp History Britannica com Retrieved 10 August 2017 Bowering Gerhard Crone Patricia Kadi Wadad Stewart Devin J Zaman Muhammad Qasim Mirza Mahan 28 November 2012 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400838554 via Google Books Maenchen Helfen Otto J 1973 The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture University of California Press p 407 ISBN 9780520015968 Krum Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Tokushev D Istoriya na blgarskata srednovekovna drzhava i pravo Sibi S 2009 Runciman p 152 Andreev J The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars Balgarskite hanove i tsare Blgarskite hanove i care Veliko Tarnovo 1996 p 127 ISBN 954 427 216 X Bulgaria after Simeon Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 Retrieved 12 February 2008 There has been no Macedonian state since the days of the Ancient Macedon that was finally abolished in 148 BC and 1945 when Communist Yugoslavia established its constituent republic with such name It is unlikely that the contemporary Republic of Macedonia founded in 1991 may establish credible historical link to the medieval Samuel s state According to Encyclopaedia Britannica Columbia Encyclopedia Collier s Encyclopedia the Great Russian Encyclopedia Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the Cambridge Medieval History Samuel was Tsar of Bulgaria Predrag Matvejevic Vidosav Stevanovic Zlatko Dizdarevic 1999 Gospodari rata i mira Feral Tribune p 64 ISBN 9789536359400 James Minahan 1 January 2000 One Europe Many Nations A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups Greenwood Publishing Group p 198 ISBN 978 0 313 30984 7 On 15 June 1997 Franjo Tudjman the self proclaimed Father of the Nation was elected for another five year term Carl A P Ruck and Danny Staples The World of Classical Myth Carolina Academic Press 1994 ch ix Theseus Making the New Athens pp 203 222 Brewer David The Greek War of Independence London Overlook Duckworth 2011 p 130 Birgir Hermannsson 2005 Understanding nationalism studies in Icelandic nationalism 1800 2000 Stockholm Univ p 174 ISBN 91 7155 148 4 OCLC 238669014 LaGrandeBiblioteca com is available at DomainMarket com LaGrandeBiblioteca com is available at DomainMarket com Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 Retrieved 29 January 2020 V Creation of the Italian Kingdom Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Budryte Brigita 6 July 2019 Karaliaus Mindaugo paslaptys nuo gimimo ir karunavimo iki charakterio ir mirties lrytas lt in Lithuanian Retrieved 22 December 2019 Signataras J Basanavicius tautos patriarchas pasilikes gyventi lenku uzimtame Vilniuje 15min lt in Lithuanian Retrieved 22 December 2019 Descălecatul intemeierea Moldovei Bogdan I primul domn al Moldovei 4 December 2017 Cand Ștefan cel Mare face politică Președintele Igor Dodon folosește imaginea domnitorului pentru a promova ideologia moldovenismului G4Media ro 10 September 2018 Țepeș Ștefan cel Mare sau Lăpușneanu Moldoveni despre personalități pe care și le ar dori președinte AGORA 24 September 2020 Small Planet Named After Willem the Silent Astronomie nl in Dutch Dawisha Karen Parrott Bruce 1997 Politics Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South East Europe ISBN 9780521597333 Why did the Norwegian constitution of 1814 become a part of positive law in the nineteenth century Blogit helsinki fi Retrieved 10 August 2017 Durde Jelenic 1923 Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija 1788 1921 p 56 OTAC OTAЏBINE KARAЂORЂE PETROVIЋ Milivoj J Malenic 1901 Posle cetrdeset godina u spomen proslave cetrdesetogodisnjice Sv Andrejske velike narodne skupstine U Drz stamp Kralj Srbije da se na presto srpski povrati њen oslobodilac i osnivalac Otac Otaџbine Milosh Obrenoviћ Veliki Governor soldier spy Uncovering the history of Arthur Phillip ABC News 30 June 2015 Retrieved 2 February 2022 RBA Sir Henry Parkes Biographical Summary Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 Retrieved 9 June 2007 Home alfreddeakin Who Was John Dunmore Lang dunmorelangcollege nsw edu au Dunmore Lang College Macquarie 13 June 2019 Retrieved 26 August 2021 John Dunmore Lang explore moadoph gov au Museum of Australian Democracy Retrieved 26 August 2021 The Federated States of Micronesia Mourns the loss of one of its Founding Fathers Chief Justice Andon Amaraich Government of the F S Micronesia 28 January 2010 FSM chief justice dies in Hawaii Radio New Zealand International 28 January 2010 Retrieved 15 October 2011 Biography on Fiji s founding father released Fiji Daily Post 14 October 2009 Fiji s founding father Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara to be buried on home island today Radio New Zealand International 2 May 2004 Retrieved 15 October 2011 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara prime minister of Fiji Britannica com Retrieved 10 August 2017 Fiji profile timeline BBC News 4 January 2018 Fiji founding father Ratu Mara dies Australian Broadcasting Corporation 19 April 2004 Speech in honour of Sir Michael Somare Archived 9 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine by President Gloria Arroyo of the Philippines Somare returns as PNG leader Radio New Zealand International 6 August 2002 Retrieved 15 October 2011 http google com search q cache Gi52xv9pGp8J www dwu ac pg news 2009 Prime 2520Minister 2520opens 2520student 2520admin 2520building 2520named 2520after 2520him html Michael Somare founding father amp cd 16 amp hl en amp ct clnk amp gl fr Prime Minister opens student admin building named after him Divine Word University Step aside Chief Papua New Guinea Post Courier 14 September 2007 Uncertain Times Sailors Beachcombers and Castaways as Missionaries and Cultural Mediators in Tonga Polynesia Francoise Douaire Marsaudon in Margaret Jolly Serge Tcherkezoff amp Darrell Tryon eds Oceanic Encounters Exchange Desire Violence July 2009 ISBN 978 1 921536 28 1 Peter Lyon 1991 Tonga Two contemporary tendencies The Pacific Review 4 3 Korobeĭnikov Dimitri 2014 Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 870826 1 Rurik Norse leader Britannica Online Encyclopedia Rurik Dynasty medieval Russian rulers Britannica Online Encyclopedia Plokhy Serhii 2006 The Origins of the Slavic Nations Premodern Identities in Russia Ukraine and Belarus PDF New York Cambridge University Press pp 10 15 ISBN 978 0 521 86403 9 Retrieved 27 April 2010 For all the salient differences between these three post Soviet nations they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history which goes back to Kievan Rus the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present day Ukraine Moncrieffe Iain Pottinger Don 1956 Blood Royal Thomas Nelson and Sons pp 42 43 Lynch Michael ed 2007 Culture The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Reference Oxford Oxford University Press p 130 ISBN 9780199234820 The Wallace c 1477 by Blind Harry fl 1470 92 mythologized a national founder hero in decasyllabic couplets mixed with stanzaical lyrical verse Brotherstone Terence 1992 Trotsky s future Brotherstone Terence Dukes Paul eds Edinburgh University Press p 238 ISBN 978 0 7486 0317 6 Danilov Victor Porter Cathy 1990 We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky History Workshop 29 136 146 ISSN 0309 2984 JSTOR 4288968 Daniels Robert V 1 October 2008 The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia Yale University Press p 438 ISBN 978 0 300 13493 3 Watson Derek 27 July 2016 Molotov and Soviet Government Sovnarkom 1930 41 Springer p 25 ISBN 978 1 349 24848 3 Deutscher Isaac 1965 The prophet unarmed Trotsky 1921 1929 New York Vintage Books p 135 ISBN 978 0 394 70747 1 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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