fbpx
Wikipedia

Oleg the Wise

October 30, 2023

Oleg (Old East Slavic: Ѡлегъ, Ольгъ;[5][6] Old Norse: Helgi; died 912),[7] known as Oleg the Wise,[a] Oleg of Novgorod, or Oleg of Kiev,[8][9][10][11] was a Varangian prince of the Rus' who became prince of Kiev and laid the foundations of the Kievan Rus' state.[12]

Oleg
Lay of Oleg the Wise by Viktor Vasnetsov (1899)
Prince of Kiev
Reign881/2/889[1] – 912/922/940s[2]
PredecessorAskold and Dir
SuccessorIgor
Prince of Novgorod
Reign879–912
PredecessorRurik?[2]
SuccessorIgor
Died912/922/940s[2]
Burial
Kiev (PVL[3]) or Ladoga (NPL[4])
Dynastydisputed[2]
Fatherunknown[1]
ReligionNorse paganism

According to the Primary Chronicle, he succeeded his "kinsman" Rurik as ruler of Novgorod, and subdued many of the East Slavic tribes to his rule, extending his control from Novgorod to the south along the Dnieper river. Oleg also launched a successful attack on Constantinople. He died in 912 and was succeeded by Rurik's son, Igor.

This traditional dating has been challenged by some historians, who point out that it is inconsistent with such other sources as the Schechter Letter, which mentions the activities of a certain khagan HLGW (Hebrew: הלגו usually transcribed Helgu. Compare Swedish first name Helge.) of Rus' as late as the 940s, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I. The nature of Oleg's relationship with the Rurikid ruling family of the Rus', and specifically with his successor Igor of Kiev, is a matter of much controversy among historians.[13]

Oleg of the Rus' chronicles edit

 
Fyodor Bruni. Oleg Has His Shield Fixed to the Gates of Constantinople.

According to the Primary Chronicle, Oleg was a "relative" or "kinsman" of Rurik,[14] and was entrusted by Rurik to take care of both his realm and his young son Igor. However, his relation to Rurik is debatable, and has been rejected by several modern scholars.[13] Oleg is narrated to have succeeded Rurik as the ruler of Novgorod in 879. In 881/882, he took control of Smolensk, and then seized power in Kiev by tricking and slaying Askold and Dir, and setting himself up as prince in Kiev, which is commonly taken as the founding of Kievan Rus'.[12] Although Oleg was the first "prince" (knyaz) of Kiev according to the Primary Chronicle, he was not yet a "grand prince" (velikiy knyaz).[12] Whereas later Muscovite chroniclers would call Oleg a "grand prince" and Kiev a "grand principality" (Old East Slavic: великое княжение, romanized: velikoe knyazhenie), the earliest sources do not.[15]

In 883, Prince Oleg of Novgorod made the Drevlians pay tribute to Kiev. In 907, the Drevlians took part in the Kievan military campaign against the Byzantine Empire: the Rus'-Byzantine War (907) against Constantinople in 907.[citation needed]

According to the chronicle, Oleg, assaulting the city, ordered to wait for favorable wind with sails spread at some other point. When wind arose, it drove the wheeled boats towards the city through the land. The citizens were forced to start a peace negotiation. Having fixed his shield to the gate of the imperial capital, Oleg won a favourable trade treaty, which eventually was of great benefit to both nations. Although Byzantine sources did not record these hostilities, the text of the treaty survives in the Chronicle.[citation needed]

 
Viktor Vasnetsov. Oleg being mourned by his warriors (1899).

The Primary Chronicle's brief account of Oleg's life contrasts with other early sources, specifically the Novgorod First Chronicle, which states that Oleg was not related to Rurik, and was rather a Scandinavian client-prince who served as Igor's army commander. The Novgorod First Chronicle does not give the date of the commencement of Oleg's reign, but dates his death to 922 rather than 912.[16]

Scholars have contrasted this dating scheme with the "epic" reigns of roughly thirty-three years for both Oleg and Igor in the Primary Chronicle.[17] The Primary Chronicle and other Kievan sources place Oleg's grave in Kiev, while Novgorodian sources identify a funerary barrow in Ladoga as Oleg's final resting place.[18]

Death according to legend edit

 
The reputed burial mound for Oleg of Novgorod; Volkhov River near Staraya Ladoga.

In the Primary Chronicle, Oleg is known as the Prophet, an epithet alluding to the sacred meaning of his Norse name ("priest"). According to the legend, romanticised by Alexander Pushkin in his ballad "The Song of the Wise Oleg,"[19] it was prophesied by the pagan priests (volkhvs) that Oleg would take death from his stallion.[20]

To defy the prophecies, Oleg sent the horse away. Many years later he asked where his horse was, and was told it had died. He asked to see the remains and was taken to the place where the bones lay. When he touched the horse's skull with his boot a snake slithered from the skull and bit him. Oleg died, thus fulfilling the prophecy.[20]

Oleg's death has been interpreted as a distorted variant of the threefold death theme in Indo-European myth and legend, with prophecy, the snake and the horse representing the three functions: the prophecy is associated with sovereignty, the horse with warriors, and the serpent with reproduction.[21]

In Scandinavian traditions, this legend lived on in the saga of Orvar-Odd.[22] Another variant is found in the tale of Sir Robert de Shurland on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, England.[23]

Oleg of the Schechter Letter edit

According to the Primary Chronicle, Oleg died in 912 and his successor, Igor of Kiev, ruled from then until his assassination in 945. The Schechter Letter,[24] a document written by a Jewish Khazar, a contemporary of Romanus I Lecapenus, describes the activities of a Rus' warlord named HLGW (Hebrew: הלגו), usually transcribed as "Helgu".[25] For years many scholars disregarded or discounted the Schechter Letter account, which referred to Helgu (often interpreted as Oleg) as late as the 940s.[26]

Recently, however, scholars such as David Christian and Constantine Zuckerman have suggested that the Schechter Letter's account is corroborated by various other Rus' chronicles, and suggests a struggle within the early Rus' polity between factions loyal to Oleg and to the Rurikid Igor, a struggle that Oleg ultimately lost.[27] Zuckerman posited that the early chronology of the Rus' had to be re-determined in light of these sources. Among Zuckerman's beliefs and those of others who have analyzed these sources are that the Khazars did not lose Kiev until the early 10th century (rather than 882, the traditional date),[28] that Igor was not Rurik's son but rather a more distant descendant, and that Oleg did not immediately follow Rurik, but rather that there is a lost generation between the legendary Varangian lord and his documented successors.[29]

Of particular interest is the fact that the Schechter Letter account of Oleg's death (namely, that he fled to and raided FRS, tentatively identified with Persia,[30] and was slain there) bears remarkable parallels to the account of Arab historians such as Ibn Miskawayh, who described a similar Rus' attack on the Muslim state of Arran in the year 944/5.[31]

Attempts to reconcile the accounts edit

 
Prince Oleg Approached by Pagan Priests, a Kholuy illustration to Pushkin's ballad.

In contrast to Zuckerman's version, the Primary Chronicle and the later Kiev Chronicle place Oleg's grave in Kiev, where it could be seen at the time of the compilation of these documents. Furthermore, scholars have pointed out that if Oleg succeeded Rurik in 879 (as the East Slavic chronicles assert), he could hardly have been active almost 70 years later, unless he had a life-span otherwise unheard of in medieval annals. To solve these difficulties, Parkomenko (1924) proposed that the pagan monarch-priests of Rus' used the hereditary title of helgu, standing for "holy" in the Norse language, and that Igor and others held this title.[32]

It has also been suggested that Helgu-Oleg who waged war in the 940s was distinct from both of Rurik's successors. He could have been one of the "fair and great princes" recorded in the Russo-Byzantine treaties of 911 and 944 or one of the "archons of Rus" mentioned in De administrando imperio.[33] But the Primary Chronicle does not specify the relations between minor Rurikid princes active during the period, although the names Rurik, Oleg and Igor were recorded among the late-10th-century and 11th-century Rurikids.[citation needed]

Georgy Vernadsky even identified the Oleg of the Schechter Letter with Igor's otherwise anonymous eldest son, whose widow Predslava is mentioned in the Russo-Byzantine treaty of 944.[34] Alternatively, V. Ya. Petrukhin speculated that Helgu-Oleg of the 940s was one of the vernacular princes of Chernigov, whose ruling dynasty maintained especially close contacts with Khazaria, as the findings at the Black Grave, a large royal kurgan excavated near Chernigov, seem to testify.[35]

Legacy edit

Olehivska Street, Kyiv, and Prince Oleg Lane, Kremenchuk, both in Ukraine, are both named after Oleg.

In popular culture edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Belarusian: Алег Вешчы, romanized: Aleh Vieščy Russian: Олег Вещий, romanized: Oleg Veshij; Ukrainian: Олег Віщий, romanized: Oleh Vishchyi

References edit

  1. ^ a b Ostrowski 2018, p. 44.
  2. ^ a b c d Ostrowski 2018, p. 42–44.
  3. ^ Ostrowski 2018, p. 32–33.
  4. ^ Ostrowski 2018, p. 40.
  5. ^ Chronicles by the Hypatian Lists (ЛѢТОПИСЬ ПО ИПАТЬЕВСКОМУ СПИСКУ) 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ Vasmer, Max. "Этимологический словарь Макса Фасмера". p. Олег. from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Sveerne". www.fortidensjelling.dk. from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  8. ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Second Edition. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 55. ISBN 9781442203020. from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  9. ^ Kendrick, T. D. (2018). A History of the Vikings. Routledge. pp. 508–509, 847. ISBN 9781136242397. from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  10. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 891. ISBN 9780521364478. from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  11. ^ Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 9781135131371. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Dimnik 2004, p. 259.
  13. ^ a b Ostrowski 2018, p. 30–31, 39.
  14. ^ Gabriel Bie Ravndal (1938). Stories of the East-vikings. Augsburg publishing house. p. 173. from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  15. ^ Dimnik 2004, p. 259–260.
  16. ^ A. N. Nasonov, Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov, (Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSR, 1950),109. cf. Kloss 337–343.
  17. ^ Shahmatov xxxii–xxxiii.
  18. ^ The earliest and most believable version seems to have been preserved in the Novgorod First Chronicle, which says that Oleg departed "overseas" (i.e., to Scandinavia) and was buried there.
  19. ^ Leningrad, Aurora Art Publishers, 1991.
  20. ^ a b "Prince Oleg and his Fateful Steed: A Story from Medieval Rus'". Medievalists.net. 1 October 2022. from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  21. ^ Miller, Dean (1997). "Threefold death". In Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 577–578.
  22. ^ "Amazing Adventures Of Örvar-Oddr And Encounter With The Mysterious Ögmundr Flóki". Ancient Pages. 27 February 2023. from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  23. ^ Harris, Oliver D. (2023). ""Grey Dolphin" and the Horse Church, Minster in Sheppey: the construction of a legend". Archaeologia Cantiana. 144: 97–123.
  24. ^ The text of the Schechter Letter is given at Golb 106–121. It is cited herein by folio and line (e.g. SL Fol. x:x)
  25. ^ SL Fol. 2r, 15–16; 17. The author of the letter describes Khazaria as "our land". SL Fol. 1r:19, 2v:15,20.
  26. ^ No less a personage than Mikhail Artamonov declared the manuscripts' authenticity beyond question. Artamonov 12. Nonetheless, other scholars expressed scepticism about its account, due in large part to its contradiction of the Primary Chronicle. E.g., Gregoire 242–248, 255–266; Dunlop 161. Anatoli Novoseltsev, noting the discrepancy, admits the document's authenticity but declares that the author "displaces the real historical facts rather freely." Novoseltsev 216–218. Brutskus asserted that HLGW was in fact another name for Igor. Brutskus 30–31. Mosin proposed that HLGW was a different person from Oleg and was an independent prince in Tmutarakan; the existence of an independent Rus' state in Tmutarakan in the first half of the tenth century is rejected by virtually all modern scholars. Mosin 309–325; cf. Zuckerman 258.
  27. ^ Zuckerman 257–268. Zuckerman cites, inter alia, to the Novgorod First Chronicle. Cf., e.g., Christian 341–345.
  28. ^ Pritsak 60–71; Shahmatov xxxii–xxxiii;
  29. ^ Pritsak 60–71. Pritsak placed the "lost generation" between Oleg and Igor. Zuckerman dismisses this as "outright speculation"; and places both as contemporaries in the early to mid tenth century.
  30. ^ Pavel Kokovtsov, when publishing a Russian translation of the letter in 1932, argued that FRS may refer to Thrace, where the Rus' forces were defeated by the armies of Lecapenus (online 6 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine).
  31. ^ Miskawaihi 67–74; cf. SL Fol. 2v:3 et seq.
  32. ^ Parkomenko 1924, p. 24 et seq..
  33. ^ Brook 154.
  34. ^ Vernadsky 41 et seq.
  35. ^ Petrukhin 226–228.

Bibliography edit

  • Artamonov, Mikhail. Istoriya Khazar. Leningrad, 1962.
  • Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Oleg" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–77.
  • Brutskus, Julius D. Pismo Hazarskogo Evreja Ol X Veka. Berlin 1924.
  • Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1. Blackwell, 1998.
  • Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). "The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'". Mediaeval Studies. 66: 253–312. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  • Dunlop, D.M. History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1954.
  • Gregoire, H. 'Le "Glozel' khazare." Revue des Études Byzantines 12, 1937.
  • Golb, Norman and Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982. [Note:as each author was responsible for separate sections of the work, they are referenced separately above.]
  • Kloss, B.M. "Letopis' Novgorodskaja pervaja". Slovar' Kniznikov i Knizhnosti Drevnej Rusi, vol. 1. Leningrad 1987.
  • Kokovtsov P.S. Еврейско-хазарская переписка в X веке. Leningrad 1932.
  • al-Miskawaihi. The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. D. S. Margoliouth, trans. Oxford 1921.
  • Mosin, V. "Les Khazars et les Byzantins d'apres l'Anonyme de Cambridge." Revue des Études Byzantines 6 (1931): 309–325.
  • Nasonov, A.N., ed. Novgorodskaja Pervaja Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov. Moscow, 1950.
  • Novoseltsev, Anatoli P. Hazarskoe Gosudarstvo i Ego Rol' v Istorii Vostochnoj Evropy i Kavkaza. Moscow 1990.
  • Ostrowski, Donald (2018). "Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?". Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 52 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1163/22102396-05201009.
  • Parkomenko, V. A. (1924). У истоков русской государственности [On the Origins of Rus' Statehood]. Leningrad: Gosizdat. p. 113.
  • Petrukhin V.Ya. "Князь Олег, Хелгу Кембриджского документа и русский княжеский род". Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. Памяти А.П. Новосельцева. Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000: 222–230.
  • Pushkin, Alexander. The Song of the Wise Oleg. Leningrad, Aurora Art Publishers, 1991.
  • Shahmatov, A.A. Ocherk Drevnejshego Perioda Istorii Russkogo Jazyka. Petrograd, 1915 (reprinted Paris 1967).
  • Zuckerman, Constantine. "On the Date of the Khazar’s Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor." Revue des Études Byzantines 53 (1995): 237–270.
  • Vernadsky, Georgy. Kievan Rus. Moscow, 1996.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Oleg of Novgorod at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Prince of Novgorod
c. 879 – c. 912/922/940s 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Kiev
c. 881/2/9 – c. 912/922/940s

October 30, 2023
oleg, wise, oleg, east, slavic, Ѡлегъ, Ольгъ, norse, helgi, died, known, oleg, novgorod, oleg, kiev, varangian, prince, became, prince, kiev, laid, foundations, kievan, state, oleglay, viktor, vasnetsov, 1899, prince, kievreign881, 940s, predecessoraskold, dir. Oleg Old East Slavic Ѡleg Olg 5 6 Old Norse Helgi died 912 7 known as Oleg the Wise a Oleg of Novgorod or Oleg of Kiev 8 9 10 11 was a Varangian prince of the Rus who became prince of Kiev and laid the foundations of the Kievan Rus state 12 OlegLay of Oleg the Wise by Viktor Vasnetsov 1899 Prince of KievReign881 2 889 1 912 922 940s 2 PredecessorAskold and DirSuccessorIgorPrince of NovgorodReign879 912PredecessorRurik 2 SuccessorIgorDied912 922 940s 2 BurialKiev PVL 3 or Ladoga NPL 4 Dynastydisputed 2 Fatherunknown 1 ReligionNorse paganismAccording to the Primary Chronicle he succeeded his kinsman Rurik as ruler of Novgorod and subdued many of the East Slavic tribes to his rule extending his control from Novgorod to the south along the Dnieper river Oleg also launched a successful attack on Constantinople He died in 912 and was succeeded by Rurik s son Igor This traditional dating has been challenged by some historians who point out that it is inconsistent with such other sources as the Schechter Letter which mentions the activities of a certain khagan HLGW Hebrew הלגו usually transcribed Helgu Compare Swedish first name Helge of Rus as late as the 940s during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I The nature of Oleg s relationship with the Rurikid ruling family of the Rus and specifically with his successor Igor of Kiev is a matter of much controversy among historians 13 Contents 1 Oleg of the Rus chronicles 1 1 Death according to legend 2 Oleg of the Schechter Letter 3 Attempts to reconcile the accounts 4 Legacy 5 In popular culture 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksOleg of the Rus chronicles edit nbsp Fyodor Bruni Oleg Has His Shield Fixed to the Gates of Constantinople According to the Primary Chronicle Oleg was a relative or kinsman of Rurik 14 and was entrusted by Rurik to take care of both his realm and his young son Igor However his relation to Rurik is debatable and has been rejected by several modern scholars 13 Oleg is narrated to have succeeded Rurik as the ruler of Novgorod in 879 In 881 882 he took control of Smolensk and then seized power in Kiev by tricking and slaying Askold and Dir and setting himself up as prince in Kiev which is commonly taken as the founding of Kievan Rus 12 Although Oleg was the first prince knyaz of Kiev according to the Primary Chronicle he was not yet a grand prince velikiy knyaz 12 Whereas later Muscovite chroniclers would call Oleg a grand prince and Kiev a grand principality Old East Slavic velikoe knyazhenie romanized velikoe knyazhenie the earliest sources do not 15 In 883 Prince Oleg of Novgorod made the Drevlians pay tribute to Kiev In 907 the Drevlians took part in the Kievan military campaign against the Byzantine Empire the Rus Byzantine War 907 against Constantinople in 907 citation needed According to the chronicle Oleg assaulting the city ordered to wait for favorable wind with sails spread at some other point When wind arose it drove the wheeled boats towards the city through the land The citizens were forced to start a peace negotiation Having fixed his shield to the gate of the imperial capital Oleg won a favourable trade treaty which eventually was of great benefit to both nations Although Byzantine sources did not record these hostilities the text of the treaty survives in the Chronicle citation needed nbsp Viktor Vasnetsov Oleg being mourned by his warriors 1899 The Primary Chronicle s brief account of Oleg s life contrasts with other early sources specifically the Novgorod First Chronicle which states that Oleg was not related to Rurik and was rather a Scandinavian client prince who served as Igor s army commander The Novgorod First Chronicle does not give the date of the commencement of Oleg s reign but dates his death to 922 rather than 912 16 Scholars have contrasted this dating scheme with the epic reigns of roughly thirty three years for both Oleg and Igor in the Primary Chronicle 17 The Primary Chronicle and other Kievan sources place Oleg s grave in Kiev while Novgorodian sources identify a funerary barrow in Ladoga as Oleg s final resting place 18 Death according to legend edit nbsp The reputed burial mound for Oleg of Novgorod Volkhov River near Staraya Ladoga In the Primary Chronicle Oleg is known as the Prophet an epithet alluding to the sacred meaning of his Norse name priest According to the legend romanticised by Alexander Pushkin in his ballad The Song of the Wise Oleg 19 it was prophesied by the pagan priests volkhvs that Oleg would take death from his stallion 20 To defy the prophecies Oleg sent the horse away Many years later he asked where his horse was and was told it had died He asked to see the remains and was taken to the place where the bones lay When he touched the horse s skull with his boot a snake slithered from the skull and bit him Oleg died thus fulfilling the prophecy 20 Oleg s death has been interpreted as a distorted variant of the threefold death theme in Indo European myth and legend with prophecy the snake and the horse representing the three functions the prophecy is associated with sovereignty the horse with warriors and the serpent with reproduction 21 In Scandinavian traditions this legend lived on in the saga of Orvar Odd 22 Another variant is found in the tale of Sir Robert de Shurland on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent England 23 Oleg of the Schechter Letter editAccording to the Primary Chronicle Oleg died in 912 and his successor Igor of Kiev ruled from then until his assassination in 945 The Schechter Letter 24 a document written by a Jewish Khazar a contemporary of Romanus I Lecapenus describes the activities of a Rus warlord named HLGW Hebrew הלגו usually transcribed as Helgu 25 For years many scholars disregarded or discounted the Schechter Letter account which referred to Helgu often interpreted as Oleg as late as the 940s 26 Recently however scholars such as David Christian and Constantine Zuckerman have suggested that the Schechter Letter s account is corroborated by various other Rus chronicles and suggests a struggle within the early Rus polity between factions loyal to Oleg and to the Rurikid Igor a struggle that Oleg ultimately lost 27 Zuckerman posited that the early chronology of the Rus had to be re determined in light of these sources Among Zuckerman s beliefs and those of others who have analyzed these sources are that the Khazars did not lose Kiev until the early 10th century rather than 882 the traditional date 28 that Igor was not Rurik s son but rather a more distant descendant and that Oleg did not immediately follow Rurik but rather that there is a lost generation between the legendary Varangian lord and his documented successors 29 Of particular interest is the fact that the Schechter Letter account of Oleg s death namely that he fled to and raided FRS tentatively identified with Persia 30 and was slain there bears remarkable parallels to the account of Arab historians such as Ibn Miskawayh who described a similar Rus attack on the Muslim state of Arran in the year 944 5 31 Attempts to reconcile the accounts edit nbsp Prince Oleg Approached by Pagan Priests a Kholuy illustration to Pushkin s ballad In contrast to Zuckerman s version the Primary Chronicle and the later Kiev Chronicle place Oleg s grave in Kiev where it could be seen at the time of the compilation of these documents Furthermore scholars have pointed out that if Oleg succeeded Rurik in 879 as the East Slavic chronicles assert he could hardly have been active almost 70 years later unless he had a life span otherwise unheard of in medieval annals To solve these difficulties Parkomenko 1924 proposed that the pagan monarch priests of Rus used the hereditary title of helgu standing for holy in the Norse language and that Igor and others held this title 32 It has also been suggested that Helgu Oleg who waged war in the 940s was distinct from both of Rurik s successors He could have been one of the fair and great princes recorded in the Russo Byzantine treaties of 911 and 944 or one of the archons of Rus mentioned in De administrando imperio 33 But the Primary Chronicle does not specify the relations between minor Rurikid princes active during the period although the names Rurik Oleg and Igor were recorded among the late 10th century and 11th century Rurikids citation needed Georgy Vernadsky even identified the Oleg of the Schechter Letter with Igor s otherwise anonymous eldest son whose widow Predslava is mentioned in the Russo Byzantine treaty of 944 34 Alternatively V Ya Petrukhin speculated that Helgu Oleg of the 940s was one of the vernacular princes of Chernigov whose ruling dynasty maintained especially close contacts with Khazaria as the findings at the Black Grave a large royal kurgan excavated near Chernigov seem to testify 35 Legacy editOlehivska Street Kyiv and Prince Oleg Lane Kremenchuk both in Ukraine are both named after Oleg In popular culture editOleg appears briefly in the Soviet film The Legend of Princess Olga 1983 played by Russian Ukrainian actor Nikolay Olyalin citation needed Hungarian actor Laszlo Helyey portrayed Oleg in the Hungarian production Honfoglalas 1996 a biopic on Arpad played by Franco Nero citation needed The Danish film A Viking Saga 2008 tells of the early life and career of Oleg Oleg is played by Ken Vedsegaard with Erik Holmey in the role of Rurik Kim Sonderholm as Dir and Peter Gantzler as Askold the primary antagonist citation needed Prince Oleg appears as the primary villain in season 6 of Vikings 2019 2020 In this production Askold and Dir are portrayed as his brothers He is played by Russian actor Danila Kozlovsky citation needed Prince Oleg appears in Russian docudrama The Rurikids The story of the first dynasty 2019 which tells the story of the Rurik dynasty 9th 16th centuries He is portrayed by Russian actor Dmitry Moguchev citation needed Oleg appears in the video game Crusader Kings III where he is Rurik Rurikid s son named Helgi The Seer who is of the Slovianska Pravda faith as opposed to Rurik s Asatru Norse Pagan faith citation needed Notes edit Belarusian Aleg Veshchy romanized Aleh Viescy Russian Oleg Veshij romanized Oleg Veshij Ukrainian Oleg Vishij romanized Oleh VishchyiReferences edit a b Ostrowski 2018 p 44 a b c d Ostrowski 2018 p 42 44 Ostrowski 2018 p 32 33 Ostrowski 2018 p 40 Chronicles by the Hypatian Lists LѢTOPIS PO IPATEVSKOMU SPISKU Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Vasmer Max Etimologicheskij slovar Maksa Fasmera p Oleg Archived from the original on 21 December 2022 Retrieved 21 December 2022 Sveerne www fortidensjelling dk Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 Retrieved 7 April 2021 Brook Kevin Alan 2006 The Jews of Khazaria Second Edition London Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Inc p 55 ISBN 9781442203020 Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Kendrick T D 2018 A History of the Vikings Routledge pp 508 509 847 ISBN 9781136242397 Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Reuter Timothy 1995 The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3 c 900 c 1024 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 891 ISBN 9780521364478 Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 Retrieved 25 August 2022 Lock Peter 2013 The Routledge Companion to the Crusades Routledge p 8 ISBN 9781135131371 Retrieved 5 March 2023 a b c Dimnik 2004 p 259 a b Ostrowski 2018 p 30 31 39 Gabriel Bie Ravndal 1938 Stories of the East vikings Augsburg publishing house p 173 Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 Retrieved 30 January 2023 Dimnik 2004 p 259 260 A N Nasonov Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov Moscow and Leningrad ANSSR 1950 109 cf Kloss 337 343 Shahmatov xxxii xxxiii The earliest and most believable version seems to have been preserved in the Novgorod First Chronicle which says that Oleg departed overseas i e to Scandinavia and was buried there Leningrad Aurora Art Publishers 1991 a b Prince Oleg and his Fateful Steed A Story from Medieval Rus Medievalists net 1 October 2022 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Miller Dean 1997 Threefold death In Mallory J P Adams Douglas Q eds Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis pp 577 578 Amazing Adventures Of Orvar Oddr And Encounter With The Mysterious Ogmundr Floki Ancient Pages 27 February 2023 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Harris Oliver D 2023 Grey Dolphin and the Horse Church Minster in Sheppey the construction of a legend Archaeologia Cantiana 144 97 123 The text of the Schechter Letter is given at Golb 106 121 It is cited herein by folio and line e g SL Fol x x SL Fol 2r 15 16 17 The author of the letter describes Khazaria as our land SL Fol 1r 19 2v 15 20 No less a personage than Mikhail Artamonov declared the manuscripts authenticity beyond question Artamonov 12 Nonetheless other scholars expressed scepticism about its account due in large part to its contradiction of the Primary Chronicle E g Gregoire 242 248 255 266 Dunlop 161 Anatoli Novoseltsev noting the discrepancy admits the document s authenticity but declares that the author displaces the real historical facts rather freely Novoseltsev 216 218 Brutskus asserted that HLGW was in fact another name for Igor Brutskus 30 31 Mosin proposed that HLGW was a different person from Oleg and was an independent prince in Tmutarakan the existence of an independent Rus state in Tmutarakan in the first half of the tenth century is rejected by virtually all modern scholars Mosin 309 325 cf Zuckerman 258 Zuckerman 257 268 Zuckerman cites inter alia to the Novgorod First Chronicle Cf e g Christian 341 345 Pritsak 60 71 Shahmatov xxxii xxxiii Pritsak 60 71 Pritsak placed the lost generation between Oleg and Igor Zuckerman dismisses this as outright speculation and places both as contemporaries in the early to mid tenth century Pavel Kokovtsov when publishing a Russian translation of the letter in 1932 argued that FRS may refer to Thrace where the Rus forces were defeated by the armies of Lecapenus online Archived 6 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Miskawaihi 67 74 cf SL Fol 2v 3 et seq Parkomenko 1924 p 24 et seq Brook 154 Vernadsky 41 et seq Petrukhin 226 228 Bibliography editArtamonov Mikhail Istoriya Khazar Leningrad 1962 Bain Robert Nisbet 1911 Oleg In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 76 77 Brutskus Julius D Pismo Hazarskogo Evreja Ol X Veka Berlin 1924 Christian David A History of Russia Central Asia and Mongolia Vol 1 Blackwell 1998 Dimnik Martin January 2004 The Title Grand Prince in Kievan Rus Mediaeval Studies 66 253 312 doi 10 1484 J MS 2 306512 Retrieved 6 March 2023 Dunlop D M History of the Jewish Khazars Princeton Princeton Univ Press 1954 Gregoire H Le Glozel khazare Revue des Etudes Byzantines 12 1937 Golb Norman and Omeljan Pritsak Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century Ithaca Cornell Univ Press 1982 Note as each author was responsible for separate sections of the work they are referenced separately above Kloss B M Letopis Novgorodskaja pervaja Slovar Kniznikov i Knizhnosti Drevnej Rusi vol 1 Leningrad 1987 Kokovtsov P S Evrejsko hazarskaya perepiska v X veke Leningrad 1932 al Miskawaihi The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate D S Margoliouth trans Oxford 1921 Mosin V Les Khazars et les Byzantins d apres l Anonyme de Cambridge Revue des Etudes Byzantines 6 1931 309 325 Nasonov A N ed Novgorodskaja Pervaja Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov Moscow 1950 Novoseltsev Anatoli P Hazarskoe Gosudarstvo i Ego Rol v Istorii Vostochnoj Evropy i Kavkaza Moscow 1990 Ostrowski Donald 2018 Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus Canadian American Slavic Studies 52 1 30 49 doi 10 1163 22102396 05201009 Parkomenko V A 1924 U istokov russkoj gosudarstvennosti On the Origins of Rus Statehood Leningrad Gosizdat p 113 Petrukhin V Ya Knyaz Oleg Helgu Kembridzhskogo dokumenta i russkij knyazheskij rod Drevnejshie gosudarstva Vostochnoj Evropy 1998 Pamyati A P Novoselceva Moscow Russian Academy of Sciences 2000 222 230 Pushkin Alexander The Song of the Wise Oleg Leningrad Aurora Art Publishers 1991 Shahmatov A A Ocherk Drevnejshego Perioda Istorii Russkogo Jazyka Petrograd 1915 reprinted Paris 1967 Zuckerman Constantine On the Date of the Khazar s Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor Revue des Etudes Byzantines 53 1995 237 270 Vernadsky Georgy Kievan Rus Moscow 1996 External links edit nbsp Media related to Oleg of Novgorod at Wikimedia CommonsPreceded byRurik Prince of Novgorodc 879 c 912 922 940s Succeeded byIgorPreceded byAskold and Dir Prince of Kievc 881 2 9 c 912 922 940s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oleg the Wise amp oldid 1179627606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.