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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

January 03, 2023

"Bangabandhu" and "Mujibur Rahman" redirect here. For other uses, see Bangabandhu (disambiguation) and Mujibur Rahman (disambiguation).

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bengali: শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান; 17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975), often shortened as Sheikh Mujib or Mujib and widely known as Bangabandhu (meaning Friend of Bengal), was a Bengali politician, parliamentarian[5] and the founding leader of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. He first served as the titular President of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh between April 1971 and January 1972. He then served as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from the Awami League between January 1972 and January 1975. He finally served as President again during BAKSAL from January 1975 till his assassination in August 1975.[6][7] In 2011, the 15th constitutional amendment in Bangladesh referred to Sheikh Mujib as the Father of the Nation who declared independence; these references were enshrined in the fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules of the constitution.[8]

Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান
Portrait of Bangabandhu
President of Bangladesh
In office
25 January 1975 – 15 August 1975
Prime MinisterMuhammad Mansur Ali
Preceded byMohammad Mohammadullah
Succeeded byKhondaker Mostaq Ahmad (Usurper)[a]
Member of Jatiya Sangsad
In office
7 March 1972 – 15 August 1975
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byJahangir Mohammad Adel
ConstituencyDhaka-12
Prime Minister of Bangladesh
In office
12 January 1972 – 24 January 1975
PresidentAbu Sayeed Chowdhury
Mohammad Mohammadullah
Preceded byTajuddin Ahmad
Succeeded byMuhammad Mansur Ali
President of Bangladesh Awami League
In office
1972–1974
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byAbul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman
Ministerial and party offices 1946–⁠1972
President of the Provisional Government
In office
17 April 1971 – 12 January 1972
Prime MinisterTajuddin Ahmad
Vice PresidentSyed Nazrul Islam
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
President of Awami League
In office
1966–1971
Preceded byAbdur Rashid Tarkabagish
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Industries Minister of East Pakistan
In office
1956–1957
GovernorA. K. Fazlul Huq
Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
In office
1955–1958
Prime MinisterChaudhry Mohammad Ali
Succeeded byFayakuzzaman
ConstituencyNE-35 (Faridpur-III)
Agriculture Minister of East Bengal
In office
3 April 1954 – 30 May 1954
GovernorChaudhry Khaliquzzaman
Member of East Bengal Legislative Assembly
In office
1954–1958
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
ConstituencyGopalganj
General Secretary of Awami League
In office
1953–1966
Preceded byShamsul Huq
Succeeded byTajuddin Ahmad
Councillor of Bengal Provincial Muslim League
In office
1946–1948
Preceded byUnknown
Succeeded byUnknown
Personal details
Born(1920-03-17)17 March 1920
Tungipara, Faridpur District, Bengal, British India
(present-day Tungipara, Gopalganj, Bangladesh)
Died15 August 1975(1975-08-15) (aged 55)
Dacca, Bangladesh (present-day Dhanmondi, Dhaka)
Manner of deathAssassination
Resting placeMausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
NationalityBritish Indian (1920–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1971)
Bangladeshi (1971–1975)
Political partyBangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1975)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League (1937–1947)
Muslim League (1947–1949)
Awami League (1949–1971)
Bangladesh Awami League (1971–1975)
SpouseBegum Fazilatunnesa
Children
Parents
RelativesSheikh–Wazed family
ResidenceDhanmondi 32
Alma materIslamia College, Calcutta (BA)
University of Dhaka[b]
Occupation
  • insurance executive
  • politician
  • statesman
Signature
NicknameKhoka

Mujib emerged as a student activist in Bengal during the final years of the British Raj. He rose within the ranks of the Awami League as a fiery and charismatic orator. He became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional discrimination of Bengalis in Pakistan, who comprised the largest ethnic group in the federation. He was elected to public office for the first time in 1954 and championed Bengali identity in Pakistan's constitution making process between 1955 and 1956. Mujib worked in the insurance industry on the sidelines of politics. At the heightening of tensions between East and West Pakistan, he outlined a six-point autonomy plan. He was often jailed for his protests against the Pakistani government. Mujib led the Awami League to win the first democratic election of Pakistan in 1970. Despite gaining a majority, the League was not invited by the ruling military junta to form a government. As civil disobedience erupted across East Pakistan, Mujib edged towards declaring the independence of Bangladesh in a historic speech on 7 March 1971. On 26 March 1971, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence after the Pakistan Army responded to the mass protests with Operation Searchlight, in which Prime Minister–elect Mujib was arrested and flown to solitary confinement in West Pakistan, while the Bengali population suffered genocide. A nine-month war was fought in his name, which culminated in Pakistan's surrender on 16 December 1971. Mujib was released from Pakistani custody due to international pressure and returned home on 10 January 1972. The jubilation of Bangladeshis over the war's victory and Mujib's homecoming was tempered by the devastation and challenges faced by the new country.

Sheikh Mujib was a major populist leader of the 20th century. In governance, Mujib's legacies include the Constitution of Bangladesh, which was enacted within a year of Bangladesh's liberation; as well as the transformation of East Pakistan's state apparatus, bureaucracy, armed forces, and judiciary into an independent Bangladeshi state. He delivered the first Bengali speech to the UN General Assembly in 1974. Mujib's five year regime was the only socialist period in Bangladesh's history. In 1975, Mujib installed a one party state which lasted for seven months until his assassination. His legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic management, the Bangladesh famine of 1974, human rights violations, and authoritarianism. Most Bangladeshis credit him for leading the country to independence in 1971. Many within and outside Bangladesh call him Bangabandhu out of respect. In a 2004 BBC opinion poll, Mujib was voted as the Greatest Bengali of all time and ranked first on the list followed by Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (2nd) and Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (3rd).[9] His speech of 7 March is listed amongst UNESCO Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific.[10] Mujib's diaries and travelogues were published many years after his death and have been translated into several languages.

Early life and activism

 
Mujib's birthplace in Tungipara village, Gopalganj
 
Mujib (standing right) with Mahatma Gandhi (seated center) and H. S. Suhrawardy (seated left) in Noakhali, 1946

Mujib was born in 1920 in the village of Tungipara in Gopalganj sub-division of Faridpur district in the province of Bengal in British India.[11] His father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a sheristadar (law clerk) in the courthouse of Gopalganj; Mujib's mother Sayera Khatun was a housewife. They were a middle class Bengali Muslim family, and had Iraqi Arab ancestry through his paternal grandfather Sheikh Abdul Hamid, who was a direct descendant of 15th-century Muslim preacher Sheikh Awwal of Baghdad.[12] Mujib was the third child in a family of four daughters and two sons.[11] His parents nicknamed him "Khoka".[13]

In 1927, Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School.[14] In 1929, he entered the third grade of Gopalganj Public School. His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years.[15] Mujib withdrew from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery. He returned to formal education after 4 years owing to the severity of the surgery and slow recovery.[16] He began showing signs of political leadership around this time. At the Gopalganj Missionary School, Mujib's political passion was noticed by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, who was visiting the area along with A. K. Fazlul Huq. Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942. Mujib moved to Calcutta for higher education. At the time, Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India. He studied liberal arts, including political science,[6] at the erstwhile Islamia College of Calcutta and lived in Baker Hostel.[17][18] Islamia College was one of the leading educational institutions for the Muslims of Bengal. He obtained his bachelor's degree from the college in 1947.[11]

During his time in Calcutta, Sheikh Mujib became involved in the politics of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, the All India Muslim Students Federation, the Indian independence movement and the Pakistan movement. In 1943, he was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League. In 1944, he was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association, a Calcutta-based association of residents from Faridpur. In 1946, at the height of the Pakistan movement, Mujib was elected as General Secretary of the Islamia College Students Union in Calcutta.[19] His political mentor Suhrawardy led the center-left faction of the Muslim League. Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal, including unions for sailors, railway workers, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups.[20] Mujib assisted Suhrawardy in these efforts and also worked to ensure protection for Muslim families during the violent days in the run up to partition.

After the partition of India, Mujib was admitted into the Law Department of the University of Dhaka. The university was created in 1921 as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges; but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments.[21][22] Mujib founded the Muslim Students League on 4 January 1948 as the student wing of the Muslim League in East Bengal. This organization later transformed into the Bangladesh Chhatra League. During the visit of Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Dhaka, it was declared that Urdu will be the sole national language of Pakistan. This sparked the Bengali Language Movement. Mujib became embroiled in the language movement, as well as left-wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League. Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the Awami Muslim League in 1949. These opposition political activities were targeted by the government and police. Mujib was arrested many times. In 1949, Mujib was expelled from Dhaka University on charges of inciting employees against the university. After 61 years, in 2010, the university withdrew its famously politically-motivated expulsion order.[11][23][24]

Leader of Pakistan

Mujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between 1948 and 1971. He represented the Bengali grassroots. He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders, workers, or ordinary citizens. Mujib suffered repeated bouts of police detention due to his ability to instigate opposition protests against the Pakistani government. His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government. He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India. East Pakistan's Intelligence Branch compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities. The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government. The formerly classified reports have also been published.[25]

Founding of the Awami League

 
Mujib, wearing a garland, in an open jeep with Shamsul Huq and Yar Mohammad Khan

The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded on 23 June 1949 at the Rose Garden mansion on K. M. Das Lane in Old Dhaka.[26] Sheikh Mujib was elected as one of its joint secretaries.[26] The term "Muslim" was later dropped from the party's nomenclature. The Awami League sought to represent both Muslims and Pakistan's religious minorities, including Bengali Hindus and Pakistani Christians. Hence, it dropped "Muslim" from its name to appeal to the minority votebanks. Suhrawardy joined the party within a few years and became its main leader. He relied on Sheikh Mujib to organize his political activities in East Bengal. Mujib became Suhrawardy's political protégé. Prior to partition, Suhrawardy mooted the idea of an independent United Bengal. But in Pakistan, Suhrawardy reportedly preferred to preserve the unity of Pakistan in a federal framework; while Mujib supported autonomy and was open to the idea of East Bengali independence. Mujib reportedly remarked that "[t]he Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr. Suhrawardy’s stature. By the time they learned to value him, they had run out of time".[27] At the federal level, the Awami League was led by Suhrawardy. At the provincial level, the League was led by Sheikh Mujib who was given a free reign over the party's activities by Suhrawardy. Mujib consolidated his control of the party. The Awami League veered away from the left-wing extremism of its founding president Maulana Bhashani. Under Suhrawardy and Mujib, the Awami League emerged as a centre-left party.

 
Mujib (left) with Maulana Bhashani (center) and Suhrawardy (right) in Tangail

Language Movement

The Awami League strongly backed the Bengali Language Movement. Bengalis argued that the Bengali language deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan. The movement appealed to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages, in addition to English. During a conference in Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall, Sheikh Mujib was instrumental in establishing the All-Party State Language Action Committee.[28] He was repeatedly arrested during the movement. When he was released from jail in 1948, he was greeted by a rally of the State Language Struggle Committee.[29] Mujib announced a nationwide student strike on 17 March 1948.[30][31]

In early January 1950, the Awami League held an anti-famine rally in Dhaka during the visit of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests. On 26 January 1952, Pakistan's then Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin reiterated that Urdu will be the only state language. Despite his imprisonment, Mujib played a key role in organizing protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors. He played a key role in declaring 21 February 1952 as a strike day. Mujib went on hunger strike from 14 February 1952 in the prelude to the strike day. His own hunger strike lasted 13 days. On 26 February, he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February, including Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, and Jabbar.[30][32][11][33][34][35]

United Front

 
Mujib (standing second from left on bottom row) with A. K. Fazlul Huq in the United Front cabinet, 1954
 
Mujib (center) in Peking, 1956
 
Mujib at Tufts University in 1958

The League teamed up with other parties like the Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq to form the United Front coalition. During the East Bengali legislative election, 1954, Mujib was elected to public office for the first time. He became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in 1947. The Awami League-led United Front secured a landslide victory of 223 seats in the 237 seats of the provincial assembly. Mujib himself won by a margin of 13,000 votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj.[36] A. K. Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet. Mujib's initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry.[36] After taking oath on 15 May 1954, Chief Minister Huq traveled with ministers to India and West Pakistan. The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May 1954. Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from Karachi. He was released on 23 December 1954. Governor's rule was imposed in East Bengal.[37] The elected government was eventually restored in 1955.

On 5 June 1955, Mujib was elected to a newly reconstituted second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The Awami League organized a huge public meeting at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka on 17 June 1955 which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan's provinces. Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi. He opposed the government's plan to rename East Bengal as East Pakistan as part of the One Unit scheme. On 25 August 1955, he delivered the following speech.

Sir [President of the Constituent Assembly], you will see that they want to use the phrase 'East Pakistan' instead of 'East Bengal'. We have demanded many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan. The word Bengal has a history and tradition of its own. You can change it only after the people have been consulted. If you want to change, we have to go back to Bengal and ask them whether they are ready to accept it. So far as the question of one unit is concerned it can be incorporated in the constitution. Why do you want it to be taken up right now? What about the state language, Bengali? We are prepared to consider one unit with all these things. So, I appeal to my friends on the other side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way, in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite.[38]

Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of Ataur Rahman Khan. These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class. The Awami League's demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the 1956 constitution, which declared Urdu, Bengali and English as national languages. East Bengal, however, was renamed East Pakistan. In 1957, Mujib visited the People's Republic of China. In 1958, he toured the United States as part of the State Department's International Visitor Leadership Program.[39][40] Mujib resigned from the provincial cabinet to work full time for the Awami League as a party organizer.[41] Between 1956 and 1957, his mentor Suhrawardy served as the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan. Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan's relations with the United States and China. Suhrawardy was a strong supporter of Pakistan's membership in SEATO and CENTO.[42] Suhrawardy's pro-Western foreign policy caused Maulana Bhashani to break away from the Awami League to form the National Awami Party. But Mujib remained loyal to Suhrawardy.

The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état ended Pakistan's first era of parliamentary democracy. The 1956 constitution was abolished. Martial law was imposed. General Ayub Khan emerged as the country's dictator. Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office, including Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy.[43] A new constitution was introduced by Ayub Khan which curtailed universal suffrage and empowered electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament.[44][45]

Mujib joined the Alpha Insurance Company in 1960. He continued to work in the insurance industry for many years.[46][47][48]

Six point movement

Main article: Six point movement
 
Mujib during his early career
 
Mujib waving to crowds at a rally in Dhaka's Paltan Maidan
 
Mujib with Awami League leaders, including Tajuddin Ahmad and Syed Nazrul Islam
 
Mujib waving to crowns from a train
 
Mujib and Tajuddin with women leaders of the Awami League, including Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury

Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib became General Secretary of the All Pakistan Awami League with Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan as its titular president.[49][50][51] The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential republic.[52] Mujib was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to President Ayub Khan who enacted a system of electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament and president under a system known as "Basic Democracy".[53][44][54] Universal suffrage was curtailed as part of the Basic Democracy scheme.

Mujib supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election.[55] Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, drew huge crowds in East Pakistan during her presidential campaign which was supported by the Combined Opposition, including the Awami League.[56] East Pakistan was the hotbed of opposition to the dictatorship of Ayub Khan.[57] Mujib became popular for voicing the grievances of the Bengali population, including under-representation in the military and central bureaucracy.[58] Despite generating most of Pakistan's export earnings and customs tax revenue, East Pakistan received a smaller budget allocation than West Pakistan.[59]

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan ended in stalemate. The Tashkent Declaration was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan's gains to India. Ayub Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the government,[60] formed the Pakistan Peoples Party, and exploited public discontent against the regime.

In 1965, Pakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media.[61][62][63] Censorship in state media spurred Bengali civil society groups like Chhayanaut to preserve Bengali culture. When Ayub Khan compared Bengalis to beasts, the poet Sufia Kamal retorted that "If the people are beasts then as the President of the Republic, you are the king of the beasts".[64] The Daily Ittefaq led by Tofazzal Hossain voiced growing aspirations for democracy, autonomy, and nationalism. Economists in Dhaka University pointed to the massive reallocation of revenue to West Pakistan despite East Pakistan's role in generating most of Pakistan's export income. Rehman Sobhan paraphrased the Two-Nation Theory into the Two Economies Theory.[65][66][67][68] He argued that East and West Pakistan had two fundamentally distinct economies within one country.

In 1966, Mujib put forward a 6-point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in Lahore.[11] The city of Lahore was chosen because of its symbolism as the place where the Lahore Resolution was adopted by the Muslim League in 1940. The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme, restoring universal suffrage, devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan, separate fiscal, monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan, and increased security spending for East Pakistan.[69]

  1. The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a legislature directly elected on the basis of the universal adult franchise.
  2. The federal government should deal with only two subjects: defense and foreign affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states.
  3. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate banking reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
  4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal center will have no such power. The Federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
  5. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries.
  6. East Pakistan should have a separate paramilitary forces.

Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what historians have termed the 6-point movement – recognized as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations.[70][71] Mujib insisted on a federal democracy and obtained broad support from the Bengali population.[72][73] In 1966, Mujib was elected as President of the Awami League. Tajuddin Ahmad succeeded him as General Secretary.

Agartala Conspiracy Case

Main article: Agartala Conspiracy Case

Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail, an official sedition trial in a military court opened. During his imprisonment between 1967 and 1969, Mujib began to write his autobiography.[74] In what is widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case, Mujib and 34 Bengali military officers were accused by the government of colluding with Indian government agents in a scheme to divide Pakistan and threaten its unity, order and national security. The plot was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala in the bordering Indian state of Tripura.[11] The outcry and unrest over Mujib's arrest and the charge of sedition against him destabilised East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes. Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to address the issues of students, workers and the poor, forming a larger "11-point plan". The government caved to the mounting pressure, dropped the charges on 22 February 1969 and unconditionally released Mujib the following day. He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero.[75] He was given a mass reception on 23 February, at the Ramna Race Course and conferred with the popular honorary title of Bangabandhu by Tofail Ahmed.[76] The term Bangabandhu means Friend of the Bengal in the Bengali language.[75] Several of Bengal's historic leaders were given similar honorary titles, including Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal) for A. K. Fazlul Huq, Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation) for Chittaranjan Das, and Netaji (The Leader) for Subhash Chandra Bose.

Round Table Conference

In 1969, President Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse. A few days after his release from prison, Mujib flew to Rawalpindi to attend the Round Table Conference.[77] Mujib sought to bargain for East Pakistan's autonomy. Mujib was the most powerful opposition leader at the Round Table Conference. Ayub Khan shook hands with Mujib, whom Khan previously had imprisoned. Talking to British media, Mujib said "East Pakistan must get full regional autonomy. It must be self-sufficient in all respects. It must get its due share and legitimate share in the central administration. The West Pakistani people support [East Pakistani demands]. Only the vested interests want to divide the people of East and West Pakistan".[77] When asked about the prospect of East Pakistan ruling West Pakistan if the Awami League gained power, Mujib replied that majority rule is important in a democracy but the people of East Pakistan had no intention to discriminate against West Pakistan, and that West Pakistani parties would continue to play an important role.[77] Mujib toured West Pakistani cities by train after the Round Table Conference. West Pakistani crowds received him with chants of "Sheikh Saheb Zindabad!" (meaning Long Live the Sheikh!).[78] He was received by huge crowds in Quetta, Baluchistan. He spoke to West Pakistani crowds in a heavily Bengali accent of Urdu, talking about chhey nukati (six points) and hum chhoy dofa mangta sab ke liye.[78]

Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six point plan for federal democracy. He wasn't satisfied by Ayub Khan's pledges. When he returned to Dhaka, he declared that East Pakistan should be known as Bangladesh. On 5 December 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting, held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy, that henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":

There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan.[35]

Mujib's fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro-independence aspirations among the masses, students, professionals, and intellectuals of East Pakistan. Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan's founding Two-Nation Theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms.[79] Mujib was able to galvanize support throughout East Pakistan, which was home to the majority of Pakistan's population. He became one of the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent. Bengalis increasingly referred to him as Bangabandhu.

1970 election

Main article: 1970 Pakistani general election
 
Mujib campaigning before the 1970 election

Prior to the scheduled general election for 1970, one of the most powerful cyclones on record devastated East Pakistan, leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced. President Yahya Khan, who was flying back from China after the cyclone, viewed the devastation from the air. The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts. Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of "gross neglect, callous inattention, and bitter indifference".[80] Mujib remarked that "We have a large army but it is left to the British Marines to bury our dead".[80] International aid had to pour in due to the slow response of the Pakistani military regime. Bengalis were outraged at what was widely considered to be the weak and ineffective response of the federal government to the disaster.[81][82] Public opinion and political parties in East Pakistan blamed the ruling military junta for the lack of relief efforts. The dissatisfaction led to divisions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis within the civil services, police and Pakistani Armed Forces.[81][83]

In the Pakistani general elections held on 7 December 1970, the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats belonging to East Pakistan in the National Assembly of Pakistan, as well as a landslide in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly.[84][11][85] The Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the federal parliament of Pakistan. With 167 seats, it was past the halfway mark of 150 seats in the 300 member national assembly and had the right to form a government of its own. Sheikh Mujib was widely considered to be the Prime Minister-elect, including by President Yahya Khan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) came in second with 86 seats. The new parliament was scheduled to hold its first sitting in Dhaka, Pakistan's legislative capital under the 1962 constitution. The political crisis emerged when PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that his party would boycott parliament if Mujib formed the next government. Bhutto threatened to break the legs of any West Pakistani MP-elect who accepted Mujib's mandate.[86][87][88][89][90][91] However, Khan Abdul Wali Khan of the Awami National Party from North West Frontier Province was open to accepting an Awami League government and traveled to Dhaka to meet with Mujib.[92] Many in Pakistan's establishment were opposed to Mujib becoming Pakistan's prime minister. At the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated political independence for East Pakistan, but smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh.[93]

Both Bhutto and Yahya Khan traveled to Dhaka for negotiations with the Awami League. Mujib's delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert Kamal Hossain. The Bengali negotiating position is extensively discussed in Kamal Hossain's autobiography Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice.[94] The Pakistani government was represented by former chief justice Alvin Robert Cornelius. At the InterContinental Dhaka, Bengali chefs refused to cook food for Yahya Khan.[94] Governor Sahabzada Yaqub Khan requested the Awami League to end the strike of the chefs at the InterContinental Hotel.[94]

Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them.[95][96] Mubashir Hassan met with Mujib and persuaded him to form a coalition government with Bhutto. They decided that Bhutto would serve as president, with Mujib as Prime Minister. These developments took place secretly and no Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed. Meanwhile, Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on dissolving the government.[97]

Establishment of Bangladesh

See also: Non-cooperation movement (1971), 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu, Bangladesh Liberation War, and Provisional Government of Bangladesh

Civil disobedience

The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March 1971. President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly's first sitting, which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan. The cities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Khulna were engulfed with protests. Amid signs of an impending crackdown, Mujib addressed the people of East Pakistan on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan.[98][99][100][101] In his speech, Mujib laid out the political history of Pakistan since partition and told the crowd that "[w]e gave blood in 1952; we won a mandate in 1954; but we were still not allowed to take up the reigns of this country".[102] While Mujib stopped short of declaring outright independence, he stated that the goal of the Awami League from then on would be eventual independence. He declared that the Awami League would collect taxes and form committees in every neighborhood to organize resistance. He called on the people "to turn every house into a fortress".[102] His most famous words from the speech were the following.

This time the struggle is for our liberation! This time the struggle is for our independence![99][101][103]
(For more info, see: 7th March Speech of Bangabandhu)[104]

Following the speech, 17 days of civil disobedience known as the non-cooperation movement took place across East Pakistan.[98][99][100][101] The Awami League began to collect taxes while all monetary transfers to West Pakistan were suspended. East Pakistan came under the de facto control of the Awami League. On 23 March 1971, Bangladeshi flags were flown throughout East Pakistan on Pakistan's Republic Day as a show of resistance. The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power. However, West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through PIA flights while arms were being unloaded from Pakistan Navy ships in Chittagong harbour.[105][106] The Pakistani military was preparing for a crackdown.

Outbreak of war

Talks broke down on 25 March 1971 when Yahya Khan left Dhaka, declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists.[99] The Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight. Mujib sent telegrams to Chittagong where M. A. Hannan from the Awami League and Major Ziaur Rahman from the East Bengal Regiment announced the Bangladeshi declaration of independence on Mujib's behalf. The text of Mujib's telegram sent at midnight on 26 March 1971 stated the following:

This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved.[8]

Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh,[107] Mujib was arrested without charges and flown to prison in West Pakistan after midnight. Mujib was moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad.[103] Sheikh Mujib was later moved to Central Jail Mianwali where he remained in solitary confinement for the entirety of the war.[108][109] Kamal Hossain was also arrested and flown to West Pakistan while many other League leaders escaped to India.[110] Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to preside over Mujib's court-martial trial, the proceedings of which have never been made public.[111] Mujib was sentenced to death but his execution was deferred on three occasions.[108]

The Pakistan Army's operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as genocide.[112][113] The Pakistan Army carried out atrocities against Bengali civilians. With help from Jamaat militias like the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams, the army targeted Bengali intellectuals, professionals, politicians, students, and other ordinary civilians. Many Bengali women suffered rape. Due to the deteriorating situation, large numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.[114] Bengali army and police regiments soon revolted and League leaders formed the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini arose across East Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him. Mujib's family was kept under house arrest during this period. General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti Bahini. Following Indian intervention in December, the Pakistan Army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India.[115][116]

Homecoming

Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972. Kamal Hossain was also released. Bhutto and Aziz Ahmed secretly met Mujib and Kamal Hossain in Rawalpindi.[117] Bhutto proposed a last minute attempt at mediation through the Shah of Iran, who was scheduled to arrive the next day.[94][118] Mujib declined the offer after consulting with Kamal Hossain. Mujib requested a flight to London.[94][118][119] Both Mujib and Hossain were then flown to London. Enroute to London, their plane made a stopover in Cyprus for refuelling.[120] In London, Mujib was welcomed by British officials and a policeman remarked "Sir, we have been praying for you".[121] Mujib was lodged at Claridge's Hotel and later met with British Prime Minister Edward Heath at 10 Downing Street. Heath and Mujib discussed Bangladesh's membership of the Commonwealth. Crowds of Bengalis converged on Claridge's Hotel to get a glimpse of Mujib.[122] Mujib held his first press conference in 9 months and addressed the international media at Claridge's Hotel. He made the following remarks at the press conference.

I am free to share the unbounded joy of freedom with my fellow countrymen. We have won our freedom in an epic liberation struggle.[123]

Mujib was provided an RAF plane by the British government to take him back to newly independent Bangladesh. He was accompanied on the flight by members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, as well as an emissary of India's premier Indira Gandhi. The emissary was Indian Bengali diplomat Shashank Banerjee, who recounted Mujib smoking his trademark smoking pipe with Erinmore tobacco.[124] During the flight, both men agreed that Bangladesh would adopt the Westminster style of parliamentary government. On Indira Gandhi's hopes for Bangladesh, Banerjee told Mujib that "on India’s eastern flank, she wished to have a friendly power, a prosperous economy, and a secular democracy, with a parliamentary system of government".[125] Regarding the presence of Indian troops in Bangladesh, Mujib requested Banerjee to convey to the Indian government that Indian troops should be withdrawn as early as possible.[124] The RAF de Havilland Comet made a stopover in the Middle East enroute to Dhaka.[124]

The RAF plane then made a stopover in New Delhi. Mujib was received by Indian President V. V. Giri and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces. Delhi was given a festive look as Mujib and Gandhi addressed a huge crowd where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Gandhi and the Indian public.[126]

After a few hours in Delhi, the RAF plane flew Mujib to Dhaka in independent Bangladesh. Before the plane landed, it circled the city to view the million people who converged on Tejgaon Airport to greet Mujib.[127] In Dhaka, Mujib's homecoming was described as "one of the most emotional outbursts in that emotional part of the world".[128] Crowds overwhelmed the airport tarmac and breached the security cordon as cabinet ministers went inside the plane to bring Mujib out. Mujib was given a guard of honor by members of the nascent Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, and Bangladesh Air Force.[128] Mujib was driven in an open truck through the dense crowds for a speech at the Ramna Race Course, where ten months earlier he had announced the liberation movement.[128][129][130][131][132]

Governing Bangladesh

See also: Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
 
The Bangladesh Gazette of 6 July 1972. The gazette officially published decisions and new laws of the government
 
Mujib inspecting a guard of honour from Bangladesh Air Force personnel
 
Mujib in Cox's Bazar

Mujib briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister. In January 1972 Time magazine reported that "[i]n the aftermath of the Pakistani army's rampage last March, a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked "like the morning after a nuclear attack". Since then, the destruction has only been magnified. An estimated 6,000,000 homes have been destroyed, and nearly 1,400,000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands. Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted. Roads are damaged, bridges out and inland waterways blocked. The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago. In the last days of the war, West Pakistani-owned businesses—which included nearly every commercial enterprise in the country—remitted virtually all their funds to the West. Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees ($16) in its account at the port city of Chittagong. The army also destroyed bank notes and coins, so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash. Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed.[133][134]

The new government of Bangladesh quickly converted East Pakistan's state apparatus into the machinery of an independent Bangladeshi state. For example, a presidential decree transformed the High Court of East Pakistan into the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[135] The Awami League successfully reorganized the bureaucracy, framed a written constitution, and rehabilitated war victims and survivors. In January 1972, Mujib introduced a parliamentary republic through a presidential decree.[135] The emerging state structure was influenced by the Westminster model in which the Prime Minister was the most powerful leader while the President acted on the government's advice. MPs elected during the 1970 general election became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Dr. Kamal Hossain produced a draft constitution which was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December 1972. In comparison to the prolonged constitution-making process in Pakistan during the 1950s, the Awami League was credited for swiftly enacting the Constitution of Bangladesh within just one year of independence. However, the League is criticized for this swift enactment because the Constituent Assembly was largely made up of members from the League itself; the few opposition lawmakers included Manabendra Narayan Larma, who demanded the term "Bangladeshi" to describe the new country's citizens instead of "Bengali" since not all Bangladeshis were Bengalis.[136] Critics argued that in reality "the Awami League sought to rule by Mujib's charisma and build a political process by dicta".[137]

Mujib introduced a quota for backward regions to get access to public sector jobs.[135] Bangladesh also faced a gun control problem because many of its guerrilla fighters from the Liberation War were roaming the country with guns. Mujib successfully called on former guerrillas to surrender their arms through public ceremonies which affirmed their status as freedom fighters during the Liberation War.[135] The President's Relief and Welfare Fund was created to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million displaced Bangladeshis. Mujib established 11,000 new primary schools and nationalized 40,000 primary schools.[138]

Withdrawal of Indian troops

One of Mujib's first priorities was the withdrawal of Indian troops from Bangladesh. Mujib requested the Indian government to ensure a swift withdrawal of Indian military forces from Bangladeshi territory. A timeline was drawn up for rapid withdrawal. The withdrawal took place within three months of the surrender of Pakistan to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. A formal ceremony was held in Dhaka Stadium on 12 March 1972 in which Mujib inspected a guard of honour from the 1st Rajput Regiment.[139] The withdrawal of Indian forces was completed by 15 March.[140] Many countries established diplomatic relations with Bangladesh soon after the withdrawal of Indian troops.[141] India's intervention and subsequent withdrawal has been cited as a successful case of humanitarian intervention in international law.[141]

War criminals

In 1972, Mujib told David Frost that he was a strong man but he had tears in his eyes when he saw pictures of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.[142] He told Frost that "I am a very generous man. I always believe in forgive and forget but this is impossible on my part to forgive and forget. This was cold blooded murder in a planned way; genocide to kill my people. These people must be punished".[143] Speaking about a potential war crimes trial, Mujib said "the world powers arranged the Nuremberg trials against the war criminals of fascist Germany. I think they should come forward and there should be another trial or inquiry under the United Nations".[144] Mujib pledged to hold a trial for those accused in wartime atrocities. An estimated 11,000 local collaborators of the Pakistan Army were arrested.[145] Their cases were heard by the Collaborators Tribunal.[146] In 1973, the government introduced the International Crimes (Tribunal) Act to prosecute 195 Pakistani PoWs under Indian custody.[147] In response, Pakistan filed a case against India at the International Court of Justice.[148] The Delhi Agreement struck a compromise between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh after the three countries agreed to transfer PoWs to Pakistani custody. However, the foreign minister of Bangladesh stated that "the excesses and manifold crimes committed by those prisoners of war constituted, according to the relevant provisions of the UN General Assembly resolutions and international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and that there was universal consensus that persons charged with such crimes as [the] 195 Pakistani prisoners of war should be held to account and subjected to the due process of law".[149] In 1974, the Third International Criminal Law Conference was held at the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs; the meeting supported calls for the creation of an international penal court.[150]

Economic policy

Mujib declared socialism as a national policy. His land reforms restricted land ownership to less than 25 bighas of land which effectively ended all traces of the zamindari system. Land owners with more than 25 bighas were subjected to taxes.[138] Farmers had to sell their products at prices set by the government instead of the market. Mujib nationalized all banks, insurance companies, and 580 industrial plants.[138] There was little foreign investment. The stock exchange remained closed. In 1974, the government sought to invite international oil companies to explore the Bay of Bengal for oil and natural gas. Shell sold five gas fields to the Bangladeshi government which set the stage for the creation of Petrobangla.[151] The national airline Biman was set up with planes from British Caledonian, the Indian government and the World Council of Churches. In the industrial sector, the Bangladeshi government built the Ghorashal Fertilizer Factory.[138] Work began on the Ashuganj Power Station. Operations in the Port of Chittagong were restored after the Soviet Navy conducted a clearing operation for naval mines.[152]

The Mujib government faced serious challenges, which included the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971, organization of food supply, health services and other necessities. The effects of the 1970 cyclone had not worn off, and the economy of Bangladesh had immensely deteriorated due to the conflict.[153] In 1973, thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan while many non-Bengali industrialists and capitalists emigrated; poorer non-Bengalis were stranded in refugee camps. Major efforts were launched to help an estimated 10 million former refugees who returned from India. The economy began to recover eventually.[154] A five-year plan released in 1973 focused state investments into agriculture, rural infrastructure and cottage industries.[155] But a famine occurred in 1974 when the price of rice rose sharply. In that month there was widespread starvation in Rangpur district. Government mismanagement was blamed.[156][157] Many of Mujib's disastrous socialist policies were eventually overturned by future governments. The five years of his regime marked the only intensely socialist period in Bangladesh's history. Successive governments de-emphasized socialism and promoted a market economy. By the 1990s, the Awami League returned to being a centre-left party in economics.

Secularism

Main article: Secularism in Bangladesh

While Pakistan adopted progressive reforms to Muslim family law as early as 1961,[158] Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972 when its newly adopted constitution included the word "secularism" for the first time in the region.[159] Despite the constitution's proclamation of secularism as a state policy, Mujib banned "anti-Islamic" activities, including gambling, horse racing and alcohol. He established the Islamic Foundation to regulate religious affairs for Muslims, including the collection of zakat and setting dates for religious observances like Eid and Ramadan.[138] Under Mujib, Bangladesh joined the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974. Bangladesh was not the only Muslim-majority secular republic in the OIC; others included Turkey and Nigeria. Secularism was later removed from the constitution by the military dictatorship in the late 1970s. Secularism was reinstated by the Supreme Court into the constitution in 2010.[160]

Foreign policy

 
Mujib with U.S. President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office in 1974

Mujib's major foreign policy achievement was to secure normalization and diplomatic relations with most countries of the world. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth, the UN, the OIC, and the Non-Aligned Movement. His allies included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia. Mujib delivered a historic speech to the United Nations General Assembly in Bengali in 1974. This was the first time Bengali was spoken in the UN General Assembly.[161] The speech laid out the genesis of Bangladesh's foreign policy. Mujib told the assembly that "[t]he Bengali has struggled for many centuries for the right to live a free and honourable life as independent citizens of an independent country. They expected to live in peace and harmony with all the nations in the world".[162][163] Mujib referred to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[162][163] He remarked that "[i]njustice is still rampant in many parts of the world. Our Arab brothers are still fighting for the complete eviction of the invaders from their land. The equitable national rights of the Palestinian people have not yet been achieved. In spite of the acceleration of the process of abolishing colonialism, it hasn’t reached its ultimate goal. This is more strongly true of Africa, where the people of Zimbabwe and Namibia are still engaged in the final struggle for national independence and absolute freedom. Although racism has been identified as a serious offence in this council, it’s still destroying the conscience of the people".[162][163]

Mujib and Indira Gandhi signed the 25-year Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace,[164] which complemented India's massive economic and humanitarian assistance to Bangladesh.[165] Mujib forged a close friendship with Indira Gandhi,[166] strongly praising India's decision to intervene in the Bangladesh Liberation War, and professed admiration and friendship for India.[164] In the Delhi Agreement of 1974, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan pledged to work for regional stability and peace. The agreement paved the way for the return of interned Bengali officials and their families stranded in Pakistan, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan.[167] In 1974, the Land Boundary Treaty regarding India-Bangladesh enclaves was challenged in court.[168][169] The government attempted to ratify the treaty without consulting parliament. Chief Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem ruled that parliament had to ratify the treaty in accordance with the constitution, otherwise the government's actions were illegal and unconstitutional. The Chief Justice dissented with the government's actions. The treaty was subsequently ratified by parliament. In his decision, Justice Sayem referred to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.[170] The Land Boundary Agreement was finally implemented in 2015.[171]

Japan became a major aid provider to the new country. Mujib attended Commonwealth summits in Canada and Jamaica, where he held talks with Queen Elizabeth II.[172] The Soviet Union supplied several squadrons of MiG-21 planes for the Bangladesh Air Force.[173] Although Israel was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh,[174] Bangladesh strongly supported Egypt during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. In return, Egypt gave Bangladesh's military 44 tanks.[175] Algeria facilitated Bangladesh's entry into the OIC by brokering talks with Pakistan.[162][176]

Left-wing insurgency

Main article: Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini

At the height of Mujib's power, left-wing insurgents from the Gonobahini fought against Mujib's government in order to establish a Marxist government.[177][178] The government responded by forming an elite paramilitary force called Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini on 8 February 1972. Many within the Bangladeshi military viewed the new paramilitary force with suspicion.[179][180] The new paramilitary force was responsible for human rights abuses against the general populace, including extrajudicial killings,[181][182][183] shootings by death squads,[184] and rape.[183] Members of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini were granted immunity from prosecution and other legal proceedings.[185][186] The force swore an oath of loyalty to Mujib.[187]

One party state

Further information: Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League and Second Revolution (Bangladesh)

Mujib's political philosophy dramatically changed in 1975. Elections were approaching in 1977 after the end of his five year term. Mujib sensed growing dissatisfaction with his regime. He changed the constitution, declared himself president, and established a one party state. Ahrar Ahmed, commenting in The Daily Star, noted that "Drastic changes were introduced through the adoption of the 4th amendment on Jan[uary] 25, 1975, which radically shifted the initial focus of the constitution and turned it into a single-party, [p]residential system, which curtailed the powers of the [p]arliament and the [j]udiciary, as well as the space for free speech or public assembly".[188] Censorship was imposed in the press. Civil society groups like the Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid were suppressed. The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL), meaning the "Bangladesh Farmers Workers Peoples League", became the only legal political party. Bureaucrats and military officers were ordered to join the single party. These actions profoundly impacted Mujib's legacy. Many Bangladeshis opposed to the Awami League cite his creation of BAKSAL as the ultimate hypocrisy. The one party state lasted for 7 months till Mujib's assassination on 15 August 1975.

Assassination

Main articles: Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman; 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état; and Indemnity Ordinance, 1975

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed along with most of his family in his private home on 15 August 1975 during a military coup by renegade army officers.[189] His wife, three sons, two daughters-in-law, and a host of other relatives, personal staff, and a brigadier general of the Bangladesh Army were killed as part of the coup.[190] After the coup, four leaders of the former Provisional Government of Bangladesh were arrested and eventually executed on 3 November 1975.

A martial law regime was established. Mujib's killers included fifteen junior army officers with ranks of colonels, majors, lieutenants and havildars. They were backed up by Awami League politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad who usurped the presidency. On the day of the coup, the junior officers ordered their soldiers to take over the national radio and television stations. The army chief K. M. Shafiullah could not stop the coup. His deputy Ziaur Rahman was informed about preparations for the coup but did not stop the coup plotters.[191] Zia is considered to be the main benefactor of the coup as it paved the way for his rise to power as Bangladesh's ruler.[191] The only survivors from Mujib's family were his daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting Hasina's physicist husband in West Germany at the time. On 26 September 1975, the martial law regime introduced the Indemnity Ordinance, 1975 which gave legal immunity to all persons involved in the coup of 15 August 1975.

Mujib was warned about a possible coup by Indian intelligence.[192][193] Mujib shrugged off these warnings by saying his own people would never hurt him.[194] His assassins continued to enjoy immunity from prosecution for 26 years. The Indemnity Ordinance was repealed in 1996 after his daughter Sheikh Hasina was elected as Prime Minister. Hasina subsequently initiated a murder case in the courts of Bangladesh. Several of the fifteen assassins, including coup leader Syed Faruque Rahman, were arrested and put on trial. Others like Khandaker Abdur Rashid became fugitives. The fifteen were given the death penalty by a court in 1998.[195] Five of the convicts were hanged in 2010.[196] A sixth convict was hanged in 2020.[197] Of the remaining fugitives, a few have died or are in hiding. In 2022, the Bangladeshi government reported that five fugitives are still on the run, including coup leader Rashid.[198] One of the convicted assassins is living in Canada.[199] One of the convicts is living in the United States.[200] Bangladesh has requested Canada and the United States to deport the fugitives following the precedent set by the deportation of A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed in 2007.[201]

Family

Further information: Sheikh–Wazed family
 
Mujib and his wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib in 1947

Mujib was 18 years old when he married Fazilatunnesa.[202][203] Together they had two daughters—Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana—and three sons—Sheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal, and Sheikh Rasel.[15] Kamal was an organizer of the Mukti Bahini guerrilla struggle in 1971 and received a wartime commission in the Bangladesh Army during the Liberation War.[204] Jamal was trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in Great Britain and later joined the Bangladesh Army as a Commissioned Officer.[205][206][207][208] The Sheikh family was under house arrest during the Bangladesh Liberation War until 17 December,[209] Sheikh Kamal and Jamal found the means to escape and cross over to a liberated zone, where they joined the struggle to free the country. Almost the entire Sheikh family was assassinated on 15 August 1975 during a military coup d'état. Only Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting West Germany, survived. Mujib is the maternal grandfather of Tulip Siddiq, British MP[210] for Hampstead and Kilburn since the 2015 UK general election.[211] Sajeeb Wazed is his eldest grandson.

Legacy

See also: List of things named after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
 
A Bangladeshi military helicopter carrying a flag during Mujib Year celebrations
 
Bangladesh's neighbor India released a postage stamp to mark Mujib Year in 2020

In 2004, listeners of the BBC Bangla radio service ranked Mujib first among the 20 Greatest Bengalis, ahead of Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore; Bangladesh's national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam; and other Bengali icons like Subhash Chandra Bose, Amartya Sen, Titumir, Begum Rokeya, Muhammad Yunus, and Ziaur Rahman.[212] The survey was modelled on the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll. In 2011, the parliament of Bangladesh passed the 15th amendment to the country's constitution which referred to Mujib as the "Father of the Nation" in attached fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules covering his 7th March Speech, the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971, and the Proclamation of Independence issued by the Provisional Government on 10 April 1971.[213]

In 2020, the government of Bangladesh celebrated Mujib Year to mark 100 years since the birth of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1920.[214] The commemorations preceded Bangladesh's 50th anniversary of independence in 2021. Mujib continues to be a revered, popular, divisive, and controversial figure in Bangladesh. His party, the Awami League, has built a personality cult around his legacy. Opponents of the League are fierce critics of Mujib's populism and authoritarianism, including his creation of BAKSAL. League supporters and other Bangladeshis credit Mujib for successfully leading the country to independence in 1971. However, Mujib's socialist and economic policies after 1971 are largely frowned upon except among his most loyal supporters and family members. Many roads, institutions, military bases, bridges and other places in Bangladesh are named in his honour. Under the Awami League's rule, Mujib's picture is printed on the national currency Bangladeshi taka. Bangladeshis across the political divide often refer to him as Bangabandhu out of respect. A satellite is also named after him.

Mujib is remembered in India as an ally. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road in New Delhi and an avenue in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal are named in his honour. The Palestinian Authority named a street in Hebron in honour of Mujib.[215] Bangabandhu Boulevard in Ankara, Turkey is named after Mujib. There is also a Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Street in Port Louis, Mauritius.[216] Sheikh Mujib Way in Chicago in the United States is named after him.[217]

Archer K. Blood described Mujib personally as urbane and charming.[218] Politically, Gary Bass writes that Archer Blood noted that "Mujib’s very appearance suggested raw power, a power drawn from the masses and from his own strong personality. He was tall and sturdy, with rugged features and intense eyes". Blood found him serene and confident amid the turmoil, but eager for power. Blood wrote that "On the rostrum he is a fiery orator who can mesmerize hundreds of thousands in a pouring rain. Mujib has something of a messianic complex which has been reinforced by the heady experience of mass adulation. He talks of ‘my people, my land, my forests, my rivers.’ It seems clear that he views himself as the personification of Bengali aspirations".[218] According to Time magazine, "A man of vitality and vehemence, Mujib became the political Gandhi of the Bengalis, symbolizing their hopes and voicing their grievances. Not even Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, drew the million-strong throngs that Mujib has attracted in Dacca. Nor, for that matter, has any subcontinent politician since Gandhi's day spent so much time behind bars for his political beliefs".[219]

An Egyptian journalist noted that "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman does not belong to Bangladesh alone. He is the harbinger of freedom for all Bengalis. His Bengali nationalism is the new emergence of Bengali civilization and culture. Mujib is the hero of the Bengalis, in the past and in the times that are".[219] Fidel Castro remarked that "I have not seen the Himalayas. But I have seen Sheikh Mujib. In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalayas. I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas".[219] Mujib cited Abraham Lincoln, Mao Zedong, Winston Churchill, John F. Kennedy, Sukarno and Kemal Ataturk as inspirations during an interview with David Frost.[220] Some journalists have criticized Mujib for being whimsical, "not serious", and a madman.[221]

Portrayals

Song

Books

Films

  • In the 1974 Bangladeshi film Sangram, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed by himself.
  • In the 2014 Indian film Children of War, Prodip Ganguly portrayed of Sheikh Mujib.
  • In the 2018 documentary film Hasina: A Daughter's Tale, Sheikh Mujib's daughter Sheikh Hasina spoke about the assassination of her father.
  • On 30 March 2021, Tungiparar Miya Bhai, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
  • On 1 October 2021, Mujib Amar Pita, an animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.[224]
  • On 31 December 2021, Chironjeeb Mujib, another biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
  • On 21 January 2021, Mujib: The Making of a Nation, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed by Shyam Benegal has begun production.

Bibliography

Mujib is today celebrated as a political diarist. He kept a diary during his early political career in the 1940s and 1950s. This diary was translated into English by Fakrul Alam and published as The Unfinished Memoirs. The book was published in both India and Pakistan by Penguin Books and Oxford University Press respectively.[74] The book has since been translated into French, Spanish, Korean, Arabic, and many other languages.[225][226][227][228][229][230] Mujib also started writing his autobiography while in prison between 1967 and 1969; this diary was published in Bengali as The Prison Diaries. Mujib wrote a travelogue of his visits to China during the 1950s. This travelogue was published as the book The New China as I Saw.[231]

  • The Unfinished Memoirs. The University Press Limited, Penguin Books and Oxford University Press. 12 June 2012. ISBN 9789845061100.
  • The Prison Diaries. Bangla Academy. 17 March 2017. ISBN 978-0-470-60264-5.
  • Amar Dekha Noya Chin (in Bengali). Bangla Academy. 2 February 2020. ISBN 978-9840759880.

Awards

References

Notes

  1. ^ In Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd. v. Government of Bangladesh, the Supreme Court ruled that Mostaq's accession to the Presidency was illegal as it violated the line of succession and occurred after a military coup. Therefore, it was declared that Mostaq was a usurper and all Ordinances rendered by him under martial law were null and void of any legal effect.[1][2][3]
  2. ^ In 1949 while a second-year student studying law, Bangabandhu was expelled from the University of Dhaka by the Executive Council on the grounds of "instigating" a movement among the employees of the University to secure better pay and allowances. The expulsion was symbolically rescinded 61 years later in 2010 by the Executive Council.[4]

Citations

  1. ^ Hasan Pias, Mehedi (16 August 2020). "Inside the Indemnity Ordinance that protected the killers of Bangabandhu". Bdnews24.com. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  2. ^ "Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal Nos. 1044 & 1045 OF 2009" (PDF). The Daily Star. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  3. ^ Ali Manik, Julfikar (25 August 2010). "5th amendment verdict paves way for justice". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  4. ^ Asif Shawon, Ali (14 August 2021). "Bangabandhu's grand return to DU was ruined by assassination". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  5. ^ Speeches of Sheikh Mujib in Pakistan Parliament - Mujibur Rahman (Sheikh) - Google Books
  6. ^ a b "Mujibur Rahman | Biography, Family, & Assassination | Britannica".
  7. ^ "Who is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose birth centenary Bangladesh is observing today". The Indian Express. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  8. ^ a b http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf
  9. ^ —"Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'". BBC. 14 April 2004. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
    —Habib, Haroon (17 April 2004). "International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'". The Hindu.
    —"Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time". The Daily Star. 16 April 2004.
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  • Islam, Maidul (2015). Limits of Islamism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107080263.
  • Jahan, Rounaq (2000). Bangladesh: promise and performance. Zed Books. ISBN 9781856498258.
  • M. Uddin, Sufia (15 December 2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. ISBN 9780807877333.
  • Gupta, Jyoti Sen (1981). Bangladesh, in Blood and Tears. Naya Prokash.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Unknown
 Agriculture Minister of East Bengal
1954 		Vacant
Preceded by
Unknown
 Industries Minister of East Pakistan
1956–1957 		Succeeded by
Unknown
New office President of Bangladesh
1971–1972 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Bangladesh
1972–1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Bangladesh
1975 		Succeeded by

January 03, 2023
sheikh, mujibur, rahman, bangabandhu, mujibur, rahman, redirect, here, other, uses, bangabandhu, disambiguation, mujibur, rahman, disambiguation, bengali, রহম, march, 1920, august, 1975, often, shortened, sheikh, mujib, mujib, widely, known, bangabandhu, meani. Bangabandhu and Mujibur Rahman redirect here For other uses see Bangabandhu disambiguation and Mujibur Rahman disambiguation Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bengali শ খ ম জ ব র রহম ন 17 March 1920 15 August 1975 often shortened as Sheikh Mujib or Mujib and widely known as Bangabandhu meaning Friend of Bengal was a Bengali politician parliamentarian 5 and the founding leader of the People s Republic of Bangladesh He first served as the titular President of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh between April 1971 and January 1972 He then served as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from the Awami League between January 1972 and January 1975 He finally served as President again during BAKSAL from January 1975 till his assassination in August 1975 6 7 In 2011 the 15th constitutional amendment in Bangladesh referred to Sheikh Mujib as the Father of the Nation who declared independence these references were enshrined in the fifth sixth and seventh schedules of the constitution 8 BangabandhuSheikh Mujibur Rahmanশ খ ম জ ব র রহম নPortrait of BangabandhuPresident of BangladeshIn office 25 January 1975 15 August 1975Prime MinisterMuhammad Mansur AliPreceded byMohammad MohammadullahSucceeded byKhondaker Mostaq Ahmad Usurper a Member of Jatiya SangsadIn office 7 March 1972 15 August 1975Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byJahangir Mohammad AdelConstituencyDhaka 12Prime Minister of BangladeshIn office 12 January 1972 24 January 1975PresidentAbu Sayeed ChowdhuryMohammad MohammadullahPreceded byTajuddin AhmadSucceeded byMuhammad Mansur AliPresident of Bangladesh Awami LeagueIn office 1972 1974Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byAbul Hasnat Muhammad QamaruzzamanMinisterial and party offices 1946 1972President of the Provisional GovernmentIn office 17 April 1971 12 January 1972Prime MinisterTajuddin AhmadVice PresidentSyed Nazrul IslamPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedPresident of Awami LeagueIn office 1966 1971Preceded byAbdur Rashid TarkabagishSucceeded byPosition abolishedIndustries Minister of East PakistanIn office 1956 1957GovernorA K Fazlul HuqMember of the National Assembly of PakistanIn office 1955 1958Prime MinisterChaudhry Mohammad AliSucceeded byFayakuzzamanConstituencyNE 35 Faridpur III Agriculture Minister of East BengalIn office 3 April 1954 30 May 1954GovernorChaudhry KhaliquzzamanMember of East Bengal Legislative AssemblyIn office 1954 1958Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byConstituency abolishedConstituencyGopalganjGeneral Secretary of Awami LeagueIn office 1953 1966Preceded byShamsul HuqSucceeded byTajuddin AhmadCouncillor of Bengal Provincial Muslim LeagueIn office 1946 1948Preceded byUnknownSucceeded byUnknownPersonal detailsBorn 1920 03 17 17 March 1920Tungipara Faridpur District Bengal British India present day Tungipara Gopalganj Bangladesh Died15 August 1975 1975 08 15 aged 55 Dacca Bangladesh present day Dhanmondi Dhaka Manner of deathAssassinationResting placeMausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur RahmanNationalityBritish Indian 1920 1947 Pakistani 1947 1971 Bangladeshi 1971 1975 Political partyBangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League 1975 Other politicalaffiliationsAll India Muslim League 1937 1947 Muslim League 1947 1949 Awami League 1949 1971 Bangladesh Awami League 1971 1975 SpouseBegum FazilatunnesaChildrenHasinaKamalJamalRehanaRusselParentsSheikh Lutfar Rahman father Sheikh Sayera Khatun mother RelativesSheikh Wazed familyResidenceDhanmondi 32Alma materIslamia College Calcutta BA University of Dhaka b Occupationinsurance executivepoliticianstatesmanSignatureNicknameKhokaMujib emerged as a student activist in Bengal during the final years of the British Raj He rose within the ranks of the Awami League as a fiery and charismatic orator He became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional discrimination of Bengalis in Pakistan who comprised the largest ethnic group in the federation He was elected to public office for the first time in 1954 and championed Bengali identity in Pakistan s constitution making process between 1955 and 1956 Mujib worked in the insurance industry on the sidelines of politics At the heightening of tensions between East and West Pakistan he outlined a six point autonomy plan He was often jailed for his protests against the Pakistani government Mujib led the Awami League to win the first democratic election of Pakistan in 1970 Despite gaining a majority the League was not invited by the ruling military junta to form a government As civil disobedience erupted across East Pakistan Mujib edged towards declaring the independence of Bangladesh in a historic speech on 7 March 1971 On 26 March 1971 Mujib declared Bangladesh s independence after the Pakistan Army responded to the mass protests with Operation Searchlight in which Prime Minister elect Mujib was arrested and flown to solitary confinement in West Pakistan while the Bengali population suffered genocide A nine month war was fought in his name which culminated in Pakistan s surrender on 16 December 1971 Mujib was released from Pakistani custody due to international pressure and returned home on 10 January 1972 The jubilation of Bangladeshis over the war s victory and Mujib s homecoming was tempered by the devastation and challenges faced by the new country Sheikh Mujib was a major populist leader of the 20th century In governance Mujib s legacies include the Constitution of Bangladesh which was enacted within a year of Bangladesh s liberation as well as the transformation of East Pakistan s state apparatus bureaucracy armed forces and judiciary into an independent Bangladeshi state He delivered the first Bengali speech to the UN General Assembly in 1974 Mujib s five year regime was the only socialist period in Bangladesh s history In 1975 Mujib installed a one party state which lasted for seven months until his assassination His legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic management the Bangladesh famine of 1974 human rights violations and authoritarianism Most Bangladeshis credit him for leading the country to independence in 1971 Many within and outside Bangladesh call him Bangabandhu out of respect In a 2004 BBC opinion poll Mujib was voted as the Greatest Bengali of all time and ranked first on the list followed by Asia s first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore 2nd and Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam 3rd 9 His speech of 7 March is listed amongst UNESCO Memory of the World Register Asia and the Pacific 10 Mujib s diaries and travelogues were published many years after his death and have been translated into several languages Contents 1 Early life and activism 2 Leader of Pakistan 2 1 Founding of the Awami League 2 2 Language Movement 2 3 United Front 2 4 Six point movement 2 5 Agartala Conspiracy Case 2 6 Round Table Conference 2 7 1970 election 3 Establishment of Bangladesh 3 1 Civil disobedience 3 2 Outbreak of war 3 3 Homecoming 4 Governing Bangladesh 4 1 Withdrawal of Indian troops 4 2 War criminals 4 3 Economic policy 4 4 Secularism 4 5 Foreign policy 4 6 Left wing insurgency 4 7 One party state 5 Assassination 6 Family 7 Legacy 7 1 Portrayals 7 2 Song 7 3 Books 7 4 Films 8 Bibliography 9 Awards 10 References 10 1 Notes 10 2 Citations 10 3 Bibliography 11 External linksEarly life and activism Mujib s birthplace in Tungipara village Gopalganj Mujib standing right with Mahatma Gandhi seated center and H S Suhrawardy seated left in Noakhali 1946 Mujib was born in 1920 in the village of Tungipara in Gopalganj sub division of Faridpur district in the province of Bengal in British India 11 His father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a sheristadar law clerk in the courthouse of Gopalganj Mujib s mother Sayera Khatun was a housewife They were a middle class Bengali Muslim family and had Iraqi Arab ancestry through his paternal grandfather Sheikh Abdul Hamid who was a direct descendant of 15th century Muslim preacher Sheikh Awwal of Baghdad 12 Mujib was the third child in a family of four daughters and two sons 11 His parents nicknamed him Khoka 13 In 1927 Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School 14 In 1929 he entered the third grade of Gopalganj Public School His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years 15 Mujib withdrew from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery He returned to formal education after 4 years owing to the severity of the surgery and slow recovery 16 He began showing signs of political leadership around this time At the Gopalganj Missionary School Mujib s political passion was noticed by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy who was visiting the area along with A K Fazlul Huq Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942 Mujib moved to Calcutta for higher education At the time Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India He studied liberal arts including political science 6 at the erstwhile Islamia College of Calcutta and lived in Baker Hostel 17 18 Islamia College was one of the leading educational institutions for the Muslims of Bengal He obtained his bachelor s degree from the college in 1947 11 During his time in Calcutta Sheikh Mujib became involved in the politics of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League the All India Muslim Students Federation the Indian independence movement and the Pakistan movement In 1943 he was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League In 1944 he was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association a Calcutta based association of residents from Faridpur In 1946 at the height of the Pakistan movement Mujib was elected as General Secretary of the Islamia College Students Union in Calcutta 19 His political mentor Suhrawardy led the center left faction of the Muslim League Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal including unions for sailors railway workers jute and cotton mills workers rickshaw pullers cart drivers and other working class groups 20 Mujib assisted Suhrawardy in these efforts and also worked to ensure protection for Muslim families during the violent days in the run up to partition After the partition of India Mujib was admitted into the Law Department of the University of Dhaka The university was created in 1921 as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments 21 22 Mujib founded the Muslim Students League on 4 January 1948 as the student wing of the Muslim League in East Bengal This organization later transformed into the Bangladesh Chhatra League During the visit of Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Dhaka it was declared that Urdu will be the sole national language of Pakistan This sparked the Bengali Language Movement Mujib became embroiled in the language movement as well as left wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the Awami Muslim League in 1949 These opposition political activities were targeted by the government and police Mujib was arrested many times In 1949 Mujib was expelled from Dhaka University on charges of inciting employees against the university After 61 years in 2010 the university withdrew its famously politically motivated expulsion order 11 23 24 Leader of PakistanMujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between 1948 and 1971 He represented the Bengali grassroots He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders workers or ordinary citizens Mujib suffered repeated bouts of police detention due to his ability to instigate opposition protests against the Pakistani government His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India East Pakistan s Intelligence Branch compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government The formerly classified reports have also been published 25 Founding of the Awami League Mujib wearing a garland in an open jeep with Shamsul Huq and Yar Mohammad Khan The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded on 23 June 1949 at the Rose Garden mansion on K M Das Lane in Old Dhaka 26 Sheikh Mujib was elected as one of its joint secretaries 26 The term Muslim was later dropped from the party s nomenclature The Awami League sought to represent both Muslims and Pakistan s religious minorities including Bengali Hindus and Pakistani Christians Hence it dropped Muslim from its name to appeal to the minority votebanks Suhrawardy joined the party within a few years and became its main leader He relied on Sheikh Mujib to organize his political activities in East Bengal Mujib became Suhrawardy s political protege Prior to partition Suhrawardy mooted the idea of an independent United Bengal But in Pakistan Suhrawardy reportedly preferred to preserve the unity of Pakistan in a federal framework while Mujib supported autonomy and was open to the idea of East Bengali independence Mujib reportedly remarked that t he Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr Suhrawardy s stature By the time they learned to value him they had run out of time 27 At the federal level the Awami League was led by Suhrawardy At the provincial level the League was led by Sheikh Mujib who was given a free reign over the party s activities by Suhrawardy Mujib consolidated his control of the party The Awami League veered away from the left wing extremism of its founding president Maulana Bhashani Under Suhrawardy and Mujib the Awami League emerged as a centre left party Mujib left with Maulana Bhashani center and Suhrawardy right in Tangail Language Movement The Awami League strongly backed the Bengali Language Movement Bengalis argued that the Bengali language deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan The movement appealed to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages in addition to English During a conference in Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall Sheikh Mujib was instrumental in establishing the All Party State Language Action Committee 28 He was repeatedly arrested during the movement When he was released from jail in 1948 he was greeted by a rally of the State Language Struggle Committee 29 Mujib announced a nationwide student strike on 17 March 1948 30 31 In early January 1950 the Awami League held an anti famine rally in Dhaka during the visit of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests On 26 January 1952 Pakistan s then Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin reiterated that Urdu will be the only state language Despite his imprisonment Mujib played a key role in organizing protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors He played a key role in declaring 21 February 1952 as a strike day Mujib went on hunger strike from 14 February 1952 in the prelude to the strike day His own hunger strike lasted 13 days On 26 February he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February including Salam Rafiq Barkat and Jabbar 30 32 11 33 34 35 United Front Mujib standing second from left on bottom row with A K Fazlul Huq in the United Front cabinet 1954 Mujib center in Peking 1956 Mujib at Tufts University in 1958 The League teamed up with other parties like the Krishak Praja Party of A K Fazlul Huq to form the United Front coalition During the East Bengali legislative election 1954 Mujib was elected to public office for the first time He became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in 1947 The Awami League led United Front secured a landslide victory of 223 seats in the 237 seats of the provincial assembly Mujib himself won by a margin of 13 000 votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj 36 A K Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet Mujib s initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry 36 After taking oath on 15 May 1954 Chief Minister Huq traveled with ministers to India and West Pakistan The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May 1954 Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from Karachi He was released on 23 December 1954 Governor s rule was imposed in East Bengal 37 The elected government was eventually restored in 1955 On 5 June 1955 Mujib was elected to a newly reconstituted second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan The Awami League organized a huge public meeting at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka on 17 June 1955 which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan s provinces Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi He opposed the government s plan to rename East Bengal as East Pakistan as part of the One Unit scheme On 25 August 1955 he delivered the following speech Sir President of the Constituent Assembly you will see that they want to use the phrase East Pakistan instead of East Bengal We have demanded many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan The word Bengal has a history and tradition of its own You can change it only after the people have been consulted If you want to change we have to go back to Bengal and ask them whether they are ready to accept it So far as the question of one unit is concerned it can be incorporated in the constitution Why do you want it to be taken up right now What about the state language Bengali We are prepared to consider one unit with all these things So I appeal to my friends on the other side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite 38 Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of Ataur Rahman Khan These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class The Awami League s demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the 1956 constitution which declared Urdu Bengali and English as national languages East Bengal however was renamed East Pakistan In 1957 Mujib visited the People s Republic of China In 1958 he toured the United States as part of the State Department s International Visitor Leadership Program 39 40 Mujib resigned from the provincial cabinet to work full time for the Awami League as a party organizer 41 Between 1956 and 1957 his mentor Suhrawardy served as the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan s relations with the United States and China Suhrawardy was a strong supporter of Pakistan s membership in SEATO and CENTO 42 Suhrawardy s pro Western foreign policy caused Maulana Bhashani to break away from the Awami League to form the National Awami Party But Mujib remained loyal to Suhrawardy The 1958 Pakistani coup d etat ended Pakistan s first era of parliamentary democracy The 1956 constitution was abolished Martial law was imposed General Ayub Khan emerged as the country s dictator Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office including Mujib s mentor Suhrawardy 43 A new constitution was introduced by Ayub Khan which curtailed universal suffrage and empowered electoral colleges to elect the country s parliament 44 45 Mujib joined the Alpha Insurance Company in 1960 He continued to work in the insurance industry for many years 46 47 48 Six point movement Main article Six point movement Mujib during his early career Mujib waving to crowds at a rally in Dhaka s Paltan Maidan Mujib with Awami League leaders including Tajuddin Ahmad and Syed Nazrul Islam Mujib waving to crowns from a train Mujib and Tajuddin with women leaders of the Awami League including Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury Following Suhrawardy s death in 1963 Mujib became General Secretary of the All Pakistan Awami League with Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan as its titular president 49 50 51 The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential republic 52 Mujib was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to President Ayub Khan who enacted a system of electoral colleges to elect the country s parliament and president under a system known as Basic Democracy 53 44 54 Universal suffrage was curtailed as part of the Basic Democracy scheme Mujib supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election 55 Fatima Jinnah the sister of Pakistan s founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah drew huge crowds in East Pakistan during her presidential campaign which was supported by the Combined Opposition including the Awami League 56 East Pakistan was the hotbed of opposition to the dictatorship of Ayub Khan 57 Mujib became popular for voicing the grievances of the Bengali population including under representation in the military and central bureaucracy 58 Despite generating most of Pakistan s export earnings and customs tax revenue East Pakistan received a smaller budget allocation than West Pakistan 59 The 1965 war between India and Pakistan ended in stalemate The Tashkent Declaration was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan s gains to India Ayub Khan s foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the government 60 formed the Pakistan Peoples Party and exploited public discontent against the regime In 1965 Pakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media 61 62 63 Censorship in state media spurred Bengali civil society groups like Chhayanaut to preserve Bengali culture When Ayub Khan compared Bengalis to beasts the poet Sufia Kamal retorted that If the people are beasts then as the President of the Republic you are the king of the beasts 64 The Daily Ittefaq led by Tofazzal Hossain voiced growing aspirations for democracy autonomy and nationalism Economists in Dhaka University pointed to the massive reallocation of revenue to West Pakistan despite East Pakistan s role in generating most of Pakistan s export income Rehman Sobhan paraphrased the Two Nation Theory into the Two Economies Theory 65 66 67 68 He argued that East and West Pakistan had two fundamentally distinct economies within one country In 1966 Mujib put forward a 6 point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in Lahore 11 The city of Lahore was chosen because of its symbolism as the place where the Lahore Resolution was adopted by the Muslim League in 1940 The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme restoring universal suffrage devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan separate fiscal monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan and increased security spending for East Pakistan 69 The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a legislature directly elected on the basis of the universal adult franchise The federal government should deal with only two subjects defense and foreign affairs and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states Two separate but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced or if this is not feasible there should be one currency for the whole country but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan Furthermore a separate banking reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal center will have no such power The Federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries East Pakistan should have a separate paramilitary forces Mujib s points catalysed public support across East Pakistan launching what historians have termed the 6 point movement recognized as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations 70 71 Mujib insisted on a federal democracy and obtained broad support from the Bengali population 72 73 In 1966 Mujib was elected as President of the Awami League Tajuddin Ahmad succeeded him as General Secretary Agartala Conspiracy Case Main article Agartala Conspiracy Case Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail an official sedition trial in a military court opened During his imprisonment between 1967 and 1969 Mujib began to write his autobiography 74 In what is widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case Mujib and 34 Bengali military officers were accused by the government of colluding with Indian government agents in a scheme to divide Pakistan and threaten its unity order and national security The plot was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala in the bordering Indian state of Tripura 11 The outcry and unrest over Mujib s arrest and the charge of sedition against him destabilised East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to address the issues of students workers and the poor forming a larger 11 point plan The government caved to the mounting pressure dropped the charges on 22 February 1969 and unconditionally released Mujib the following day He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero 75 He was given a mass reception on 23 February at the Ramna Race Course and conferred with the popular honorary title of Bangabandhu by Tofail Ahmed 76 The term Bangabandhu means Friend of the Bengal in the Bengali language 75 Several of Bengal s historic leaders were given similar honorary titles including Sher e Bangla Lion of Bengal for A K Fazlul Huq Deshbandhu Friend of the Nation for Chittaranjan Das and Netaji The Leader for Subhash Chandra Bose Round Table Conference In 1969 President Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse A few days after his release from prison Mujib flew to Rawalpindi to attend the Round Table Conference 77 Mujib sought to bargain for East Pakistan s autonomy Mujib was the most powerful opposition leader at the Round Table Conference Ayub Khan shook hands with Mujib whom Khan previously had imprisoned Talking to British media Mujib said East Pakistan must get full regional autonomy It must be self sufficient in all respects It must get its due share and legitimate share in the central administration The West Pakistani people support East Pakistani demands Only the vested interests want to divide the people of East and West Pakistan 77 When asked about the prospect of East Pakistan ruling West Pakistan if the Awami League gained power Mujib replied that majority rule is important in a democracy but the people of East Pakistan had no intention to discriminate against West Pakistan and that West Pakistani parties would continue to play an important role 77 Mujib toured West Pakistani cities by train after the Round Table Conference West Pakistani crowds received him with chants of Sheikh Saheb Zindabad meaning Long Live the Sheikh 78 He was received by huge crowds in Quetta Baluchistan He spoke to West Pakistani crowds in a heavily Bengali accent of Urdu talking about chhey nukati six points and hum chhoy dofa mangta sab ke liye 78 Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six point plan for federal democracy He wasn t satisfied by Ayub Khan s pledges When he returned to Dhaka he declared that East Pakistan should be known as Bangladesh On 5 December 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy that henceforth East Pakistan would be called Bangladesh There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word Bangla from this land and its map The existence of the word Bangla was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called Bangladesh instead of East Pakistan 35 Mujib s fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro independence aspirations among the masses students professionals and intellectuals of East Pakistan Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan s founding Two Nation Theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms 79 Mujib was able to galvanize support throughout East Pakistan which was home to the majority of Pakistan s population He became one of the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent Bengalis increasingly referred to him as Bangabandhu 1970 election Main article 1970 Pakistani general election Mujib campaigning before the 1970 election Prior to the scheduled general election for 1970 one of the most powerful cyclones on record devastated East Pakistan leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced President Yahya Khan who was flying back from China after the cyclone viewed the devastation from the air The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of gross neglect callous inattention and bitter indifference 80 Mujib remarked that We have a large army but it is left to the British Marines to bury our dead 80 International aid had to pour in due to the slow response of the Pakistani military regime Bengalis were outraged at what was widely considered to be the weak and ineffective response of the federal government to the disaster 81 82 Public opinion and political parties in East Pakistan blamed the ruling military junta for the lack of relief efforts The dissatisfaction led to divisions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis within the civil services police and Pakistani Armed Forces 81 83 In the Pakistani general elections held on 7 December 1970 the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats belonging to East Pakistan in the National Assembly of Pakistan as well as a landslide in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly 84 11 85 The Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the federal parliament of Pakistan With 167 seats it was past the halfway mark of 150 seats in the 300 member national assembly and had the right to form a government of its own Sheikh Mujib was widely considered to be the Prime Minister elect including by President Yahya Khan The Pakistan Peoples Party PPP came in second with 86 seats The new parliament was scheduled to hold its first sitting in Dhaka Pakistan s legislative capital under the 1962 constitution The political crisis emerged when PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that his party would boycott parliament if Mujib formed the next government Bhutto threatened to break the legs of any West Pakistani MP elect who accepted Mujib s mandate 86 87 88 89 90 91 However Khan Abdul Wali Khan of the Awami National Party from North West Frontier Province was open to accepting an Awami League government and traveled to Dhaka to meet with Mujib 92 Many in Pakistan s establishment were opposed to Mujib becoming Pakistan s prime minister At the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated political independence for East Pakistan but smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh 93 Both Bhutto and Yahya Khan traveled to Dhaka for negotiations with the Awami League Mujib s delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert Kamal Hossain The Bengali negotiating position is extensively discussed in Kamal Hossain s autobiography Bangladesh Quest for Freedom and Justice 94 The Pakistani government was represented by former chief justice Alvin Robert Cornelius At the InterContinental Dhaka Bengali chefs refused to cook food for Yahya Khan 94 Governor Sahabzada Yaqub Khan requested the Awami League to end the strike of the chefs at the InterContinental Hotel 94 Bhutto feared civil war and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them 95 96 Mubashir Hassan met with Mujib and persuaded him to form a coalition government with Bhutto They decided that Bhutto would serve as president with Mujib as Prime Minister These developments took place secretly and no Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed Meanwhile Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on dissolving the government 97 Establishment of BangladeshSee also Non cooperation movement 1971 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu Bangladesh Liberation War and Provisional Government of Bangladesh 7th March Speech Civil disobedience The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March 1971 President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly s first sitting which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan The cities of Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Rangpur and Khulna were engulfed with protests Amid signs of an impending crackdown Mujib addressed the people of East Pakistan on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan 98 99 100 101 In his speech Mujib laid out the political history of Pakistan since partition and told the crowd that w e gave blood in 1952 we won a mandate in 1954 but we were still not allowed to take up the reigns of this country 102 While Mujib stopped short of declaring outright independence he stated that the goal of the Awami League from then on would be eventual independence He declared that the Awami League would collect taxes and form committees in every neighborhood to organize resistance He called on the people to turn every house into a fortress 102 His most famous words from the speech were the following This time the struggle is for our liberation This time the struggle is for our independence 99 101 103 For more info see 7th March Speech of Bangabandhu 104 Following the speech 17 days of civil disobedience known as the non cooperation movement took place across East Pakistan 98 99 100 101 The Awami League began to collect taxes while all monetary transfers to West Pakistan were suspended East Pakistan came under the de facto control of the Awami League On 23 March 1971 Bangladeshi flags were flown throughout East Pakistan on Pakistan s Republic Day as a show of resistance The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power However West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through PIA flights while arms were being unloaded from Pakistan Navy ships in Chittagong harbour 105 106 The Pakistani military was preparing for a crackdown Outbreak of war Talks broke down on 25 March 1971 when Yahya Khan left Dhaka declared martial law banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists 99 The Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight Mujib sent telegrams to Chittagong where M A Hannan from the Awami League and Major Ziaur Rahman from the East Bengal Regiment announced the Bangladeshi declaration of independence on Mujib s behalf The text of Mujib s telegram sent at midnight on 26 March 1971 stated the following This may be my last message from today Bangladesh is independent I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have to resist the army of occupation to the last Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved 8 Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh 107 Mujib was arrested without charges and flown to prison in West Pakistan after midnight Mujib was moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad 103 Sheikh Mujib was later moved to Central Jail Mianwali where he remained in solitary confinement for the entirety of the war 108 109 Kamal Hossain was also arrested and flown to West Pakistan while many other League leaders escaped to India 110 Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to preside over Mujib s court martial trial the proceedings of which have never been made public 111 Mujib was sentenced to death but his execution was deferred on three occasions 108 The Pakistan Army s operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as genocide 112 113 The Pakistan Army carried out atrocities against Bengali civilians With help from Jamaat militias like the Razakars Al Badr and Al Shams the army targeted Bengali intellectuals professionals politicians students and other ordinary civilians Many Bengali women suffered rape Due to the deteriorating situation large numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal Assam and Tripura 114 Bengali army and police regiments soon revolted and League leaders formed the Provisional Government of Bangladesh A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini arose across East Pakistan Despite international pressure the Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him Mujib s family was kept under house arrest during this period General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti Bahini Following Indian intervention in December the Pakistan Army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India 115 116 Homecoming Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan s resignation Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972 Kamal Hossain was also released Bhutto and Aziz Ahmed secretly met Mujib and Kamal Hossain in Rawalpindi 117 Bhutto proposed a last minute attempt at mediation through the Shah of Iran who was scheduled to arrive the next day 94 118 Mujib declined the offer after consulting with Kamal Hossain Mujib requested a flight to London 94 118 119 Both Mujib and Hossain were then flown to London Enroute to London their plane made a stopover in Cyprus for refuelling 120 In London Mujib was welcomed by British officials and a policeman remarked Sir we have been praying for you 121 Mujib was lodged at Claridge s Hotel and later met with British Prime Minister Edward Heath at 10 Downing Street Heath and Mujib discussed Bangladesh s membership of the Commonwealth Crowds of Bengalis converged on Claridge s Hotel to get a glimpse of Mujib 122 Mujib held his first press conference in 9 months and addressed the international media at Claridge s Hotel He made the following remarks at the press conference I am free to share the unbounded joy of freedom with my fellow countrymen We have won our freedom in an epic liberation struggle 123 Mujib was provided an RAF plane by the British government to take him back to newly independent Bangladesh He was accompanied on the flight by members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh as well as an emissary of India s premier Indira Gandhi The emissary was Indian Bengali diplomat Shashank Banerjee who recounted Mujib smoking his trademark smoking pipe with Erinmore tobacco 124 During the flight both men agreed that Bangladesh would adopt the Westminster style of parliamentary government On Indira Gandhi s hopes for Bangladesh Banerjee told Mujib that on India s eastern flank she wished to have a friendly power a prosperous economy and a secular democracy with a parliamentary system of government 125 Regarding the presence of Indian troops in Bangladesh Mujib requested Banerjee to convey to the Indian government that Indian troops should be withdrawn as early as possible 124 The RAF de Havilland Comet made a stopover in the Middle East enroute to Dhaka 124 The RAF plane then made a stopover in New Delhi Mujib was received by Indian President V V Giri and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces Delhi was given a festive look as Mujib and Gandhi addressed a huge crowd where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Gandhi and the Indian public 126 After a few hours in Delhi the RAF plane flew Mujib to Dhaka in independent Bangladesh Before the plane landed it circled the city to view the million people who converged on Tejgaon Airport to greet Mujib 127 In Dhaka Mujib s homecoming was described as one of the most emotional outbursts in that emotional part of the world 128 Crowds overwhelmed the airport tarmac and breached the security cordon as cabinet ministers went inside the plane to bring Mujib out Mujib was given a guard of honor by members of the nascent Bangladesh Army Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force 128 Mujib was driven in an open truck through the dense crowds for a speech at the Ramna Race Course where ten months earlier he had announced the liberation movement 128 129 130 131 132 Governing BangladeshSee also Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman The Bangladesh Gazette of 6 July 1972 The gazette officially published decisions and new laws of the government Mujib inspecting a guard of honour from Bangladesh Air Force personnel Mujib in Cox s Bazar Mujib briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister In January 1972 Time magazine reported that i n the aftermath of the Pakistani army s rampage last March a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked like the morning after a nuclear attack Since then the destruction has only been magnified An estimated 6 000 000 homes have been destroyed and nearly 1 400 000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted Roads are damaged bridges out and inland waterways blocked The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago In the last days of the war West Pakistani owned businesses which included nearly every commercial enterprise in the country remitted virtually all their funds to the West Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees 16 in its account at the port city of Chittagong The army also destroyed bank notes and coins so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed 133 134 The new government of Bangladesh quickly converted East Pakistan s state apparatus into the machinery of an independent Bangladeshi state For example a presidential decree transformed the High Court of East Pakistan into the Supreme Court of Bangladesh 135 The Awami League successfully reorganized the bureaucracy framed a written constitution and rehabilitated war victims and survivors In January 1972 Mujib introduced a parliamentary republic through a presidential decree 135 The emerging state structure was influenced by the Westminster model in which the Prime Minister was the most powerful leader while the President acted on the government s advice MPs elected during the 1970 general election became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Dr Kamal Hossain produced a draft constitution which was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December 1972 In comparison to the prolonged constitution making process in Pakistan during the 1950s the Awami League was credited for swiftly enacting the Constitution of Bangladesh within just one year of independence However the League is criticized for this swift enactment because the Constituent Assembly was largely made up of members from the League itself the few opposition lawmakers included Manabendra Narayan Larma who demanded the term Bangladeshi to describe the new country s citizens instead of Bengali since not all Bangladeshis were Bengalis 136 Critics argued that in reality the Awami League sought to rule by Mujib s charisma and build a political process by dicta 137 Mujib introduced a quota for backward regions to get access to public sector jobs 135 Bangladesh also faced a gun control problem because many of its guerrilla fighters from the Liberation War were roaming the country with guns Mujib successfully called on former guerrillas to surrender their arms through public ceremonies which affirmed their status as freedom fighters during the Liberation War 135 The President s Relief and Welfare Fund was created to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million displaced Bangladeshis Mujib established 11 000 new primary schools and nationalized 40 000 primary schools 138 Withdrawal of Indian troops One of Mujib s first priorities was the withdrawal of Indian troops from Bangladesh Mujib requested the Indian government to ensure a swift withdrawal of Indian military forces from Bangladeshi territory A timeline was drawn up for rapid withdrawal The withdrawal took place within three months of the surrender of Pakistan to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India A formal ceremony was held in Dhaka Stadium on 12 March 1972 in which Mujib inspected a guard of honour from the 1st Rajput Regiment 139 The withdrawal of Indian forces was completed by 15 March 140 Many countries established diplomatic relations with Bangladesh soon after the withdrawal of Indian troops 141 India s intervention and subsequent withdrawal has been cited as a successful case of humanitarian intervention in international law 141 War criminals In 1972 Mujib told David Frost that he was a strong man but he had tears in his eyes when he saw pictures of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide 142 He told Frost that I am a very generous man I always believe in forgive and forget but this is impossible on my part to forgive and forget This was cold blooded murder in a planned way genocide to kill my people These people must be punished 143 Speaking about a potential war crimes trial Mujib said the world powers arranged the Nuremberg trials against the war criminals of fascist Germany I think they should come forward and there should be another trial or inquiry under the United Nations 144 Mujib pledged to hold a trial for those accused in wartime atrocities An estimated 11 000 local collaborators of the Pakistan Army were arrested 145 Their cases were heard by the Collaborators Tribunal 146 In 1973 the government introduced the International Crimes Tribunal Act to prosecute 195 Pakistani PoWs under Indian custody 147 In response Pakistan filed a case against India at the International Court of Justice 148 The Delhi Agreement struck a compromise between India Pakistan and Bangladesh after the three countries agreed to transfer PoWs to Pakistani custody However the foreign minister of Bangladesh stated that the excesses and manifold crimes committed by those prisoners of war constituted according to the relevant provisions of the UN General Assembly resolutions and international law war crimes crimes against humanity and genocide and that there was universal consensus that persons charged with such crimes as the 195 Pakistani prisoners of war should be held to account and subjected to the due process of law 149 In 1974 the Third International Criminal Law Conference was held at the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs the meeting supported calls for the creation of an international penal court 150 Economic policy Mujib declared socialism as a national policy His land reforms restricted land ownership to less than 25 bighas of land which effectively ended all traces of the zamindari system Land owners with more than 25 bighas were subjected to taxes 138 Farmers had to sell their products at prices set by the government instead of the market Mujib nationalized all banks insurance companies and 580 industrial plants 138 There was little foreign investment The stock exchange remained closed In 1974 the government sought to invite international oil companies to explore the Bay of Bengal for oil and natural gas Shell sold five gas fields to the Bangladeshi government which set the stage for the creation of Petrobangla 151 The national airline Biman was set up with planes from British Caledonian the Indian government and the World Council of Churches In the industrial sector the Bangladeshi government built the Ghorashal Fertilizer Factory 138 Work began on the Ashuganj Power Station Operations in the Port of Chittagong were restored after the Soviet Navy conducted a clearing operation for naval mines 152 The Mujib government faced serious challenges which included the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971 organization of food supply health services and other necessities The effects of the 1970 cyclone had not worn off and the economy of Bangladesh had immensely deteriorated due to the conflict 153 In 1973 thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan while many non Bengali industrialists and capitalists emigrated poorer non Bengalis were stranded in refugee camps Major efforts were launched to help an estimated 10 million former refugees who returned from India The economy began to recover eventually 154 A five year plan released in 1973 focused state investments into agriculture rural infrastructure and cottage industries 155 But a famine occurred in 1974 when the price of rice rose sharply In that month there was widespread starvation in Rangpur district Government mismanagement was blamed 156 157 Many of Mujib s disastrous socialist policies were eventually overturned by future governments The five years of his regime marked the only intensely socialist period in Bangladesh s history Successive governments de emphasized socialism and promoted a market economy By the 1990s the Awami League returned to being a centre left party in economics Secularism Main article Secularism in Bangladesh While Pakistan adopted progressive reforms to Muslim family law as early as 1961 158 Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972 when its newly adopted constitution included the word secularism for the first time in the region 159 Despite the constitution s proclamation of secularism as a state policy Mujib banned anti Islamic activities including gambling horse racing and alcohol He established the Islamic Foundation to regulate religious affairs for Muslims including the collection of zakat and setting dates for religious observances like Eid and Ramadan 138 Under Mujib Bangladesh joined the Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC in 1974 Bangladesh was not the only Muslim majority secular republic in the OIC others included Turkey and Nigeria Secularism was later removed from the constitution by the military dictatorship in the late 1970s Secularism was reinstated by the Supreme Court into the constitution in 2010 160 Foreign policy Mujib with U S President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office in 1974 Mujib s major foreign policy achievement was to secure normalization and diplomatic relations with most countries of the world Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth the UN the OIC and the Non Aligned Movement His allies included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia Mujib delivered a historic speech to the United Nations General Assembly in Bengali in 1974 This was the first time Bengali was spoken in the UN General Assembly 161 The speech laid out the genesis of Bangladesh s foreign policy Mujib told the assembly that t he Bengali has struggled for many centuries for the right to live a free and honourable life as independent citizens of an independent country They expected to live in peace and harmony with all the nations in the world 162 163 Mujib referred to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 162 163 He remarked that i njustice is still rampant in many parts of the world Our Arab brothers are still fighting for the complete eviction of the invaders from their land The equitable national rights of the Palestinian people have not yet been achieved In spite of the acceleration of the process of abolishing colonialism it hasn t reached its ultimate goal This is more strongly true of Africa where the people of Zimbabwe and Namibia are still engaged in the final struggle for national independence and absolute freedom Although racism has been identified as a serious offence in this council it s still destroying the conscience of the people 162 163 Mujib and Indira Gandhi signed the 25 year Indo Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Peace 164 which complemented India s massive economic and humanitarian assistance to Bangladesh 165 Mujib forged a close friendship with Indira Gandhi 166 strongly praising India s decision to intervene in the Bangladesh Liberation War and professed admiration and friendship for India 164 In the Delhi Agreement of 1974 Bangladesh India and Pakistan pledged to work for regional stability and peace The agreement paved the way for the return of interned Bengali officials and their families stranded in Pakistan as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan 167 In 1974 the Land Boundary Treaty regarding India Bangladesh enclaves was challenged in court 168 169 The government attempted to ratify the treaty without consulting parliament Chief Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem ruled that parliament had to ratify the treaty in accordance with the constitution otherwise the government s actions were illegal and unconstitutional The Chief Justice dissented with the government s actions The treaty was subsequently ratified by parliament In his decision Justice Sayem referred to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 170 The Land Boundary Agreement was finally implemented in 2015 171 Japan became a major aid provider to the new country Mujib attended Commonwealth summits in Canada and Jamaica where he held talks with Queen Elizabeth II 172 The Soviet Union supplied several squadrons of MiG 21 planes for the Bangladesh Air Force 173 Although Israel was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh 174 Bangladesh strongly supported Egypt during the Arab Israeli War of 1973 In return Egypt gave Bangladesh s military 44 tanks 175 Algeria facilitated Bangladesh s entry into the OIC by brokering talks with Pakistan 162 176 Left wing insurgency Main article Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini At the height of Mujib s power left wing insurgents from the Gonobahini fought against Mujib s government in order to establish a Marxist government 177 178 The government responded by forming an elite paramilitary force called Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini on 8 February 1972 Many within the Bangladeshi military viewed the new paramilitary force with suspicion 179 180 The new paramilitary force was responsible for human rights abuses against the general populace including extrajudicial killings 181 182 183 shootings by death squads 184 and rape 183 Members of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini were granted immunity from prosecution and other legal proceedings 185 186 The force swore an oath of loyalty to Mujib 187 One party state Further information Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League and Second Revolution Bangladesh Mujib s political philosophy dramatically changed in 1975 Elections were approaching in 1977 after the end of his five year term Mujib sensed growing dissatisfaction with his regime He changed the constitution declared himself president and established a one party state Ahrar Ahmed commenting in The Daily Star noted that Drastic changes were introduced through the adoption of the 4th amendment on Jan uary 25 1975 which radically shifted the initial focus of the constitution and turned it into a single party p residential system which curtailed the powers of the p arliament and the j udiciary as well as the space for free speech or public assembly 188 Censorship was imposed in the press Civil society groups like the Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid were suppressed The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League BAKSAL meaning the Bangladesh Farmers Workers Peoples League became the only legal political party Bureaucrats and military officers were ordered to join the single party These actions profoundly impacted Mujib s legacy Many Bangladeshis opposed to the Awami League cite his creation of BAKSAL as the ultimate hypocrisy The one party state lasted for 7 months till Mujib s assassination on 15 August 1975 Assassination Mausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Main articles Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d etat and Indemnity Ordinance 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed along with most of his family in his private home on 15 August 1975 during a military coup by renegade army officers 189 His wife three sons two daughters in law and a host of other relatives personal staff and a brigadier general of the Bangladesh Army were killed as part of the coup 190 After the coup four leaders of the former Provisional Government of Bangladesh were arrested and eventually executed on 3 November 1975 A martial law regime was established Mujib s killers included fifteen junior army officers with ranks of colonels majors lieutenants and havildars They were backed up by Awami League politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad who usurped the presidency On the day of the coup the junior officers ordered their soldiers to take over the national radio and television stations The army chief K M Shafiullah could not stop the coup His deputy Ziaur Rahman was informed about preparations for the coup but did not stop the coup plotters 191 Zia is considered to be the main benefactor of the coup as it paved the way for his rise to power as Bangladesh s ruler 191 The only survivors from Mujib s family were his daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana who were visiting Hasina s physicist husband in West Germany at the time On 26 September 1975 the martial law regime introduced the Indemnity Ordinance 1975 which gave legal immunity to all persons involved in the coup of 15 August 1975 Mujib was warned about a possible coup by Indian intelligence 192 193 Mujib shrugged off these warnings by saying his own people would never hurt him 194 His assassins continued to enjoy immunity from prosecution for 26 years The Indemnity Ordinance was repealed in 1996 after his daughter Sheikh Hasina was elected as Prime Minister Hasina subsequently initiated a murder case in the courts of Bangladesh Several of the fifteen assassins including coup leader Syed Faruque Rahman were arrested and put on trial Others like Khandaker Abdur Rashid became fugitives The fifteen were given the death penalty by a court in 1998 195 Five of the convicts were hanged in 2010 196 A sixth convict was hanged in 2020 197 Of the remaining fugitives a few have died or are in hiding In 2022 the Bangladeshi government reported that five fugitives are still on the run including coup leader Rashid 198 One of the convicted assassins is living in Canada 199 One of the convicts is living in the United States 200 Bangladesh has requested Canada and the United States to deport the fugitives following the precedent set by the deportation of A K M Mohiuddin Ahmed in 2007 201 FamilyFurther information Sheikh Wazed family Mujib and his wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib in 1947 Mujib was 18 years old when he married Fazilatunnesa 202 203 Together they had two daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana and three sons Sheikh Kamal Sheikh Jamal and Sheikh Rasel 15 Kamal was an organizer of the Mukti Bahini guerrilla struggle in 1971 and received a wartime commission in the Bangladesh Army during the Liberation War 204 Jamal was trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in Great Britain and later joined the Bangladesh Army as a Commissioned Officer 205 206 207 208 The Sheikh family was under house arrest during the Bangladesh Liberation War until 17 December 209 Sheikh Kamal and Jamal found the means to escape and cross over to a liberated zone where they joined the struggle to free the country Almost the entire Sheikh family was assassinated on 15 August 1975 during a military coup d etat Only Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana who were visiting West Germany survived Mujib is the maternal grandfather of Tulip Siddiq British MP 210 for Hampstead and Kilburn since the 2015 UK general election 211 Sajeeb Wazed is his eldest grandson LegacySee also List of things named after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman A Bangladeshi military helicopter carrying a flag during Mujib Year celebrations Bangladesh s neighbor India released a postage stamp to mark Mujib Year in 2020 In 2004 listeners of the BBC Bangla radio service ranked Mujib first among the 20 Greatest Bengalis ahead of Asia s first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore Bangladesh s national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and other Bengali icons like Subhash Chandra Bose Amartya Sen Titumir Begum Rokeya Muhammad Yunus and Ziaur Rahman 212 The survey was modelled on the BBC s 100 Greatest Britons poll In 2011 the parliament of Bangladesh passed the 15th amendment to the country s constitution which referred to Mujib as the Father of the Nation in attached fifth sixth and seventh schedules covering his 7th March Speech the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971 and the Proclamation of Independence issued by the Provisional Government on 10 April 1971 213 In 2020 the government of Bangladesh celebrated Mujib Year to mark 100 years since the birth of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1920 214 The commemorations preceded Bangladesh s 50th anniversary of independence in 2021 Mujib continues to be a revered popular divisive and controversial figure in Bangladesh His party the Awami League has built a personality cult around his legacy Opponents of the League are fierce critics of Mujib s populism and authoritarianism including his creation of BAKSAL League supporters and other Bangladeshis credit Mujib for successfully leading the country to independence in 1971 However Mujib s socialist and economic policies after 1971 are largely frowned upon except among his most loyal supporters and family members Many roads institutions military bases bridges and other places in Bangladesh are named in his honour Under the Awami League s rule Mujib s picture is printed on the national currency Bangladeshi taka Bangladeshis across the political divide often refer to him as Bangabandhu out of respect A satellite is also named after him Mujib is remembered in India as an ally Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road in New Delhi and an avenue in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal are named in his honour The Palestinian Authority named a street in Hebron in honour of Mujib 215 Bangabandhu Boulevard in Ankara Turkey is named after Mujib There is also a Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Street in Port Louis Mauritius 216 Sheikh Mujib Way in Chicago in the United States is named after him 217 Archer K Blood described Mujib personally as urbane and charming 218 Politically Gary Bass writes that Archer Blood noted that Mujib s very appearance suggested raw power a power drawn from the masses and from his own strong personality He was tall and sturdy with rugged features and intense eyes Blood found him serene and confident amid the turmoil but eager for power Blood wrote that On the rostrum he is a fiery orator who can mesmerize hundreds of thousands in a pouring rain Mujib has something of a messianic complex which has been reinforced by the heady experience of mass adulation He talks of my people my land my forests my rivers It seems clear that he views himself as the personification of Bengali aspirations 218 According to Time magazine A man of vitality and vehemence Mujib became the political Gandhi of the Bengalis symbolizing their hopes and voicing their grievances Not even Pakistan s founder Mohammed Ali Jinnah drew the million strong throngs that Mujib has attracted in Dacca Nor for that matter has any subcontinent politician since Gandhi s day spent so much time behind bars for his political beliefs 219 An Egyptian journalist noted that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman does not belong to Bangladesh alone He is the harbinger of freedom for all Bengalis His Bengali nationalism is the new emergence of Bengali civilization and culture Mujib is the hero of the Bengalis in the past and in the times that are 219 Fidel Castro remarked that I have not seen the Himalayas But I have seen Sheikh Mujib In personality and in courage this man is the Himalayas I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas 219 Mujib cited Abraham Lincoln Mao Zedong Winston Churchill John F Kennedy Sukarno and Kemal Ataturk as inspirations during an interview with David Frost 220 Some journalists have criticized Mujib for being whimsical not serious and a madman 221 Portrayals Song Shono Ekti Mujiburer Theke a 1971 song about him was inspiration for freedom fighters during liberation war of Bangladesh A song was written about him in 1990 and recorded in 1991 named Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto became popular during election Books Humayun Ahmed included Sheikh Mujib in two of his historical novels 2004 s Jochona O Jononir Golpo and 2012 s Deyal Neamat Imam s novel The Black Coat depicts Mujib as a dictator 222 In 2015 the Centre for Research and Information CRI department of Bangladesh Awami League published a four part children s comic book named Mujib based on Sheikh Mujib s two autobiographies In March 2022 Muktidata Sheikh Mujib Liberator Sheikh Mujib a memoir of Rahman was published 223 Films In the 1974 Bangladeshi film Sangram Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed by himself In the 2014 Indian film Children of War Prodip Ganguly portrayed of Sheikh Mujib In the 2018 documentary film Hasina A Daughter s Tale Sheikh Mujib s daughter Sheikh Hasina spoke about the assassination of her father On 30 March 2021 Tungiparar Miya Bhai a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released On 1 October 2021 Mujib Amar Pita an animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released 224 On 31 December 2021 Chironjeeb Mujib another biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released On 21 January 2021 Mujib The Making of a Nation a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed by Shyam Benegal has begun production BibliographyMujib is today celebrated as a political diarist He kept a diary during his early political career in the 1940s and 1950s This diary was translated into English by Fakrul Alam and published as The Unfinished Memoirs The book was published in both India and Pakistan by Penguin Books and Oxford University Press respectively 74 The book has since been translated into French Spanish Korean Arabic and many other languages 225 226 227 228 229 230 Mujib also started writing his autobiography while in prison between 1967 and 1969 this diary was published in Bengali as The Prison Diaries Mujib wrote a travelogue of his visits to China during the 1950s This travelogue was published as the book The New China as I Saw 231 The Unfinished Memoirs The University Press Limited Penguin Books and Oxford University Press 12 June 2012 ISBN 9789845061100 The Prison Diaries Bangla Academy 17 March 2017 ISBN 978 0 470 60264 5 Amar Dekha Noya Chin in Bengali Bangla Academy 2 February 2020 ISBN 978 9840759880 AwardsPrize Name Year ReferenceJoliot Curie Medal of Peace 1973 232 Independence Award 2003Gandhi Peace Prize 2020 233 ReferencesNotes In Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd v Government of Bangladesh the Supreme Court ruled that Mostaq s accession to the Presidency was illegal as it violated the line of succession and occurred after a military coup Therefore it was declared that Mostaq was a usurper and all Ordinances rendered by him under martial law were null and void of any legal effect 1 2 3 In 1949 while a second year student studying law Bangabandhu was expelled from the University of Dhaka by the Executive Council on the grounds of instigating a movement among the employees of the University to secure better pay and allowances The expulsion was symbolically rescinded 61 years later in 2010 by the Executive Council 4 Citations Hasan Pias Mehedi 16 August 2020 Inside the Indemnity Ordinance that protected the killers of Bangabandhu Bdnews24 com Retrieved 15 June 2022 Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal Nos 1044 amp 1045 OF 2009 PDF The Daily Star 2 February 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2022 Ali Manik Julfikar 25 August 2010 5th amendment verdict paves way for justice The Daily Star Retrieved 15 June 2022 Asif Shawon Ali 14 August 2021 Bangabandhu s grand return to DU was ruined by assassination Dhaka Tribune Retrieved 28 July 2022 Speeches of Sheikh Mujib in Pakistan Parliament Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Google Books a b Mujibur Rahman Biography Family amp Assassination Britannica Who is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman whose birth centenary Bangladesh is observing today The Indian Express 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Times Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan Senior Political Figure in Pakistan amp President of the All Pakistan Awami League Ayub sought some form of public legitimacy as all military dictators have been forced to lifting martial law in 1962 following the implementation of a presidential form constitution https www dawn com news 1355171 Basic Democracies Works Programme and Rural Development in East Pakistan Rehman Sobhan Google Books Rashiduzzaman M July 2006 The Awami League in the Political Development of Pakistan Asian Survey 10 7 574 587 doi 10 2307 2642956 JSTOR 2642956 Enayetur Rahim and Joyce L Rahim ed 2013 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Struggle for Independence UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office De classified Documents 1962 1971 Hakkani Publishers pp 173 174 ISBN 978 7 02 140067 5 EAST PAKISTANIS HAIL MISS JINNAH Campaign Train of Ayub Foe is Thronged on Tour The New York Times 18 October 1964 Choudhury G W April 1972 Bangladesh Why It Happened International Affairs 48 2 242 249 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movement and its impact on the struggle for independence The Daily Star Retrieved 3 August 2017 Enayetur Rahim and Joyce L Rahim ed 2013 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Struggle for Independence UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office De classified Documents 1962 1971 Hakkani Publishers p 28 ISBN 978 7 02 140067 5 Karim 2005 p 136 138 Sakhawatullah Kazi M 2002 Redemption of the baffled hero Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Gonoprokashani pp 82 97 a b The Unfinished Memoirs by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman released in Bangladesh India and Pakistan The University Press Limited a b Ahsan Syed Badrul 18 June 2008 Agartala Conspiracy Case forty years on The Daily Star When Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became Bangabandhu 22 March 2021 a b c Sheikh Mujibur Rahman East Pakistan Bangladesh Pakistan 1969 YouTube a b A lapsed teenager remembers 17 March 2022 Baxter Craig Malik Yogendra K Kennedy Charles Oberst Robert C 1998 Government and Politics in South Asia 5th ed Boulder CO Westview Press p 251 ISBN 978 0 8133 3901 6 Bangladesh s independence from Pakistan in 1971 was seen by many as the logical division of two disparate wings of a country united only by Islam a mutual concern about India but divided by language and social customs the cultural differences between East and West Pakistan were so great that the division might be described as a second Two Nation Theory based this time on culture rather than religion as in 1947 a b Bangladesh Emerging Discontent 1966 70 a b Heitzman James Worden Robert eds 1989 Emerging discontent 1966 1970 Bangladesh A Country Study Washington D C Federal Research Division Library of Congress pp 28 29 Yahya Directing Disaster Relief The New York Times United Press International 24 November 1970 p 9 Durdin Tillman 11 March 1971 Pakistanis Crisis Virtually Halts Rehabilitation Work in Cyclone Region The New York Times p 2 Kaushik amp Patnayak 1995 p 295 Meghna Guhathakurta and Willem van Schendel 2003 The Bangladesh Reader History Culture Politics Duke University Press p 264 ISBN 9780822353188 Pakistani Cabinet Dissolved by Yahya The New York Times 22 February 1971 Retrieved 29 April 2017 Hossain Kamal 2013 Bangladesh Quest for Freedom and Justice Oxford University Press p 130 ISBN 9780199068531 The Struggle for Pakistan A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics Ayesha Jalal Google Books Untranquil Recollections The Years of Fulfilment Rehman Sobhan Google Books Special report The Breakup of Pakistan 1969 1971 23 September 2017 Udhar tum idhar hum When Bhutto pushed Bangladesh to the edge of Pakistan He rallied for Mujib against Yahya The Daily Star Ahmed Salahuddin 2004 Bangladesh Past and Present APH Publishing p 63 ISBN 978 81 7648 469 5 a b c d e Bangladesh Quest for Freedom and Justice Kamal Hossain Google Books Hassan Mubashir 2000 The Mirage of Power An Inquiry Into the Bhutto Years Oxford University Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 19 579300 0 Liton Shakhawat 12 July 2016 Who was a liar Yahya or Bhutto The Daily Star Op ed Retrieved 3 August 2017 The Mirage of Power An Inquiry Into the Bhutto Years Oxford University Press 2000 p 107 ISBN 978 0 19 579300 0 a b Kaushik amp Patnayak 1995 p 296 a b c d Bangabandhu s March 7 speech Bangladesh s inspiration to rise PM The Daily Star 11 March 2013 Retrieved 25 May 2013 a b Hossain Amir 7 March 2013 Historic 7th March speech of Bangabandhu Bangabandhu The Man Behind the Nation Blog Retrieved 25 May 2013 a b c 1971 March 7th shek mujibur rahman YouTube Archived from the original on 28 August 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2013 a b Sheikh Mujib s March 7 Speech English Text a b The World Bangladesh Out of War a Nation Is Born Time 20 December 1971 Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 Retrieved 25 May 2013 Sen Gupta Jyoti 1974 History of freedom movement in Bangladesh 1943 1973 some involvement Calcutta Naya Prokash pp 325 326 Retrieved 18 February 2013 PIA at War The Friday Times Naya Daur Swat draws full house in Chittagong The Daily Star Ludden David 2011 The Politics of Independence in Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 46 35 79 85 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 23017911 via JSTOR a b Badrul Ahsan Syed 15 August 2018 Pakistani jailer remembers incarcerated Bangabandhu Dhaka Tribune Retrieved 25 December 2021 Samad Saleem 17 March 2021 Bangabandhu in Mianwali Jail The Business Standard Retrieved 25 December 2021 Search results of From Jan 01 1971 to Dec 31 1971 Time 20 December 1971 Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 Second Opinion An honest look at the Dhaka debacle Khaled Ahmed s TV Review Daily Times Lahore 20 December 2005 Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 Retrieved 27 January 2006 Brig Siddiqi commenting on his latest book on the fall of East Pakistan said that the morale of the Pakistani troops was extremely low in 1970 71 but General Rahimuddin had tried East Pakistan s charismatic leader Mujibur Rehman in Faisalabad General Yahya did not confirm it Kennedy in India Terms Pakistani Drive Genocide The New York Times 17 August 1971 Blood Archer Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex Department of State United States US State Department Foreign Relations of the United States 1969 1976 Volume XI South Asia Crisis 1971 Page 165 Faiquzzaman Mohammad 2012 Mujibnagar Government In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca December 16 1971 Malcolm Browne 28 December 1971 Bhutto Meets With Mujib Says He ll Continue Talrs New York Times a b History Wars Kamal Hossain Interview Part 2 আল ল ও দ ল ল ALAL O DULAL In their words Bhutto and Mujib December 1971 The Daily Star 15 November 2014 Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 A journey from darkness to light The Daily Star British policeman to Bangabandhu We had been praying for you Press Conference of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in London 8 January 1972 YouTube Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at a press conference in London YouTube a b c 13 historic hours in air Prothom Alo Mujibur Rahman s First Secret Meeting with an Indian Officer Me 15 February 2021 Rahman Aziz 13 January 2017 Historic Homecoming of Bangabandhu Daily Sun Bangabandhu returns home coverage by ABC news at 10 01 1972 mp4 YouTube a b c Sheikh Mujib s Return to Bangladesh January 10 1972 Monday YouTube BANGLADESH A Hero Returns Home 24 January 1972 Retrieved 8 August 2017 Haque Junaidul 10 January 2014 The return of Bangabandhu The Daily Star Retrieved 15 August 2017 10 January 1972 Home Coming of Bangabandhu NBC News Report YouTube Sheik Mujibur Rahman declares region Independent Republic ABC March 26 1971 MMR Jalal YouTube BANGLADESH Mujib s Road from Prison to Power Time 17 January 1972 Retrieved 1 September 2017 Habib Mohshin 4 August 2017 Bangabandhu cared about the poor The Asian Age Retrieved 15 August 2017 a b c d Mujib Administration s Policy Action Timeline 16 March 2020 Our constitution The Daily Star Bangladesh began badly Remembering the roots of the impasse The Daily Star a b c d e Mujibur Rahman 2012 p XXVI India s Soldiers Quit Bangladesh The New York Times 13 March 1972 Indian Army withdraws from Bangladesh The Daily Star a b Making the Real Rhetorical Adduction and the Bangladesh Liberation War International Organization Cambridge Core Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with David Frost YouTube Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with David Frost YouTube Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with David Frost YouTube Zia freed 11 000 jailed collaborators Quamrul Collaborators Tribunal Order 1972 Banglapedia https ihl databases icrc org applic ihl ihl nat nsf 0 0618daaa2660e9b3c125771a00264b13 FILE International 20Crimes 20 Tribunals 20Act 201973 20 as 20amended 20in 202009 pdf bare URL https www icj cij org public files case related 60 9461 pdf bare URL Text of the tri patriate agreement of Bangladesh Pakistan India 2 March 2008 Bilia Home Page National Energy Security Day today 50 years of Soviet naval operation in Ctg Port Print Version Lawrence B Lesser Economic Reconstruction after Independence A Country Study Bangladesh James Heitzman and Robert Worden editors Library of Congress Federal Research Division September 1988 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain About the Country Studies Area Handbooks Program Country Studies Federal Research Division Library of Congress Jahan Rounaq February 1973 Bangladesh in 1972 Nation Building in a New State Asian Survey 13 2 199 210 doi 10 2307 2642736 JSTOR 2642736 Farid Shah Mohammad Integration of Poverty Alleviation and Social Sector Development into the Planning Process in Bangladesh PDF UNESCAP Archived from the original PDF on 27 February 2008 Retrieved 7 July 2006 Sen Amratya 1982 Poverty and famines An essay and entitlement and deprivation Oxford University Press p 138 Islam Maidul 2015 Limits of Islamism Cambridge University Press p 172 ISBN 9781107080263 Special report The Changing of the Guard 1958 1969 2 September 2017 Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh Institute for Global Change Secularism is back in Bangladesh rules High Court Deccan Herald 5 October 2010 Retrieved 8 November 2022 Bangabandhu s historic UNGA speech in Bangla was greatest day of Bangabandhu s life 25 September 2021 a b c d Bangabandhu s historic 1974 UN speech theindependentbd com a b c 25th September 1974 Speech in UN by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman YouTube a b Frank 2001 p 343 Shamim Choudhury M 2001 The Bangladesh India Friendship Treaty A Critical Analysis Journal of Bangladesh Studies 3 1 1 14 Frank 2001 p 388 Ahmed 1983 p 202 205 Berubari Case The Third Amendment in the Constitution of Bangladesh 50 Years of Bangladesh Constitution In a nutshell The Daily Star Kazi Mukhlesur Rahman v Bangladesh and Others 1974 26 DLR AD 44 History at midnight India Bangladesh exchange enclaves Latest News India Hindustan Times PM mourns demise of Queen Elizabeth II News Flash Pike John Bangladesh Air Force Modernization globalsecurity org Retrieved 6 January 2017 Husain Syed Anwar 1990 Bangladesh and Islamic Countries 1972 1983 In Tepper Elliot L Hayes Glen A eds Bengal and Bangladesh Politics and Culture on the Golden Delta Asian Studies Center Michigan State University p 103 In April 1972 Israel also extended recognition to Bangladesh Pike John Bangladesh Army Modernization globalsecurity org Retrieved 6 January 2017 President of Algeria in Dhaka Print Version JS sees debate over role of Gono Bahini The Daily Star Retrieved 9 July 2015 Rizvi now blasts Inu at press briefing The Daily Star UNB 15 June 2016 Retrieved 12 July 2016 Bangladesh Hossain Hamza Kamrul Islam A T M 1974 Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Act Ahamed Emajuddin 2004 The military and democracy in Bangladesh PDF Sydney Australian National University Press pp 108 110 Ignoring Executions and Torture Impunity for Bangladesh s Security Forces PDF Human Rights Watch 18 March 2009 Retrieved 16 August 2013 রক ষ ব হ ন র ন শ সত মধ যয গ য বর বরত ক ও হ র ম ন য ছ ল Amar Desh in Bengali 16 January 2011 Archived from the original on 17 January 2011 a b Fair Christine C Riaz Ali 2010 Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh Routledge pp 30 31 ISBN 978 1136926242 Retrieved 19 June 2016 Chowdhury Atif 18 February 2013 Bangladesh Baptism By Fire Huffington Post Retrieved 12 July 2016 Maniruzzaman Talukder February 1976 Bangladesh in 1975 The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath Asian Survey 16 2 119 29 doi 10 2307 2643140 JSTOR 2643140 Country Studies Bangladesh 12 September 2006 Mujib s fall Retrieved 12 September 2006 Pike Francis 2011 Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II I B Tauris p 569 ISBN 978 1 84885 079 8 Constitutional supremacy The dangers within The Daily Star 15 August 1975 Bloodbath on road 32 Daily Star 15 August 2018 Retrieved 5 November 2022 FACTBOX Aug 15 victims a b Mascarenhas Anthony 1986 Bangladesh A Legacy of Blood Anthony Mascarenhas Google Books ISBN 9780340394205 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had ignored RAW alert ahead of bloody 1975 coup The Economic Times Retrieved 5 November 2022 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from an Indian perspective 17 March 2021 August 15 Coup plotters were looking for a stalking horse 14 August 2021 SOUTH ASIA Call to execute Bangladesh assassins BBC News 21 April 2000 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Bangladesh hangs killers of independence leader Mujib BBC News 27 January 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Army officer hanged for murder of Bangladesh s founding president BBC News Retrieved 5 November 2022 5 fugitive killers of Bangabandhu Little progress in bringing them back The Daily Star 15 August 2022 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Convicted assassin living freely in Etobicoke Toronto Star 17 February 2011 He thought he had asylum Now he could face a death sentence Politico Bangabandhu s Convicted Killer Muhiuddin deported from US SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN Mujibur Rahman 2012 p 7 Sheikh Kamal The Asian Age 5 August 2017 Sheikh Jamal Sheikh Jamal profile Bangladesh Awami League Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 Retrieved 2 September 2009 Islam N Trust Anwara Nur Welfare 1 January 2001 Bangabandhu in the eye of his personal physician Anwara Nur Welfare Trust p 115 Gupta 1981 p 5 Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib s 81st birth anniversary today The Daily Star 8 August 2011 Retrieved 10 February 2016 UK vote could create cross border dynasty Aljazeera Hampstead and Kilburn MP Tulip Siddiq set to back Owen Smith in Labour leadership contest Camden New Journal Archived from the original on 4 September 2016 Retrieved 24 January 2017 BBC NEWS South Asia Listeners name greatest Bengali http bdlaws minlaw gov bd upload act 2020 10 14 17 08 19 Appendix pdf Home 100 Years of Mujib Palestine city names street after Mujib Mauritius names street after Bangabandhu 17 December 2020 Bangladeshis a b The Blood Telegram Nixon Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide Gary J Bass Google Books a b c Star Weekend Magazine Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with David Frost YouTube Oriana Fallaci Quoted in De S C amp Harss M 2017 Oriana Fallaci The journalist the agitator the legend Jha Aditya Mani In the famine ravaged fields of Bangla we are all Mujib Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Sunday Guardian 15 June 2013 ম ক ত দ ত শ খ ম জ ব গ রন থ র ম ড ক উন ম চন করল ন প রধ নমন ত র ক ল র কণ ঠ Kalerkantho in Bengali 14 March 2022 Retrieved 14 March 2022 Joya Sharmin 2 October 2021 Meet the director of Bangladesh s first animated theatrical release Mujib Amar Pita The Daily Star PM unveils Spanish version of The Unfinished Memoirs Prothom Alo The Unfinished Memoirs published in French 26 March 2017 Bangabandhu s autobiography translated to Korean The Daily Star Bangabandhu s unfinished memories now in Arabic Online Version Autobiography of Mujibur handed over to Hasina Gulf Times 21 June 2012 Retrieved 12 September 2012 Ahsanuzzaman Ahmed 20 May 2017 Karagarer Rojnamcha A Jail Diary with a Difference The Daily Star Retrieved 3 August 2017 Cover of Amar Dekha Naya Chin s by Bangabandhu unveiled Daily Sun 2 February 2020 Retrieved 18 December 2020 47 years of Bangabandhu s Joliot Curie Medal Saturday Dhaka Tribune 21 May 2020 Gandhi Peace Prize for the Year 2020 announced PIB 22 March 2021 Bibliography Mujibur Rahman Sheikh 2012 The Unfinished Memoirs Dhaka The University Press Limited ISBN 9789845061100 Kadira Muhammada Nurula 2004 Independence of Bangladesh in 266 days history and documentary evidence Dhaka Mukto Publishers ISBN 978 984 32 0858 3 Karim S A 2005 Sheikh Mujib Triumph and Tragedy The University Press Limited ISBN 9789840517374 Milam William B 2009 Pakistan and Bangladesh Flirting with Failure Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 70066 5 Kaushik S L Patnayak Rama 1995 Modern Governments and Political Systems governments and politics in South Asia Frank Katherine 2001 Indira The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 395 73097 3 Ahmed Moudud 1983 Bangladesh Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman The University Press Limited ISBN 978 984 506 226 8 Ahmed Salahuddin 2003 Bangladesh Past and Present New Delhi A P H Publishing Corporation ISBN 9788176484695 Enayetur Rahim and Joyce L Rahim ed 2013 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Struggle for Independence UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office De classified Documents 1962 1971 Hakkani Publishers ISBN 978 7 02 140067 5 Meghna Guhathakurta and Willem van Schendel 2013 The Bangladesh Reader History Culture Politics Duke University Press ISBN 9780822353188 Islam Maidul 2015 Limits of Islamism Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107080263 Jahan Rounaq 2000 Bangladesh promise and performance Zed Books ISBN 9781856498258 M Uddin Sufia 15 December 2006 Constructing Bangladesh Religion Ethnicity and Language in an Islamic Nation ISBN 9780807877333 Gupta Jyoti Sen 1981 Bangladesh in Blood and Tears Naya Prokash External linksSheikh Mujibur Rahman at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Bangabandhu Online Museum Sheikh Mujib 1971 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Banglapedia Sheikh Mujib at IMDb The short film Interview with Bangladesh Prime Minister Mujbur Rahman 1972 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Works by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at WorldCat Identities Portraits of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the National Portrait Gallery LondonPolitical officesPreceded byUnknown Agriculture Minister of East Bengal1954 VacantPreceded byUnknown Industries Minister of East Pakistan1956 1957 Succeeded byUnknownNew office President of Bangladesh1971 1972 Succeeded byNazrul IslamActingPreceded byTajuddin Ahmed Prime Minister of Bangladesh1972 1975 Succeeded byMuhammad Mansur AliPreceded byMohammad Mohammadullah President of Bangladesh1975 Succeeded byKhondaker Mostaq AhmadPortals Biography Politics Bangladesh Pakistan India British Empire Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sheikh Mujibur Rahman amp oldid 1130657604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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