Jan van Riebeeck
Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck[2] (21 April 1619 – 18 January 1677)[3] was a Dutch navigator and colonial administrator of the Dutch East India Company.[4][5]
Jan van Riebeeck | |
|---|---|
| 1st Commander of the Cape | |
| In office 7 April 1652 – 6 May 1662 | |
| Succeeded by | Zacharias Wagenaer |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Johan Petros Anthoniszoon van Riebeeck 21 April 1619 Culemborg, Duchy of Culemborg, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 18 January 1677 (aged 57) Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
| Resting place | Groote Kerk, Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Spouse(s) | Maria de la Queillerie Maria Isaacks Scipio[1] |
| Children | Abraham van Riebeeck 7 others |
| Occupation | Colonial administrator |
Life
Early life
Jan van Riebeeck was born in Culemborg, as the son of a surgeon. He grew up in Schiedam, where he married 19-year-old Maria de la Queillerie on 28 March 1649. She died in Malacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35. The couple had eight or nine children, most of whom did not survive infancy. Their son Abraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.[6]
Employment in the VOC
Joining the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) in 1639, he served in a number of posts, including that of an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies.[6]
He was head of the VOC trading post in Tonkin, Indochina. After being dismissed from that position in 1645 due to conducting trade for his own personal account, he began to advocate a refreshment station in the Cape of Good Hope after staying 18 days there during his return voyage. Two years later, support increased after a marooned VOC ship was able to survive in a temporary fortress. The Heeren XVII requested a report from Leendert Jansz and Mathys Proot, which recommended a Dutch presence.[6]
In 1643, van Riebeeck travelled with Jan van Elseracq to the VOC outpost at Dejima in Japan. Seven years later in 1650, he proposed selling hides of South African wild animals to Japan.[7]
Van Riebeeck was requested by the Dutch East India Company to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa and departed from Texel on 24 December 1651. He landed two ships (The Drommedaris and Goede Hoope) in Table Bay, at the future Cape Town site on 6 April 1652, and a third ship, the Reijger, on 7 April 1652. He was accompanied by 82 men and 8 women, including his wife Maria.[8] The fleet originally included five ships, but the Walvis and the Oliphant arrived late, having had 130 burials at sea.[6]
Van Riebeeck commenced immediately to fortify the settlement as a way station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies.[citation needed] The primary purpose of this way station was to provide fresh provisions for the VOC fleets sailing between the Dutch Republic and Batavia, as deaths en route were very high.
Commander of the Cape Colony
Van Riebeeck was Commander of the Cape from 1652 to 1662; he was charged with building a fort, with improving the natural anchorage at Table Bay, planting cereals, fruit, and vegetables, and obtaining livestock from the indigenous Khoi people. In the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town, a few wild almond trees still survive. The initial fort, named Fort de Goede Hoop ('Fort of Good Hope') was made of mud, clay, and timber, and had four corners or bastions.[8] This fort was replaced by the Castle of Good Hope, built between 1666 and 1679 after van Riebeeck had left the Cape.[9]
Van Riebeeck was joined at the Cape by a fellow Culemborger Roelof de Man (1634-1663), who arrived in January 1654 on board the ship Naerden. Roelof came as the colony bookkeeper and was later promoted to second-in-charge.[10]
Van Riebeeck reported the first comet discovered from South Africa, C/1652 Y1, which was spotted on 17 December 1652.[6]
In his time at the Cape, van Riebeeck oversaw a sustained, systematic effort to establish an impressive range of useful plants in the novel conditions on the Cape Peninsula – in the process changing the natural environment forever.[11] Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples, and citrus, had an important and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region. For instance, in 1659, he established a vineyard in the Colony to produce red wine in order to combat scurvy.[6] The daily diary entries kept throughout his time at the Cape (VOC policy) provided the basis for future exploration of the natural environment and its natural resources. Careful reading of his diaries indicate that some of his knowledge was learned from the indigenous peoples inhabiting the region.[12]
He died in Batavia (now renamed to Jakarta) on Java in 1677.
Legacy in South Africa
Jan van Riebeeck is of immense cultural and historical significance to South Africa, as he was in particular during the Apartheid era. Many Afrikaners view him as the founding father of their nation.[13] Consequently, his image appeared ubiquitously on stamps and bank notes issued until 1994. An image used on currency notes after South Africa became a republic in 1961 was thought to be that of van Riebeeck, but was instead of Bartholomeus Vermuyden.[14][15][16]
The 6 April used to be known as van Riebeeck's Day, and later as Founders' Day, but the holiday was abolished by the African National Congress government after the elections of 1994. His image no longer features on any official currency or stamps, but statues of him and his wife remain in Adderley Street, Cape Town. The coat of arms of the city of Cape Town is based on the van Riebeeck family coat of arms.[17]
Many South African towns and villages have streets named after him. Riebeek-Kasteel is one of the oldest towns in South Africa, situated 75 km from Cape Town in the Riebeek Valley together with its sister town Riebeek West.[18]
Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck is an Afrikaans high school in Cape Town.[19]
Jan van Riebeeck's coat of arms, the basis of the coat of arms of Cape Town
Coat of arms of Cape Town, with the arms of Jan van Riebeeck depicted in the shield
The painting of Bartholomeus Vermuyden, thought to be of van Riebeeck instead, which was used on banknotes and coins
See also
Notes
- ^ van Ledden, Willem-Pieter (2005). Jan van Riebeeck tussen wal en schip: een onderzoek naar de beeldvorming over Jan van Riebeeck in Nederland en Zuid-Afrika omstreeks 1900, 1950 en 2000. Hilversum: Verloren. p. 27. ISBN 9789065508577.
- ^ Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjɑɱ vɑn ˈribeːk]; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈjan fan ˈribiək]
- ^ Trotter, Alys Fane Keatinge (1903). Old cape Colony : a chronicle of her men and houses from 1652 to 1806. London : Selwyn & Blount. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Chicago, 1990, Macropaedia, vol.15, p.570.
- ^ Dawson, William Harbutt, South Africa, London, 1925, p.216.
- ^ a b c d e f Rajgopaul, Jeeva (17 October 2011). "Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" Van Riebeeck". South African History Online. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ Osada, Masako. (2002). Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies and Economic Realities in Relations Between Japan and South Africa, p. 28.
- ^ a b Gabeba, Abrahams (1993). "The Grand Parade, Cape Town: Archaeological Excavations of the seventeenth century Fort de Goede Hoop". Fortifications of the Cape Peninsula. 48 (157): 3–15. doi:10.2307/3888871. JSTOR 3888871.
- ^ "Home". castleofgoodhope.co.za.
- ^ . tanap.net. Archived from the original on 17 March 2005.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Gunn, Mary (1981). Botanical exploration of southern Africa : an illustrated history of early botanical literature on the Cape flora : biographical accounts of the leading plant collectors and their activities in southern Africa from the days of the East India Company until modern times. L. E. W. Codd. Cape Town: Published for the Botanical Research Institute by A.A. Balkema. p. 24. ISBN 0-86961-129-1. OCLC 8591273.
- ^ S. Pooley, 'Jan van Riebeeck as Pioneering Explorer and Conservator of Natural Resources at the Cape of Good Hope (1652–62)', Environment and History 15 (2009): 3–33. doi:10.3197/096734009X404644
- ^ "Van Riebeeck - Father of Conflict?".
- ^ Giliomee, H. and Mbenga, B.K. (2007). New History of South Africa. Tafelberg, Cape Town; ISBN 978-0-624-04359-1
- ^ "Portret van een man, vermoedelijk Bartholomeus Vermuyden (1616/17-1650), Dirck Craey, 1650". Rijksmuseum (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "So whose face was on old SA money?". IOL. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ Pama, C. (1965). Lions and Virgins: Heraldic State Symbols, Coats-of-Arms, Flags, Seals and other Symbols of Authority in South Africa, 1487-1962. Cape Town-Pretoria: Human & Rousseau. pp. 34–36.
- ^ "The History of The Riebeek Valley". Riebeek Valley. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck". janvanriebeeck.co.za.
References
- Kirby, Robert. The secret letters of Jan van Riebeeck. London, England, UK: Penguin Books 1992; ISBN 978-0-14-017765-7.
- Collins, Robert O. Central and South African history. Topics in world history. New York, NY, US: M. Wiener Pub. 1990; ISBN 978-1-55876-017-2.
- Hunt, John, and Heather-Ann Campbell. Dutch South Africa: early settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708. Leicester, UK: Matador 2005; ISBN 978-1-904744-95-5.
External links
- Media related to Jan van Riebeeck at Wikimedia Commons