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Seljuk dynasty

January 22, 2023

"Seljuk Turks" redirects here. For the territory over which they ruled, see Seljuk Empire.

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids[1][2] (/ˈsɛltʃʊk/ SEL-chuuk; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,[3] alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks,[4] Seljuk Turkomans [5] or the Saljuqids,[6] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition[7][8] in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which at their heights stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

Seljuk dynasty
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I
CountrySeljuk Empire
Sultanate of Rum
Founded10th century – Seljuk
Titles
TraditionsSunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi)
DissolutionDamascus:
1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin

Great Seljuk:
1194 – Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish

Rum:
1308 – Mesud II died

Early history

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[9][10][11][12][13] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State,[14] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.[15] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[16]

When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan off from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.[16] In the 11th century the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.[17] At the Battle of Dandanaqan they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,[18] established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.[19][20][21][22][23]

Later period

After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,[19][20][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".[31] Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.[19][20][21]

Seljuk rulers

 
Head of Seljuk male royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran. Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship. Kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 
Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran commemorating Toğrül.
 
The Kharāghān twin towers, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes.

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

Titular name(s) Personal name Reign
Bey
بیگ 		Tughril I
طغرل 		1037–1063
Bey
بیگ 		Suleiman[32]
سلیمان شاہ 		1063[33]
Sultan
سلطان 		Alp Arslan (Arslan I)
الپ ارسلان 		1063–1072
Sultan
سلطان
Jalāl al-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ 		Malik Shah I
ملک شاہ یکم 		1072–1092
Sultan
سلطان
Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din
ناصر الدنیا والدین 		Mahmud I
محمود یکم 		1092–1094
Sultan
سلطان
Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din
أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین 		Barkiyaruq
برکیارق 		1094–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین 		Malik Shah II
ملک شاہ دوم 		1104-1105
Sultan
سلطان
Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din
غیاث الدنیا والدین 		Muhammad I Tapar
محمد تاپار 		1105–1118
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین 		*Ahmad Sanjar
احمد سنجر 		1118–1153
Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs.
  • Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan

 
The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I[34]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiduzids.

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman

 
Seljuk-era art: Ewer from Herat, Afghanistan, dated 1180–1210. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen. British Museum.
Main article: Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

  • Qawurd 1041–1073 (great-grantson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan)
  • Kerman Shah 1073–1074
  • Sultan Shah 1074–1075 or 1074-1085
  • Hussain Omar 1075–1084

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

  • Turan Shah I 1084–1096 or 1085-1097
  • Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096–1101 or 1097-1101
  • Arslan Shah I 1101–1142
  • Muhammad I 1142–1156
  • Tuğrul Shah 1156–1169 or 1156-1170
  • Bahram-Shah 1169–1174 or 1170-1175
  • Arslan Shah II 1174–1176 or 1175-1176
  • Turan Shah II 1176–1183
  • Muhammad II Shah 1183–1187 or 1183-1186

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria

To the Artuqids

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)

Main article: Sultanate of Rûm
 
The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1190, before the Third Crusade

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

Gallery

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ^ Neiberg, Michael S. (2002). Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781134583423.
  2. ^ Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 9781780937366.
  3. ^ Rāvandī, Muḥammad (1385). Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr. ISBN 9643313662.
  4. ^ Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
  5. ^ Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1."The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire.
  6. ^ "The Saljuqids". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  7. ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  8. ^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")
  9. ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty 2007-01-14 at the Wayback Machine article
  10. ^ Merriam-Webster Online – Definition of Seljuk 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine)
  12. ^ Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine)
  13. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
  14. ^ Wink, Andre, Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 p. 9
  15. ^ Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
  16. ^ a b Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
  17. ^ Bosworth, C.E. The Ghaznavids: 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.
  18. ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
  19. ^ a b c O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine)
  20. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  21. ^ a b M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169
  22. ^ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  23. ^ F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
  24. ^ Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.
  25. ^ John Perry, THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN in Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. excerpt: "First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already iranized and patronized Persian literature in their domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia."
  26. ^ Ram Rahul. "March of Central Asia", Indus Publishing, p. 124: "The Seljuk conquest of Persia marked the triumph of the Sunni over Shii but without a decline in Persian culture. The Seljuks eventually adopted the Persian culture.
  27. ^ Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in Encyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as ‘Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."
  28. ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
  29. ^ Stephen P. Blake, Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739. Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran, it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were 'Persianized and Islamicized'".
  30. ^ Mehmed Fuad Koprulu, Early Mystics in Turkish Literature, Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff, Routledge, 2006, p. 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local, i.e. non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount/The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazīra and Syria – indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India – also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought – in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. {Before coming to Anatolia}, the Turks had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Khwārazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Kā'ūs, and Kai-Qubād; and that 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I had some passages from the Shāhnāme inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact {i.e. the importance of Persian influence} is undeniable. With regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."
  31. ^ Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
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  36. ^ Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, Selcûḳnâme, (Muhammed Ramazânî Publications), Tahran 1332, p. 10.
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  39. ^ Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde, (Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
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Further reading

  • Dietrich, Richard (2018). "The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks". Turkish Historical Review. 9 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002.
  • Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0813506271.
  • Peacock, A.C.S., Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation; New York, NY; Routledge; 2010
  • Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

January 22, 2023
seljuk, dynasty, seljuk, turks, redirects, here, territory, over, which, they, ruled, seljuk, empire, seljukids, chuuk, persian, سلجوقیان, saljuqian, alternatively, spelled, seljuqs, saljuqs, also, known, seljuk, turks, seljuk, turkomans, saljuqids, oghuz, tur. Seljuk Turks redirects here For the territory over which they ruled see Seljuk Empire The Seljuk dynasty or Seljukids 1 2 ˈ s ɛ l tʃ ʊ k SEL chuuk Persian سلجوقیان Saljuqian 3 alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs also known as Seljuk Turks 4 Seljuk Turkomans 5 or the Saljuqids 6 was an Oghuz Turkic Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco Persian tradition 7 8 in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire 1037 1194 the Sultanate of Kerman 1041 1186 and the Sultanate of Rum 1074 1308 which at their heights stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade Seljuk dynastyDouble headed eagle used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad ICountrySeljuk EmpireSultanate of RumFounded10th century SeljukTitlesSultan of Seljuk Empire Sultan of Rum Sultan of Kerman or Kirman Emir of Damascus Emir of AleppoTraditionsSunni Islam Maturidi Hanafi DissolutionDamascus 1104 Baktash Ertas dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk 1194 Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish Rum 1308 Mesud II died Contents 1 Early history 2 Later period 3 Seljuk rulers 3 1 Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty 3 2 Seljuk sultans of Hamadan 3 3 Seljuk rulers of Kerman 3 4 Seljuk rulers in Syria 3 5 Seljuk sultans of Rum Anatolia 4 Gallery 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingEarly history EditThe Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks 9 10 11 12 13 who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State 14 in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan 15 During the 10th century Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities 16 When Seljuk the leader of the Seljuk clan had a falling out with Yabghu the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz he split his clan off from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya Around 985 Seljuk converted to Islam 16 In the 11th century the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia in the province of Khurasan where they encountered the Ghaznavids The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035 Seljuk s grandsons Tughril and Chaghri received the insignias of governor grants of land and were given the title of dehqan 17 At the Battle of Dandanaqan they defeated a Ghaznavid army and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050 51 18 established the Great Seljuk Empire The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades 19 20 21 22 23 Later period EditAfter arriving in Persia the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and played an important role in the development of the Turko Persian tradition which features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers 31 Today they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture art literature and language 19 20 21 Seljuk rulers Edit Head of Seljuk male royal figure 12 13th century from Iran Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship Kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Toghrol Tower a 12th century monument south of Tehran commemorating Togrul The Kharaghan twin towers built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty Edit The Great Seljuks were heads of the family in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines although in practice this often was not the case Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia Titular name s Personal name ReignBeyبیگ Tughril I طغرل 1037 1063Beyبیگ Suleiman 32 سلیمان شاہ 1063 33 Sultanسلطان Alp Arslan Arslan I الپ ارسلان 1063 1072SultanسلطانJalal al Dawlahجلال الدولہ Malik Shah Iملک شاہ یکم 1072 1092SultanسلطانNasir al Duniya wa al Dinناصر الدنیا والدین Mahmud Iمحمود یکم 1092 1094SultanسلطانAbul Muzaffar Rukn al Duniya wa al Dinأبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین Barkiyaruq برکیارق 1094 1105SultanسلطانMuizz al Dinمعز الدین Malik Shah IIملک شاہ دوم 1104 1105SultanسلطانGhiyath al Duniya wa al Dinغیاث الدنیا والدین Muhammad I Taparمحمد تاپار 1105 1118SultanسلطانMuizz al Dinمعز الدین Ahmad Sanjarاحمد سنجر 1118 1153Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty From 1157 the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs Muhammad s son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia but Ahmad Sanjar who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family became the Great Seljuk Sultan Seljuk sultans of Hamadan Edit The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092 upon the death of Malik Shah I 34 The rulers of western Persia who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region such as the Eldiduzids Mahmud II 1118 1131 1131 1133 disputed between Dawud 1131 1132 Mas ud in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan 1132 Toghrul II 1132 1133 Mas ud 1133 1152 Malik Shah III 1152 1153 Muhammad II 1153 1159 Suleiman Shah 1159 1161 Arslan Shah Arslan II 1161 1177 Toghrul III 1177 1194In 1194 Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah who annexed Hamadan Seljuk rulers of Kerman Edit Seljuk era art Ewer from Herat Afghanistan dated 1180 1210 Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen British Museum Main article Kerman Seljuk Sultanate Kerman was a province in southern Persia Between 1053 and 1154 the territory also included Umman Qawurd 1041 1073 great grantson of Seljuq brother of Alp Arslan Kerman Shah 1073 1074 Sultan Shah 1074 1075 or 1074 1085 Hussain Omar 1075 1084or 1074 before Sultan Shah Turan Shah I 1084 1096 or 1085 1097 Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096 1101 or 1097 1101 Arslan Shah I 1101 1142 Muhammad I 1142 1156 Tugrul Shah 1156 1169 or 1156 1170 Bahram Shah 1169 1174 or 1170 1175 Arslan Shah II 1174 1176 or 1175 1176 Turan Shah II 1176 1183 Muhammad II Shah 1183 1187 or 1183 1186Muhammad abandoned Kerman which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196 Seljuk rulers in Syria Edit Abu Sa id Taj ad Dawla Tutush I 1085 1086 Jalal ad Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086 1087 Qasim ad Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al Hajib 1087 1094 Abu Sa id Taj ad Dawla Tutush I second time 1094 1095 Fakhr al Mulk Ridwan 1095 1113 Tadj ad Dawla Alp Arslan al Akhras 1113 1114 Sultan Shah 1114 1123To the ArtuqidsSultans Emirs of Damascus Aziz ibn Abaaq al Khwarazmi 1076 1079 Abu Sa id Taj ad Dawla Tutush I 1079 1095 Abu Nasr Shams al Muluk Duqaq 1095 1104 Tutush II 1104 Muhi ad Din Baktash Ertas 1104Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin Seljuk sultans of Rum Anatolia Edit Main article Sultanate of Rum The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1190 before the Third Crusade The Seljuk line already having been deprived of any significant power effectively ended in the early 14th century Kutalmish 1060 1077 Suleyman I Suleiman 1077 1086 Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092 1107 Malik Shah 1107 1116 Rukn ad Din Mesud I 1116 1156 Izz ad Din Kilij Arslan II 1156 1192 Ghiyath ad Din Kaykhusraw I 1192 1196 Suleyman II Suleiman 1196 1204 Kilij Arslan III 1204 1205 Ghiyath ad Din Kaykhusraw I second time 1205 1211 Izz ad Din Kaykaus I 1211 1220 Ala ad Din Kayqubad I 1220 1237 Ghiyath ad Din Kaykhusraw II 1237 1246 Izz ad Din Kaykaus II 1246 1260 Rukn ad Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248 1265 Ala ad Din Kayqubad II 1249 1257 Ghiyath ad Din Kaykhusraw III 1265 1282 Ghiyath ad Din Mesud II 1282 1284 Ala ad Din Kayqubad III 1284 Ghiyath ad Din Mesud II second time 1284 1293 Ala ad Din Kayqubad III second time 1293 1294 Ghiyath ad Din Mesud II third time 1294 1301 Ala ad Din Kayqubad III third time 1301 1303 Ghiyath ad Din Mesud II fourth time 1303 1307Gallery Edit Shatranj chess set glazed fritware 12th century Iran New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskisehir Eti Archaeology Museum Family tree EditvteGreat Seljuk sultans family treeTuqaq TemurYalig Beg b d Commander in chief of The Oghuz armySeljuk Beg b d The founder of Seljuk dynastyQawam al Dawla 35 r 1012 1028 Buyid Governor in KermanArslan Yabgu b d 1032 Chief of Seljuk dynastyMikail ibn Seljuk b d The mother ofToghrul Chaghri Ibrahim and ArtashYusuf Inal 36 37 Yunus 38 39 Musa Yabgu 40 Inanc Yabgu Abu Kalijar 35 r 1028 1048 Buyid Amir in KirmanKurlu Bey 41 r 1069 1071 Leader of the Seljukvassal state in PalestineQutalmish 42 Father of the founder ofAnatolian Seljuk Sultanate1 Toghrul I r 1037 1063 First sultan ofThe Great Seljuk EmpireChaghri Beg 32 r 1040 1060 Governor of KhorasanIbrahim Inal 42 Artash Inal 40 Artash Abu AliHasan Yabgu 40 42 Yusuf Kara Arslan Abu Bakr Umar 43 Bori and Dawlatshah1 Qawurd Beg 35 Seljuk Shah of Kirman r 1048 1073 Kerman Seljuk SultanateAtsiz ibn Uvaq 41 r 1076 1079 Amir of DimashqAksungur 44 r 1086 1094 Sultan of Aleppo2 Suleiman 32 r 1063 33 Sultan of Great Seljuk3 Alp Arslan r 1063 1072 Sultan of Great SeljukAlp Sungur Yakuti 32 PrinceGovernor of AzerbaijanArslan Argun and Ilyas 32 Other princesKhadija Arslan 32 Princessmarried Abbasid caliph Al Qa im Safiyya Khatun 32 Princess2 Kerman Shah 45 r 1073 1074 3 Hussain Omar Shah 45 r 1074 Tutush 46 47 r 1079 1095 Sultan of Dimashq and r 1094 1095 of AleppoTurkan Khatun 48 The daughter of Tamghach KhanIbrahim of Kara Khanid dynastyand de facto ruler of Mahmud I4 Malik Shah I 49 r 1072 1092 Sultan of Great SeljukArslan Shah r 1066 1083 Governor of KhorasanDogan Shah r 1083 1092 Governor of KhorasanArslan Argun 50 r 1092 1097 Governor of KhorasanTugrul and Bori BarsOther princesAishaPrincessmarried Kara Khanid khanNasr Shams al Mulk 4 Sultan Shah 45 r 1074 1085 5 Turan I Shah 45 r 1085 1097 Dawud and Ahmad 48 49 Other princes5 Mahmud I 48 49 51 r 1092 1094 Sultan of Great Seljuk6 Bark Yaruq 51 r 1092 1104 33 Sultan of Great Seljuk8 Muhammad I Tapar 52 r 1105 1118 Sultan of Great Seljuk9 Ahmad Sanjar 53 r 1118 1153 Last sultan ofThe Great SeljukTugrul and Amir Humar 49 Other princesGawhar Khatun 49 Princessmarried Ghaznavid sultan Mas ud III Sayyeda 49 Princessmarried Abbasid caliph Al Mustazhir6 Iranshah 45 r 1097 1101 7 Arslan I Shah 45 r 1101 1142 Duqaq 47 r 1095 1104 Amir of DimashqMah i Malak 48 49 Princessmarried Abbasid caliph Al Muqtadi7 Malik Shah II 51 r 1104 1105 33 Sultan of Great Seljuk1 Mahmud II 54 55 r 1118 1131 First sultan ofThe Iraqi Seljuks3 Toghrul II 54 56 r 1132 1134 Sultan of Iraqi SeljuksMu mine Khatunwife of Toghrul II until 1134wife of Ildeniz from 1136Ildeniz r 1160 1175 de facto rulerAtabeg of Arslan Shah4 Masud 54 57 r 1134 1152 Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks8 Malik Muhammad I Shah 45 r 1142 1156 9 Toghrul Shah 45 r 1156 1170 Tutush II amp Artash 47 Baktash r 1104 Amir of Dimashq2 Dawud 54 r 1131 1132 Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks5 Malik Shah III 54 r 1152 1153 Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks6 Muhammad II 54 r 1153 1159 Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks7 Suleiman Shah 54 r 1159 1160 Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks8 Arslan Shah 54 58 r 1160 1177 Sultan of Iraqi SeljuksNusrat al Din Muhammad r 1175 1186 de facto ruler of Toghrul IIIAtabeg of Arslan ShahQizil Arslan r 1186 1191 de facto ruler of Toghrul IIIAtabeg of the Eldiguzids10 Bahram 11 Arslan IIShah 45 r 1170 1171 12 Bahram Shah 45 r 1171 1172 13 Bahram amp Arslan IIShah 45 r 1172 1175 14 Bahram Shah 45 r 1175 15 Muhammad II Shah 45 r 1175 16 Arslan II Shah 45 r 1175 1177 17 Turan II Shah 45 r 1177 1183 18 Muhammad II Shah 45 r 1183 1187 Fakhr al Mulk Radwan 47 r 1095 1113 Malik of AleppoAlp Arslan 47 r 1113 1114 Sultan Shah 47 r 1114 1117 9 Toghrul III 54 59 r 1177 1191 1192 1194 Last sultan ofThe Iraqi SeljuksNusrat al Din Abu Bakr r 1191 1210 de facto rulerAtabeg of the EldiguzidsMuzaffar al Din Uzbek r 1210 1225 Atabeg of the EldiguzidsNotes See also EditList of Sunni Muslim dynasties Seljuk Empire Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Seljuk warlord Seldzhuki serial na russkomReferences Edit Neiberg Michael S 2002 Warfare in World History Routledge pp 19 20 ISBN 9781134583423 Harris Jonathan 2014 Byzantium and the Crusades Bloomsbury Publishing pp 39 45 ISBN 9781780937366 Ravandi Muḥammad 1385 Raḥat al ṣudur va ayat al surur dar tarikh i al i saljuq Tihran Intisharat i Asaṭir ISBN 9643313662 Tetley G E 2009 Hillenbrand Carole ed The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks Poetry as a Source for Iranian History London and New York Routledge pp 1 16 ISBN 978 0 415 43119 4 Fleet Kate 2009 The Cambridge History of Turkey Byzantium to Turkey 1071 1453 Volume 1 PDF Cambridge University Press p 1 The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt Manzikert is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire The Saljuqids Encyclopaedia Iranica Grousset Rene The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press 1991 161 164 renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko Persian empire in eastern Iran It is to be noted that the Seljuks those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia did not Turkify Persia no doubt because they did not wish to do so On the contrary it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace Nishapuri Zahir al Din Nishapuri 2001 The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami al Tawarikh An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq nama of Zahir al Din Nishapuri Partial tr K A Luther ed C E Bosworth Richmond UK K A Luther p 9 T he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes poets jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty Archived 2007 01 14 at the Wayback Machine article Merriam Webster Online Definition of Seljuk Archived 2007 10 15 at the Wayback Machine The History of the Seljuq Turks From the Jami Al Tawarikh LINK Archived 2022 12 26 at the Wayback Machine Shaw Stanford History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey LINK Archived 2022 12 26 at the Wayback Machine Golden Peter B 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden p 209 Wink Andre Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers 1996 ISBN 90 04 09249 8 p 9 Islam An Illustrated History p 51 a b Michael Adas Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Temple University Press 2001 99 Bosworth C E The Ghaznavids 994 1040 Edinburgh University Press 1963 242 Tony Jaques Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F O Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 476 a b c O Ozgundenli Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK Archived 2012 01 22 at the Wayback Machine a b c Encyclopaedia Britannica Seljuq Online Edition LINK Archived 2007 12 19 at the Wayback Machine Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship a b M Ravandi The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities in Mesogeios Mediterranean Studies vol 25 26 2005 pp 157 169 M A Amir Moezzi Shahrbanu Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK Archived 2007 03 11 at the Wayback Machine here one might bear in mind that Turco Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints F Daftary Sectarian and National Movements in Iran Khorasan and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times in History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol 4 pt 1 edited by M S Asimov and C E Bosworth UNESCO Publishing Institute of Ismaili Studies Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders but they imposed their own tongue on them The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks eleventh and twelfth centuries the Timurids fourteenth fifteenth centuries and the Qajars nineteenth twentieth centuries Bosworth C E Hillenbrand R Rogers J M Blois F C de Bosworth C E Darley Doran R E Saldjukids Encyclopaedia of Islam Edited by P Bearman Th Bianquis C E Bosworth E van Donzel and W P Heinrichs Brill 2009 Culturally the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper the Seljuqs with no high level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own took over that of Persia so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century John Perry THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN in Iran amp the Caucasus Vol 5 2001 pp 193 200 excerpt First since the Turkish speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already iranized and patronized Persian literature in their domains the expansion of Turk ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia Ram Rahul March of Central Asia Indus Publishing p 124 The Seljuk conquest of Persia marked the triumph of the Sunni over Shii but without a decline in Persian culture The Seljuks eventually adopted the Persian culture Ehsan Yarshater Iran in Encyclopedia Iranica The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called the Persian intermezzo see Minorsky 1932 p 21 when Iranian dynasties consisting mainly of the Saffarids the Samanids the Ziyarids the Buyids the Kakuyids and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan ruled most of Iran By all accounts weary of the miseries and devastations of never ending conflicts and wars Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel headed by such capable and learned viziers as Amid al Molk Kondori and Nezam al Molk C E Bosworth Turkish expansion towards the west in UNESCO History of Humanity Volume IV From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century UNESCO Publishing Routledge 2000 p 391 While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law theology and science the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers Qubad Kay Khusraw and so on and in the use of Persian as a literary language Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols Baha al Din Walad and his son Mawlana Jalal al Din Rumi whose Mathnawi composed in Konya constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature Stephen P Blake Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639 1739 Cambridge University Press 1991 p 123 For the Seljuks and Il Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were Persianized and Islamicized Mehmed Fuad Koprulu Early Mystics in Turkish Literature Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff Routledge 2006 p 149 If we wish to sketch in broad outline the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia we must recognize that the local i e non Muslim element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab Persian elements and that the Persian element was paramount The Seljuk rulers to be sure who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization but also with the Arab civilizations in al jazira and Syria indeed with all Muslim peoples as far as India also had connections with various Byzantine courts Some of these rulers like the great Ala al Din Kai Qubad I himself who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court Still this close contact with the ancient Greco Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art aesthetic life painting music independent thought in short toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views of their subjects The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result Before coming to Anatolia the Turks had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations When they settled in Anatolia they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well Ala al Din Kai Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and especially the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya which belonged to him and granted them commercial and legal concessions Meanwhile the Mongol invasion which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkistan Iran Afghanistan and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks Indeed despite all claims to the contrary there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al Din Kai Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology like Kai Khusraw Kai Ka us and Kai Qubad and that Ala al Din Kai Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature then this fact i e the importance of Persian influence is undeniable With regard to the private lives of the rulers their amusements and palace ceremonial the most definite influence was also that of Iran mixed with the early Turkish traditions and not that of Byzantium Daniel Pipes The Event of Our Era Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East in Michael Mandelbaum Central Asia and the World Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Turkemenistan and the World Council on Foreign Relations p 79 Exact statement In Short the Turko Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers a b c d e f g Sevim Ali 1993 CAGRI BEY PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 8 Ci lve Darunnedve in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 183 186 ISBN 978 975 389 435 7 a b c d Sumer Faruk 2009 SELCUKLULAR PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 36 Sakal Sevm in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 365 371 ISBN 978 975 389 566 8 Black Jeremy 2005 The Atlas of World History American Edition New York Covent Garden Books pp 65 228 ISBN 9780756618612 This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea a b c Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2002 KAVURD BEY PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 25 Kasti lya Ki le in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 73 74 ISBN 978 975 389 403 6 Zahiruddin i Nisaburi Selcuḳname Muhammed Ramazani Publications Tahran 1332 p 10 Residuddin Fazlullah i Hemedani Camiʿu t tevariḫ Ahmed Ates Publications Ankara 1960 vol II 5 p 5 Ravendi Muhammed b Ali Rahatu s sudur Ates Publications vol I p 85 Mustevfi Tariḫ i Guzide Nevai Publications p 426 a b c Osman Gazi Ozgudenli 2016 MUSA YABGU TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Supplement 2 Kafur Ebu l Misk Zureyk Kostantin in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 324 325 ISBN 978 975 389 889 8 a b Sevim Ali 1991 ATSIZ b UVAK PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 4 Asik Omer Bala Kulli yesi in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 92 93 ISBN 978 975 389 431 9 a b c Sumer Faruk 2002 KUTALMIS PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 26 Ki li Kutahya in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 480 481 ISBN 978 975 389 406 7 Beyhaki Tariḫ Behmenyar p 71 Alptekin Coskun 1989 AKSUNGUR PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 2 Ahlak Amari in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 196 ISBN 978 975 389 429 6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sumer Faruk 2009 KIRMAN SELCUKLULARI PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 36 Sakal Sevm in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 377 379 ISBN 978 975 389 566 8 Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2012 TUTUS PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 41 Tevekkul Tusteri in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 446 449 ISBN 978 975 389 713 6 a b c d e f Sumer Faruk 2009 SELCUKS of Syria PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 36 Sakal Sevm in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 385 386 ISBN 978 975 389 566 8 a b c d Bezer Gulay Ogun 2011 TERKEN HATUN the mother of MAHMUD I PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 40 Tanzi mat Teveccuh in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 510 ISBN 978 975 389 652 8 Terken Khatun wife of Malik Shah I a b c d e f g Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2004 MELIKSAH PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 29 Mekteb Misir Mevlevihanesi in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 54 57 ISBN 978 975 389 415 9 Sumer Faruk 1991 ARSLAN ARGUN PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 3 Amasya Asik Musi ki si in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 399 400 ISBN 978 975 389 430 2 a b c Ozaydin Abdulkerim 1992 BERKYARUK PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 5 Balaban Besi r Aga in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 514 516 ISBN 978 975 389 432 6 Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2005 MUHAMMED TAPAR PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 30 Misra Muhammedi yye in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 579 581 ISBN 978 975 389 402 9 Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2009 AHMED SENCER PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 36 Sakal Sevm in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 507 511 ISBN 978 975 389 566 8 a b c d e f g h i Sumer Faruk 2009 IRAK SELCUKLULARI PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 36 Sakal Sevm in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies p 387 ISBN 978 975 389 566 8 Ozaydin Abdulkerim 2003 MAHMUD b MUHAMMED TAPAR PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 27 Kutahya Mevlevihanesi Mani sa in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 371 372 ISBN 978 975 389 408 1 Sumer Faruk 2012 TUGRUL I PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 41 Tevekkul Tusteri in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 341 342 ISBN 978 975 389 713 6 Sumer Faruk 2004 MES UD b MUHAMMED TAPAR PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 29 Mekteb Misir Mevlevihanesi in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 349 351 ISBN 978 975 389 415 9 Sumer Faruk 1991 ARSLANSAH b TUGRUL PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 3 Amasya Asik Musi ki si in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 404 406 ISBN 978 975 389 430 2 Sumer Faruk 2012 Ebu Talib TUGRUL b ARSLANSAH b TUGRUL PDF TDV Encyclopedia of Islam Vol 41 Tevekkul Tusteri in Turkish Istanbul Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies pp 342 344 ISBN 978 975 389 713 6 Further reading EditDietrich Richard 2018 The Names of Seljuk s Sons as Evidence for the Pre Islamic Religion of the Seljuks Turkish Historical Review 9 1 54 70 doi 10 1163 18775462 00901002 Grousset Rene 1988 The Empire of the Steppes a History of Central Asia New Brunswick Rutgers University Press p 147 ISBN 0813506271 Peacock A C S Early Seljuq History A New Interpretation New York NY Routledge 2010 Previte Orton C W 1971 The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge Cambridge University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seljuk dynasty amp oldid 1135073557, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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