List of Portuguese monarchs

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.

King of Portugal and the Algarves
Royal Coat of Arms of Portugal
Manuel II
Details
Style	His Most Faithful Majesty
First monarch	Afonso I
Last monarch	Manuel II
Formation	25 July 1139
Abolition	5 October 1910
Residence	Royal residences in Portugal
Pretender(s)	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza

Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, also claimed the crown of Castile. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown, including King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil.

After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portugal almost restored its monarchy in a revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups.

The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are:

• House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
• House of Aviz (1385–1580)
• House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
• House of Braganza (1640–1910)

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.^[1][2]

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Afonso I The Conqueror; The Great; The Founder; The Father of the Nation Afonso Henriques	1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79)	25 July 1139	6 December 1185	previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry, Count of Portugal and Teresa, Countess of Portugal	Burgundy
Sancho I The Populator	11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56)	6 December 1185	26 March 1211	Son of Afonso I	Burgundy
Afonso II The Fat; The Leprous; The Lawgiver	23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37)	27 March 1211	25 March 1223	Son of Sancho I	Burgundy
Sancho II The Caped; The Capuched; The Cowled; The Pious	8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38)	26 March 1223	4 December 1247	Son of Afonso II	Burgundy
Afonso III The Boulonnais	5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68)	4 January 1248	16 February 1279	Son of Afonso II Brother of Sancho II	Burgundy
Denis I The Farmer; The Farmer-King; The Poet; The Poet-King; The Troubadour; The Just; The Liberal Portuguese: Dinis I	9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)	6 February 1279	7 January 1325	Son of Afonso III	Burgundy
Afonso IV The Brave; The Bold	8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)	7 January 1325	28 May 1357	Son of Denis I	Burgundy
Peter I The Cruel; The Just; The Enemy-Son; The Stutterer; The Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate; The Vengeful; The Revengeful Portuguese: Pedro I	8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)	28 May 1357	18 January 1367	Son of Afonso IV	Burgundy
Ferdinand I The Handsome; The Debonair; The Inconstant; The Fickle; The Inconscient Portuguese: Fernando I	31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)	18 January 1367	22 October 1383	Son of Peter I	Burgundy

House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John I Of Good Memory; The One with Good Memory; The Master of Avis; The Good; The Great; The Bastard Portuguese: João I	11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75)	6 April 1385	14 August 1433	Illegitimate son of Peter I	Aviz
Edward The Eloquent; The Philosopher; The Philosopher-King Portuguese: Duarte I	31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)	14 August 1433	9 September 1438	Son of John I	Aviz
Afonso V The African; The Crusader	15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)	13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	Son of Edward I	Aviz
John II The Perfect Prince; The Man (El Hombre) Portuguese: João II	3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495	Son of Afonso V	Aviz
Manuel I The Fortunate; The Grocer King/The Spices King (Le Roi-Épicier)	31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)	25 October 1495	13 December 1521	Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I	Aviz
John III The Pious; The Colonizer Portuguese: João III	7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)	13 December 1521	11 June 1557	Son of Manuel I	Aviz
Sebastian I The Desired; The Asleep; The Sleeper; The Sleeping Hero; The Sleeping King; The Hidden; The Crusader Portuguese: Sebastião I	20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)	11 June 1557	4 August 1578	Grandson of John III	Aviz
Henry I The Chaste; The Cardinal; The Cardinal-King Portuguese: Henrique I	31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)	4 August 1578	31 January 1580	Son of Manuel I Brother of John III Great-uncle of Sebastian	Aviz
Anthony I The Prior of Crato; The Determined; The Fighter; The Resistant; The Independentist Portuguese: António I	1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)	(Disputed) 24 July 1580	(Disputed) 1583	Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I	Aviz

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Philip I The Prudent Portuguese: Filipe I	21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)	17 April 1581	13 September 1598	Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I	Habsburg
Philip II The Pious Portuguese: Filipe II	14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)	13 September 1598	31 March 1621	Son of Philip I	Habsburg
Philip III The Great; The Tyrant; The Oppressor Portuguese: Filipe III	8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)	31 March 1621	1 December 1640	Son of Philip II	Habsburg

House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John IV The Restorer; The Fortunate; The Musician King Portuguese: João IV	19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 52)	1 December 1640	6 November 1656	Great-great-grandson of Manuel I	Braganza
Afonso VI The Victorious	21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)	6 November 1656	12 September 1683	Son of John IV	Braganza
Peter II The Pacific Portuguese: Pedro II	26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)	6 November 1683	9 December 1706	Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI	Braganza
John V The Magnanimous; The Magnificent; The Generous; The Most Faithful King; The Nuns' Lover; The Portuguese Sun-King Portuguese: João V	22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)	9 December 1706	31 July 1750	Son of Peter II	Braganza
Joseph I The Reformer Portuguese: José I	6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)	31 July 1750	24 February 1777	Son of John V	Braganza
Maria I The Pious; The Mad Portuguese: Maria I	(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81)	24 February 1777	20 March 1816	Daughter of Joseph I	Braganza
Peter III The Capacidónio; The Builder; The Edifier; The Sacristan; The Enabler Portuguese: Pedro III	(1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68)	24 February 1777	25 May 1786	Husband of Maria I Son of John V jure uxoris king	Braganza
John VI The Clement; The Merciful Portuguese: João VI	13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)	20 March 1816	10 March 1826	Son of Maria I and Peter III	Braganza
Peter IV The Soldier King; The Liberator; The Emperor; The Hero of Two Worlds Portuguese: Pedro IV	12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)	10 March 1826	2 May 1826	Son of John VI	Braganza
Maria II The Educator; The Good Mother Portuguese: Maria II	4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)	2 May 1826 26 May 1834	23 June 1828 15 November 1853	Daughter of Peter IV	Braganza
Michael I The Absolute King; The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper; The Grandfather of Europe Portuguese: Miguel I	26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)	26 February 1828	6 May 1834	Son of John VI Brother of Peter IV Uncle of Maria II	Braganza
Ferdinand II The Artist King Portuguese: Fernando II	29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)	16 September 1837	15 November 1853	Husband of Maria II jure uxoris king	Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Peter V The Hopeful; The Beloved; The Well-Beloved Portuguese: Pedro V	16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)	15 November 1853	11 November 1861	Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^[3]
Louis I The Popular; The Musician King; The Painter King Portuguese: Luís I	31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)	11 November 1861	19 October 1889	Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II Brother of Peter V	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^[3]
Carlos I The Diplomat; The Martyr; The Martyred; The Oceanographer; The Hunter; The Painter King; The Obese	28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)	19 October 1889	1 February 1908	Son of Louis I	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^[3]
Manuel II The Patriot; The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Studious; The Scholar; The Erudite; The Learned; The Bibliophile; The Missed-King	15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)	1 February 1908	5 October 1910	Son of Carlos I Last King of Portugal	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^[3]^[4]

See also

•  Portugal portal
•  Monarchy portal

• List of Portuguese royal consorts
• List of viceroys of Portugal
• List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
• Style of the Portuguese sovereign
• Families
  • Family tree of Portuguese monarchs
  • Descendants of John VI of Portugal
  • Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
  • Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal

References

1. David Williamson, «Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe»,1988,Webb & Bower, Exeter, ISBN 0-86350-194-X; César Olivera Serrano, «Beatriz de Portugal»
2. García de Cortázar, Fernando (1999), Breve historia de España, Alianza Editorial, page 712; Armindo de Sousa, in História de Portugal coordinated by José Mattoso, Editorial Estampa, vol. II, ISBN 972-33-0919-X, pages 494/95
3. Also referred as the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
4. Some historians consider that Manuel II was preceded by his elder brother Luís Filipe, not by his father Carlos. In fact, while king Carlos died instantly under the bullets of the anarchists on 1 February 1908, his son Luís Filipe, the crown prince, survived for at least twenty-five minutes, enough to allow governmental officials to name him king. This act is, however, usually considered as historically irrelevant, given that the crown prince never recovered from his coma. His younger brother Manuel (who was also injured, though not seriously) is therefore considered to have been the direct successor of the murdered king Carlos I.

Bibliography

• Sousa, D. António Caetano de (1946) [1735–49]. História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Atlântida-Livraria Eds. OCLC 20210378. {{cite book}}: Check |author-link= value (help)
• Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. ISBN 0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div - November 1991. ISBN 0-02-897255-4.)
• Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
• Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
• Imhof, Jacob Wilhelm (1708). Stemma Regum lusitanicum sive Historia genealogica Familiae Regiae Portugallicae. orsinidemarzo.com. Amsterdam. (reprint)

External links

• History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography