Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski, also known as Kastuś Kalinoŭski[1] (Belarusian: Касту́сь Каліно́ўскі also Belarusian: Вінцэ́нт Канстанці́н Каліно́ўскі, lit. 'Vincent Kanstancin Kalinoŭski', Lithuanian: Konstantinas Kalinauskas) (2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1838 – 22 March [O.S. 10 March] 1864), was a 19th-century Belarusian-Polish writer, journalist, lawyer and revolutionary. He was one of the leaders of the Polish Lithuanian and Belarusian national revival and the leader of the January Uprising in lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
One of several participants in the failed January Uprisings, Kalinowski is especially revered in Belarus where he is seen as a forefather and icon of Belarusian nationalism.[2]
A sheet with a fragment of Kalinowski's "Letters from under the gallows" in Belarusian Łacinka
Kalinowski was born in Mastaŭliany, in Grodnensky Uyezd of the Russian Empire (now Mostowlany, Poland) to a szlachta family. The Kalinowski family hailed from the Polish region of Mazovia and bore the Kalinowa coat of arms. His father, Szymon, was a manager of the Mastaŭliany farm and manor. His older brother, Victor Otan Kalinowski [be] would become a historian. In 1849 his father, Szymon bought a folwark near Świsłocz (now Svislach, Belarus) where Kastuś grew up.[3]
After graduating from a local school in Świsłocz in 1855, Kalinowski entered the faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow as an external student.[3] After one semester he moved to St. Petersburg, where his brother was and joined the faculty of Law at the University of St. Petersburg. Along with his brother Victor, he got himself involved in Polish students' conspiracies and secret cultural societies, headed by Zygmunt Sierakowski and Jarosław Dąbrowski. After graduating in 1860, Konstanty traveled to Vilnius where he unsuccessfully applied to join the civil service under Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov [ru].[3]
Career
Literary work
Konstanty then returned to the Grodno area in 1861. Konstanty started publishing Mużyckaja prauda (Peasants' Truth), the first newspaper in Belarusian, written in Łacinka, first published in June 1862.[4] The Peasants' Truth was issued seven times until 1863.[3] Konstanty also published two other Polish language newspapers.[5] Konstanty was more aligned with the Reds which represented a democratic movement uniting peasants, workers, and some clergy rather than the more moderate Whites.[3]
In his literary work, Kalinoŭski underlined the need to liberate all people of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Russia's occupation and to conserve and promote the Greek-Catholic faith and Belarusian language. He also promoted the idea of activisation of peasants for the cause of national liberation, the idea that was until then dominated by the gentry. He favored the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's traditions of democracy, tolerance and freedom, as opposed to national oppression of cultures dominated by Imperial Russia:
While the Polish Council gives all fraternal peoples self-help, the Muscovite not only does not do so, but even where Poles, Lithuanians and Belarusians lived, he opens Muscovite schools, and in these schools they teach in Muscovite language, where you will never hear a word in Polish, in Lithuanian or in Belarusian, as the people want [...][6][7]
There is some academic debate about which texts to attribute to Konstanty.[2] Konstanty was unhappy with the timing and objectives of the January Uprising, which broke out on 23 January 1863. There had been a growing rift between him and other leaders of the uprising in Warsaw.[3]
After the outbreak of the January Uprising, he was involved in the secret Provincial Lithuanian Committee [pl; be-tarask] in Vilnius. Soon he was promoted to the commissar of the Polish National Government for the Grodno Governorate. His writings made him popular both among the peasants and the gentry, which enabled the partisan units under his command to grow rapidly. Because of his successes he was promoted to the rank of Plenipotentiary Commissar of the Government for Lithuania (Polish: Komisarz Pełnomocny Rządu na Litwę), which made him the commander-in-chief of all partisan units fighting in the areas of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which are in modern Lithuania, Belarus, eastern Poland and Ukraine.
A tablet marking Kalinowski's execution site, Lukiškės Square, Vilnius
Last months, capture, imprisonment, execution and burial
However, after initial successes against the Russian armies, the Russians moved a 120,000 men strong army to the area and the revolutionaries started to lose most of the skirmishes. Finally, Kalinowski was betrayed by one of his soldiers and handed over to the Russians.
He was imprisoned in Vilnius, where he wrote one of his most notable works - the Letter from Beneath the Gallows (Pismo z-pad szybienicy), a passionate credo for his compatriots. He was tried by a court-martial for leading the revolt against Russia and sentenced to death. On 22 March 1864, at the age 26, he was publicly executed on Lukiškės Square in Vilnius.[3]
Kalinowski's remains, along with those of others, were clandestinely buried by the Tsarist authorities on the site of a military fortress on top of the Gediminas Hill in Vilnius. In 2017, Kalinowski's remains were excavated and identified, and solemnly reinterred in the Rasos Cemetery on 22 November 2019.[8]
Jan Zaprudnik & Thomas E. Bird: Peasant's Truth, the Tocsin of the 1863 Uprising in: Zapisy Belarusian Institute of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 14. New York, 1976.
Kastuś Kalinoŭski, commentaries by Jan Zaprudnik and Thomas E. Bird: The 1863 Uprising in Byelorussia: "Peasants' Truth" and "Letters from Beneath the Gallows". Byelorussian Institute of Arts and Sciences, The Krecheuski Foundation, New York, 1980.
References
^The name Kastuś began to be used in the 20th century.
^ abAliaksandr Smaliančuk (2015). "Kastuś Kalinoŭski and the Belarusian National Idea: Research Problems". Journal of Belarusian Studies. 7 (3): 70–78. doi:10.30965/20526512-00703004.
^ abcdefgHorosko, L. (1965). "Kastus Kalinouski". Journal of Belarusian Studies. 1 (1): 30–35. doi:10.30965/20526512-00101005.
^Michaluk, D (2015). "Polish-Language Clandestine Press Published under the Patronage of Kanstancin Kalinoŭski". Journal of Belarusian Studies. 7 (3): 79–93. doi:10.30965/20526512-00703005.
^"Кастусь Каліноўскі. Пісьмы з-пад шыбеніцы". knihi.com.
^"President attends January Uprising burials in Lithuania". 22 November 2019.
^Paula Borowska (17 September 2013). "Konstanty Kalinouski: A Contested Hero". Belarus Digest.
^"Беларусы стварылі батальён імя Каліноўскага для абароны Кіева". Euroradio. 9 March 2022.
^Max Bearak (1 April 2022). "A Belarusian battalion fights in Ukraine 'for both countries' freedom'". Washington Post.
^"У Роўне з'явіцца вуліца Кастуся Каліноўскага" (in Belarusian). belsat.eu. 2022-04-05.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konstanty Kalinowski.
Belarusian Wikiquote has quotations related to: Kastuś Kalinoŭski
Website about Kalinowski (in Belarusian)
Biography of Konstanty Kalinowski, belarusguide.com
Archival documents and materials - 1863-4 uprising in Belarus
Why have Belarusan authorities forgotten Kastuś Kalinoŭski uprising?
, belarus-misc.org
Каліноўскі як далакоп беларускай мовы, 3 December 2013, in Belarusian
March 07, 2023
konstanty, kalinowski, wincenty, also, known, kastuś, kalinoŭski, belarusian, Касту, сь, Каліно, ўскі, also, belarusian, Вінцэ, нт, Канстанці, Каліно, ўскі, vincent, kanstancin, kalinoŭski, lithuanian, konstantinas, kalinauskas, february, january, 1838, march,. Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski also known as Kastus Kalinoŭski 1 Belarusian Kastu s Kalino yski also Belarusian Vince nt Kanstanci n Kalino yski lit Vincent Kanstancin Kalinoŭski Lithuanian Konstantinas Kalinauskas 2 February O S 21 January 1838 22 March O S 10 March 1864 was a 19th century Belarusian Polish writer journalist lawyer and revolutionary He was one of the leaders of the Polish Lithuanian and Belarusian national revival and the leader of the January Uprising in lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Wincenty Konstanty KalinowskiBorn 1838 02 02 2 February 1838Mostovlyany Grodno Governorate Russian Empire now Mostowlany Poland Died22 March 1864 1864 03 22 aged 26 Vilna Vilna Governorate Russian Empire present day Vilnius Lithuania NationalityPolishAlma materSaint Petersburg State UniversityParentsSzymon Kalinowski father Vieranika Rybinskaja mother RelativesViktar Otan Kalinowski brother FamilyKalinowski familyKalinowski coat of arms One of several participants in the failed January Uprisings Kalinowski is especially revered in Belarus where he is seen as a forefather and icon of Belarusian nationalism 2 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Literary work 3 Last months capture imprisonment execution and burial 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Related reading 7 References 8 External linksEarly life and education Edit Konstanty Kalinowski 1863 A sheet with a fragment of Kalinowski s Letters from under the gallows in Belarusian Lacinka Kalinowski was born in Mastaŭliany in Grodnensky Uyezd of the Russian Empire now Mostowlany Poland to a szlachta family The Kalinowski family hailed from the Polish region of Mazovia and bore the Kalinowa coat of arms His father Szymon was a manager of the Mastaŭliany farm and manor His older brother Victor Otan Kalinowski be would become a historian In 1849 his father Szymon bought a folwark near Swislocz now Svislach Belarus where Kastus grew up 3 After graduating from a local school in Swislocz in 1855 Kalinowski entered the faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow as an external student 3 After one semester he moved to St Petersburg where his brother was and joined the faculty of Law at the University of St Petersburg Along with his brother Victor he got himself involved in Polish students conspiracies and secret cultural societies headed by Zygmunt Sierakowski and Jaroslaw Dabrowski After graduating in 1860 Konstanty traveled to Vilnius where he unsuccessfully applied to join the civil service under Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov ru 3 Career EditLiterary work Edit Konstanty then returned to the Grodno area in 1861 Konstanty started publishing Muzyckaja prauda Peasants Truth the first newspaper in Belarusian written in Lacinka first published in June 1862 4 The Peasants Truth was issued seven times until 1863 3 Konstanty also published two other Polish language newspapers 5 Konstanty was more aligned with the Reds which represented a democratic movement uniting peasants workers and some clergy rather than the more moderate Whites 3 In his literary work Kalinoŭski underlined the need to liberate all people of the former Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth from Russia s occupation and to conserve and promote the Greek Catholic faith and Belarusian language He also promoted the idea of activisation of peasants for the cause of national liberation the idea that was until then dominated by the gentry He favored the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth s traditions of democracy tolerance and freedom as opposed to national oppression of cultures dominated by Imperial Russia While the Polish Council gives all fraternal peoples self help the Muscovite not only does not do so but even where Poles Lithuanians and Belarusians lived he opens Muscovite schools and in these schools they teach in Muscovite language where you will never hear a word in Polish in Lithuanian or in Belarusian as the people want 6 7 There is some academic debate about which texts to attribute to Konstanty 2 Konstanty was unhappy with the timing and objectives of the January Uprising which broke out on 23 January 1863 There had been a growing rift between him and other leaders of the uprising in Warsaw 3 After the outbreak of the January Uprising he was involved in the secret Provincial Lithuanian Committee pl be tarask in Vilnius Soon he was promoted to the commissar of the Polish National Government for the Grodno Governorate His writings made him popular both among the peasants and the gentry which enabled the partisan units under his command to grow rapidly Because of his successes he was promoted to the rank of Plenipotentiary Commissar of the Government for Lithuania Polish Komisarz Pelnomocny Rzadu na Litwe which made him the commander in chief of all partisan units fighting in the areas of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania which are in modern Lithuania Belarus eastern Poland and Ukraine A tablet marking Kalinowski s execution site Lukiskes Square VilniusLast months capture imprisonment execution and burial EditHowever after initial successes against the Russian armies the Russians moved a 120 000 men strong army to the area and the revolutionaries started to lose most of the skirmishes Finally Kalinowski was betrayed by one of his soldiers and handed over to the Russians He was imprisoned in Vilnius where he wrote one of his most notable works the Letter from Beneath the Gallows Pismo z pad szybienicy a passionate credo for his compatriots He was tried by a court martial for leading the revolt against Russia and sentenced to death On 22 March 1864 at the age 26 he was publicly executed on Lukiskes Square in Vilnius 3 Kalinowski s remains along with those of others were clandestinely buried by the Tsarist authorities on the site of a military fortress on top of the Gediminas Hill in Vilnius In 2017 Kalinowski s remains were excavated and identified and solemnly reinterred in the Rasos Cemetery on 22 November 2019 8 Legacy EditDuring the so called Jeans Revolution protesters who disputed the 2006 Belarusian presidential election symbolically renamed October Square after the Bolshevik revolution Kalinovski Square 9 Kalinovski Square was also the title of a documentary film about these events In Uladzimir Karatkievich s King Stakh s Wild Hunt one of the principal characters Andrey Svetsilovich had a portrait of Kalinowski above his writing desk During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Belarusian volunteers fighting on the side of Ukraine formed a battalion named Kastus Kalinoŭski 10 11 which later transformed into a regiment In Ukrainian Rivne a street was named after Kalinowski 12 Belarusian commemorative stamp in honor of Kalinowski 1993 Memorial at the place of Kalinouski s execution in Vilnius Lithuania Monument in Salcininkai Lithuania Monument in Mostowlany Poland Logo of the Kastus Kalinoŭski Regiment 2022 See also EditBelarusization Belarusian nationalism Belarusian national revival Long Live Belarus Soft BelarusizationRelated reading EditJan Zaprudnik amp Thomas E Bird Peasant s Truth the Tocsin of the 1863 Uprising in Zapisy Belarusian Institute of Arts and Sciences Vol 14 New York 1976 Kastus Kalinoŭski commentaries by Jan Zaprudnik and Thomas E Bird The 1863 Uprising in Byelorussia Peasants Truth and Letters from Beneath the Gallows Byelorussian Institute of Arts and Sciences The Krecheuski Foundation New York 1980 References Edit The name Kastus began to be used in the 20th century a b Aliaksandr Smaliancuk 2015 Kastus Kalinoŭski and the Belarusian National Idea Research Problems Journal of Belarusian Studies 7 3 70 78 doi 10 30965 20526512 00703004 a b c d e f g Horosko L 1965 Kastus Kalinouski Journal of Belarusian Studies 1 1 30 35 doi 10 30965 20526512 00101005 Muzhyckaya prayda Michaluk D 2015 Polish Language Clandestine Press Published under the Patronage of Kanstancin Kalinoŭski Journal of Belarusian Studies 7 3 79 93 doi 10 30965 20526512 00703005 Kastus Kalinouski belarusguide com Kastus Kalinoyski Pismy z pad shybenicy knihi com President attends January Uprising burials in Lithuania 22 November 2019 Paula Borowska 17 September 2013 Konstanty Kalinouski A Contested Hero Belarus Digest Belarusy stvaryli batalyon imya Kalinoyskaga dlya abarony Kieva Euroradio 9 March 2022 Max Bearak 1 April 2022 A Belarusian battalion fights in Ukraine for both countries freedom Washington Post U Royne z yavicca vulica Kastusya Kalinoyskaga in Belarusian belsat eu 2022 04 05 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konstanty Kalinowski Belarusian Wikiquote has quotations related to Kastus Kalinoŭski Website about Kalinowski in Belarusian Biography of Konstanty Kalinowski belarusguide com Archival documents and materials 1863 4 uprising in Belarus Why have Belarusan authorities forgotten Kastus Kalinoŭski uprising Konstanty Kalinowksi biography belarus misc org Kalinoyski yak dalakop belaruskaj movy 3 December 2013 in Belarusian 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