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Queen Victoria

January 10, 2023

For other uses, see Queen Victoria (disambiguation).
"Victoria Regina" redirects here. For other uses, see Victoria Regina (disambiguation).
"Victoria I" redirects here. For historical grand strategy game developed by Paradox Interactive, see Victoria: An Empire Under the Sun.

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previous British monarch and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India.

Victoria
Photograph by Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen of the United Kingdom
Reign20 June 1837 –
22 January 1901
Coronation28 June 1838
PredecessorWilliam IV
SuccessorEdward VII
Empress of India
Reign1 May 1876 –
22 January 1901
Imperial Durbar1 January 1877
SuccessorEdward VII
BornPrincess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent
(1819-05-24)24 May 1819
Kensington Palace, London, England
Died22 January 1901(1901-01-22) (aged 81)
Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England
Burial4 February 1901
Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, Windsor
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1840; died 1861)​
Issue
HouseHanover
FatherPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
MotherPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
ReligionProtestant[a]
Signature

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Victoria, a constitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond jubilees were times of public celebration. Victoria died aged 81 in 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Birth and family

 
Victoria at the age of four, by Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823

Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, the only legitimate grandchild of George III was Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, who was the daughter of George, Prince Regent (who would become George IV). Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower and later the first king of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4:15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.[1]

Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of Kent's eldest brother, the Prince Regent.[2]

At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.[3] The Prince Regent had no surviving children, and the Duke of York had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William and Edward married on the same day in 1818, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, lived for twelve weeks from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821, and for that period Victoria was fourth in line.[4]

The Duke of York died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; the throne passed to their next surviving brother, William, and Victoria became heir presumptive. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.[5] King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.[6]

Heir presumptive

 
Portrait of Victoria with her spaniel Dash by George Hayter, 1833

Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy".[7] Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.[8] The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.[9] The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.[10] Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles Spaniel, Dash.[11] Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,[12] but she spoke only English at home.[13]

 
Self-portrait, 1835

In 1830, the Duchess of Kent, and Conroy, took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way.[14] Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.[15] William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.[16] Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.[17] She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.[18] At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.[19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary.[20] As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.[21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.[22]

By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to Prince Albert,[23] the son of his brother Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.[24] William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.[25] Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.[26] According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."[27] Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".[28]

Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and kindest adviser",[29] to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."[30] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.[31]

Accession

 
Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley. Painting by Henry Tanworth Wells, 1887.

Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.[c] In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen."[32] Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.[33]

Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child.[34]

 
Coronation portrait by George Hayter

At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.[35] Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.[36] Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.[37] She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace[38] and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.[39]

At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,[40] but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.[41] Victoria believed the rumours.[42] She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora",[43] because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System.[44] At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.[46] When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.[47] At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".[48]

In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.[49] The Queen commissioned a Tory, Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the "bedchamber crisis", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.[50]

Marriage

See also: Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Wedding dress of Queen Victoria
 
Marriage of Victoria and Albert, painted by George Hayter

Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.[51] Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.[52] When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative".[53] Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.[54]

Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.[55] They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:

I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before – was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life![56]

Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.[57] Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's aunt, Princess Augusta, in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses.[58] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.[59]

 
Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840

During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.[60] He was tried for high treason, found not guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.[61] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis.[62] Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,[63] viewed breast-feeding with disgust,[64] and thought newborn babies were ugly.[65] Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).

The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria[66] and had supported her against the Kensington System.[67] Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.[68]

Years with Albert

 
Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1843

On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.[69] Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.[70] In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London.[71] In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.[72]

Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.[73]

 
Earliest known photograph of Victoria, here with her eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, c. 1845[74]

In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight.[75] In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine.[76] In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen".[77][78] In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £178,000 and £6.5 million in 2016[79]) to the British Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,[80] and supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.[81] The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.[82]

By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented liberal conservative "Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.[83]

Victoria's British prime ministers
Year Prime Minister (party)
1835 Viscount Melbourne (Whig)
1841 Sir Robert Peel (Conservative)
1846 Lord John Russell (W)
1852 (Feb) Earl of Derby (C)
1852 (Dec) Earl of Aberdeen (Peelite)
1855 Viscount Palmerston (Liberal)
1858 Earl of Derby (C)
1859 Viscount Palmerston (L)
1865 Earl Russell [Lord John Russell] (L)
1866 Earl of Derby (C)
1868 (Feb) Benjamin Disraeli (C)
1868 (Dec) William Gladstone (L)
1874 Benjamin Disraeli [Ld Beaconsfield] (C)
1880 William Gladstone (L)
1885 Marquess of Salisbury (C)
1886 (Feb) William Gladstone (L)
1886 (Jul) Marquess of Salisbury (C)
1892 William Gladstone (L)
1894 Earl of Rosebery (L)
1895 Marquess of Salisbury (C)
See List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria
for details of her British and overseas premiers

Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.[84] She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at Château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520.[85] When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.[86] Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.[87] At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House,[88] a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.[89] Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.[90] Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.[91]

 
Portrait by Herbert Smith, 1848

Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.[92] She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.[93] Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister.[94] The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

 
Albert, Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: Alice, Arthur, Prince Albert, Albert Edward, Leopold, Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria, and Helena.

In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.[95] Victoria may have had postnatal depression after many of her pregnancies.[96] Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".[97]

In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.[98]

Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,[96] visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.[99] Napoleon III met the couple at Boulogne and accompanied them to Paris.[100] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.[101] This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years.[102]

 
Portrait by Winterhalter, 1859

On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.[103] The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.[104] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French Navy.[105] Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.[106]

Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.[107] The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state.[108] The Queen felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one."[109] Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Emperor.

Widowhood

 
Victoria photographed by J. J. E. Mayall, 1860

In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;[110] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother.[111] To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,[112] Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.[113] In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.[114] Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him.[115] By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.[116] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.[117] She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.[118] She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.[119] Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".[120] Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances.[121]

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.[122] She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864 a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".[123] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.[124]

 
Victoria and John Brown at Balmoral, 1863. Photograph by G. W. Wilson.

Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown.[125] Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown".[126] The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.[127]

Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death.[128] The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,[129] though she was not in favour of votes for women.[130] Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel."[131] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.[132] Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".[133]

In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic.[134] A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.[135] In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray.[136] In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.[137] As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.[138] To general rejoicing, he recovered.[139] Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.[140]

On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,[141] and a birching.[142] As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.[143]

Empress

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.[144] She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war",[145] and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".[146] At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.[146]

 
Victoria admired Heinrich von Angeli's 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total want of flattery, and appreciation of character".[147]

In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.[148] She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England.[149] Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.[150] The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.[151]

On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious".[152] In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".[153]

Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.[154] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."[155] Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so."[156] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.[157] When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",[158] and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."[159]

Later years

 
Victorian farthing, 1884

On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,[160] shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Gordon Chesney Wilson and another schoolboy from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.[161] Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,[162] but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".[163]

On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.[164] John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.[165] Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.[166] The manuscript was destroyed.[167] In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".[168] On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented.[169] The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her.[170]

 
Extent of the British Empire in 1898

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.[171] She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum.[172] Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man".[173] Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.[174] In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Golden Jubilee

 
Victoria and the Munshi Abdul Karim

In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey.[175] By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.[176] Two days later on 23 June,[177] she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Urdu and acting as a clerk.[178][179][180] Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.[181] Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do."[182] Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.[183] Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death.[184]

Victoria's eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [sic]".[185]

Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchère to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.[186] In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister.[187] His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.[188]

Diamond Jubilee

 
Victoria in her official Diamond Jubilee photograph by W. & D. Downey

On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee,[189] which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain.[190] The prime ministers of all the self-governing Dominions were invited to London for the festivities.[191] One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II of Germany, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event.[192]

The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.[193]

Queen Victoria in Dublin, 1900

Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.[194] By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.[195]

Death and succession

 
Portrait by Heinrich von Angeli, 1899

In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred ("Affie"), died. "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."[196]

Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.[197] Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell",[198] and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused".[199] She died on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81.[200] Her eldest son, Albert Edward, succeeded her as Edward VII. Edward and his nephew Wilhelm II were at Victoria's deathbed.[201] Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.[202]

 
Poster proclaiming a day of mourning in Toronto on the day of Victoria's funeral

In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,[96] and white instead of black.[203] On 25 January, her sons Edward and Arthur and her grandson Wilhelm helped lift her body into the coffin.[204] She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.[205] An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.[96][206] Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883.[96] Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, at Windsor Great Park.[207]

With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history, until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015.[208] She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Legacy

See also: Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria
 
Victoria amused. The remark "We are not amused" is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it,[96][209] and she denied doing so.[210] Her staff and family recorded that Victoria "was immensely amused and roared with laughter" on many occasions.[211]

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.[212] From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.[213] After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.[214] Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.[215] Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.[216]

 
The Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace was erected as part of the remodelling of the façade of the Palace a decade after her death.

Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and only about five feet (1.5 metres) tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image.[217] She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.[218] Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.[96][219] Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date.[220] The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.[221] They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.[222]

Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch.[223] In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".[224] As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.[225]

Descendants and haemophilia

Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".[226] Of the 42 grandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Their living descendants include Charles III of the United Kingdom; Harald V of Norway; Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden; Margrethe II of Denmark; and Felipe VI of Spain.

Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia; Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; and Infante Gonzalo of Spain.[227] The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.[228] There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.[229] It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.[230] Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.[231]

Namesakes

 
The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, India

Around the world, places and memorials are dedicated to her, especially in the Commonwealth nations. Places named after her include Africa's largest lake, Victoria Falls, the capitals of British Columbia (Victoria) and Saskatchewan (Regina), two Australian states (Victoria and Queensland), and the capital of the island nation of Seychelles.

The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War,[232] and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery. Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday).

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Titles and styles

At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India".[233]

Honours

British honours

Foreign honours

Arms

As Sovereign, Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Before her accession, she received no grant of arms. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne.

Outside Scotland, the blazon for the shield—also used on the Royal Standard—is: Quarterly: I and IV, Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II, Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). In Scotland, the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the Scottish lion, and the second by the English lions. The crests, mottoes, and supporters also differ in and outside Scotland.

 
 
Royal arms (outside Scotland) Royal arms (in Scotland)

Family

 
Victoria's family in 1846 by Franz Xaver Winterhalter.
Left to right: Prince Alfred and the Prince of Wales; the Queen and Prince Albert; Princesses Alice, Helena and Victoria.

Issue

See also: Descendants of Queen Victoria and Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX
Name Birth Death Spouse and children[233][263]
Victoria, Princess Royal 184021 November
1840 		19015 August
1901 		Married 1858, Frederick, later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888);
4 sons (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor), 4 daughters (including Queen Sophia of Greece)
Edward VII 18419 November
1841 		19106 May
1910 		Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925);
3 sons (including King George V of the United Kingdom), 3 daughters (including Queen Maud of Norway)
Princess Alice 184325 April
1843 		187814 December
1878 		Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892);
2 sons, 5 daughters (including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia)
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 18446 August
1844 		190031 July
1900 		Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920);
2 sons (1 stillborn), 4 daughters (including Queen Marie of Romania)
Princess Helena 184625 May
1846 		19239 June
1923 		Married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917);
4 sons (1 stillborn), 2 daughters
Princess Louise 184818 March
1848 		19393 December
1939 		Married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914);
no issue
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 18501 May
1850 		194216 January
1942 		Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917);
1 son, 2 daughters (including Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden)
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 18537 April
1853 		188428 March
1884 		Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922);
1 son, 1 daughter
Princess Beatrice 185714 April
1857 		1944 26 October
1944 		Married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896);
3 sons, 1 daughter (Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain)

Ancestry

Family tree

  •   Red borders indicate British monarchs
  •     Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs

Notes

  1. ^ As monarch, Victoria was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also a member of the Church of Scotland.
  2. ^ Her godparents were Tsar Alexander I of Russia (represented by her uncle Frederick, Duke of York), her uncle George, Prince Regent, her aunt Queen Charlotte of Württemberg (represented by Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta) and Victoria's maternal grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (represented by Victoria's aunt Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh).
  3. ^ Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the Accession Council's proclamation declared Victoria as the King's successor "saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty's Consort". "No. 19509". The London Gazette. 20 June 1837. p. 1581.

References

Citations

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Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Benson, A. C.; Esher, Viscount, eds. (1907), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: John Murray
  • Bolitho, Hector, ed. (1938), Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth
  • Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1926), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885, London: John Murray
  • Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1930), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901, London: John Murray
  • Connell, Brian (1962), Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865, London: Evans Brothers
  • Duff, David, ed. (1968), Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller
  • Dyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles, eds. (1969), Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson, London: Macmillan
  • Esher, Viscount, ed. (1912), The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840, London: John Murray
  • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1964), Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861, London: Evans Brothers
  • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1968), Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864, London: Evans Brothers
  • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885, London: Evans Brothers
  • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871, London: Evans Brothers
  • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1976), Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, London: Evans Brothers
  • Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1984), Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-4107-7
  • Hough, Richard, ed. (1975), Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse, London: Heinemann, ISBN 0-434-34861-9
  • Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938), Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861, London: John Murray
  • Mortimer, Raymond, ed. (1961), Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy
  • Ponsonby, Frederick, ed. (1930), Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan
  • Ramm, Agatha, ed. (1990), Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-86299-880-6
  • Victoria, Queen (1868), Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder
  • Victoria, Queen (1884), More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder

Further reading

  • Arnstein, Walter L. (2003), Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-63806-4
  • Baird, Julia (2016), Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6988-0
  • Cadbury, Deborah (2017), Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe, Bloomsbury
  • Carter, Sarah; Nugent, Maria Nugent, eds. (2016), Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds, Manchester University Press
  • Eyck, Frank (1959), The Prince Consort: a political biography, Chatto
  • Gardiner, Juliet (1997), Queen Victoria, London: Collins and Brown, ISBN 978-1-85585-469-7
  • Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne, eds. (1997), Remaking Queen Victoria, Cambridge University Press
  • Homans, Margaret (1997), Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876
  • Hough, Richard (1996), Victoria and Albert, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-30385-3
  • James, Robert Rhodes (1983), Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 9780394407630
  • Kingsley Kent, Susan (2015), Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire
  • Lyden, Anne M. (2014), A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-155-8
  • Ridley, Jane (2015), Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress, Penguin
  • Taylor, Miles (2020), "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria", Journal of British Studies, 59: 121–135, doi:10.1017/jbr.2019.245, S2CID 213433777
  • Weintraub, Stanley (1987), Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-04-923084-2
  • Wilson, A. N. (2014), Victoria: A Life, London: Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84887-956-0

External links

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Queen Victoria
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of the United Kingdom
20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 		Succeeded by
Vacant
Title last held by
Bahadur Shah II
as Mughal emperor 		Empress of India
1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901

January 10, 2023
queen, victoria, other, uses, disambiguation, victoria, regina, redirects, here, other, uses, victoria, regina, disambiguation, victoria, redirects, here, historical, grand, strategy, game, developed, paradox, interactive, victoria, empire, under, victoria, al. For other uses see Queen Victoria disambiguation Victoria Regina redirects here For other uses see Victoria Regina disambiguation Victoria I redirects here For historical grand strategy game developed by Paradox Interactive see Victoria An Empire Under the Sun Victoria Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 22 January 1901 was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901 Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previous British monarch and is known as the Victorian era It was a period of industrial political scientific and military change within the United Kingdom and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire In 1876 the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India VictoriaPhotograph by Alexander Bassano 1882Queen of the United KingdomReign20 June 1837 22 January 1901Coronation28 June 1838PredecessorWilliam IVSuccessorEdward VIIEmpress of IndiaReign1 May 1876 22 January 1901Imperial Durbar1 January 1877SuccessorEdward VIIBornPrincess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent 1819 05 24 24 May 1819Kensington Palace London EnglandDied22 January 1901 1901 01 22 aged 81 Osborne House Isle of Wight EnglandBurial4 February 1901Royal Mausoleum Frogmore WindsorSpousePrince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha m 1840 died 1861 wbr IssueVictoria German Empress Edward VII Alice Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Alfred Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Helena Princess Christian of Schleswig Holstein Princess Louise Duchess of Argyll Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold Duke of Albany Beatrice Princess Henry of BattenbergHouseHanoverFatherPrince Edward Duke of Kent and StrathearnMotherPrincess Victoria of Saxe Coburg SaalfeldReligionProtestant a SignatureVictoria was the daughter of Prince Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn the fourth son of King George III and Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820 she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller John Conroy She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father s three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue Victoria a constitutional monarch attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments publicly she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha in 1840 Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent earning Victoria the sobriquet the grandmother of Europe and spreading haemophilia in European royalty After Albert s death in 1861 Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances As a result of her seclusion British republicanism temporarily gained strength but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered Her Golden and Diamond jubilees were times of public celebration Victoria died aged 81 in 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight The last British monarch of the House of Hanover she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Contents 1 Birth and family 2 Heir presumptive 3 Accession 4 Marriage 5 Years with Albert 6 Widowhood 6 1 Empress 7 Later years 7 1 Golden Jubilee 7 2 Diamond Jubilee 7 3 Death and succession 8 Legacy 8 1 Descendants and haemophilia 8 2 Namesakes 9 Titles styles honours and arms 9 1 Titles and styles 9 2 Honours 9 2 1 British honours 9 2 2 Foreign honours 9 3 Arms 10 Family 10 1 Issue 10 2 Ancestry 10 3 Family tree 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Bibliography 12 2 1 Primary sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksBirth and family Victoria at the age of four by Stephen Poyntz Denning 1823 Victoria s father was Prince Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom George III Until 1817 the only legitimate grandchild of George III was Edward s niece Princess Charlotte of Wales who was the daughter of George Prince Regent who would become George IV Charlotte s death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children In 1818 the Duke of Kent married Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld a widowed German princess with two children Carl 1804 1856 and Feodora 1807 1872 by her first marriage to Emich Carl 2nd Prince of Leiningen Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte s widower and later the first king of Belgium The Duke and Duchess of Kent s only child Victoria was born at 4 15 a m on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London 1 Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury Charles Manners Sutton on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace b She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Victoria after her mother Additional names proposed by her parents Georgina or Georgiana Charlotte and Augusta were dropped on the instructions of Kent s eldest brother the Prince Regent 2 At birth Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III George Prince Regent later George IV Frederick Duke of York William Duke of Clarence later William IV and Victoria s father Edward Duke of Kent 3 The Prince Regent had no surviving children and the Duke of York had no children further both were estranged from their wives who were both past child bearing age so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children William and Edward married on the same day in 1818 but both of William s legitimate daughters died as infants The first of these was Princess Charlotte who was born and died on 27 March 1819 two months before Victoria was born Victoria s father died in January 1820 when Victoria was less than a year old A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William William s second daughter Princess Elizabeth of Clarence lived for twelve weeks from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821 and for that period Victoria was fourth in line 4 The Duke of York died in 1827 followed by George IV in 1830 the throne passed to their next surviving brother William and Victoria became heir presumptive The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for Victoria s mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor 5 King William distrusted the Duchess s capacity to be regent and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria s 18th birthday so that a regency could be avoided 6 Heir presumptive Portrait of Victoria with her spaniel Dash by George Hayter 1833 Victoria later described her childhood as rather melancholy 7 Her mother was extremely protective and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so called Kensington System an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller Sir John Conroy who was rumoured to be the Duchess s lover 8 The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable including most of her father s family and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them 9 The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William s illegitimate children 10 Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night studied with private tutors to a regular timetable and spent her play hours with her dolls and her King Charles Spaniel Dash 11 Her lessons included French German Italian and Latin 12 but she spoke only English at home 13 Self portrait 1835 In 1830 the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills stopping at towns and great country houses along the way 14 Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832 1833 1834 and 1835 To the King s annoyance Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops 15 William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive 16 Victoria disliked the trips the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill and there was little time for her to rest 17 She objected on the grounds of the King s disapproval but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours 18 At Ramsgate in October 1835 Victoria contracted a severe fever which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence 19 While Victoria was ill Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary 20 As a teenager Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff 21 Once queen she banned him from her presence but he remained in her mother s household 22 By 1836 Victoria s maternal uncle Leopold who had been King of the Belgians since 1831 hoped to marry her to Prince Albert 23 the son of his brother Ernest I Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Leopold arranged for Victoria s mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836 with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert 24 William IV however disapproved of any match with the Coburgs and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands second son of the Prince of Orange 25 Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes 26 According to her diary she enjoyed Albert s company from the beginning After the visit she wrote Albert is extremely handsome his hair is about the same colour as mine his eyes are large and blue and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth but the charm of his countenance is his expression which is most delightful 27 Alexander on the other hand she described as very plain 28 Victoria wrote to King Leopold whom she considered her best and kindest adviser 29 to thank him for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me in the person of dear Albert He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy He is so sensible so kind and so good and so amiable too He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see 30 However at 17 Victoria though interested in Albert was not yet ready to marry The parties did not undertake a formal engagement but assumed that the match would take place in due time 31 Accession Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham left and the Archbishop of Canterbury William Howley Painting by Henry Tanworth Wells 1887 Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837 and a regency was avoided Less than a month later on 20 June 1837 William IV died at the age of 71 and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom c In her diary she wrote I was awoke at 6 o clock by Mamma who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me I got out of bed and went into my sitting room only in my dressing gown and alone and saw them Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle the King was no more and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning and consequently that I am Queen 32 Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again 33 Since 1714 Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany but under Salic law women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession While Victoria inherited the British throne her father s unpopular younger brother Ernest Augustus Duke of Cumberland became King of Hanover He was Victoria s heir presumptive until she had a child 34 Coronation portrait by George Hayter At the time of Victoria s accession the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch who relied on him for advice 35 Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure 36 Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey Over 400 000 visitors came to London for the celebrations 37 She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace 38 and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of 385 000 per year Financially prudent she paid off her father s debts 39 At the start of her reign Victoria was popular 40 but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother s ladies in waiting Lady Flora Hastings developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out of wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy 41 Victoria believed the rumours 42 She hated Conroy and despised that odious Lady Flora 43 because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System 44 At first Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination until in mid February she eventually acquiesced and was found to be a virgin 45 Conroy the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora 46 When Lady Flora died in July the post mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen 47 At public appearances Victoria was hissed and jeered as Mrs Melbourne 48 In 1839 Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories both of whom Victoria detested voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery 49 The Queen commissioned a Tory Robert Peel to form a new ministry At the time it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household who were usually his political allies and their spouses Many of the Queen s ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories In what became known as the bedchamber crisis Victoria advised by Melbourne objected to their removal Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen and consequently resigned his commission allowing Melbourne to return to office 50 MarriageSee also Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha and Wedding dress of Queen Victoria Marriage of Victoria and Albert painted by George Hayter Though Victoria was now queen as an unmarried young woman she was required by social convention to live with her mother despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother s continued reliance on Conroy 51 Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace and Victoria often refused to see her 52 When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother s proximity promised torment for many years Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage which Victoria called a schocking sic alternative 53 Victoria showed interest in Albert s education for the future role he would have to play as her husband but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock 54 Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839 Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839 just five days after he had arrived at Windsor 55 They were married on 10 February 1840 in the Chapel Royal of St James s Palace London Victoria was love struck She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache but wrote ecstatically in her diary I NEVER NEVER spent such an evening MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert his excessive love amp affection gave me feelings of heavenly love amp happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before He clasped me in his arms amp we kissed each other again amp again His beauty his sweetness amp gentleness really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband to be called by names of tenderness I have never yet heard used to me before was bliss beyond belief Oh This was the happiest day of my life 56 Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen s companion replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life 57 Victoria s mother was evicted from the palace to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square After the death of Victoria s aunt Princess Augusta in 1840 Victoria s mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses 58 Through Albert s mediation relations between mother and daughter slowly improved 59 Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford s attempt to assassinate Victoria 1840 During Victoria s first pregnancy in 1840 in the first few months of the marriage 18 year old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother Oxford fired twice but either both bullets missed or as he later claimed the guns had no shot 60 He was tried for high treason found not guilty by reason of insanity committed to an insane asylum indefinitely and later sent to live in Australia 61 In the immediate aftermath of the attack Victoria s popularity soared mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis 62 Her daughter also named Victoria was born on 21 November 1840 The Queen hated being pregnant 63 viewed breast feeding with disgust 64 and thought newborn babies were ugly 65 Nevertheless over the following seventeen years she and Albert had a further eight children Albert Edward b 1841 Alice b 1843 Alfred b 1844 Helena b 1846 Louise b 1848 Arthur b 1850 Leopold b 1853 and Beatrice b 1857 The household was largely run by Victoria s childhood governess Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria 66 and had supported her against the Kensington System 67 Albert however thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter s health After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842 and Victoria s close relationship with her ended 68 Years with Albert Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1843 On 29 May 1842 Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall London when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire The assailant escaped the following day Victoria drove the same route though faster and with a greater escort in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act As expected Francis shot at her but he was seized by plainclothes policemen and convicted of high treason On 3 July two days after Francis s death sentence was commuted to transportation for life John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge 69 Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840 Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail 70 In a similar attack in 1849 unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder filled pistol at Victoria s carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill London 71 In 1850 the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex army officer Robert Pate As Victoria was riding in a carriage Pate struck her with his cane crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years transportation 72 Melbourne s support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria s reign and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated Peel became prime minister and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced 73 Earliest known photograph of Victoria here with her eldest daughter Victoria Princess Royal c 1845 74 In 1845 Ireland was hit by a potato blight 75 In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine 76 In Ireland Victoria was labelled The Famine Queen 77 78 In January 1847 she personally donated 2 000 equivalent to between 178 000 and 6 5 million in 2016 79 to the British Relief Association more than any other individual famine relief donor 80 and supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland despite Protestant opposition 81 The story that she donated only 5 in aid to the Irish and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century 82 By 1846 Peel s ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws Many Tories by then known also as Conservatives were opposed to the repeal but Peel some Tories the free trade oriented liberal conservative Peelites most Whigs and Victoria supported it Peel resigned in 1846 after the repeal narrowly passed and was replaced by Lord John Russell 83 Victoria s British prime ministersYear Prime Minister party 1835 Viscount Melbourne Whig 1841 Sir Robert Peel Conservative 1846 Lord John Russell W 1852 Feb Earl of Derby C 1852 Dec Earl of Aberdeen Peelite 1855 Viscount Palmerston Liberal 1858 Earl of Derby C 1859 Viscount Palmerston L 1865 Earl Russell Lord John Russell L 1866 Earl of Derby C 1868 Feb Benjamin Disraeli C 1868 Dec William Gladstone L 1874 Benjamin Disraeli Ld Beaconsfield C 1880 William Gladstone L 1885 Marquess of Salisbury C 1886 Feb William Gladstone L 1886 Jul Marquess of Salisbury C 1892 William Gladstone L 1894 Earl of Rosebery L 1895 Marquess of Salisbury C See List of prime ministers of Queen Victoriafor details of her British and overseas premiersInternationally Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain 84 She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans who were related by marriage through the Coburgs In 1843 and 1845 she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at Chateau d Eu in Normandy she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 85 When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844 he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign 86 Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848 and fled to exile in England 87 At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848 Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House 88 a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped 89 Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support and the scare died down without any major disturbances 90 Victoria s first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism 91 Portrait by Herbert Smith 1848 Russell s ministry though Whig was not favoured by the Queen 92 She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston who often acted without consulting the Cabinet the Prime Minister or the Queen 93 Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative despite her repeated remonstrances It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government s approval of President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte s coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister 94 The following year President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III by which time Russell s administration had been replaced by a short lived minority government led by Lord Derby Albert Victoria and their nine children 1857 Left to right Alice Arthur Prince Albert Albert Edward Leopold Louise Queen Victoria with Beatrice Alfred Victoria and Helena In 1853 Victoria gave birth to her eighth child Leopold with the aid of the new anaesthetic chloroform She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child Beatrice despite opposition from members of the clergy who considered it against biblical teaching and members of the medical profession who thought it dangerous 95 Victoria may have had postnatal depression after many of her pregnancies 96 Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self control For example about a month after Leopold s birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her continuance of hysterics over a miserable trifle 97 In early 1855 the government of Lord Aberdeen who had replaced Derby fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry but neither had sufficient support and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister 98 Napoleon III Britain s closest ally as a result of the Crimean War 96 visited London in April 1855 and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit 99 Napoleon III met the couple at Boulogne and accompanied them to Paris 100 They visited the Exposition Universelle a successor to Albert s 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition and Napoleon I s tomb at Les Invalides to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 and were guests of honour at a 1 200 guest ball at the Palace of Versailles 101 This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years 102 Portrait by Winterhalter 1859 On 14 January 1858 an Italian refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England 103 The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government and Palmerston resigned Derby was reinstated as prime minister 104 Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858 in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French Navy 105 Derby s ministry did not last long and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office 106 Eleven days after Orsini s assassination attempt in France Victoria s eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London They had been betrothed since September 1855 when Princess Victoria was 14 years old the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17 107 The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son in law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state 108 The Queen felt sick at heart to see her daughter leave England for Germany It really makes me shudder she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters when I look round to all your sweet happy unconscious sisters and think I must give them up too one by one 109 Almost exactly a year later the Princess gave birth to the Queen s first grandchild Wilhelm who would become the last German Emperor Widowhood Victoria photographed by J J E Mayall 1860 In March 1861 Victoria s mother died with Victoria at her side Through reading her mother s papers Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply 110 she was heart broken and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for wickedly estranging her from her mother 111 To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief 112 Albert took on most of her duties despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble 113 In August Victoria and Albert visited their son Albert Edward Prince of Wales who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney In November Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland 114 Appalled he travelled to Cambridge where his son was studying to confront him 115 By the beginning of December Albert was very unwell 116 He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner and died on 14 December 1861 Victoria was devastated 117 She blamed her husband s death on worry over the Prince of Wales s philandering He had been killed by that dreadful business she said 118 She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years 119 Her seclusion earned her the nickname widow of Windsor 120 Her weight increased through comfort eating which reinforced her aversion to public appearances 121 Victoria s self imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy and encouraged the growth of the republican movement 122 She did undertake her official government duties yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences Windsor Castle Osborne House and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847 Balmoral Castle In March 1864 a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant s declining business 123 Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage 124 Victoria and John Brown at Balmoral 1863 Photograph by G W Wilson Through the 1860s Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland John Brown 125 Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print and some referred to the Queen as Mrs Brown 126 The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs Brown A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy and Victoria published a book Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly 127 Palmerston died in 1865 and after a brief ministry led by Russell Derby returned to power In 1866 Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert s death 128 The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men 129 though she was not in favour of votes for women 130 Derby resigned in 1868 to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli who charmed Victoria Everyone likes flattery he said and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel 131 With the phrase we authors Ma am he complimented her 132 Disraeli s ministry only lasted a matter of months and at the end of the year his Liberal rival William Ewart Gladstone was appointed prime minister Victoria found Gladstone s demeanour far less appealing he spoke to her she is thought to have complained as though she were a public meeting rather than a woman 133 In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain fed by the Queen s seclusion was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic 134 A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria s removal and Radical MPs spoke against her 135 In August and September 1871 she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray 136 In late November 1871 at the height of the republican movement the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever the disease that was believed to have killed his father and Victoria was fearful her son would die 137 As the tenth anniversary of her husband s death approached her son s condition grew no better and Victoria s distress continued 138 To general rejoicing he recovered 139 Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul s Cathedral on 27 February 1872 and republican feeling subsided 140 On the last day of February 1872 two days after the thanksgiving service 17 year old Arthur O Connor a great nephew of Irish MP Feargus O Connor waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria s open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace Brown who was attending the Queen grabbed him and O Connor was later sentenced to 12 months imprisonment 141 and a birching 142 As a result of the incident Victoria s popularity recovered further 143 Empress Wikisource has original text related to this article Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the princes chiefs and people of India After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British East India Company which had ruled much of India was dissolved and Britain s possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict and condemned atrocities on both sides 144 She wrote of her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war 145 and insisted urged on by Albert that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state should breathe feelings of generosity benevolence and religious toleration 146 At her behest a reference threatening the undermining of native religions and customs was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom 146 Victoria admired Heinrich von Angeli s 1875 portrait of her for its honesty total want of flattery and appreciation of character 147 In the 1874 general election Disraeli was returned to power He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported 148 She preferred short simple services and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England 149 Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament so that Victoria took the title Empress of India from 1 May 1876 150 The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877 151 On 14 December 1878 the anniversary of Albert s death Victoria s second daughter Alice who had married Louis of Hesse died of diphtheria in Darmstadt Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as almost incredible and most mysterious 152 In May 1879 she became a great grandmother on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe Meiningen and passed her poor old 60th birthday She felt aged by the loss of my beloved child 153 Between April 1877 and February 1878 she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo Turkish War but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin 154 Disraeli s expansionist foreign policy which Victoria endorsed led to conflicts such as the Anglo Zulu War and the Second Anglo Afghan War If we are to maintain our position as a first rate Power she wrote we must be Prepared for attacks and wars somewhere or other CONTINUALLY 155 Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers It is not in our custom to annexe countries she said unless we are obliged amp forced to do so 156 To Victoria s dismay Disraeli lost the 1880 general election and Gladstone returned as prime minister 157 When Disraeli died the following year she was blinded by fast falling tears 158 and erected a memorial tablet placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend Victoria R I 159 Later years Victorian farthing 1884 On 2 March 1882 Roderick Maclean a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria s refusal to accept one of his poems 160 shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station Gordon Chesney Wilson and another schoolboy from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas until he was hustled away by a policeman 161 Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity 162 but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was worth being shot at to see how much one is loved 163 On 17 March 1883 Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor which left her lame until July she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter 164 John Brown died 10 days after her accident and to the consternation of her private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown 165 Ponsonby and Randall Davidson Dean of Windsor who had both seen early drafts advised Victoria against publication on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair 166 The manuscript was destroyed 167 In early 1884 Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands a sequel to her earlier book which she dedicated to her devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown 168 On the day after the first anniversary of Brown s death Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son Leopold had died in Cannes He was the dearest of my dear sons she lamented 169 The following month Victoria s youngest child Beatrice met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria s granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry s brother Prince Louis of Battenberg Beatrice and Henry planned to marry but Victoria opposed the match at first wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion After a year she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her 170 Extent of the British Empire in 1898 Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated 171 She thought his government was the worst I have ever had and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum 172 Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury Salisbury s government only lasted a few months however and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone whom she referred to as a half crazy amp really in many ways ridiculous old man 173 Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule but to Victoria s glee it was defeated 174 In the ensuing election Gladstone s party lost to Salisbury s and the government switched hands again Golden Jubilee Victoria and the Munshi Abdul Karim In 1887 the British Empire celebrated Victoria s Golden Jubilee She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited The following day she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey 175 By this time Victoria was once again extremely popular 176 Two days later on 23 June 177 she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters one of whom was Abdul Karim He was soon promoted to Munshi teaching her Urdu and acting as a clerk 178 179 180 Her family and retainers were appalled and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League and biasing the Queen against the Hindus 181 Equerry Frederick Ponsonby the son of Sir Henry discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage and reported to Lord Elgin Viceroy of India the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do 182 Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice 183 Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death 184 Victoria s eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888 but she was widowed a little over three months later and Victoria s eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II Victoria and Albert s hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy Victoria thought he had little heart or Zartgefuhl tact and his conscience amp intelligence have been completely wharped sic 185 Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election he was 82 years old Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him 186 In 1894 Gladstone retired and without consulting the outgoing prime minister Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister 187 His government was weak and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria s reign 188 Diamond Jubilee Victoria in her official Diamond Jubilee photograph by W amp D Downey On 23 September 1896 Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest reigning monarch in British history The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897 to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee 189 which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain 190 The prime ministers of all the self governing Dominions were invited to London for the festivities 191 One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria s grandson Wilhelm II of Germany who it was feared might cause trouble at the event 192 The Queen s Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire The procession paused for an open air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul s Cathedral throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78 year old Queen 193 source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Queen Victoria in Dublin 1900 Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays In 1889 during a stay in Biarritz she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit 194 By April 1900 the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable Instead the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861 in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war 195 Death and succession Portrait by Heinrich von Angeli 1899 In July 1900 Victoria s second son Alfred Affie died Oh God My poor darling Affie gone too she wrote in her journal It is a horrible year nothing but sadness amp horrors of one kind amp another 196 Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her disabled and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts 197 Through early January she felt weak and unwell 198 and by mid January she was drowsy dazed and confused 199 She died on 22 January 1901 at half past six in the evening at the age of 81 200 Her eldest son Albert Edward succeeded her as Edward VII Edward and his nephew Wilhelm II were at Victoria s deathbed 201 Her favourite pet Pomeranian Turi was laid upon her deathbed as a last request 202 Poster proclaiming a day of mourning in Toronto on the day of Victoria s funeral In 1897 Victoria had written instructions for her funeral which was to be military as befitting a soldier s daughter and the head of the army 96 and white instead of black 203 On 25 January her sons Edward and Arthur and her grandson Wilhelm helped lift her body into the coffin 204 She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil 205 An array of mementos commemorating her extended family friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her at her request by her doctor and dressers One of Albert s dressing gowns was placed by her side with a plaster cast of his hand while a lock of John Brown s hair along with a picture of him was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers 96 206 Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown s mother given to her by Brown in 1883 96 Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February in St George s Chapel Windsor Castle and after two days of lying in state she was interred beside Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum Frogmore at Windsor Great Park 207 With a reign of 63 years seven months and two days Victoria was the longest reigning British monarch and the longest reigning queen regnant in world history until her great great granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015 208 She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover her son Edward VII belonged to her husband s House of Saxe Coburg and Gotha LegacySee also Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria Victoria amused The remark We are not amused is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it 96 209 and she denied doing so 210 Her staff and family recorded that Victoria was immensely amused and roared with laughter on many occasions 211 According to one of her biographers Giles St Aubyn Victoria wrote an average of 2 500 words a day during her adult life 212 From July 1832 until just before her death she kept a detailed journal which eventually encompassed 122 volumes 213 After Victoria s death her youngest daughter Princess Beatrice was appointed her literary executor Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria s accession onwards and burned the originals in the process 214 Despite this destruction much of the diaries still exist In addition to Beatrice s edited copy Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them 215 Part of Victoria s extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A C Benson Hector Bolitho George Earle Buckle Lord Esher Roger Fulford and Richard Hough among others 216 The Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace was erected as part of the remodelling of the facade of the Palace a decade after her death Victoria was physically unprepossessing she was stout dowdy and only about five feet 1 5 metres tall but she succeeded in projecting a grand image 217 She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure 218 Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public 96 219 Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available such as Lytton Strachey s Queen Victoria of 1921 are now considered out of date 220 The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham Smith in 1964 and 1972 respectively are still widely admired 221 They and others conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional obstinate honest and straight talking 222 Through Victoria s reign the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch 223 In 1867 Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained the right to be consulted the right to encourage and the right to warn 224 As Victoria s monarchy became more symbolic than political it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values in contrast to the sexual financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy The concept of the family monarchy with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify was solidified 225 Descendants and haemophilia Victoria s links with Europe s royal families earned her the nickname the grandmother of Europe 226 Of the 42 grandchildren of Victoria and Albert 34 survived to adulthood Their living descendants include Charles III of the United Kingdom Harald V of Norway Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden Margrethe II of Denmark and Felipe VI of Spain Victoria s youngest son Leopold was affected by the blood clotting disease haemophilia B and at least two of her five daughters Alice and Beatrice were carriers Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great grandsons Alexei Nikolaevich Tsarevich of Russia Alfonso Prince of Asturias and Infante Gonzalo of Spain 227 The presence of the disease in Victoria s descendants but not in her ancestors led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac 228 There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria s mother and as male carriers always had the disease even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill 229 It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria s father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers 230 Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases 231 Namesakes The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata India Around the world places and memorials are dedicated to her especially in the Commonwealth nations Places named after her include Africa s largest lake Victoria Falls the capitals of British Columbia Victoria and Saskatchewan Regina two Australian states Victoria and Queensland and the capital of the island nation of Seychelles The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War 232 and it remains the highest British Canadian Australian and New Zealand award for bravery Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May Queen Victoria s birthday Titles styles honours and armsTitles and styles At the end of her reign the Queen s full style was Her Majesty Victoria by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen Defender of the Faith Empress of India 233 Honours British honours Royal Family Order of King George IV 1826 234 Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Star of India 25 June 1861 235 Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert 10 February 1862 236 Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Crown of India 1 January 1878 237 Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Indian Empire 1 January 1878 238 Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Red Cross 27 April 1883 239 Founder and Sovereign of the Distinguished Service Order 6 November 1886 240 Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts 1887 241 Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order 23 April 1896 242 Foreign honours Spain Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa 21 December 1833 243 Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III 244 Portugal Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel 23 February 1836 245 Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Vicosa 244 Russia Grand Cross of St Catherine 26 June 1837 246 France Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 5 September 1843 247 Mexico Mexican Empire Grand Cross of the National Order of Guadalupe 1854 248 Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of San Carlos 1866 249 Prussia Dame of the Order of Louise 1st Division 11 June 1857 250 Brazil Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I 3 December 1872 251 Persia 252 Order of the Sun 1st Class in Diamonds 20 June 1873 Order of the August Portrait 20 June 1873 Siam Grand Cross of the White Elephant 1880 253 Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri 1887 254 Hawaii Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I with Collar July 1881 255 Serbia 256 257 Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo 1882 Grand Cross of the White Eagle 1883 Grand Cross of St Sava 1897 Hesse and by Rhine Dame of the Golden Lion 25 April 1885 258 Bulgaria Order of the Bulgarian Red Cross August 1887 259 Ethiopia Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon 22 June 1897 Diamond Jubilee gift 260 Montenegro Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I 1897 261 Saxe Coburg and Gotha Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie 23 January 1899 262 Arms As Sovereign Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Before her accession she received no grant of arms As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne Outside Scotland the blazon for the shield also used on the Royal Standard is Quarterly I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or for England II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter flory Gules for Scotland III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent for Ireland In Scotland the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the Scottish lion and the second by the English lions The crests mottoes and supporters also differ in and outside Scotland Royal arms outside Scotland Royal arms in Scotland Family Victoria s family in 1846 by Franz Xaver Winterhalter Left to right Prince Alfred and the Prince of Wales the Queen and Prince Albert Princesses Alice Helena and Victoria Issue See also Descendants of Queen Victoria and Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX Name Birth Death Spouse and children 233 263 Victoria Princess Royal 1840 21 November1840 1901 5 August1901 Married 1858 Frederick later German Emperor and King of Prussia 1831 1888 4 sons including Wilhelm II German Emperor 4 daughters including Queen Sophia of Greece Edward VII 1841 9 November1841 1910 6 May1910 Married 1863 Princess Alexandra of Denmark 1844 1925 3 sons including King George V of the United Kingdom 3 daughters including Queen Maud of Norway Princess Alice 1843 25 April1843 1878 14 December1878 Married 1862 Louis IV Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 1837 1892 2 sons 5 daughters including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia Alfred Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha 1844 6 August1844 1900 31 July1900 Married 1874 Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia 1853 1920 2 sons 1 stillborn 4 daughters including Queen Marie of Romania Princess Helena 1846 25 May1846 1923 9 June1923 Married 1866 Prince Christian of Schleswig Holstein 1831 1917 4 sons 1 stillborn 2 daughtersPrincess Louise 1848 18 March1848 1939 3 December1939 Married 1871 John Campbell Marquess of Lorne later 9th Duke of Argyll 1845 1914 no issuePrince Arthur Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1850 1 May1850 1942 16 January1942 Married 1879 Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia 1860 1917 1 son 2 daughters including Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden Prince Leopold Duke of Albany 1853 7 April1853 1884 28 March1884 Married 1882 Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1861 1922 1 son 1 daughterPrincess Beatrice 1857 14 April1857 1944 26 October1944 Married 1885 Prince Henry of Battenberg 1858 1896 3 sons 1 daughter Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain Ancestry Ancestors of Queen Victoria 264 8 Frederick Prince of Wales4 George III of the United Kingdom9 Princess Augusta of Saxe Gotha2 Prince Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn10 Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg5 Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz11 Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe Hildburghausen1 Victoria of the United Kingdom12 Ernest Frederick Duke of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld6 Francis Duke of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld13 Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel3 Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld14 Heinrich XXIV Count Reuss of Ebersdorf7 Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf15 Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach Schonberg Family tree Red borders indicate British monarchs Bold borders indicate children of British monarchsFamily of Queen Victoria spanning the reigns of her grandfather George III to her grandson George VGeorge III1738 1820r 1760 1820Charlotteof Mecklenburg Strelitz1744 1818George IV1762 1830r 1820 1830Carolineof Brunswick1768 1821FrederickDuke of York and Albany1763 1827Frederica Charlotteof Prussia1767 1820Adelaideof Saxe Meiningen1792 1849William IV1765 1837r 1830 1837Dorothea Jordan1761 1816CharlottePrincess Royal1766 1828Frederick IKing of Wurttemberg1754 1816EdwardDuke of Kent and Strathearn1767 1820Victoriaof Saxe Coburg Saalfeld1786 1861Augusta Sophia1768 1840Illegitimate childrenElizabeth1770 1840Frederick VILandgrave of Hesse Homburg1769 1829Ernest AugustusKing of Hanover1771 1851Fredericaof Mecklenburg Strelitz1778 1841Augustus FrederickDuke of Sussex1773 1843AdolphusDuke of Cambridge1774 1850Augustaof Hesse Kassel1797 1889Mary1776 1857William FrederickDuke of Gloucester and Edinburgh1776 1834Sophia Matilda1777 1848Octavius1779 1783Alfred1780 1783Amelia1783 1810Leopold IKing of the Belgians1790 1865Charlotteof Wales1796 1817George VKing of Hanover1819 1878Marieof Saxe Altenburg1818 1907Charlotteof Clarence1819Elizabethof Clarence1820 1821GeorgeDuke of Cambridge1819 1904Augustaof Cambridge1822 1916Frederick WilliamGrand Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz1819 1904Mary Adelaideof Cambridge1833 1897FrancisDuke of Teck1837 1900William IKing of Prussia German Emperor1797 1888Christian IXKing of Denmark1818 1906Alexander IIEmperor of Russia1818 1881Victoria1819 1901r 1837 1901AlbertPrince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha1819 1861Frederick IIIGerman Emperor1831 1888VictoriaPrincess Royal1840 1901Edward VII1841 1910r 1901 1910Alexandraof Denmark1844 1925Alice1843 1878Louis IVGrand Duke of Hesse1837 1892AlfredDuke of Edinburgh Saxe Coburg and Gotha1844 1900Mariaof Russia1853 1920Helena1846 1923Christianof Schleswig Holstein1831 1917House of OldenburgLouise1848 1939John CampbellDuke of Argyll1845 1914ArthurDuke of Connaught and Strathearn1850 1942Louise Margaretof Prussia1860 1917LeopoldDuke of Albany1853 1884Helenaof Waldeck and Pyrmont1861 1922Beatrice1857 1944Henryof Battenberg1858 1896Battenberg familyWilhelm IIGerman Emperor1859 1941Alfredof Saxe Coburg and Gotha1874 1899Marieof Edinburgh1875 1938FerdinandKing of Romania1865 1927Ernest LouisGrand Duke of Hesse1868 1937Victoria Melitaof Saxe Coburg and Gotha1876 1936Kirill VladimirovichGrand Duke of Russia1876 1938Alexandraof Saxe Coburg and Gotha1878 1942Ernst IIof Hohenlohe Langenburg1863 1950Beatriceof Saxe Coburg and Gotha1884 1966AlfonsoDuke of Galliera1886 1975House of HohenzollernHouse of Hohenzollern SigmaringenHouse of Hesse DarmstadtHouse of RomanovHouse of Hohenlohe LangenburgHouse of Orleans GallieraAlbert VictorDuke of Clarence1864 1892George V1865 1936r 1910 1936Maryof Teck1867 1953LouisePrincess Royal1867 1931Alexander DuffDuke of Fife1849 1912Victoria1868 1935Maudof Wales1869 1938Haakon VIIKing of Norway1872 1957Alexander Johnof Wales1871Notes As monarch Victoria was Supreme Governor of the Church of England She was also a member of the Church of Scotland Her godparents were Tsar Alexander I of Russia represented by her uncle Frederick Duke of York her uncle George Prince Regent her aunt Queen Charlotte of Wurttemberg represented by Victoria s aunt Princess Augusta and Victoria s maternal grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld represented by Victoria s aunt Princess Mary Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830 the Accession Council s proclamation declared Victoria as the King s successor saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty s Consort No 19509 The London Gazette 20 June 1837 p 1581 ReferencesCitations Hibbert pp 3 12 Strachey pp 1 17 Woodham Smith pp 15 29 Hibbert pp 12 13 Longford p 23 Woodham Smith pp 34 35 Longford p 24 Worsley p 41 Hibbert p 31 St Aubyn p 26 Woodham Smith p 81 Hibbert p 46 Longford p 54 St Aubyn p 50 Waller p 344 Woodham Smith p 126 Hibbert p 19 Marshall p 25 Hibbert p 27 Longford pp 35 38 118 119 St Aubyn pp 21 22 Woodham Smith pp 70 72 The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers Hibbert pp 27 28 Waller pp 341 342 Woodham Smith pp 63 65 Hibbert pp 32 33 Longford pp 38 39 55 Marshall p 19 Waller pp 338 341 Woodham Smith pp 68 69 91 Hibbert p 18 Longford 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Brown p 34 ISBN 978 1 85605 469 0 Bibliography Charles Barrie 2012 Kill the Queen The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria Stroud Amberley Publishing ISBN 978 1 4456 0457 2 Hibbert Christopher 2000 Queen Victoria A Personal History London HarperCollins ISBN 0 00 638843 4 Longford Elizabeth 1964 Victoria R I London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 0 297 17001 5 Marshall Dorothy 1972 The Life and Times of Queen Victoria 1992 reprint ed London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 0 297 83166 6 Packard Jerrold M 1998 Victoria s Daughters New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 24496 7 Potts D M Potts W T W 1995 Queen Victoria s Gene Haemophilia and the Royal Family Stroud Alan Sutton ISBN 0 7509 1199 9 St Aubyn Giles 1991 Queen Victoria A Portrait London Sinclair Stevenson ISBN 1 85619 086 2 Strachey Lytton 1921 Queen Victoria London Chatto and Windus Waller Maureen 2006 Sovereign Ladies The Six Reigning Queens of England London John Murray ISBN 0 7195 6628 2 Weintraub Stanley 1997 Albert Uncrowned King London John Murray ISBN 0 7195 5756 9 Woodham Smith Cecil 1972 Queen Victoria Her Life and Times 1819 1861 London Hamish Hamilton ISBN 0 241 02200 2 Worsley Lucy 2018 Queen Victoria Daughter Wife Mother Widow London Hodder amp Stoughton Ltd ISBN 978 1 4736 5138 8 Primary sources Benson A C Esher Viscount eds 1907 The Letters of Queen Victoria A Selection of Her Majesty s Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861 London John Murray Bolitho Hector ed 1938 Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg Prussia London Thornton Butterworth Buckle George Earle ed 1926 The Letters of Queen Victoria 2nd Series 1862 1885 London John Murray Buckle George Earle ed 1930 The Letters of Queen Victoria 3rd Series 1886 1901 London John Murray Connell Brian 1962 Regina v Palmerston The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister 1837 1865 London Evans Brothers Duff David ed 1968 Victoria in the Highlands The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria London Muller Dyson Hope Tennyson Charles eds 1969 Dear and Honoured Lady The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson London Macmillan Esher Viscount ed 1912 The Girlhood of Queen Victoria A Selection from Her Majesty s Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840 London John Murray Fulford Roger ed 1964 Dearest Child Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal 1858 1861 London Evans Brothers Fulford Roger ed 1968 Dearest Mama Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia 1861 1864 London Evans Brothers Fulford Roger ed 1971 Beloved Mama Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess 1878 1885 London Evans Brothers Fulford Roger ed 1971 Your Dear Letter Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia 1863 1871 London Evans Brothers Fulford Roger ed 1976 Darling Child Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia 1871 1878 London Evans Brothers Hibbert Christopher ed 1984 Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals London John Murray ISBN 0 7195 4107 7 Hough Richard ed 1975 Advice to a Grand daughter Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse London Heinemann ISBN 0 434 34861 9 Jagow Kurt ed 1938 Letters of the Prince Consort 1831 1861 London John Murray Mortimer Raymond ed 1961 Queen Victoria Leaves from a Journal New York Farrar Straus amp Cudahy Ponsonby Frederick ed 1930 Letters of the Empress Frederick London Macmillan Ramm Agatha ed 1990 Beloved and Darling Child Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter 1886 1901 Stroud Sutton Publishing ISBN 978 0 86299 880 6 Victoria Queen 1868 Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 London Smith Elder Victoria Queen 1884 More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882 London Smith ElderFurther readingArnstein Walter L 2003 Queen Victoria New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 63806 4 Baird Julia 2016 Victoria The Queen An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire New York Random House ISBN 978 1 4000 6988 0 Cadbury Deborah 2017 Queen Victoria s Matchmaking The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe Bloomsbury Carter Sarah Nugent Maria Nugent eds 2016 Mistress of everything Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds Manchester University Press Eyck Frank 1959 The Prince Consort a political biography Chatto Gardiner Juliet 1997 Queen Victoria London Collins and Brown ISBN 978 1 85585 469 7 Homans Margaret Munich Adrienne eds 1997 Remaking Queen Victoria Cambridge University Press Homans Margaret 1997 Royal Representations Queen Victoria and British Culture 1837 1876 Hough Richard 1996 Victoria and Albert St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 30385 3 James Robert Rhodes 1983 Albert Prince Consort A Biography Hamish Hamilton ISBN 9780394407630 Kingsley Kent Susan 2015 Queen Victoria Gender and Empire Lyden Anne M 2014 A Royal Passion Queen Victoria and Photography Los Angeles Getty Publications ISBN 978 1 60606 155 8 Ridley Jane 2015 Victoria Queen Matriarch Empress Penguin Taylor Miles 2020 The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria Journal of British Studies 59 121 135 doi 10 1017 jbr 2019 245 S2CID 213433777 Weintraub Stanley 1987 Victoria Biography of a Queen London HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 04 923084 2 Wilson A N 2014 Victoria A Life London Atlantic Books ISBN 978 1 84887 956 0External linksListen to this article 1 hour and 2 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 20 July 2014 2014 07 20 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Queen Victoria at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Portraits of Queen Victoria at the National Portrait Gallery London Queen Victoria s Journals online from the Royal Archive and Bodleian Library Works by Queen Victoria at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Queen Victoria at Internet Archive Works by Queen Victoria at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Newspaper clippings about Queen Victoria in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWQueen VictoriaHouse of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn 24 May 1819 Died 22 January 1901Regnal titlesPreceded byWilliam IV Queen of the United Kingdom20 June 1837 22 January 1901 Succeeded byEdward VIIVacantTitle last held byBahadur Shah IIas Mughal emperor Empress of India1 May 1876 22 January 1901 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Queen Victoria amp oldid 1132226929, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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