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President of the Philippines

January 15, 2023

For a list, see List of presidents of the Philippines.

The president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

President of the Philippines
Pangulo ng Pilipinas
Incumbent
Bongbong Marcos
since June 30, 2022
Government of the Philippines
Office of the President
Style
TypeHead of state
Head of government
Commander-in-Chief
Member ofCabinet
National Security Council
ResidenceMalacañang Palace
SeatManila
AppointerDirect popular vote
Term lengthSix years, non-renewable
Constituting instrument1987 Constitution of the Philippines
PrecursorGovernor-General
Prime Minister[a]
Inaugural holderEmilio Aguinaldo
(official)[b]
Manuel L. Quezon
(official)[c]
FormationJanuary 23, 1899
(official)[1][b]
November 15, 1935
(official)[2][c]
First holderEmilio Aguinaldo
Salary₱411,382 per month[d][3][4][5][6]
Websiteop-proper.gov.ph

The president is directly elected by the people and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[e]

Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.

The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos, who was sworn in on June 30, 2022.

Title

The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages, presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.[7][8][9]

Historical titles

The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-president José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon.[10] The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution.[11] The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic."[12] In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."[13]

History

Early republics

Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first president of a united Philippines, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan).[14] While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan),[15][16][17] and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica.[18] Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"[19][20][21] in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.[21]

Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".[22][23][24][25][26]

 
Petitions were filed before the current Philippine government to recognize Andres Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.

According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.[27] Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.[15][18] In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo, but rather Deodato Arellano.[28]

In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.[28] A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.[29] In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.[28] A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.[30]

According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.[28]

Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic

 
Emilio Aguinaldo and ten of the Malolos Congress delegates that passed the Constitución Política de la República Filipina in 1899

In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite.[31] The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan.[32] It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina),[33] "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas)[34] and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan).[35]

Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan in November,[36] leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas),[37] commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[38] Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.[39]

In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out,[40] and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines.[41] At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy.[42] Aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel[43] and renewed the revolution.[44] He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898,[44] and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898.[45] During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.[46]

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again.[47][48] On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina), a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under a likewise revolutionary constitution.[49][50] Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic,[51] after its capital Malolos in Bulacan;[52] its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.[53][54]

Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived[55] and never internationally recognized,[56] and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.[57] The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[58] The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government.[59] His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.[59]

The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments.[60]

Other claimants

Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.[61][62]

American occupation

Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general.[63][64][65]

Philippine Commonwealth

 
Manuel Luis Quezon, the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth, is officially recognized as the second president of the Philippines

In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year.[66] During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed.[67] It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms.[68][69] When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, Quezon appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm.[70][71] Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.[70]

The Second Republic under the Japanese

On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation.[72][73] Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,[74] had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States.[75][76] On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.[77]

After World War II

The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,[68] with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.[66] It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.[66] On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,[66] also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.[78]

1973 and 1987 Constitutions

A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973,[79] under the rule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government.[80] Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978.[81] Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.[82]

The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.[68] On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.[68] This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.[83] Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,[84] including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,[85] which gave the president legislative powers,[86] as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa[85] (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.[84][85] This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.[68]

Other issues

 
José P. Laurel giving a speech after his inauguration as President of the Second Philippine Republic

Both Bonifacio[87] and Aguinaldo[88] might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,[89] while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines.[66]

The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.[60][90] Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.[91] For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.[92]

While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[60][45] Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act.[93] He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.[94]

During the Second World War, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments.[95] One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C.,[96][97] and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic.[95] Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon.[75] Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration.[98][99] Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).[98]

Powers and roles

Executive power

The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines.[100] The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments.[101] There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President.[102] The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.[103]

The president has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:[100] executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.

The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.[104] The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress.[105] The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[106]

The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.[100]

With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.[107] The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.[108]

Legislative power

As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. However, the president has some legislative power.[109] The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article 6, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process.[110] The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda.

Election process

Eligibility

Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:[111]

  • be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
  • be a registered voter
  • be able to read and write
  • at least forty years of age on the day of the election
  • a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before 17 January 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.[112]

The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998, deposed in 2001, and again ran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"[113] remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president.

Election

Main article: Philippine presidential election
 
Home provinces (blue and purple) of the presidents.

The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[113] The latest election was held in 2022.

The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.

The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.

Inauguration

Main article: Philippine presidential inauguration
 
Carlos P. Garcia is sworn in as the eighth president of the Philippines after winning the election of 1957

The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.

Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan City. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office.

The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:[114]

"I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]

— Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5

The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads:[115]

"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)

— Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5

As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem "We Say Mabuhay" is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.

Incumbency

State of the Nation Address

 
President Bongbong Marcos during his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022.
Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)

The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution.[3]

Tenure and term limits

The 1935 Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election.[116] In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents Manuel L. Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeña (1946), Elpidio Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).[117]

On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In 1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election.[118]

The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article 7, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.[3]

Vacancies and succession

Main article: Philippine presidential line of succession

At the start of the term

Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.[3] If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.[3] Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.[3]

During the term

 
Sergio Osmeña was the first vice president to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive, who was Manuel L. Quezon, in 1944.

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession. If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An acting president may temporarily assume the duties of president.

The current presidential line of succession is:

Impeachment

See also: Impeachment in the Philippines

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice president, members of the Supreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman.[119] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[120] A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.[121] The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.

Official residence

Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.[3] The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila. The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase "may lakán diyán" ("there is a nobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyáng. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the bahay na bato and neoclassical architectural styles.

Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. After his defeat in the Philippine–American War, Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Philippines several times as he struggled against invading American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang in a new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.[122][123]

A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay ng Pagbabago (transl. House of Change), formerly known as Bahay Pangarap (transl. House of Dreams),[124] a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacañang Park,[125] which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex.[124][126] President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence.[127][128] It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.[124][128] The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[124][128] and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.[124][125][128]

The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. The Mansion in Baguio is the official summer palace of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American Governors-General, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio.[129] Malacañang of the South in Davao City is the president's residence in Mindanao. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. Malacañang sa Sugbo in Cebu City was the former official residence in the Visayas. Originally the local office of the Bureau of Customs (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC.[130] Malacañang of the North was also an official residence of the president in the Ilocos Region. The residence is currently a presidential museum.[131]

Travel

Air transportation

Main article: Air transports of heads of state and government § Philippines

The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. In September 2020, a new Gulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions.[132] For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways.

Water transportation

BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.[133] It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.

Land transportation

Main article: Official state car § Philippines

The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Nissan Patrol SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: Audi A6, BMW 7 Series, Chevrolet Suburban, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Starex, Toyota Camry, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Police Toyota Altis (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.[134]

The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for Manuel L. Quezon. For regional trips, the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president Benigno Aquino III, preferred to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative's Lexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine.[138] His successor, Rodrigo Duterte, utilized a white, bullet-proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle.[139]

Security

Main article: Presidential Security Group

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.

Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Nissan Patrol SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

List of presidents

Main article: List of presidents of the Philippines
Bongbong MarcosRodrigo DuterteBenigno Aquino IIIGloria Macapagal ArroyoJoseph EstradaFidel RamosCorazon AquinoFerdinand MarcosDiosdado MacapagalCarlos P. GarciaRamon MagsaysayElpidio QuirinoManuel RoxasSergio OsmeñaJosé P. LaurelManuel L. QuezonEmilio Aguinaldo


Post-presidency

 
Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezon during the 1935 campaign.
 
From left: Presidents Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Rodrigo Duterte, Fidel V. Ramos, and Benigno S. Aquino III; photo taken before the start of a National Security Council meeting at the Malacañang Palace on July 27, 2016.

After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.[140]

  • José P. Laurel, who was the only president of the Second Philippine Republic, was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957, making him the country's first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency. During his tenure, the Nacionalista Party urged him to run for president in 1953. He declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay, who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, resulting in the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceum of the Philippines University.[141][142]
  • Sergio Osmeña became a member of the Council of State under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the National Security Council in the García administration.[142][143]
  • Elpidio Quirino became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.[144]
  • Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on July 11, 1971.[145]
  • Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino mère and Ramos.
  • Corazon Aquino was a member of the National Security Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.
  • Fidel Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an Ambassador-at-Large under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes in the South China Sea but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.
  • Joseph Estrada returned to film in November 2009, starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo.[146][147][148] Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against Alfredo Lim for the office of Mayor of Manila in 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as the Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency.[149] Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as Deputy Speaker within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as House Speaker on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.[150]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As head of government.
  2. ^ a b The position was created by an independent revolutionary state, the "Malolos Republic", but was not recognized internationally. The Philippine government now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.
  3. ^ a b From an international standpoint at that time, the First Philippine Republic never existed but rather, Spain ceded its Spanish East Indies to the United States of America by the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated Commonwealth of the Philippines.
  4. ^ The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) has indicated on their website that the president's salary grade is the 33rd. The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC's website states 395,858 pesos.
  5. ^ The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are: Sergio Osmeña (1944); Elpidio Quirino (1948); Carlos P. Garcia (1957); and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001).

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Bibliography

  • Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
  • Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the Philippines.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
National constitutions of the Philippines
  • Office of the President of the Philippines July 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  • The Presidential Museum and Library May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  • 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
  • 'We Say Mabuhay' – The anthem of the president of the Philippines
  • 'March of the President of the Philippines' (unofficial title) – song played when the president is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines

January 15, 2023
president, philippines, list, list, presidents, philippines, president, philippines, filipino, pangulo, pilipinas, sometimes, referred, presidente, pilipinas, head, state, head, government, chief, executive, philippines, president, leads, executive, branch, ph. For a list see List of presidents of the Philippines The president of the Philippines Filipino Pangulo ng Pilipinas sometimes referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas is the head of state head of government and chief executive of the Philippines The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander in chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines President of the PhilippinesPangulo ng PilipinasPresidential sealPresidential flagIncumbentBongbong Marcossince June 30 2022Government of the PhilippinesOffice of the PresidentStyleMr President informal The Honorable formal His Excellency diplomatic TypeHead of state Head of government Commander in ChiefMember ofCabinetNational Security CouncilResidenceMalacanang PalaceSeatManilaAppointerDirect popular voteTerm lengthSix years non renewableConstituting instrument1987 Constitution of the PhilippinesPrecursorGovernor GeneralPrime Minister a Inaugural holderEmilio Aguinaldo official b Manuel L Quezon official c FormationJanuary 23 1899 official 1 b November 15 1935 official 2 c First holderEmilio AguinaldoSalary 411 382 per month d 3 4 5 6 Websiteop proper wbr gov wbr phThe president is directly elected by the people and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials the other being the vice president of the Philippines However four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office by virtue of a president s intra term death or resignation e Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language The president is limited to a single six year term No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos who was sworn in on June 30 2022 Contents 1 Title 1 1 Historical titles 2 History 2 1 Early republics 2 1 1 Bonifacio s Tagalog Republic 2 1 2 Aguinaldo s governments and the First Republic 2 1 3 Other claimants 2 2 American occupation 2 3 Philippine Commonwealth 2 4 The Second Republic under the Japanese 2 5 After World War II 2 6 1973 and 1987 Constitutions 2 7 Other issues 3 Powers and roles 3 1 Executive power 3 2 Legislative power 4 Election process 4 1 Eligibility 4 2 Election 4 3 Inauguration 5 Incumbency 5 1 State of the Nation Address 5 2 Tenure and term limits 5 3 Vacancies and succession 5 3 1 At the start of the term 5 3 2 During the term 5 4 Impeachment 5 5 Official residence 5 6 Travel 5 6 1 Air transportation 5 6 2 Water transportation 5 6 3 Land transportation 5 7 Security 6 List of presidents 7 Post presidency 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Bibliography 11 External linksTitle EditThe official title of the Philippine head of state and government is President of the Philippines The title in Filipino is Pangulo cognate of Malay penghulu leader chieftain In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code switching with the English word The honorific for the president is Your Excellency or His Her Excellency During his tenure President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific opting to drop the title in all official communications events or materials 7 8 9 Historical titles Edit The term President of the Republic of the Philippines used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then president Jose P Laurel from the Commonwealth government in exile under President Manuel L Quezon 10 The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of President of the Philippines enacted in the 1935 constitution 11 The 1973 constitution though generally referring to the president as President of the Philippines Article XVII Section 12 once used the term President of the Republic 12 In the text of Proclamation No 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972 President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as President of the Philippines 13 History EditEarly republics Edit Bonifacio s Tagalog Republic Edit Depending on the definition chosen for these terms a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office Andres Bonifacio could be considered the first president of a united Philippines while he was the third Supreme President Spanish Presidente Supremo Filipino Kataas taasang Pangulo of the Katipunan a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896 he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as President of the Sovereign Nation People Filipino Pangulo ng Haring Bayan 14 While the term Katipunan and the title Supreme President remained Bonifacio s government was also known as the Tagalog Republic Spanish Republica Tagala Filipino Republika ng Katagalugan 15 16 17 and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of republic from its Latin roots as res publica 18 Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography which by itself was thus understood to mean Supreme Leader 19 20 21 in contrast to the later Presidents However as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas taasang Pangulo Supreme President Pangulo ng Kataas taasang Kapulungan President of the Supreme Assembly or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan President of the Sovereign Nation People as evidenced by his own writings 21 Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people a specific ethno linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon Bonifacio used the term Tagalog in Tagalog Republic to denote all non Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos which had colonial origins referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the Sovereign Tagalog Nation People or more precisely Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People Filipino Haring Bayang Katagalugan in effect a synonym of Tagalog Republic or more precisely Republic of the Tagalog Nation People 22 23 24 25 26 Petitions were filed before the current Philippine government to recognize Andres Bonifacio as the first Philippine president According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included as Sakay continued Bonifacio s concept of a national Tagalog Republic and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio s Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo s capture 27 Nevertheless there are still calls including from a descendant of Bonifacio to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president 15 18 In 1993 historians Milagros Guerrero Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan s first Supremo but rather Deodato Arellano 28 In 2013 the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines 28 A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president 29 In the same year representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president 28 A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016 30 According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio s status as the first president 28 Aguinaldo s governments and the First Republic Edit Emilio Aguinaldo and ten of the Malolos Congress delegates that passed the Constitucion Politica de la Republica Filipina in 1899 In March 1897 during the Philippine Revolution against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros Cavite 31 The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan 32 It variously called itself the Philippine Republic Spanish Republica Filipina 33 Republic of the Philippines Spanish Republica de Filipinas 34 and Government of All Tagalogs or Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation People Filipino Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan 35 Months later Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak na Bato Bulacan in November 36 leading a reorganized Republic of the Philippines Spanish Republica de Filipinas 37 commonly known today as the Republic of Biak na Bato 38 Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak na Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897 39 In April 1898 the Spanish American War broke out 40 and afterwards the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines 41 At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1 1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy 42 Aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U S Navy vessel 43 and renewed the revolution 44 He formed a dictatorial government on May 24 1898 44 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 1898 45 During this brief period he took the title Dictator and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such 46 On June 23 1898 Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as President again 47 48 On January 23 1899 Aguinaldo was then elected president of the Philippine Republic Spanish Republica Filipina a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under a likewise revolutionary constitution 49 50 Consequently this government is today officially considered to be the proper first republic and is also called the Malolos Republic 51 after its capital Malolos in Bulacan 52 its congress formally National Assembly and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well 53 54 Like all of its predecessors and would be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines the First Philippine Republic was short lived 55 and never internationally recognized 56 and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic though it and they claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people 57 The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898 signed in December of that year 58 The Philippine American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo s government 59 His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1 1901 after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U S forces in March 59 The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic not any of his various prior governments 60 Other claimants Edit Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo s leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter s capture until his own capture in 1902 while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio s Katipunan They are both considered by some scholars as unofficial presidents and along with Bonifacio are not recognized as presidents by the government 61 62 American occupation Edit Between 1898 and 1935 executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors general and eleven civil governors general 63 64 65 Philippine Commonwealth Edit Manuel Luis Quezon the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth is officially recognized as the second president of the Philippines In October 1935 Manuel L Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had been established still under United States sovereignty under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year 66 During its first five years the president could serve for a six year term that cannot be renewed 67 It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four year terms 68 69 When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II Quezon appointed Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos as his delegate which in effect the acting president of the commonwealth according to Justice George A Malcolm 70 71 Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2 1942 70 The Second Republic under the Japanese Edit On October 14 1943 Jose P Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation 72 73 Laurel an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 74 had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States 75 76 On August 17 1945 two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies Laurel officially dissolved the republic 77 After World War II Edit The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II 68 with Vice President Sergio Osmena becoming president due to Quezon s death on August 1 1944 66 It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self governing nation on July 4 1946 66 On the same day Manuel A Roxas the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines 66 also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines 78 1973 and 1987 Constitutions Edit A new Constitution ratified on January 17 1973 79 under the rule of Ferdinand E Marcos introduced a parliamentary style government 80 Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978 81 Marcos later appointed Cesar Virata as prime minister in 1981 although he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos 82 The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos s 21 year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C Aquino 68 On March 25 1986 Aquino issued Proclamation No 3 s 1986 or the freedom constitution that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution 68 This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means 83 Proclamation No 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution 84 including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime 85 which gave the president legislative powers 86 as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa 85 literally National Legislature in Filipino The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule such as the bill of rights 84 85 This constitution was superseded on February 2 1987 by the present constitution 68 Other issues Edit Jose P Laurel giving a speech after his inauguration as President of the Second Philippine Republic Both Bonifacio 87 and Aguinaldo 88 might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one 89 while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines 66 The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines followed by Quezon and his successors 60 90 Despite the differences in constitutions and government the line of presidents is considered to be continuous 91 For instance Rodrigo Duterte is considered to be the 16th president 92 While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president the First Republic fell under the United States jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish American War the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate 60 45 Manuel L Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the Tydings McDuffie Act 93 He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election 94 During the Second World War the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments 95 One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government in exile in Washington D C 96 97 and the other was Manila based Laurel heading the Japanese sponsored Second Republic 95 Notably Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon 75 Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal s administration 98 99 Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 the anniversary of the Philippines independence from the United States to June 12 the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence 98 Powers and roles EditExecutive power Edit The president of the Philippines being the chief executive serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines 100 The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government s executive branch including the Cabinet and all executive departments 101 There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President 102 The president also exercises general supervision over local government units 103 The president has the power to give executive issuances which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration There are six issuances that the President may issue as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987 100 executive orders administrative orders proclamations memorandum orders memorandum circulars and general or special orders The president has power to grant reprieves commutations and pardons and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment except in cases of impeachment 104 The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress 105 The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law 106 The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government However there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power Article 3 Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his her life liberty or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation 100 With the consent of the Commission on Appointments the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments board of members and its leaders from any national government related institutions ambassadors other public ministers and consuls high ranking officers of the armed forces and other officials 107 The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments 108 Legislative power Edit As per Article 6 Section 1 of the Constitution the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives However the president has some legislative power 109 The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress Article 6 Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days veto the bill or take no action within the timeframe in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed While Congress can override a presidential veto it requires a two thirds vote of both houses The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation revenue or tariff bill but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object By exerting their influence on Congress the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process 110 The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda Election process EditEligibility Edit Article 7 Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency 111 be a natural born citizen of the Philippines be a registered voter be able to read and write at least forty years of age on the day of the election a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election Natural born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before 17 January 1973 of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural born Filipinos 112 The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term However with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998 deposed in 2001 and again ran for the presidency in 2010 the Constitution s wording where the President shall not be eligible for any re election 113 remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president Election Edit Main article Philippine presidential election Home provinces blue and purple of the presidents The president is elected by direct vote every six years usually on the second Monday of May 113 The latest election was held in 2022 The returns of every election for president and vice president duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city shall be transmitted to Congress directed to the president of the Senate Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner but in case two or more have the highest number of votes the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately Inauguration Edit Main article Philippine presidential inauguration Carlos P Garcia is sworn in as the eighth president of the Philippines after winning the election of 1957 Bongbong Marcos during his inauguration The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election Traditionally the vice president takes the oath first a little before noon for two reasons First according to protocol no one follows the president who is last due to his supremacy and second to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president elect accedes During Quezon s inauguration however the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president to symbolize a new start Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony Barasoain Church in Malolos City Bulacan in front of the old Legislative Building now part of the National Museum in Manila or at Quirino Grandstand where most have been held Some presidential have broken precedent either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand took the oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan City She broke with precedent reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines Luzon Visayas and Mindanao Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20 2001 during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional formal Filipino clothing which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana Ladies must wear baro t saya the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible while men don the barong tagalog Non Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president elect which must be taken before they enter into office 114 I name do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President or Vice President or Acting President of the Philippines Preserve and defend its Constitution execute its laws do justice to every man and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation So help me God In case of affirmation last sentence will be omitted Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 5 The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V Ramos Joseph Estrada Benigno Aquino III and Bongbong Marcos reads 115 Ako si pangalan ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan o pinatototohanan na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo ng Pilipinas pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon ipatutupad ang mga batas nito magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos Kapag pagpapatotoo ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas Artikulo VII SEK 5 As soon as the president takes the oath of office a 21 gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state and the presidential anthem We Say Mabuhay is played The president delivers his inaugural address and then proceeds to Malacanang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms Incumbency EditState of the Nation Address Edit President Bongbong Marcos during his first State of the Nation Address on July 25 2022 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivering her seventh State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa Main article State of the Nation Address Philippines The State of the Nation Address SONA is an annual event in which the president reports on the status of the nation normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution 3 Tenure and term limits Edit The 1935 Constitution originally set the president s term at six years without re election 116 In 1940 however the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president and vice president was shortened to four years with a two term limit Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document only presidents Manuel L Quezon 1941 and Ferdinand E Marcos 1969 were re elected Presidents Sergio Osmena 1946 Elpidio Quirino 1953 Carlos P Garcia 1961 and Diosdado Macapagal 1965 all failed in seeking a new term Marcos was the only president to serve three terms 1965 1969 1969 1981 1981 1986 117 On August 24 1970 Congress enacted RA No 6132 otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30 1972 when they approved the draft of the new Charter While in the process of drafting a new Constitution President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21 1972 The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen s Assemblies from January 10 to 17 1973 for ratification On January 17 1973 President Marcos issued Proclamation No 1102 announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines In 1981 President Marcos secured a third term defeating Alejo Santos in an election 118 The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution s original ban on presidential reelection Under Article 7 Section 4 of the current constitution the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date six years thereafter The incumbent president is not eligible for re election even if non consecutive Moreover no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again 3 Vacancies and succession Edit Main article Philippine presidential line of succession At the start of the term Edit Under Article 7 Section 7 of the Constitution In case the president elect fails to qualify the vice president elect shall act as president until the president elect shall have qualified 3 If at the beginning of the term of the president the president elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled the vice president elect shall become president 3 Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled the president of the Senate or in case of his inability the speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified 3 During the term Edit Sergio Osmena was the first vice president to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive who was Manuel L Quezon in 1944 The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7 Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives Contrary to popular belief the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election However if the presidential election is 18 months away no special election shall be called An acting president may temporarily assume the duties of president The current presidential line of succession is No Office Incumbent1 Vice President Sara Duterte2 President of the Senate Juan Miguel Zubiri3 Speaker of the House of Representatives Martin RomualdezImpeachment Edit See also Impeachment in the Philippines Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States The House of Representatives one of the houses of the bicameral Congress has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president vice president members of the Supreme Court members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman 119 When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide as impeachment tribunal the impeachment case 120 A main difference from U S proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president as opposed to the majority required in the United States In the Senate selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings Like the United States to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two thirds i e 16 of 24 members of the senate vote in favor of conviction If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution treason bribery graft and corruption other high crimes and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president 121 The same also applies for the vice president the members of the Supreme Court the members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman Official residence Edit Presidential residences Malacanang Palace the official residence The Mansion the official summer palaceMalacanang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines a privilege entitled to him her under Article VII Section 6 of the Constitution 3 The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River along J P Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel Manila The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase may lakan diyan there is a nobleman there and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyang The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the bahay na bato and neoclassical architectural styles Before Malacanang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines The Spanish governor general the highest ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros However after an earthquake in 1863 the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed and the residence and office of the governor general was transferred to Malacanang Palace During the Philippine Revolution President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit Cavite After his defeat in the Philippine American War Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Philippines several times as he struggled against invading American Forces When the Americans occupied the Philippines they also used the palace as an official residence for their governors general During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio where the Mansion House was used as the official residence Meanwhile President Manuel L Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth government in exile resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D C After the restoration of independence in 1946 plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacanang in a new capital city However the plans did not push through and the president s official residence is still Malacanang Palace in Manila 122 123 A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay ng Pagbabago transl House of Change formerly known as Bahay Pangarap transl House of Dreams 124 a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacanang Park 125 which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex 124 126 President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence 127 128 It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family 124 128 The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s 124 128 and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s 2008 and 2010 124 125 128 The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use The Mansion in Baguio is the official summer palace of the president The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American Governors General and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio 129 Malacanang of the South in Davao City is the president s residence in Mindanao It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces Malacanang sa Sugbo in Cebu City was the former official residence in the Visayas Originally the local office of the Bureau of Customs BOC it was converted to a palace in 2004 It was later returned to the BOC 130 Malacanang of the North was also an official residence of the president in the Ilocos Region The residence is currently a presidential museum 131 Travel Edit Air transportation Edit Main article Air transports of heads of state and government Philippines An Aerospatiale SA 330 Puma carrying President Corazon C Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base The 250th Presidential Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family On occasion the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government visiting heads of state and other state guests The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes 1 Fokker F28 which is primarily used for the president s domestic trips and it is also called Kalayaan One when the president is on board 4 Bell 412 helicopters 3 Sikorsky S 76 helicopters 1 Sikorsky S 70 5 Black Hawk a number of Bell UH 1N Twin Hueys as well as Fokker F 27 Friendships In September 2020 a new Gulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 Command and Control missions 132 For trips outside of the Philippines the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the country s flag carrier Philippine Airlines Any PAL aircraft with the flight number PR PAL 001 and callsign PHILIPPINE 001 is a flight operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways Water transportation Edit BRP Ang Pangulo BRP stands for Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas Ship of the Republic of the Philippines Ang Pangulo is Filipino for the president was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7 1959 It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President Garcia as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II 133 It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president Land transportation Edit Main article Official state car Philippines The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes Benz W221 S600 Guard whereas one is a decoy vehicle In convoys the president is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Nissan Patrol SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles Audi A6 BMW 7 Series Chevrolet Suburban Hyundai Equus Hyundai Starex Toyota Camry Toyota Fortuner Toyota Land Cruiser Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles Philippine National Police Toyota Altis Police car variant other government owned vehicles and ambulances at the tail of the convoy the number depends on the destination The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of 1 or the word PANGULO president The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and occasionally the presidential standard 134 Official state cars of the president 135 136 137 President Land TransportManuel Quezon 1937 Chrysler Airflow Custom Imperial CWJose P Laurel 1942 Packard Custom Super Eight One Eighty LimousineManuel Roxas 1940 Cadillac Series 75 limousineElpidio Quirino 1953 Chrysler Imperial LimousineRamon Magsaysay 1955 Cadillac Series 75 23Carlos P Garcia No records possibly same as MagsaysayDiosdado Macapagal 1957 Ford SedanFerdinand Marcos Mercedes Benz 600 Limousine 1980 Lincoln Continental Mark VI Signature SeriesCorazon Aquino Mercedes Benz 500SELFidel V Ramos Mercedes Benz 500SEL GuardJoseph Estrada Mercedes Benz S600 W140 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Mercedes Benz S600 V140 Mercedes Benz S600 W221 Benigno Aquino III Toyota Land CruiserLexus LX570Rodrigo Duterte Toyota Land CruiserIsuzu D MaxToyota HiluxChevrolet ColoradoBongbong Marcos Toyota Land CruiserCadillac Escalade ESVMercedes Benz S600 W222 The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country s very first presidential limousine for Manuel L Quezon For regional trips the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government owned and controlled corporations or government agencies In this case the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy Former president Benigno Aquino III preferred to use his personal vehicle a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative s Lexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater Malacanang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine 138 His successor Rodrigo Duterte utilized a white bullet proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle 139 Security Edit Main article Presidential Security Group The Presidential Security Group abbreviated PSG is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president vice president and their immediate families They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates However former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG Currently the PSG uses Nissan Patrol SUVs as its primary security vehicles List of presidents EditMain article List of presidents of the PhilippinesPost presidency Edit Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L Quezon during the 1935 campaign From left Presidents Joseph Ejercito Estrada Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Rodrigo Duterte Fidel V Ramos and Benigno S Aquino III photo taken before the start of a National Security Council meeting at the Malacanang Palace on July 27 2016 After leaving office a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight Among other honors former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail 140 Jose P Laurel who was the only president of the Second Philippine Republic was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957 making him the country s first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency During his tenure the Nacionalista Party urged him to run for president in 1953 He declined working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials resulting in the Laurel Langley Agreement Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States 1954 and the founder of Lyceum of the Philippines University 141 142 Sergio Osmena became a member of the Council of State under Roxas Quirino Magsaysay and Garcia He was also a member of the National Security Council in the Garcia administration 142 143 Elpidio Quirino became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay 144 Carlos P Garcia was a delegate later elected president of the Constitutional Convention on July 11 1971 145 Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P Garcia as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino mere and Ramos Corazon Aquino was a member of the National Security Council under Ramos Estrada and Arroyo She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo Fidel Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an Ambassador at Large under President Arroyo He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes in the South China Sea but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte s state visit to Beijing on October 16 2016 Joseph Estrada returned to film in November 2009 starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya A Marry Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed His release from prison in 2007 by his successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo 146 147 148 Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010 he ran against Alfredo Lim for the office of Mayor of Manila in 2013 and won Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019 thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as the Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency 149 Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as Deputy Speaker within two consecutive terms from 2016 to 2017 and another currently in 2022 and was later elected as House Speaker on July 23 2018 making her the first woman to hold that position 150 See also Edit Philippines portalFirst ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines Spouse of the president of the Philippines Prime Minister of the Philippines Seal of the President of the Philippines Languages spoken by presidents of the Philippines List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines List of vice presidents of the Philippines Filipino styles and honorifics Heads of state and government of the Philippines List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines List of recorded datu in the Philippines Governor General of the Philippines Principalia Malacanang Palace We Say Mabuhay Notes Edit As head of government a b The position was created by an independent revolutionary state the Malolos Republic but was not recognized internationally The Philippine government now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state which it also calls the First Philippine Republic a b From an international standpoint at that time the First Philippine Republic never existed but rather Spain ceded its Spanish East Indies to the United States of America by the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish American War Therefore the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US associated Commonwealth of the Philippines The Department of Budget and Management DBM has indicated on their website that the president s salary grade is the 33rd The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC s website states 395 858 pesos The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor s death or resignation and finished out that unexpired term are Sergio Osmena 1944 Elpidio Quirino 1948 Carlos P Garcia 1957 and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 2001 References EditOfficial Gazette The Executive Branch This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Emilio Aguinaldo Official Gazette of the Philippine Government March 22 2011 Guevara Sulpico ed 2005 The laws of the first Philippine Republic the laws of Malolos 1898 1899 Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Library published 1972 Retrieved January 10 2011 a b c d e f g 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Chan Robles Virtual Law Library Retrieved January 7 2008 Salary Grade Table COMELEC Government of the Philippines January 1 2020 Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents NATIONAL BUDGET CIRCULAR NO 588 pdf PDF Department of Budget Management Government of the Philippines January 3 2022 Salaverria Leila B July 22 2016 Don t call me Your Excellency Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 24 2021 Duterte order Don t call me His Excellency Rappler July 21 2016 Retrieved August 24 2021 Out na ang His Excellency Balita Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid in Tagalog Balita July 22 2016 Retrieved August 24 2021 The 1943 Constitution Archived from the original on February 25 2009 Retrieved April 1 2009 The 1935 Constitution Archived from the original on May 22 2009 Retrieved April 1 2009 The 1973 Constitution Archived from the original on April 17 2008 Retrieved April 1 2009 PROCLAMATION No 1081 September 21 1972 PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES Archived August 4 2012 at the Wayback Machine Lawphil net Pedrosa Carmen N December 1 2018 Was Andres Bonifacio the 1st Philippine president Philstar com The Philippine Star Retrieved August 29 2021 a b Recognition sought for Bonifacio as first Tagalog Republic president The Manila Times November 29 2013 Retrieved August 30 2021 Bonifacio s claim Tagalog Republic Philippine Daily Inquirer December 26 2014 Retrieved August 30 2021 Po Julie L May 12 2013 Lessons from Gat Andres death Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 30 2021 a b Abad Roderick November 30 2017 Bonifacio descendant wants government to recognize him as first PHL president Roderick Abad BusinessMirror Retrieved August 30 2021 The Supremo s supreme love Philippine Daily Inquirer November 30 2020 Retrieved September 8 2021 Musico Jelly November 30 2018 Filipinos honor Father of Philippine Revolution www pna gov ph Retrieved September 8 2021 a b Chua Xiao November 30 2018 Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo ABS CBN News Retrieved August 30 2021 Borromeo amp Borromeo Buehler 1998 p 25 Item 3 in the list referring to Note 41 at p 61 citing This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government with Bonifacio as its president that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention An attempt to change the official date of the Cry see Cry of Pugad Lawin from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No 336 held on 17 August 1993 apparently failed Sulyap Kultura National Commission of Culture and the Arts Philippines 1 2 1996 Borromeo amp Borromeo Buehler 1998 p 26 Formation of a revolutionary government Borromeo amp Borromeo Buehler 1998 p 135 in Document G Account of Mr Bricco Brigado Pantos Halili amp Halili 2004 pp 138 139 Severino Howie November 27 2007 Bonifacio for first president GMA News Archived from the original on September 3 2009 Retrieved July 16 2022 Guerrero Milagros Schumacher S J John 1998 Reform and Revolution Kasaysayan The History of the Filipino People Vol 5 Asia Publishing Company Limited ISBN 962 258 228 1 Guerrero Milagros Encarnacion Emmanuel Villegas Ramon 1996 Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution Sulyap Kultura National Commission for Culture and the Arts 1 2 3 12 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved August 2 2009 Ambeth Ocampo May 11 2010 Bonifacio First President of the Philippines Philippine Daily Inquirer via PressReader a b c d Tolentino Reina C Ignacio Reicelene Joy August 29 2016 Militants want Bonifacio declared first president The Manila Times Retrieved August 30 2021 Geronimo Jee Y October 12 2013 His Excellency President Andres Bonifacio Rappler Retrieved August 30 2021 House Resolution No 285 PDF House of Representatives of the Philippines August 30 2016 Ambeth Ocampo May 11 2007 Looking Back Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention Archived from the original on June 30 2010 Tejeros Convention Presidential Museum and Library Retrieved September 1 2021 Stickney Joseph L 1899 War in the Philippines And Life and Glorious Deeds of Admiral Dewey A Thrilling Account of Our Conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient Monarch p 314 Abueva Jose V March 22 2014 Our only republic Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 31 2021 David Randy December 19 2010 Jacinto Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 31 2021 via PressReader Philippine History The Biak na Bato Republic of 1897 www msc edu ph Retrieved September 1 2021 Ramos Fidel V November 2 1997 Speech of President Ramos on the centennial of the Biak na Bato Republic Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved September 1 2021 Malindog Uy Anna August 30 2020 Can Rev Gov Heal All In The Philippines The ASEAN Post Retrieved September 1 2021 Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish American War The World of 1898 The Spanish American War Hispanic Division Library of Congress Library of Congress Retrieved September 1 2021 Whitener Barbara UofL Libraries Government Resources History Spanish American War library louisville edu Retrieved September 1 2021 Lopez Tony February 13 2019 The mock Battle of Manila Bay 2 Manila Standard Retrieved September 1 2021 Regalado Felix B and Quintin B Franco 1973 History of Panay Jaro Iloilo City Central Philippine University Ocampo Ambeth R July 12 2017 When Aguinaldo visited Singapore Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved September 1 2021 a b Philippine History The Dictatorial Government of Aguinaldo in 1898 msc edu ph Retrieved September 1 2021 a b Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy U S Library of Congress Tan Michael L July 7 2021 July the 4th Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved September 1 2021 Duka Cecilio D 2008 Struggle for Freedom 2008 Ed Rex Bookstore Inc p 167 ISBN 978 971 23 5045 0 Saulo Alfredo B 1983 Emilio Aguinaldo Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic first Republic in Asia Phoenix Publishing House pp 255 513 ISBN 978 971 06 0720 4 Pedrosa Carmen N October 6 2013 Revolutionary govt Republica Filipina The Philippine Star Retrieved September 1 2021 Virata Cesar E A June 12 1998 ASIANOW Asiaweek Emilio Aguinaldo edition cnn com CNN Retrieved September 1 2021 Ocampo Ambeth R June 16 2021 The many names for war Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved September 1 2021 Araw ng Republikang Filipino 1899 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved September 1 2021 HIstory of the Senate Senate of the Philippines Retrieved September 1 2021 Malolos Constitution The LawPhil Project lawphil net Retrieved September 1 2021 Aguinaldo Camille April 7 2018 First Philippine Republic Day declared special working holiday BusinessWorld Retrieved September 1 2021 Cadusale M Carmell August 2016 Allegiance and Identity Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine American War 1898 1914 MA thesis Youngstown State University Retrieved September 1 2021 via Ohio Library and Information Network OhioLINK Evolution of the Revolution Presidential Museum and Library Archived from the original on July 16 2014 Retrieved September 1 2021 The U S Occupation of the Philippines University of Colorado American Studies Archived from the original on February 16 2015 Retrieved February 13 2015 a b The First Philippine Republic National Historical Commission of the Philippines September 7 2012 a b c Tucker Spencer C 2009 The encyclopedia of the Spanish American and Philippine American wars a political social and military history ABC CLIO p 8 ISBN 978 1 85109 951 1 The Manila Times Trusted Since 1898 The Manila Times Archived from the original on December 11 2008 Retrieved February 13 2015 Flores Paul August 12 1995 Macario Sakay Tulisan or Patriot Philippine History Group of Los Angeles Archived from the original on June 9 2007 Retrieved April 8 2007 Old Governor General s Office Presidential Museum and Library Retrieved September 4 2021 Barrows David P 1916 The Governor General of the Philippines Under Spain and the United States The American Historical Review 21 2 288 311 doi 10 2307 1835051 ISSN 0002 8762 JSTOR 1835051 Blount James H July 31 2020 The American Occupation of the Philippines BoD Books on Demand ISBN 978 3 7523 8289 1 a b c d e The Commonwealth of the Philippines www officialgazette gov ph Retrieved September 9 2021 The 1935 Constitution www officialgazette gov ph Retrieved September 9 2021 a b c d e Constitution Day www officialgazette gov ph Retrieved September 9 2021 1935 Constitution amended www officialgazette gov ph Retrieved September 9 2021 a b The execution of Jose Abad Santos www officialgazette gov ph Retrieved September 9 2021 Abad Santos kin forgive Japan for killing wartime Chief Justice Philippine Daily Inquirer June 17 2018 Retrieved September 9 2021 Dr Jose P Laurel as President of the Second Philippine Republic Presidential Museum and Library Archived from the original on May 16 2016 Retrieved September 20 2021 Dooc Manny March 9 2021 Jose P Laurel No one s puppet Manny Dooc BusinessMirror Retrieved September 20 2021 Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P Laurel Presidential Museum and Library Archived from the original on May 5 2016 Retrieved September 20 2021 a b Jose P Laurel Sr was inaugurated President October 14 1943 The Kahimyang Project October 14 2011 Retrieved September 20 2021 Speech of President Garcia at the Dinner in Honor of the memory of the late Senator Jose P Laurel GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved September 20 2021 Second Philippine Republic Presidential Museum and Library Archived from the original on March 15 2015 Retrieved September 20 2021 Third Republic GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved September 20 2021 1973 Philippine Constitution The LawPhil Project lawphil net Retrieved September 23 2021 Address of President Marcos on Constitution Day GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved September 23 2021 MARCOS SAID TO PLAN A NEW GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE The New York Times March 2 1981 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 23 2021 ALMARIO MANUEL F June 20 2013 A celebration of failure Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved September 30 2021 Tomacruz Sofia November 25 2017 LOOK BACK When did the Philippines have a revolutionary government Rappler Retrieved October 12 2021 a b Philippines Proclamation No 3 declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people adopting a Provisional Constitution and related matters www ilo org Retrieved October 12 2021 a b c Branigin William March 26 1986 Aquino Drops Assembly and Constitution Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved October 12 2021 1976 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY Retrieved October 12 2021 Siverio Ina Alleco February 6 2015 Bonifacio is the first Philippine president Manila Today Retrieved October 12 2021 Katipunan The World of 1898 The Spanish American War Hispanic Division Library of Congress www loc gov Retrieved October 12 2021 Gueraiche William December 1 2008 Manuel Quezon Patron of the American Filipino Community Moussons Recherche en Sciences Humaines Sur l Asie du Sud Est 12 163 172 doi 10 4000 moussons 1536 ISSN 1620 3224 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved February 13 2015 Quezon Manolo November 17 2008 The Explainer Vice President s Night Manuel L Quezon III ANC Retrieved October 12 2021 The President of the Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines Philippine Consulate General Milan Italy Retrieved October 12 2021 The Philippines 1898 1946 US House of Representatives History Art amp Archives history house gov Retrieved October 12 2021 Umali Justin June 4 2019 A Look into the Most Consequential Election in our History the 1935 Presidential Elections Esquiremag ph Retrieved October 12 2021 a b Elefante Fil V June 13 2016 The Philippines s Second Republic and a forgotten Independence Day Fil V Elefante BusinessMirror Retrieved October 13 2021 1 United States Philippines 1898 1946 uca edu Retrieved October 13 2021 Problem in Exile Time November 1 1943 ISSN 0040 781X Retrieved October 13 2021 a b Tactaquin Jommel P Remembering our Past PDF Philippine Veterans Affairs Office Retrieved October 13 2021 Republic Day GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved October 13 2021 a b c The Executive Branch GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved October 13 2021 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 1 Gov t Agencies under OP Office of the President of the Philippines Retrieved October 13 2021 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 10 sec 4 THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ARTICLE VII GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved October 13 2021 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 19 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 20 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 16 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 8 sec 9 THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ARTICLE VI Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved June 30 2022 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain The Powers of the Philippine President Explained Reportr world Retrieved June 29 2022 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 2 Philippine Consulate General Vancouver a b 1987 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 4 Constitution of the Philippines art 7 sec 5 Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas art 7 sek 5 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY Martial Law Museum 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY Constitution of the Philippines art 11 sec 2 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Article XI Retrieved July 25 2008 Constitution of the Philippines art 11 sec 2 A century of alternative Malacanangs The Philippine Star Grandstands and grand public spaces Modern Living Lifestyle Features The Philippine Star philstar com a b c d e Bahay Pangarap Aquino s future home June 9 2010 a b How was PNoy s first night at Bahay Pangarap GMA News August 6 2010 Retrieved May 15 2022 Villano Alexa June 30 2010 Noynoy s new home is Bahay Pangarap The Philippine STAR Retrieved May 10 2022 Bahay Pangarap for P Noy ready The Philippine STAR Archived from the original on December 9 2012 Retrieved August 10 2010 a b c d Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacanang Park Galang Willie 2010 01 23 Mansion House NHI Marker Flickr com Retrieved on 2011 11 21 Saavedra John Rey February 28 2019 BOC Cebu staff poised to go back to old Customs house Philippine News Agency www pna gov ph Retrieved May 15 2022 Arzadon Cristina October 12 2012 Bringing back the grandeur of Malacanang ti Amianan Cebu Daily News Retrieved May 15 2022 Mangosing Francisco September 21 2020 PH Air Force commissions brand new command and control aircraft Philippine Inquirer Retrieved November 14 2020 The Presidential Yachts Official Gazette Office of the President President Aquino arrives at the Palace YouTube 11 Historic Philippine Presidential Cars We Love When In Manila June 12 2015 Retrieved May 3 2021 Billones Trisha July 12 2016 A look at presidential cars in Philippine history ABS CBN News Retrieved August 24 2012 Billones Trisha July 13 2016 A look at presidential cars in Philippine history National Historical Commission of the Philippines ABS CBN News Retrieved August 24 2021 Palace Presidential Car Necessary Expense Yahoo News Philippines Laurel Drei June 30 2022 It looks like BBM is ending the trend of using Japanese SUVs as the presidential vehicle Top Gear Philippines Retrieved July 2 2022 The Manila Times TOP STORIES gt Pullout of Erap security a mistake archived from the original on March 7 2007 1 Archived March 25 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b 2 Archived April 21 2008 at the Wayback Machine 3 Archived February 23 2009 at the Wayback Machine 4 Archived March 7 2008 at the Wayback Machine 5 Archived April 18 2008 at the Wayback Machine Amita O Legaspi Estrada to return to Malacanang January 11 2007 GMANews TV 9 years after ouster Erap back in Malacanang January 12 2010 GMANews TV QTV Erap back in Malacanang for NSC meeting December 1 2010 GMANews TV Tonette Orejas Charlene Cayabyab Arroyo proclaimed congresswoman of Pampanga s 2nd district Archived May 16 2010 at the Wayback Machine May 13 2010 Philippine Daily Inquirer NEW SPEAKER Gloria takes seat at House rostrum Alvarez welcomes Duterte GMA News Online Retrieved July 23 2018 Bibliography Edit Borromeo Soledad Masangkay Borromeo Buehler Soledad 1998 The Cry of Balintawak A contrived Controversy A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents Ateneo de Manila University Press ISBN 978 971 550 278 8 Halili Christine N Halili Maria Christine 2004 Philippine History Rex Bookstore Inc ISBN 978 971 23 3934 9 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the Philippines Wikisource has original text related to this article National constitutions of the Philippines Office of the President of the Philippines Archived July 5 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Presidential Museum and Library Archived May 27 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1987 Constitution of the Philippines We Say Mabuhay The anthem of the president of the Philippines March of the President of the Philippines unofficial title song played when the president is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title President of the Philippines amp oldid 1132491477, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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