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Least developed countries

April 12, 2023

The least developed countries (LDCs) are developing countries listed by the United Nations that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) on 18 November 1971.[1]

  Least developed countries (designated by the UN as of 2020)
  Former LDCs

A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria:[2][3]

  • Poverty – adjustable criterion based on Gross national income (GNI) per capita averaged over three years. As of 2018, a country must have GNI per capita less than US$1,025 to be included on the list, and over $1,230 to graduate from it.
  • Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy).
  • Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters).

As of December 2020, 46 countries were still classified as LDC, while six graduated between 1994 and 2020.[4] The World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes the UN list and says that "Measures taken in the framework of the WTO can help LDCs increase their exports to other WTO members and attract investment. In many developing countries, pro-market reforms have encouraged faster growth, diversification of exports, and more effective participation in the multilateral trading system."[5]

Overview

 
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day
 
G33 countries: a coalition of developing countries in regards to agriculture.

LDC criteria are reviewed every three years by the Committee for Development Policy (CDP) of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Countries may be removed from the LDC classification when indicators exceed these criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews.[6] The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) coordinates UN support and provides advocacy services for Least Developed Countries. The classification (as of December 2020) applies to 46 countries.[4]

At the UN's fourth conference on LDCs, which was held in May 2011, delegates endorsed a goal targeting the promotion of at least half the current LDC countries within the next ten years.[7] As of 2018, ten or more countries were expected to graduate in 2024, with Bangladesh and Djibouti already satisfying all criteria in 2018.[8]

There is one country which presently meets the criteria and two countries which previously met the criteria for LDC status, but declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP's data: Ghana (no longer meets criteria as of 1994), Papua New Guinea (no longer meets criteria as of 2009), and Zimbabwe.[9]

Usage and abbreviations

Further information: Developing country § Criticisms of the term

Least developed countries can be distinguished from developing countries, "less developed countries", "lesser developed countries", or other similar terms.

The term "less economically developed country" (LEDC) is also used today. However, in order to avoid confusion between "least developed country" and "less economically developed country" (which may both be abbreviated as LDC), and to avoid confusion with landlocked developing country (which can be abbreviated as LLDC), "developing country" is generally used in preference to "less-developed country".

During a United Nations review in 2018, the UN defined LDCs as countries meeting three criteria, one of which was a three-year average estimate of gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US$1,025. Countries with populations over 75 million are excluded.[10]

UN conferences

 
Deputy Foreign Minister of Greece Spyros Kouvelis at the 4th UN Conference on Least Developed Countries

There were five United Nations conferences on LDCs, held every ten years. The first two were in Paris, in 1981 and 1991; the third was in Brussels in 2001.

The Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries (LDC-IV) was held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 9–13 May 2011. It was attended by Ban Ki-moon, the head of the UN, and close to 50 prime ministers and heads of state. The conference endorsed the goal of raising half the existing Least developed countries out of the LDC category in 2022. As with the Seoul Development Consensus drawn up in 2010, there was a strong emphasis on boosting productive capability and physical infrastructure, with several NGOs not pleased with the emphasis placed on the private sector.[7][11]

Trade

Issues surrounding global trade regulations and LDCs have gained a lot of media and policy attention thanks to the recently collapsed Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations being termed a development round. During the WTO's Hong Kong Ministerial, it was agreed that LDCs could see 100 percent duty-free, quota-free access to U.S. markets if the round were completed. But analysis of the deal by NGOs found that the text of the proposed LDC deal had substantial loopholes that might make the offer less than the full 100 percent access, and could even erase some current duty-free access of LDCs to rich country markets.[12][13] Dissatisfaction with these loopholes led some economists to call for a reworking of the Hong Kong deal.[citation needed]

Dr. Chiedu Osakwe, as of 2001 the Director, Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO, and adviser to the Director-General on developing country matters, was appointed as the WTO Special Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries beginning in 1999.[14] He worked closely with the five other agencies that together with the WTO constitute the Integrated Framework of action for the Least Developed Countries. They addressed issues of market access, special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries, participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system, and development questions, especially the interests of developing countries in competition policy.[15] At the 28th G8 summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative, so that the then 48 LDCs could profit from "trade-not-aid".[16] Additionally, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 advocates for an effective special and differential treatment of LDCs as integral parts of WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation.[17]

List of countries

The following 46 countries were still listed as least developed countries by the UN as of November 2021:[18] Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, East Timor, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Tanzania, Yemen, Zambia.

By continent or region

There are 33 countries that are classified as least developed countries in Africa, nine in Asia, three in Oceania, and one in the Americas.

The list of "least developed countries" according to the United Nations with some that are categorized into the landlocked developing countries and the Small Island Developing States:[19]

Africa

Americas

Asia

Oceania

Delisted countries (graduated countries)

The three criteria (human assets, economic vulnerability and gross national income per capita) are assessed by the Committee for Development Policy every three years. Countries must meet two of the three criteria at two consecutive triennial reviews to be considered for graduation. The Committee for Development Policy sends its recommendations for endorsement to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[23]

After the initiation of the LDC category, six countries graduated to developing country status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was Botswana in 1994. The second country was Cape Verde in 2007.[24] Maldives graduated to developing country status on at the beginning of 2011, Samoa in 2014,[25][26] Equatorial Guinea in 2017,[27] and Vanuatu in December 2020.[28]

The following countries are no longer categorized in the "least developed countries" group:

Countries expected to graduate soon

  • Bhutan will graduate or be upgraded in 2023. São Tomé and Príncipe and Solomon Islands will also leave the category in 2024.[23]
  • Nepal was selected to graduate or be upgraded to developing countries in 2018. However, the authorities of Nepal requested to postpone it until 2021.[34] It was later pushed back an additional five years.
  • Angola was expected to graduate or be upgraded in 2021, but the preparatory period was extended by three years because of the economic difficulties of the country and its dependence on commodities.[35]
  • Bangladesh met the criteria twice, once in 2018 and again in 2021. The country will officially graduate from LDC status in November 2026, two years after it was supposed to, because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]
  • Laos and Nepal will also graduate in November 2026.[37]
  • Cambodia will also graduate from LDC status in 2027.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  2. ^ "Criteria For Identification Of LDCs". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  3. ^ UN-OHRLLS Criteria for Identification and Graduation of LDCs 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ a b "LDCs at a Glance". Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  5. ^ "Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Briefing Notes Least Developed Countries - Towards free market access for least-developed countries". World Trade Organization.
  6. ^ "Graduation from the LDC category | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Economic Analysis & Policy Division | Dept of Economic & Social Affairs | United Nations. March 5, 2010.
  7. ^ a b "Goal to halve number of LDCs in next 10 years". The Guardian. 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  8. ^ Wang, Brian (11 June 2018). "Ten Fewer Least Developed Countries by 2024". nextbigfuture.com. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  9. ^ Handbook on the least developed country category : inclusion, graduation, and special support measures. United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Committee for Development Policy, United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Third ed.). New York. October 2018. ISBN 978-92-1-104692-2. OCLC 1088728737.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ^ "Criteria For Identification Of LDCs". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  11. ^ "Least developed countries: UN conference endorses ambitious plan to lift millions out of poverty". The Guardian. 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  12. ^ "Public Citizen | Global Trade Watch | Global Trade Watch - Hot Issue June 21 - Study shows WTO's Doha Round proposal would leave many poor countries worse off". Citizen.org. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  13. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2006-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ World Trade Organization, "Moore announces key appointments for development issues", 1999 Press Releases, Press/136, 13 September 1999
  15. ^ Osakwe, Chiedu, "Are WTO Members wrestling an octopus, did they set their sights too high?", DAC News November–December 2005, Development Assistance Committee, OECD.
  16. ^ Vasil, Adria. . Stage81.nowtoronto.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  17. ^ . UNDP. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  18. ^ UN (2021) List of Least Developed Countries (as of 24 November 2021)
  19. ^ "LDCs at a Glance". United Nations Development Policy & Analysis Division. 2008-05-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Also a landlocked developing country
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Also a Small Island Developing State
  22. ^ "Least Developed Country Category: Bangladesh Profile | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". 25 December 2015.
  23. ^ a b "It's official and historical – three more countries will graduate from the LDC category". Development Policy & Analysis Division. 2018-12-13. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  24. ^ "UN advocate salutes Cape Verde's graduation from category of poorest States", UN News Centre, 14 June 2007.
  25. ^ "Timeline of country's graduation from the LDC category". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  26. ^ . UN-OHRLLS via Radio Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  27. ^ "Least Developed Country Category: Equatorial Guinea Profile". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Vanuatu graduates from least developed country status". United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2020-12-04.
  29. ^ "UN Handbook on the LDC Category" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  30. ^ . Sikkim.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  31. ^ a b c "Istanbul forum offers chance to recommit to helping world's poorest nations". United Nations. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  32. ^ Ashton, Melanie (20 June 2012). "UN-OHRLLS Announces Samoa to Graduate from LDC Status". IISD's SDG Knowledge. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  33. ^ "Equatorial Guinea Graduates from the LDC Category". United Nations. 4 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  34. ^ "Nepal braces for graduation from an LDC". UNDP in Nepal.
  35. ^ "Extension of the preparatory period preceding the graduation of Angola from the least developed country category". undocs.org. 2021-02-04.
  36. ^ Byron, Rejaul Karim; Mirdha, Refayet Ullah (2021-02-28). "Becoming A Developing Nation: Bangladesh reaches A Milestone". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  37. ^ "U.N. General Assembly graduates Bangladesh, Nepal to developing countries bloc". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  38. ^ Dara, Voun (2022-01-18). "Kingdom on track for LDC graduation". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 2022-07-13.

External links

  • Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, United Nations
  • United Nations List of LDCs
  • Criteria for Identification of LDCs
  • Fourth UN Conference on the LDCs
  • UNCTAD Least Developed Countries Report (Series)

April 12, 2023
least, developed, countries, least, developed, countries, ldcs, developing, countries, listed, united, nations, that, exhibit, lowest, indicators, socioeconomic, development, concept, ldcs, originated, late, 1960s, first, group, ldcs, listed, resolution, 2768,. The least developed countries LDCs are developing countries listed by the United Nations that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 XXVI on 18 November 1971 1 Least developed countries designated by the UN as of 2020 Former LDCs A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria 2 3 Poverty adjustable criterion based on Gross national income GNI per capita averaged over three years As of 2018 update a country must have GNI per capita less than US 1 025 to be included on the list and over 1 230 to graduate from it Human resource weakness based on indicators of nutrition health education and adult literacy Economic vulnerability based on instability of agricultural production instability of exports of goods and services economic importance of non traditional activities merchandise export concentration handicap of economic smallness and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters As of December 2020 46 countries were still classified as LDC while six graduated between 1994 and 2020 4 The World Trade Organization WTO recognizes the UN list and says that Measures taken in the framework of the WTO can help LDCs increase their exports to other WTO members and attract investment In many developing countries pro market reforms have encouraged faster growth diversification of exports and more effective participation in the multilateral trading system 5 Contents 1 Overview 2 Usage and abbreviations 3 UN conferences 4 Trade 5 List of countries 5 1 By continent or region 5 1 1 Africa 5 1 2 Americas 5 1 3 Asia 5 1 4 Oceania 5 2 Delisted countries graduated countries 5 3 Countries expected to graduate soon 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOverview Edit Poverty headcount ratio at 1 90 a day G33 countries a coalition of developing countries in regards to agriculture LDC criteria are reviewed every three years by the Committee for Development Policy CDP of the UN Economic and Social Council ECOSOC Countries may be removed from the LDC classification when indicators exceed these criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews 6 The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States UN OHRLLS coordinates UN support and provides advocacy services for Least Developed Countries The classification as of December 2020 update applies to 46 countries 4 At the UN s fourth conference on LDCs which was held in May 2011 delegates endorsed a goal targeting the promotion of at least half the current LDC countries within the next ten years 7 As of 2018 ten or more countries were expected to graduate in 2024 with Bangladesh and Djibouti already satisfying all criteria in 2018 8 There is one country which presently meets the criteria and two countries which previously met the criteria for LDC status but declined to be included in the index questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP s data Ghana no longer meets criteria as of 1994 Papua New Guinea no longer meets criteria as of 2009 and Zimbabwe 9 Usage and abbreviations EditFurther information Developing country Criticisms of the term Least developed countries can be distinguished from developing countries less developed countries lesser developed countries or other similar terms The term less economically developed country LEDC is also used today However in order to avoid confusion between least developed country and less economically developed country which may both be abbreviated as LDC and to avoid confusion with landlocked developing country which can be abbreviated as LLDC developing country is generally used in preference to less developed country During a United Nations review in 2018 the UN defined LDCs as countries meeting three criteria one of which was a three year average estimate of gross national income GNI per capita of less than US 1 025 Countries with populations over 75 million are excluded 10 UN conferences Edit Deputy Foreign Minister of Greece Spyros Kouvelis at the 4th UN Conference on Least Developed Countries There were five United Nations conferences on LDCs held every ten years The first two were in Paris in 1981 and 1991 the third was in Brussels in 2001 The Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries LDC IV was held in Istanbul Turkey on 9 13 May 2011 It was attended by Ban Ki moon the head of the UN and close to 50 prime ministers and heads of state The conference endorsed the goal of raising half the existing Least developed countries out of the LDC category in 2022 As with the Seoul Development Consensus drawn up in 2010 there was a strong emphasis on boosting productive capability and physical infrastructure with several NGOs not pleased with the emphasis placed on the private sector 7 11 Trade EditIssues surrounding global trade regulations and LDCs have gained a lot of media and policy attention thanks to the recently collapsed Doha Round of World Trade Organization WTO negotiations being termed a development round During the WTO s Hong Kong Ministerial it was agreed that LDCs could see 100 percent duty free quota free access to U S markets if the round were completed But analysis of the deal by NGOs found that the text of the proposed LDC deal had substantial loopholes that might make the offer less than the full 100 percent access and could even erase some current duty free access of LDCs to rich country markets 12 13 Dissatisfaction with these loopholes led some economists to call for a reworking of the Hong Kong deal citation needed Dr Chiedu Osakwe as of 2001 the Director Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO and adviser to the Director General on developing country matters was appointed as the WTO Special Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries beginning in 1999 14 He worked closely with the five other agencies that together with the WTO constitute the Integrated Framework of action for the Least Developed Countries They addressed issues of market access special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system and development questions especially the interests of developing countries in competition policy 15 At the 28th G8 summit in Kananaskis Alberta Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative so that the then 48 LDCs could profit from trade not aid 16 Additionally the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 advocates for an effective special and differential treatment of LDCs as integral parts of WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation 17 List of countries EditThe following 46 countries were still listed as least developed countries by the UN as of November 2021 18 Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea Bissau Haiti Kiribati Laos Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Sudan Sudan East Timor Togo Tuvalu Uganda Tanzania Yemen Zambia By continent or region Edit There are 33 countries that are classified as least developed countries in Africa nine in Asia three in Oceania and one in the Americas The list of least developed countries according to the United Nations with some that are categorized into the landlocked developing countries and the Small Island Developing States 19 Africa Edit Angola Benin Burkina Faso 20 Burundi 20 Central African Republic 20 Chad 20 Comoros 21 D R Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia 20 Gambia Guinea Guinea Bissau Lesotho 20 Liberia Madagascar Malawi 20 Mali 20 Mauritania Mozambique Niger 20 Rwanda 20 Sao Tome and Principe 21 Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Sudan 20 Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda 20 Zambia 20 Americas Edit HaitiAsia Edit Afghanistan 20 Bangladesh 22 Bhutan 20 Cambodia East Timor 21 Laos 20 Myanmar Nepal 20 Yemen Oceania Edit Kiribati 21 Solomon Islands 21 Tuvalu 21 Delisted countries graduated countries Edit The three criteria human assets economic vulnerability and gross national income per capita are assessed by the Committee for Development Policy every three years Countries must meet two of the three criteria at two consecutive triennial reviews to be considered for graduation The Committee for Development Policy sends its recommendations for endorsement to the Economic and Social Council ECOSOC 23 After the initiation of the LDC category six countries graduated to developing country status The first country to graduate from LDC status was Botswana in 1994 The second country was Cape Verde in 2007 24 Maldives graduated to developing country status on at the beginning of 2011 Samoa in 2014 25 26 Equatorial Guinea in 2017 27 and Vanuatu in December 2020 28 The following countries are no longer categorized in the least developed countries group Sikkim became a state within the Republic of India in 1975 29 30 Botswana graduated from LDC status in December 1994 31 Cape Verde graduated in December 2007 31 Maldives graduated in January 2011 31 Samoa graduated in January 2014 32 Equatorial Guinea graduated in June 2017 33 Vanuatu graduated in December 2020 21 28 Countries expected to graduate soon Edit Bhutan will graduate or be upgraded in 2023 Sao Tome and Principe and Solomon Islands will also leave the category in 2024 23 Nepal was selected to graduate or be upgraded to developing countries in 2018 However the authorities of Nepal requested to postpone it until 2021 34 It was later pushed back an additional five years Angola was expected to graduate or be upgraded in 2021 but the preparatory period was extended by three years because of the economic difficulties of the country and its dependence on commodities 35 Bangladesh met the criteria twice once in 2018 and again in 2021 The country will officially graduate from LDC status in November 2026 two years after it was supposed to because of the COVID 19 pandemic 36 Laos and Nepal will also graduate in November 2026 37 Cambodia will also graduate from LDC status in 2027 38 See also Edit Countries portal World portalDevelopment geography GautengPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Development economics Economics of developing economies Economic development Process and policies to improve economic well being Extreme poverty Condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs Failed state A state with a dysfunctional government or no government Group of 77 Coalition of 134 developing countries Heavily indebted poor countries IMF and World Bank classification for special eligibility Human Development Index Composite statistic of life expectancy education and income indices Human Poverty Index Former indication of the poverty of community in a country List of countries by GDP PPP per capita More developed country Country with a developed industry and infrastructure MDC opposite of LDCs Newly industrialized country Socioeconomic classification Right to development definitive individual and collective rightPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackReferences Edit Identification of the least developed among the developing countries PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 09 Retrieved 2011 01 12 Criteria For Identification Of LDCs United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis Division Retrieved 2018 03 02 UN OHRLLS Criteria for Identification and Graduation of LDCs Archived 2019 07 25 at the Wayback Machine a b LDCs at a Glance Department of Economic and Social Affairs 25 May 2008 Retrieved 2020 12 04 Doha WTO Ministerial 2001 Briefing Notes Least Developed Countries Towards free market access for least developed countries World Trade Organization Graduation from the LDC category Department of Economic and Social Affairs Economic Analysis amp Policy Division Dept of Economic amp Social Affairs United Nations March 5 2010 a b Goal to halve number of LDCs in next 10 years The Guardian 2011 05 06 Retrieved 2011 05 13 Wang Brian 11 June 2018 Ten Fewer Least Developed Countries by 2024 nextbigfuture com Retrieved 21 December 2018 Handbook on the least developed country category inclusion graduation and special support measures United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee for Development Policy United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Third ed New York October 2018 ISBN 978 92 1 104692 2 OCLC 1088728737 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Criteria For Identification Of LDCs United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis Division 4 March 2010 Retrieved 2018 03 02 Least developed countries UN conference endorses ambitious plan to lift millions out of poverty The Guardian 2011 05 13 Retrieved 2011 05 13 Public Citizen Global Trade Watch Global Trade Watch Hot Issue June 21 Study shows WTO s Doha Round proposal would leave many poor countries worse off Citizen org Retrieved 2014 07 28 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 04 01 Retrieved 2006 07 26 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link World Trade Organization Moore announces key appointments for development issues 1999 Press Releases Press 136 13 September 1999 Osakwe Chiedu Are WTO Members wrestling an octopus did they set their sights too high DAC News November December 2005 Development Assistance Committee OECD Vasil Adria NOW Toronto Roots runs away Beaver clad clothier blames feds Africa trade aid for west end plant closure February 12 19 2004 VOL 23 NO 24 Vasil Stage81 nowtoronto com Archived from the original on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2014 07 28 Goal 14 targets UNDP Archived from the original on 2020 09 30 Retrieved 2020 09 24 UN 2021 List of Least Developed Countries as of 24 November 2021 LDCs at a Glance United Nations Development Policy amp Analysis Division 2008 05 25 Retrieved 2019 01 03 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Also a landlocked developing country a b c d e f g Also a Small Island Developing State Least Developed Country Category Bangladesh Profile Department of Economic and Social Affairs 25 December 2015 a b It s official and historical three more countries will graduate from the LDC category Development Policy amp Analysis Division 2018 12 13 Retrieved 2019 01 03 UN advocate salutes Cape Verde s graduation from category of poorest States UN News Centre 14 June 2007 Timeline of country s graduation from the LDC category United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis Division 5 March 2010 Retrieved 2018 03 02 Samoa To Gain Developing Country Economic Status In January 2014 UN OHRLLS via Radio Australia Archived from the original on 2015 10 17 Retrieved 2015 08 09 Least Developed Country Category Equatorial Guinea Profile United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis Division 2018 Retrieved 21 December 2018 a b Vanuatu graduates from least developed country status United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2020 12 04 UN Handbook on the LDC Category PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 02 07 Retrieved 2014 07 28 About Sikkim from the Government of Sikkim s website Sikkim gov in Archived from the original on 2009 05 25 Retrieved 2014 07 28 a b c Istanbul forum offers chance to recommit to helping world s poorest nations United Nations 2011 01 10 Retrieved 2014 07 28 Ashton Melanie 20 June 2012 UN OHRLLS Announces Samoa to Graduate from LDC Status IISD s SDG Knowledge Retrieved 2017 11 24 Equatorial Guinea Graduates from the LDC Category United Nations 4 June 2017 Retrieved 7 November 2017 Nepal braces for graduation from an LDC UNDP in Nepal Extension of the preparatory period preceding the graduation of Angola from the least developed country category undocs org 2021 02 04 Byron Rejaul Karim Mirdha Refayet Ullah 2021 02 28 Becoming A Developing Nation Bangladesh reaches A Milestone The Daily Star Retrieved 2021 08 17 U N General Assembly graduates Bangladesh Nepal to developing countries bloc The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2021 11 26 Dara Voun 2022 01 18 Kingdom on track for LDC graduation The Phnom Penh Post Retrieved 2022 07 13 External links EditOffice of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries United Nations United Nations List of LDCs Criteria for Identification of LDCs Fourth UN Conference on the LDCs UNCTAD Least Developed Countries Report Series UN LDC IV Civil Society Forum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Least developed countries amp oldid 1148608333, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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