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Head of government

April 12, 2023

Not to be confused with Head of state.

The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. In diplomacy, "head of government" is differentiated from "head of state"[1][2][3][4] although in some countries, for example the United States, they are the same person.

Executive heads of government:

The authority of a head of government, such as a president, chancellor, or prime minister, and the relationship between that position and other state institutions, such as the relation between the head of state and of the legislature, varies greatly among sovereign states, depending largely on the particular system of the government that has been chosen, won, or evolved over time.

In most parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto political leader of the government, and is answerable to at least one chamber of the legislature. Although there is often a formal reporting relationship to a head of state, the latter usually acts as a figurehead who may take the role of chief executive on limited occasions, either when receiving constitutional advice from the head of government or under specific provisions in a constitution.[5]

In presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government.[6] The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, according to the constitution (or other basic laws) of the particular state.

In semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature with the specifics provided by each country's constitution.[7] A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958. In France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. However, the president must choose someone who can act effectively as an executive, but who also enjoys the support of France's legislature, the National Assembly, to be able to pass legislation. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party but the majority in the National Assembly is of a different party. Given that the majority party has greater control over state funding and primary legislation, the president is in effect forced to choose a prime minister from the opposition party to ensure an effective, functioning legislature. In this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the president's influence largely restricted to foreign affairs.

In communist states, the General Secretary of the Communist Party is the supreme leader, serving as de facto head of state and government. In China, the de jure head of government is the Premier. The Chinese President is legally a ceremonial office, but the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (top leader in a one-party system) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition.[8][9]

In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people. A prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments.

Titles of respective heads of government

The most common title for a head of government is Prime Minister. This is used as a formal title in many states, but may also be an informal generic term to refer to whichever office is considered the principal minister under an otherwise styled head of state, as minister — Latin for servants or subordinates — is a common title for members of a government (but many other titles are in use, e.g. chancellor and secretary of state). Formally the head of state can also be the head of government as well (ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation, such as a ruling monarch exercising all powers himself) but otherwise has formal precedence over the head of government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior (ruling monarch, executive president) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character (constitutional monarch, non-executive president). Various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question.

As political chief

In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, where there is an elected legislative body checking the head of government, include the following. Some of these titles relate to governments below the national level (e.g. states or provinces).

Alternative English terms and renderings

Equivalent titles in other languages

Under a dominant head of state

In a broader sense, a head of government can be used loosely when referring to various comparable positions under a dominant head of state (especially is the case of ancient or feudal eras, so the term "head of government", in this case, could be considered a contradiction in terms). In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch and holds no more power than the monarch allows. Some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier.

However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader. A skilled head of government like 19th-century German statesman Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia and later Chancellor of Germany under Emperor/King Wilhelm I, serves as an example showing that possession of formal powers does not equal political influence.

Indirectly referred as the head of state

In some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion. Such titles include the following:

Combined heads of state and government

 
President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil and President Christina Kirchner of Argentina in 2015.

In some models the head of state and head of government are one and the same. These include:

An alternative formula is a single chief political body (e.g., presidium) which collectively leads the government and provides (e.g. by turns) the ceremonial Head of state. The only state in which this system is currently employed is Switzerland but other countries such as Uruguay have employed it in the past. This system is described as the directorial system.

See Head of state for further explanation of these cases.

Parliamentary heads of government

 
The heads of government of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. From left to right, Mackenzie King (Canada), Jan Smuts (South Africa), Winston Churchill (United Kingdom), Peter Fraser (New Zealand), and John Curtin (Australia).

In parliamentary systems, government functions along the following lines:

  • The head of government — usually the leader of the majority party or coalition — forms the government, which is answerable to parliament;
  • Full answerability of government to parliament is achieved through
    • The ability of parliament to pass a vote of no confidence.
    • The ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government.
    • Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget (or supply); a government is powerless without control of the state finances. In a bicameral system, it is often the so-called lower house (e.g. the British House of Commons) that exercises the major elements of control and oversight; however, in some (e.g. Australia, Italy), the government is constitutionally or by convention answerable to both chambers/Houses of Parliament.

All of these requirements directly impact the head of government's role. Consequently, they often play a 'day to day' role in parliament, answering questions and defending the government on the 'floor of the House', while in semi-presidential systems they may not be required to play as much of a role in the functioning of parliament.

Appointment

In many countries, the head of government is commissioned by the head of state to form a government, on the basis of the strength of party support in the lower house; in some other states, the head of government is directly elected by parliament. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament (they must resign on becoming ministers).

Removal

Heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by

  • Resignation, following:
    • Defeat in a general election.
    • Defeat in a leadership vote at their party caucus, to be replaced by another member of the same party.
    • Defeat in a parliamentary vote on a major issue, e.g., loss of supply, loss of confidence. (In such cases, a head of government may seek a parliamentary dissolution from the head of state and attempt to regain support by popular vote.)
  • Dismissal — some constitutions allow a head of state (or their designated representative, as is the case in some Commonwealth countries) to dismiss a head of government, though its use can be controversial, as occurred in 1975 when then Australian Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the Australian Constitutional Crisis.
  • Death — in this case, the deputy head of government typically acts as the head of government until a new head of government is appointed.

First among equals or dominating the cabinet?

Constitutions differ in the range and scope of powers granted to the head of government. Some older constitutions; for example, Australia's 1900 text, and Belgium's 1830 text; do not mention their prime ministerial offices at all, the offices became a de facto political reality without a formal constitutional status. Some constitutions make a Prime Minister primus inter pares (first among equals) and that remains the practical reality for the Prime Minister of Belgium and the Prime Minister of Finland. Other states however, make their head of government a central and dominant figure within the cabinet system; Ireland's Taoiseach, for example, alone can decide when to seek a parliamentary dissolution, in contrast to other countries where this is a cabinet decision, with the Prime Minister just one member voting on the suggestion. In Israel, while the Government is nominally a collegiate body with a primus inter pares role for the Prime Minister, the Israeli Prime Minister is the dominant figure in the executive branch in practice.[12] The Prime Minister of Sweden, under the 1974 Instrument of Government, is a constitutional office with all key executive powers either directly at his or her disposal or indirectly through the collegial Government, whose members are all appointed and dismissed at the Prime Minister's sole discretion.

Under the unwritten British constitution, the prime minister's role has evolved, based often on the individual's personal appeal and strength of character, as contrasted between, for example, Winston Churchill as against Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher as against John Major. It is alleged[by whom?] that the increased personalisation of leadership in a number of states has led to heads of government becoming themselves "semi-presidential" figures, due in part to media coverage of politics that focuses on the leader and his or her mandate, rather than on parliament; and to the increasing centralisation of power in the hands of the head of government. Such allegations have been made against three former British Prime ministers: Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, and Boris Johnson. They were also made against Italian prime ministers Silvio Berlusconi and Matteo Renzi, Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau and Federal Chancellor of West Germany (later all of Germany), Helmut Kohl, when in power.[citation needed]

Official residence

Main article: Official residence

The head of government is often provided with an official residence, often in the same fashion as heads of state often are. The name of the residence is often used as a metonym or alternative title for 'the government' when the office is politically the highest, e.g. in the UK "Downing Street announced today…"

Well-known official residences of heads of government include:

Similarly, heads of government of federal entities below the level of the sovereign state (often without an actual head of state, at least under international law) may also be given an official residence, sometimes used as an opportunity to display aspirations of statehood:

Usually, the residence of the heads of government is not as prestigious and grand as that of the head of state, even if the head of state only performs ceremonial duties. Even the formal representative of the head of state, such as a governor-general, may well be housed in a grander, palace-type residence. However, this is not the case when both positions are combined into one:

Statistics

See also: Records of heads of state and Records of heads of government

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heads of government.

Notes

  1. ^ Not to be confused with a hotel, as a grand stately house is also called a hôtel in French.

References

Citations

  1. ^ As in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list)
  2. ^ HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS 27 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (19 October 2012). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  3. ^ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, International Law Commission, United Nations. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  4. ^ Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973 1 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, International Law Commission, United Nations. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Head Of State Vs. Head Of Government: A Guide". The Freeman Online. 26 January 2020. from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  6. ^ "head of state | Britannica". www.britannica.com. from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  7. ^ Yan, Huang-Ting (August 2021). "Prime ministerial autonomy and intra-executive conflict under semi-presidentialism". European Political Science Review. 13 (3): 285–306. doi:10.1017/S1755773921000072. ISSN 1755-7739. S2CID 233668466.
  8. ^ Buckley, Chris; Wu, Adam (10 March 2018). "Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why". New York Times. from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.
  9. ^ "China's 'Chairman of Everything': Behind Xi Jinping's Many Titles". The New York Times. 25 October 2017. from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2019. Mr. Xi's most important title is general secretary, the most powerful position in the Communist Party. In China's one-party system, this ranking gives him virtually unchecked authority over the government.
  10. ^ "대통령(大統領)" (in Korean). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Pirimia". Maori Dictionary. from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  12. ^ Amir, R.; Nachmias, D.; Arian, A. (17 December 2001). Executive Governance in Israel. p. 48. ISBN 9781403990150. from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  13. ^ H.R.H. the Prime Minister 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Mofa.gov.bh (20 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  14. ^ "Sheikh Hasina longest serving female leader in world: Survey". Uniindia.com. 9 September 2019. from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world". 11 September 2019. from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Sheikh Hasina world's longest serving female leader". from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.

Citations

  • Jean Blondel & Ferdinand Muller-Rommel Cabinets in Western Europe (ISBN 0-333-46209-2)

April 12, 2023
head, government, confused, with, head, state, head, government, highest, second, highest, official, executive, branch, sovereign, state, federated, state, self, governing, colony, autonomous, region, other, government, often, presides, over, cabinet, group, m. Not to be confused with Head of state The head of government is the highest or the second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state a federated state or a self governing colony autonomous region or other government who often presides over a cabinet a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments In diplomacy head of government is differentiated from head of state 1 2 3 4 although in some countries for example the United States they are the same person Executive heads of government Fumio Kishida Prime Minister of Japan Olaf Scholz Chancellor of Germany Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India Rishi Sunak Prime Minister of United Kingdom Justin Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada Giorgia Meloni Prime Minister of Italy Anthony Albanese Prime Minister of Australia Sheikh Hasina Prime Minister of Bangladesh Mette Frederiksen Prime Minister of Denmark The authority of a head of government such as a president chancellor or prime minister and the relationship between that position and other state institutions such as the relation between the head of state and of the legislature varies greatly among sovereign states depending largely on the particular system of the government that has been chosen won or evolved over time In most parliamentary systems including constitutional monarchies the head of government is the de facto political leader of the government and is answerable to at least one chamber of the legislature Although there is often a formal reporting relationship to a head of state the latter usually acts as a figurehead who may take the role of chief executive on limited occasions either when receiving constitutional advice from the head of government or under specific provisions in a constitution 5 In presidential republics or in absolute monarchies the head of state is also usually the head of government 6 The relationship between that leader and the government however can vary greatly ranging from separation of powers to autocracy according to the constitution or other basic laws of the particular state In semi presidential systems the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature with the specifics provided by each country s constitution 7 A modern example is the present French government which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958 In France the president the head of state appoints the prime minister who is the head of government However the president must choose someone who can act effectively as an executive but who also enjoys the support of France s legislature the National Assembly to be able to pass legislation In some cases the head of state may represent one political party but the majority in the National Assembly is of a different party Given that the majority party has greater control over state funding and primary legislation the president is in effect forced to choose a prime minister from the opposition party to ensure an effective functioning legislature In this case known as cohabitation the prime minister along with the cabinet controls domestic policy with the president s influence largely restricted to foreign affairs In communist states the General Secretary of the Communist Party is the supreme leader serving as de facto head of state and government In China the de jure head of government is the Premier The Chinese President is legally a ceremonial office but the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party top leader in a one party system has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition 8 9 In directorial systems the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people A prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments Contents 1 Titles of respective heads of government 1 1 As political chief 1 1 1 Alternative English terms and renderings 1 1 2 Equivalent titles in other languages 1 2 Under a dominant head of state 1 3 Indirectly referred as the head of state 1 4 Combined heads of state and government 2 Parliamentary heads of government 2 1 Appointment 2 2 Removal 2 3 First among equals or dominating the cabinet 3 Official residence 4 Statistics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 CitationsTitles of respective heads of government EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The most common title for a head of government is Prime Minister This is used as a formal title in many states but may also be an informal generic term to refer to whichever office is considered the principal minister under an otherwise styled head of state as minister Latin for servants or subordinates is a common title for members of a government but many other titles are in use e g chancellor and secretary of state Formally the head of state can also be the head of government as well ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation such as a ruling monarch exercising all powers himself but otherwise has formal precedence over the head of government and other ministers whether he is their actual political superior ruling monarch executive president or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character constitutional monarch non executive president Various constitutions use different titles and even the same title can have various multiple meanings depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question As political chief Edit In addition to prime minister titles used for the democratic model where there is an elected legislative body checking the head of government include the following Some of these titles relate to governments below the national level e g states or provinces Alternative English terms and renderings Edit Chancellor primarily in German speaking countries today used in Germany and Austria Chief Minister often subnational Chief Executive often subnational First Minister often subnational Minister President Premier from French premier ministre President of the Council of Ministers President of the Council of State President of the Executive Council President of the Government State Counsellor used exclusively in Myanmar State President used exclusively in South Africa Equivalent titles in other languages Edit Albanian Kryeminister Bengali For the Prime Minister of Bangladesh প রধ নমন ত র Pradhan Mantri official সরক র প রধ ন Sarkar Pradhan lit Head of the Government informal স সদ ন ত Sangsad Neta lit Leader of the parliament only in parliament Basque Leader of the Basque Country Spain Eusko Jaurlaritzako lehendakaria literally President of the Basque Government Leader of Navarre Spain Nafarroako Gobernuko lehendakaria literally President of the Government of Navarra president generically Lehendakari Bulgarian Ministr predsedatel transliteration Ministar predsedatel literally Minister President Catalan For Andorra Cap de Govern del Principat d Andorra literally Head of Government of the Principality of Andorra For the Balearic Islands Spain President a del Govern Balear For Catalonia Spain President a de la Generalitat de Catalunya literally President of the Generalitat of Catalonia For Valencia Spain President a de la Generalitat Valenciana literally President of the Valencian Generalitat The terms head of government and prime minister generically cap de govern and primer ministre or primera ministra respectively Chinese For the Premier of China 总理 zǒnglǐ Czech Predseda vlady literally Chairman of the Government Danish Statsminister literally Minister of the State Dutch For the head of government of the Netherlands Minister President Eerste Minister literally First Minister or Premier For the head of government of Belgium and as the term prime minister generically Eerste Minister or Premier Estonian Peaminister Finnish Paaministeri Filipino For the head of state and government President of the Philippines Pangulo ng Pilipinas French For France Belgium and Canada Prime Minister of France Prime Minister of Belgium Prime Minister of Canada Premier Ministre or Premiere Ministre also as the term prime minister generically For Switzerland Conseil Federal literally the Federal Council considered the head of government as a group Galician Spain Presidente a da Xunta de Galicia literally President of the Council of Galicia German For Germany and Austria Chancellor of Germany Chancellor of Austria Bundeskanzler masc Bundeskanzlerin fem For Switzerland Schweizerischer Bundesrat literally the Swiss Federal Council considered the head of government as a group The term head of government generically Regierungschef in The term prime minister generically Ministerprasident in or Premierminister in historically Leitender Minister Senior Minister Greek Prw8ypoyrgos transliteration Prothipourgos Hebrew ראש הממשלה transliteration Rosh HaMemshala Hindi Hindustani Urdu The term head of government generically श सनप रम ख translit Sasanapramukha literally Chief of government The term Prime Minister generically प रध नमन त र translit Pradhanamantri literally Chief of Ministers Prime Minister The other Hindustani term generically used for Prime Minister now used officially only in Pakistan with Urdu as official language वज र ए आज म وزیر اعظم translit Wazir e Azam lit Grand Vizier Prime Minister The Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and the President of the United States of America Richard Nixon in 1971 For Prime Minister of India भ रत य प रध नमन त र भ रत क प रध नमन त र translit Bharatiya Pradhanamantri Bharat Ke Pradhanamantri translation Indian Prime Minister Prime Minister of India this term is used by the Government of the Union and the State Governments of India under the umbrella of Hindi Language For Prime Minister of Pakistan وزیر اعظم پاکستان پاکستان کے وزیر اعظم translit Wazir e Azam Pakistan Pakistan Ke Wazir e Azam This is the term used in India and Pakistan under the umbrella of Urdu the Hindi term being प क स त न प रध नमन त र प क स त न क प रध नमन त र translit Pakistani Pradhanamantri Pakistan Ke Pradhanamantri Historically various terms like Pradhanamantri Pradhan Pantapradhan Sadr e Riyasat Sadr Wazir e Azam Wazir e Ala Mahamantri Wazir e Khazana Peswa Diwan Diwan Sahib Diwan Bahadur Diwan Pramukh Sadr ul Maham Pantapramukh Alamantri etc have been used by various Empires Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister some of these titles were also used by the sovereign of various kingdoms Hungarian Miniszterelnok Irish Leader of Ireland Taoiseach Italian For the head of government of Italy Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri della Repubblica Italiana literally President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic When referring to other prime ministers Primo ministro or Prima ministra masculine and feminine forms literally prime minister For Switzerland Consiglio Federale literally the Federal Council considered the head of government as a group Japanese For the head of government of Japan Prime Minister 内閣総理大臣 Naikaku Sōri Daijin or 首相 Shushō Khmer For the Prime Minister of Cambodia ន យករដ ឋមន ត រ Neayuk rothmontrey Korean For the President of South Korea Daetongryung 10 For the Prime Minister of South Korea Chongni 총리 or Gukmu Chonhni 국무총리 Latvian For the head of government of Latvia Ministru prezidents literally Minister President When referring to other prime ministers Premjerministrs Lithuanian Ministras pirmininkas Malay In Malaysia the Prime Minister of Malaysia is Perdana Menteri The head of government of the constituent states are either Ketua Menteri chief minister in the Malaysian states without a monarchy Malacca Penang Sabah and Sarawak or Menteri Besar first minister in the sultanates and other monarchic states Maltese In Malta the head of government is Prim Ministru Maori Pirimia 11 literally Premier the former title for the Prime Minister of New Zealand Norwegian Statsminister Polish For the head of government of Poland Prezes Rady Ministrow President of Council of Ministers literally Chairman of the Council of Ministers For the term prime minister in general Premier also informally to the head of government of Poland Portuguese For Brazil Presidente a da Republica Federativa do Brasil literally President of the Federal Republic of Brazil For Portugal and as the term prime minister in general Primeiro ministro or Primeira ministra masculine and feminine forms literally prime minister or first minister Romanian Prim ministru Russian Prem yer ministr Sinhalese ශ ර ල ක අග ර ම ත ය Shri Lanka Agramathya literally Sri Lanka Prime Minister Slovak Predseda vlady literally Chairman of the Government Slovene Predsednik Vlade literally Chairman of the Government Spanish For the head of government of Spain Presidente a del gobierno de Espana literally President of the Government When referring to other prime ministers Primer ministro or Primera Ministra masculine and feminine forms literally prime minister The term head of government generically jefe del gobierno Swahili Sultan Swedish Statsminister prime minister literally state minister Thai For the head of government Prime Minister of Thailand Nayok rathamontri Turkish BasbakanUnder a dominant head of state Edit In a broader sense a head of government can be used loosely when referring to various comparable positions under a dominant head of state especially is the case of ancient or feudal eras so the term head of government in this case could be considered a contradiction in terms In this case the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch and holds no more power than the monarch allows Some such titles are diwan mahamantri pradhan wasir or vizier However just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he she will not always be the de facto political leader A skilled head of government like 19th century German statesman Otto von Bismarck Minister President of Prussia and later Chancellor of Germany under Emperor King Wilhelm I serves as an example showing that possession of formal powers does not equal political influence Indirectly referred as the head of state Edit In some cases the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion Such titles include the following Mayor of the palace of the Merovingian kingdoms Nawab wasir of the Mughal Empire also governor of Awadh Peshwa of Satara and the Maratha empire Shōgun in feudal Japan Sultan in the original case of the Seljuk Turks who made the caliphs of Baghdad their puppets later both styles were often used for absolute rulers in NepalCombined heads of state and government Edit President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil and President Christina Kirchner of Argentina in 2015 In some models the head of state and head of government are one and the same These include President chief executive An absolute monarch reigning and ruling without a separate principal minister Chief magistrate Fuhrer used in Nazi Germany for Adolf Hitler Supreme leader A State Governor in the United States subnational executives An alternative formula is a single chief political body e g presidium which collectively leads the government and provides e g by turns the ceremonial Head of state The only state in which this system is currently employed is Switzerland but other countries such as Uruguay have employed it in the past This system is described as the directorial system Sultan of Brunei King of Saudi ArabiaSee Head of state for further explanation of these cases Parliamentary heads of government EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The heads of government of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference From left to right Mackenzie King Canada Jan Smuts South Africa Winston Churchill United Kingdom Peter Fraser New Zealand and John Curtin Australia In parliamentary systems government functions along the following lines The head of government usually the leader of the majority party or coalition forms the government which is answerable to parliament Full answerability of government to parliament is achieved through The ability of parliament to pass a vote of no confidence The ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget or supply a government is powerless without control of the state finances In a bicameral system it is often the so called lower house e g the British House of Commons that exercises the major elements of control and oversight however in some e g Australia Italy the government is constitutionally or by convention answerable to both chambers Houses of Parliament All of these requirements directly impact the head of government s role Consequently they often play a day to day role in parliament answering questions and defending the government on the floor of the House while in semi presidential systems they may not be required to play as much of a role in the functioning of parliament Appointment Edit In many countries the head of government is commissioned by the head of state to form a government on the basis of the strength of party support in the lower house in some other states the head of government is directly elected by parliament Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament they must resign on becoming ministers Removal Edit Heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation following Defeat in a general election Defeat in a leadership vote at their party caucus to be replaced by another member of the same party Defeat in a parliamentary vote on a major issue e g loss of supply loss of confidence In such cases a head of government may seek a parliamentary dissolution from the head of state and attempt to regain support by popular vote Dismissal some constitutions allow a head of state or their designated representative as is the case in some Commonwealth countries to dismiss a head of government though its use can be controversial as occurred in 1975 when then Australian Governor General Sir John Kerr dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the Australian Constitutional Crisis Death in this case the deputy head of government typically acts as the head of government until a new head of government is appointed First among equals or dominating the cabinet Edit Constitutions differ in the range and scope of powers granted to the head of government Some older constitutions for example Australia s 1900 text and Belgium s 1830 text do not mention their prime ministerial offices at all the offices became a de facto political reality without a formal constitutional status Some constitutions make a Prime Minister primus inter pares first among equals and that remains the practical reality for the Prime Minister of Belgium and the Prime Minister of Finland Other states however make their head of government a central and dominant figure within the cabinet system Ireland s Taoiseach for example alone can decide when to seek a parliamentary dissolution in contrast to other countries where this is a cabinet decision with the Prime Minister just one member voting on the suggestion In Israel while the Government is nominally a collegiate body with a primus inter pares role for the Prime Minister the Israeli Prime Minister is the dominant figure in the executive branch in practice 12 The Prime Minister of Sweden under the 1974 Instrument of Government is a constitutional office with all key executive powers either directly at his or her disposal or indirectly through the collegial Government whose members are all appointed and dismissed at the Prime Minister s sole discretion Under the unwritten British constitution the prime minister s role has evolved based often on the individual s personal appeal and strength of character as contrasted between for example Winston Churchill as against Clement Attlee Margaret Thatcher as against John Major It is alleged by whom that the increased personalisation of leadership in a number of states has led to heads of government becoming themselves semi presidential figures due in part to media coverage of politics that focuses on the leader and his or her mandate rather than on parliament and to the increasing centralisation of power in the hands of the head of government Such allegations have been made against three former British Prime ministers Margaret Thatcher Tony Blair and Boris Johnson They were also made against Italian prime ministers Silvio Berlusconi and Matteo Renzi Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau and Federal Chancellor of West Germany later all of Germany Helmut Kohl when in power citation needed Official residence EditMain article Official residence This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The head of government is often provided with an official residence often in the same fashion as heads of state often are The name of the residence is often used as a metonym or alternative title for the government when the office is politically the highest e g in the UK Downing Street announced today Well known official residences of heads of government include 10 Downing Street in London Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who also has a country residence Chequers The Lodge in Canberra Prime Minister of Australia with an additional residence Kirribilli House in Sydney 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa Prime Minister of Canada who also has a country residence Harrington Lake Premier House in Wellington Prime Minister of New Zealand 7 Lok Kalyan Marg in New Delhi Prime Minister of India Catshuis in The Hague Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ballhausplatz in Vienna Chancellor of Austria Zhongnanhai in Beijing Premier of the People s Republic of China Kantei in Tokyo Prime Minister of Japan Kramar s Villa in Prague Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Chigi Palace in Rome Prime Minister of Italy Hotel Matignon note 1 in Paris Prime Minister of France Villa Parkowa in Warsaw Prime Minister of Poland Federal Chancellery in Berlin Chancellor of Germany The Lambermont in Brussels Prime Minister of Belgium Palacio de la Moncloa in Madrid President of the Government of Spain Palacete de Sao Bento in Lisbon Prime Minister of Portugal Kesaranta in Helsinki Prime Minister of Finland Sager House in Stockholm Prime Minister of Sweden who also has a country residence Harpsund Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow Prime Minister of Russia Palace of the Governorate in Vatican City Governorate of the Vatican City StateSimilarly heads of government of federal entities below the level of the sovereign state often without an actual head of state at least under international law may also be given an official residence sometimes used as an opportunity to display aspirations of statehood Hotel Errera in Brussels Minister President of the Flemish community and region Bavarian State Chancellery Minister President of the State of Bavaria Elysette in Namur Minister President of Wallonia Bute House Edinburgh First Minister of Scotland Hesse State Chancellery Wiesbaden Minister President of the State of Hesse Kazan Kremlin Kazan President of Tatarstan Government House Hong Kong Chief Executive of Hong Kong Macau Government Headquarters Chief Executive of Macau Red City Hall Governing Mayor of Berlin Quinta Vigia President of the Regional Government of MadeiraUsually the residence of the heads of government is not as prestigious and grand as that of the head of state even if the head of state only performs ceremonial duties Even the formal representative of the head of state such as a governor general may well be housed in a grander palace type residence However this is not the case when both positions are combined into one The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D C President of the United States of America The Blue House 1 Sejongno Jongno gu in Seoul President of South Korea Istana Nurul Iman in Bandar Seri Begawan Sultan of Brunei Palacio da Alvorada in Brasilia President of the Federative Republic of BrazilStatistics EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Records of heads of state and Records of heads of government World s longest serving unelected head of government Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1971 to 2020 50 years 315 days 13 World s longest serving monarchical head of government Hun Sen Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1998 to present 23 years 203 days World s longest serving republican head of government Lee Kuan Yew Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990 31 years 178 days World s longest serving female head of government Sheikh Hasina Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1996 to 2002 and from 2009 to date 19 years 133 days 14 15 16 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heads of government Head of state Government List of current heads of state and government List of current prime ministers by date of assumption of office European Council Chief executive officer and Chief operating officer Power behind the throne Eminence grise Air transports of heads of state and government Official Portraits book World LeadersNotes Edit Not to be confused with a hotel as a grand stately house is also called a hotel in French References EditCitations Edit As in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list HEADS OF STATE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS Archived 27 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine Protocol and Liaison Service United Nations 19 October 2012 Retrieved 29 July 2013 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine International Law Commission United Nations Retrieved 29 July 2013 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents 1973 Archived 1 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine International Law Commission United Nations Retrieved 29 July 2013 Head Of State Vs Head Of Government A Guide The Freeman Online 26 January 2020 Archived from the original on 13 January 2022 Retrieved 28 February 2022 head of state Britannica www britannica com Archived from the original on 21 September 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 Yan Huang Ting August 2021 Prime ministerial autonomy and intra executive conflict under semi presidentialism European Political Science Review 13 3 285 306 doi 10 1017 S1755773921000072 ISSN 1755 7739 S2CID 233668466 Buckley Chris Wu Adam 10 March 2018 Ending Term Limits for China s Xi Is a Big Deal Here s Why New York Times Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 1 December 2019 In China the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party The party controls the military and domestic security forces and sets the policies that the government carries out China s presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies China s Chairman of Everything Behind Xi Jinping s Many Titles The New York Times 25 October 2017 Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 Retrieved 1 December 2019 Mr Xi s most important title is general secretary the most powerful position in the Communist Party In China s one party system this ranking gives him virtually unchecked authority over the government 대통령 大統領 in Korean Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Pirimia Maori Dictionary Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 23 January 2020 Amir R Nachmias D Arian A 17 December 2001 Executive Governance in Israel p 48 ISBN 9781403990150 Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 19 August 2019 H R H the Prime Minister Archived 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Mofa gov bh 20 February 2013 Retrieved 12 July 2013 Sheikh Hasina longest serving female leader in world Survey Uniindia com 9 September 2019 Archived from the original on 10 June 2022 Retrieved 25 June 2022 Survey Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world 11 September 2019 Archived from the original on 10 June 2022 Retrieved 29 July 2022 Sheikh Hasina world s longest serving female leader Archived from the original on 10 June 2022 Retrieved 29 July 2022 Citations Edit Jean Blondel amp Ferdinand Muller Rommel Cabinets in Western Europe ISBN 0 333 46209 2 Portal Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Head of government amp oldid 1149238719, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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