Pachacuti
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Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the ninth Sapa Inca (before 1438 – 1471) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.[2]
| Pachacuti | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pachacuti, 17th century painting, anonymous. | |||||
| Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire | |||||
| Reign | 1438–1471 | ||||
| Predecessor | Viracocha | ||||
| Successor | Túpac Inca Yupanqui | ||||
| Born | before 1438 [1] Cusicancha Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru | ||||
| Died | 1471 Patallacta Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru | ||||
| Consort | Mama Anawarkhi or Quya Anawarkhi | ||||
| Issue | Tupac Yupanqui, Amaru Topa Inca, Mama Ocllo Coya | ||||
| |||||
| Quechua | Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki | ||||
| Spanish | Pachacútec/Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui | ||||
| Dynasty | Hanan Qusqu | ||||
| Father | Viracocha Inca | ||||
| Mother | Mama Runtu | ||||
In Quechua Pachakutiy means 'the turn of the world'[3] and Yupanki could mean 'honorable lord'.[4] During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere.[5] Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.[6][7]
Biography edit
Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui, and was the son of Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince.
He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked.[8][9]
However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people.[10] Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco. Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker").[11]
Using the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties. Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign.[12]
His first military campaign was set against the old allies of the Chankas and the tribes surrounding Cusco. He conquered the Ayarmaca, the Soras and the Vilcas. At Vilcas he sent his brother and general Capac Yupanqui to conquer the Chincha on the peruvian coast, while another one of his generals, Apu Maita or Mayta, conquered a rock on which a few Soras and Vilcas had fled.
As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacuti. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "Son of the Sun".[citation needed]
He conquered the Colla chiefdom, among other states around Lake Titicaca. Later, when a revolt broke out, he sent his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Amaru Tupac Inca, and Apu Paucar Usnu, to put it down. Additionally, they left garrisons in the subjugated lands.[13]
He executed his brother, Capac Yupanqui, after a campaign in the north. The reasons for this execution are still being debated.[14]
Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession.[15] His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness.[14] But in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire.[16]
Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive.[17]
The Inca designated his favorite son, Amaru Yupanqui, as co-sovereign and successor.[18] However due to the lack of military talent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead decided to name another of his sons, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, who in turn had a reputation as a talented general, as his co-ruler and successor.[14]
He sent Tupac Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito. Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile.[19]
Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed:[20] "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died."[21]
In his last years, the Inca government was de facto in the hands of his double in the semi-diarchy of the Inca, by the name of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the death of Pachacuti, instead of confirming the power he already had, Yamqui Yupanqui rather confirmed Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor to his father.[14]
Lineage edit
Pachacuti, son of Inca Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty. He had several sons, among which are Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Tupac or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui.[22]
Pachacuti had two of his brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the region of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui.[23]
Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also the first Inca to abdicate.[24]
His lignage or panaqa was called Hatun Ayllu. He married Mama Anawarkhi or Anarwakhi (Coya Anahuarque), of the ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to reward a chief belonging to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion.[14]
In popular culture edit
- Pachacuti is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI.[citation needed]
- Pachacuti, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.[citation needed]
- He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us.[citation needed]
- The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured Pachacuti, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series.[citation needed]
- Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense.[citation needed]
- The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti".[citation needed]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "The Life of Pachacuti Inca Yupangui". Bilingual Review, Bilingual Review Press, 1 May 2001
- ^ Rowe, John, 1990. "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI". Historia 16 (1): 139–154, Lima.
- ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). Voces del Ande : ensayos sobre onomástica andina. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. ISBN 978-9972-42-856-2.
- ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2013), Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua, Peter Lang, retrieved 1 April 2024
- ^ "Inti Raymi, The Celebration of the Sun". Discover Peru, www.discover-peru.org/inti-raymi/.
- ^ Steele & Allen 2004, p. 246.
- ^ D'Altroy 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Espinoza 1997, p. 77.
- ^ Rostworowski 2001, pp. 92–95.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. [page needed].
- ^ Mann 2006, pp. 76.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. 66–69, 75.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, pp. 74, 78, 83–85.
- ^ a b c d e Rostworowski, María (2008). Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui. Tallandier. ISBN 978-2-84734-462-2.
- ^ Favre, Henri. Les Incas. Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by B. Iceland, Harry. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. 70, 72–74, 76–85.
- ^ Favre, Henri. Les Incas. Presses universitaires de France. p. 22.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. 89, 91–92.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. 95.
- ^ Burger 2004, p. 32.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, p. 84.
- ^ De Gamboa 2011, pp. 80, 94.
- ^ Rostworowski, María. "Inca Succession" 10 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine – The Incas Peruvian Cultural Center.
Works cited edit
- Burger, Richard; Lucy C. Salazar (2004). Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09763-4.
- Cameron, Ian (1990). Kingdom of the Sun God: a history of the Andes and their people. New York: Facts on File. p. 58. ISBN 0-8160-2581-9.
- D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405116763.
- De Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento (December 2011). History Of The Incas. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781463688653.
- Espinoza, Waldemar (1997). Los Incas (in Spanish) (3 ed.). Lima: Amaru Editores.
- Mann, Charles C. (2006), 1491 : new revelations of the Americas before Columbus, Vintage, pp. 76, ISBN 9781400032051
- Rostworowski, María (2001). Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. ISBN 9972-51-060-3.
- Steele, Paul Richard; Allen, Catherine J. (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-354-4.
External links edit
Media related to Pachacútec at Wikimedia Commons