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Wikipedia

Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers), petitioning elected officials, running or contributing to a political campaign, preferential patronage (or boycott) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes.

Barricade at the Paris Commune, March 1871.
Civil rights activists at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom during the civil rights movement in August 1963.
A women's liberation march in Washington, D.C., August 1970.

Activism may be performed on a day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art (artivism), computer hacking (hacktivism), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money (economic activism). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the exploitation of workers by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However, the most highly visible and impactful activism often comes in the form of collective action, in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together in order to make a bigger impact.[1] Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a social movement.[2]

Historically, activists have used literature, including pamphlets, tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of the justice of their cause. Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action combining politics with technology.[3][4] Left-wing and right-wing online activists often use different tactics. Hashtag activism and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to alternative platforms, and manipulation of mainstream media are more common on the right.[5] In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative trust in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses.[6] Some scholars have also shown how the influence of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism.[7][8]

Separating activism and terrorism can be difficult and has been described as a 'fine line'.[9]

Definitions of activism edit

The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920[10] or 1915[11] respectively. The history of the word activism traces back to earlier understandings of collective behavior[12][13][14] and social action.[15] As late as 1969 activism was defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to a political signification, whereas social action was defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of so-called "new social movements" in the United States in the 1960s, a new understanding of activism emerged as a rational and acceptable democratic option of protest or appeal.[16][17][18] However, the history of the existence of revolt through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to the slave revolts of the 1st century BC(E) in the Roman Empire, where under the leadership of former gladiator Spartacus 6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to Rome in what became known as the Third Servile War.[19]

In English history, the Peasants' Revolt erupted in response to the imposition of a poll tax,[20] and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example, Hong Kong. In 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi thousands of protesting Indians participated in the Salt March,[21] as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by social movements and especially under the leadership of civil activists or social revolutionaries has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of the developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation.[22] Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the Labour movement, the women's rights movement, and the civil rights movement.[23]

Types of activism edit

Activism has often been thought to address either human rights or environmental concerns, but libertarian and religious right activism are also important types.[24] Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements;[25] prior to the 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism.[26] In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement[27] and the development of the environmental justice and climate justice movements.

Human rights edit

Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights including such liberties as: right to life, citizenship, and property, freedom of movement; constitutional freedoms of thought, expression, religion, peaceful assembly; and others.[28] The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to colonialism, imperialism, slavery, racism, segregation, patriarchy, and oppression of indigenous peoples.[29]

Environment edit

Environmental activism takes quite a few forms:

Animal rights edit

Libertarian and conservative edit

Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the Libertarian right and the Christian right). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses both ideologies and a less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans."[24] One example of this activism is the Tea Party movement.[24]

Pew Research identified a "group of 'Staunch Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the Tea Party at 72 percent, far higher than the next most favorable group."[24] One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious conservatives "to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists."[24]

Methods edit

 
The longest running peace vigil in U.S. history, started by activist Thomas in 1981

Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals.[2] The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones.[30] and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals.[31]

Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in the policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also direct action), rather than to persuade governments to change laws.[32] For example, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain the same, in an effort to counter change.

Charles Tilly developed the concept of a "repertoire of contention", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place.[33] This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip",[34][35] or may occur in response to police oppression or countermovement resistance.[36] New tactics then spread to others through a social process known as diffusion, and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire.[37]

Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession.[38] The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice.

Political activism edit

Judges may employ judicial activism to promote their own conception of the social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues.[39] The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted.

Activists can also be public watchdogs and whistle blowers by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency.[40]

Political activism may also include political campaigning, lobbying, voting, or petitioning.

Political activism does not depend on a specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs.[41]

Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses.[42]

Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups".[6]

While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as measured by the strength of the respondent's partisanship".[43]

In addition, very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates."[7] This study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money."[7] Another study examined how "activism of the wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease economic inequality.[8]

Internet activism edit

The power of Internet activism came into a global lens with the Arab Spring protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put the issues in front of an international audience.[44] This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the 15-M Movement in Spain in 2011, Occupy Gezi in Turkey in 2013, and more.[45]

Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals".[5] Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages".[5] Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories".[5]

Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing the Internet itself, also known as digital rights. The Digital Rights movement[46] consists of activists and organizations, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other information and communications technologies.

Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as Internet activism or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to the traditional offline tools of contention.[47] Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of hacktivism.[33][48] Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one.[49] The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists[50] has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized[51][52][53] and leaderless,[45][54] or what is known as franchise activism.

Economic activism edit

Economic activism involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change.[55] Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism to as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or social values and behaviors.[56] This may be done through ethical consumerism to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or divestment to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business.

Brand activism[57] is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of social change. Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects. Kotler and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve the global problems its future customers and employees care about.[58]

Consumer activism consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for consumer protection or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the free produce movement of the late 1700s protested against slavery by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism, veganism, and freeganism are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include simple living, a minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce materialism and conspicuous consumption, and tax resistance, a form of direct action and civil disobedience in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself.

Shareholder activism involves shareholders using an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management.[59] The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial (disinvestment from particular countries, adoption of environmentally friendly policies, etc.).[60]

Art activism edit

Design activism locates design at the center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and consumerism. Design Activism is not limited to one type of design.[61][62]

Art activism or artivism utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate utopian thinking, which is imagining about an ideal society that is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions.

Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan.[63] Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry.[64][65] It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in the industry.[66] Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity.[67]

Craft activism or craftivism is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse.[68] It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society.[69] People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists".[70]

Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively, literary activism may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within the publishing industry.

Science activism edit

Science activism may include efforts to better communicate the benefits of science or ensure continued funding for scientific research.[71][72] It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields.[73] The March for Science held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social perceptions.[74]

Other methods edit

Activism industry edit

Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism is often done full-time, as part of an organization's core business. Many organizations in the activism industry are either non-profit organizations or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods,[citation needed] but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage.

The term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well.[75] Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government.[76]

Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations.

See also edit

References edit

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  76. ^ . 11 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.

Further reading edit

  • Paul Rogat Loeb, Soul of a Citizen: Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time (St Martin's Press, 2010). ISBN 978-0-312-59537-1.
  • Brian Martin with Wendy Varney. Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).
  • Randy Shaw, The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond (University of California Press, 1996). ISBN 0-520-20317-8.
  • David Walls, The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America (Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 1993). ISBN 0-671-74634-0.
  • Deflem, Mathieu. 2022. "Celebrity Activism on Racial Justice during COVID-19: The Death of George Floyd, the Rise of Naomi Osaka, and the Celebritization of Race in Pandemic Times." International Review of Sociology (Published online: March 16, 2022). DOI: 10.1080/03906701.2022.2052457
  • Deflem, Mathieu. 2019. "The New Ethics of Pop: Celebrity Activism Since Lady Gaga." pp. 113–129 in Pop Cultures: Sconfinamenti Alterdisciplinari, edited by Massimiliano Stramaglia. Lecce-Rovato, Italy: Pensa Multimedia.
  • Victor Gold, Liberwocky (Thomas Nelson, 2004). ISBN 978-0-7852-6057-8.
  • Commons Social Change Library

activism, activist, redirects, here, similar, titles, activist, disambiguation, advocacy, consists, efforts, promote, impede, direct, intervene, social, political, economic, environmental, reform, with, desire, make, changes, society, toward, perceived, greate. Activist redirects here For similar titles see The Activist disambiguation Activism or advocacy consists of efforts to promote impede direct or intervene in social political economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community including writing letters to newspapers petitioning elected officials running or contributing to a political campaign preferential patronage or boycott of businesses and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies street marches strikes sit ins or hunger strikes Barricade at the Paris Commune March 1871 Civil rights activists at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom during the civil rights movement in August 1963 A women s liberation march in Washington D C August 1970 Activism may be performed on a day to day basis in a wide variety of ways including through the creation of art artivism computer hacking hacktivism or simply in how one chooses to spend their money economic activism For example the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the exploitation of workers by that company could be considered an expression of activism However the most highly visible and impactful activism often comes in the form of collective action in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together in order to make a bigger impact 1 Collective action that is purposeful organized and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a social movement 2 Historically activists have used literature including pamphlets tracts and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of the justice of their cause Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action combining politics with technology 3 4 Left wing and right wing online activists often use different tactics Hashtag activism and offline protest are more common on the left Working strategically with partisan media migrating to alternative platforms and manipulation of mainstream media are more common on the right 5 In addition the perception of increased left wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative trust in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism including on college campuses 6 Some scholars have also shown how the influence of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism 7 8 Separating activism and terrorism can be difficult and has been described as a fine line 9 Contents 1 Definitions of activism 2 Types of activism 2 1 Human rights 2 2 Environment 2 3 Animal rights 2 4 Libertarian and conservative 3 Methods 3 1 Political activism 3 2 Internet activism 3 3 Economic activism 3 4 Art activism 3 5 Science activism 3 6 Other methods 4 Activism industry 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingDefinitions of activism editThe Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist as in use in the political sense from the year 1920 10 or 1915 11 respectively The history of the word activism traces back to earlier understandings of collective behavior 12 13 14 and social action 15 As late as 1969 activism was defined as the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy without regard to a political signification whereas social action was defined as organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions without regard to normative status Following the surge of so called new social movements in the United States in the 1960s a new understanding of activism emerged as a rational and acceptable democratic option of protest or appeal 16 17 18 However the history of the existence of revolt through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to the slave revolts of the 1st century BC E in the Roman Empire where under the leadership of former gladiator Spartacus 6 000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to Rome in what became known as the Third Servile War 19 In English history the Peasants Revolt erupted in response to the imposition of a poll tax 20 and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary Russia and more recently for example Hong Kong In 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi thousands of protesting Indians participated in the Salt March 21 as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government resulting in the imprisonment of 60 000 people and eventually independence of their nation In nations throughout Asia Africa and South America the prominence of activism organized by social movements and especially under the leadership of civil activists or social revolutionaries has pushed for increasing national self reliance or in some parts of the developing world collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation 22 Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well particularly over the past century through social movements such as the Labour movement the women s rights movement and the civil rights movement 23 Types of activism editActivism has often been thought to address either human rights or environmental concerns but libertarian and religious right activism are also important types 24 Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements 25 prior to the 21st century most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues and likewise human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism 26 In the 21st century the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement 27 and the development of the environmental justice and climate justice movements Human rights edit Main article Human rights movement Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights including such liberties as right to life citizenship and property freedom of movement constitutional freedoms of thought expression religion peaceful assembly and others 28 The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to colonialism imperialism slavery racism segregation patriarchy and oppression of indigenous peoples 29 Environment edit Main article Environmentalism Environmental activism takes quite a few forms the protection of nature or the natural environment driven by a utilitarian conservation ethic or a nature oriented preservationist ethic the protection of the human environment by pollution prevention or the protection of cultural heritage or quality of life the conservation of depletable natural resources the protection of the function of critical earth system elements or processes such as the climate Animal rights edit Main article Animal Rights Movement Libertarian and conservative edit Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries and some scholars have found the main split in conservatism has not been the long standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys i e approximately the Libertarian right and the Christian right Instead it is between an emergent group Activists that fuses both ideologies and a less ideological category of somewhat conservative Establishment Republicans 24 One example of this activism is the Tea Party movement 24 Pew Research identified a group of Staunch Conservatives 11 percent of the electorate who are strongly religious across the board socially and economically conservative and more politically active than other groups on the Right They support the Tea Party at 72 percent far higher than the next most favorable group 24 One analysis found a group estimated to be 4 of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious conservatives to be the core of this group of high engagement voters and labeled this group Activists 24 Methods edit nbsp The longest running peace vigil in U S history started by activist Thomas in 1981Activists employ many different methods or tactics in pursuit of their goals 2 The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing For example nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones 30 and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals 31 Historically most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in the policy or practice of a government or industry Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly see also direct action rather than to persuade governments to change laws 32 For example the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles and generally does not lobby or protest politically Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain the same in an effort to counter change Charles Tilly developed the concept of a repertoire of contention which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place 33 This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past such as boycotts petitions marches and sit ins and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest These may be entirely novel such as Douglas Schuler s idea of an activist road trip 34 35 or may occur in response to police oppression or countermovement resistance 36 New tactics then spread to others through a social process known as diffusion and if successful may become new additions to the activist repertoire 37 Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession 38 The term activist may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice Political activism edit Main article Political movement Judges may employ judicial activism to promote their own conception of the social good The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues 39 The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted See also Judicial activist Judicial activism in Canada Judicial activism in India and Judicial activism in the European Union Activists can also be public watchdogs and whistle blowers by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency 40 Political activism may also include political campaigning lobbying voting or petitioning Political activism does not depend on a specific ideology or national history as can be seen for example in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs 41 Political activism although often identified with young adults occurs across peoples entire life courses 42 Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left wing politics since the 1960s and recently there has been a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses and it is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups 6 While people s motivations for political activism may vary one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations 1 incentives such as ambitions for elective office 2 a desire for the party to achieve policy goals and 3 expressive concerns as measured by the strength of the respondent s partisanship 43 In addition very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes and one study of the 400 richest Americans found substantial evidence of liberal or right wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates 7 This study also found in general old money is if anything more uniformly conservative than new money 7 Another study examined how activism of the wealthy has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease economic inequality 8 Internet activism edit Further information Internet activism Hacktivism Online social movement Anonymous group Digital rights and Category Internet activism The power of Internet activism came into a global lens with the Arab Spring protests starting in late 2010 People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests including videos recorded on smart phones which put the issues in front of an international audience 44 This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen activists to circumvent state controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations such as the 15 M Movement in Spain in 2011 Occupy Gezi in Turkey in 2013 and more 45 Online left and right wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals 5 Left wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional hashtag activism and offline protest while right wing activists may manipulate legacy media migrate to alternative platforms and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages 5 Research suggests right wing online activists are more likely to use strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories 5 Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing the Internet itself also known as digital rights The Digital Rights movement 46 consists of activists and organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies particularly concerning the Internet and other information and communications technologies Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies ICTs also known as Internet activism or cyber activism Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to the traditional offline tools of contention 47 Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique such as certain types of hacktivism 33 48 Together they form a new digital repertoire of contention alongside the existing offline one 49 The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists 50 has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self organized 51 52 53 and leaderless 45 54 or what is known as franchise activism Economic activism edit Further information Economic activism Economic activism involves using the economic power of government consumers and businesses for social and economic policy change 55 Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism to as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political religious or social values and behaviors 56 This may be done through ethical consumerism to reinforce good behavior and support companies one would like to succeed or through boycott or divestment to penalize bad behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business Brand activism 57 is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of social change Applying brand activism businesses show concern for the communities they serve and their economic social and environmental problems which allows businesses to build sustainable and long term relationships with the customers and prospects Kotler and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve the global problems its future customers and employees care about 58 Consumer activism consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for consumer protection or by consumers themselves For instance activists in the free produce movement of the late 1700s protested against slavery by boycotting goods produced with slave labor Today vegetarianism veganism and freeganism are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products Other examples of consumer activism include simple living a minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce materialism and conspicuous consumption and tax resistance a form of direct action and civil disobedience in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax to government policy or as opposition to taxation in itself Shareholder activism involves shareholders using an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management 59 The goals of activist shareholders range from financial increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy financing structure cost cutting etc to non financial disinvestment from particular countries adoption of environmentally friendly policies etc 60 Art activism edit Design activism locates design at the center of promoting social change raising awareness on social political issues or questioning problems associated with mass production and consumerism Design Activism is not limited to one type of design 61 62 Art activism or artivism utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary Art activism can activate utopian thinking which is imagining about an ideal society that is different from the current society which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan 63 Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change specifically in the fashion industry 64 65 It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in the industry 66 Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity 67 Craft activism or craftivism is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse 68 It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society 69 People who contribute to craftivism are called craftivists 70 Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms Alternatively literary activism may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within the publishing industry Science activism edit Science activism may include efforts to better communicate the benefits of science or ensure continued funding for scientific research 71 72 It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields 73 The March for Science held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological marketing oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self aversion to solutions to problems and social perceptions 74 Other methods edit Community building Communities of practice Cooperative Cooperative movement Grassroots Guerrilla gardening Transition movement Media activism Culture jamming Peace activism Nonviolent resistance Peace camps Peace vigil Propaganda Guerrilla communication Protest Demonstration Direct action Performance Theater Protest songs Sit in Strike action Hunger strikeActivism industry editSome groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry In these cases activism is often done full time as part of an organization s core business Many organizations in the activism industry are either non profit organizations or non governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods citation needed but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage The term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations However activist organizations engage in other activities as well 75 Lobbying or the influencing of decisions made by government is another activist tactic Many groups including law firms have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes In the United States lobbying is regulated by the federal government 76 Many government systems encourage public support of non profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax exempt organizations See also editAdvocacy evaluation Advocacy group Advocacy Animal rights Asian American activism Civil disobedience Community leader Counterculture of the 1960s Demonstration protest Dissident Human rights activists List of activists List of peace activists Media manipulation Restorationism Slacktivism Social engineering political science Spiritual activism Student activism Youth activismReferences edit Tarrow Sidney 1998 Power in Movement Social Movements and Contentious Politics 2nd ed Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139076807 OCLC 727948411 a b Goodwin Jeff Jasper James 2009 The Social Movements Reader Cases and Concepts 2nd ed Wiley Blackwell ISBN 9781405187640 Obar Jonathan et al 2012 Advocacy 2 0 An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action Journal of Information Policy 2 1 25 doi 10 5325 jinfopoli 2 2012 1 S2CID 246628982 SSRN 1956352 Obar Jonathan 2014 Canadian Advocacy 2 0 A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada Canadian Journal of Communication 39 doi 10 22230 cjc 2014v39n2a2678 SSRN 2254742 a b c d Freelon Deen Marwick Alice Kreiss Daniel 4 September 2020 False equivalencies Online activism from left to right Science 369 6508 1197 1201 Bibcode 2020Sci 369 1197F doi 10 1126 science abb2428 PMID 32883863 S2CID 221471947 Archived from the original on 21 October 2021 Retrieved 27 January 2022 a b Ince Jelani Finlay Brandon M Rojas Fabio 2018 College campus activism Distinguishing between liberal reformers and conservative crusaders Sociology Compass 12 9 e12603 doi 10 1111 soc4 12603 ISSN 1751 9020 S2CID 150160691 Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 Retrieved 27 January 2022 a b c Burris Val 1 August 2000 The Myth of Old Money Liberalism The Politics of the Forbes 400 Richest Americans Social Problems 47 3 360 378 doi 10 2307 3097235 ISSN 0037 7791 JSTOR 3097235 Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b Scully Maureen Rothenberg Sandra Beaton Erynn E Tang Zhi 20 March 2017 Mobilizing the Wealthy Doing Privilege Work and Challenging the Roots of Inequality Business amp Society 57 6 1075 1113 doi 10 1177 0007650317698941 ISSN 0007 6503 S2CID 157605628 Bohmer Carol 2010 Rejecting refugees political asylum in the 21st century Routledge p 258 ISBN 978 0 415 77375 1 OCLC 743396687 Harper Douglas activism Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 17 December 2015 Harper Douglas activist Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 17 December 2015 Park Robert Burgess Ernest 1921 Introduction to the Science of Sociology Chicago University of Chicago Press Merton Robert 1945 Social Theory and Social Structure New York Free Press Hoffer Eric 1951 The True Believer Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements New York Harper amp Row Parsons Talcott 1937 The Structure of Social Action New York Free Press Olson Mancur 1965 The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods and the Theory of Groups Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press Gamson William A 1975 The Strategy of Social Protest Homewood IL Dorsey Press ISBN 9780256016840 Tilly Charles 1978 From Mobilization to Revolution Reading Mass Addison Wesley ISBN 9780201075717 Czech Kenneth P April 1994 Ancient History Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion HistoryNet Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 Retrieved 12 August 2018 Peasants Revolt Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 9 September 2019 Retrieved 12 August 2018 Pletcher Kenneth 14 December 2015 Salt March Encyclopaedia Britannica Goodwin Jeff 2001 No Other Way Out States and Revolutionary Movements 1945 1991 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press Meyer David Tarrow Sidney 1998 The Social Movement Society Contentious Politics for a New Century Rowman amp Littlefield a b c d e Keckler Charles Rozell Mark J 3 April 2015 The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right Perspectives on Political Science 44 2 92 99 doi 10 1080 10457097 2015 1011476 ISSN 1045 7097 S2CID 145428669 Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 19 February 2022 Boyle Alan 11 October 2012 Human Rights and the Environment Where Next European Journal of International Law 23 3 613 642 doi 10 1093 ejil chs054 Archived from the original on 5 June 2018 Retrieved 19 October 2021 via Oxford Academic Introduction PDF Human Rights Dialogue 2 11 2 Spring 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 19 October 2021 Britton Purdy Jedediah 7 September 2016 Environmentalism Was Once a Social Justice Movement The Atlantic Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 Retrieved 19 October 2021 Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations 1948 Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 Clapham Human Rights 2007 p 19 In fact the modern civil rights movement and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti colonialism anti 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American Sociological Review 48 6 735 754 doi 10 2307 2095322 JSTOR 2095322 Ayres Jeffrey M 1999 From the Streets to the Internet The Cyber Diffusion of Contention The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566 1 132 143 doi 10 1177 000271629956600111 ISSN 0002 7162 S2CID 154834235 Introduction to Activism Permanent Culture Now Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 20 December 2011 Kmiec Keenan D October 2004 The Origin and Current Meanings of Judicial Activism California Law Review 92 5 1441 1478 doi 10 2307 3481421 JSTOR 3481421 Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 25 January 2019 Politically Active 4 Tips for Incorporating Self Care US News US News 27 February 2017 Archived from the original on 6 April 2019 Retrieved 5 March 2017 Thackeray David October 2010 Home and Politics Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth Century Britain Journal of British Studies 49 4 826 848 doi 10 1086 654913 ISSN 1545 6986 PMID 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Postigo 2012 The digital rights movement the role of technology in subverting digital copyright Cambridge Mass The MIT Press ISBN 9780262305334 OCLC 812346336 Meikle Graham 2002 Future Active Media Activism and the Internet Annandale N S W Pluto Press ISBN 978 1864031485 OCLC 50165391 Samuel Alexandra 2004 Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation Harvard University Doctoral Dissertation Earl Jennifer Kimport Katrina 2011 Digitally Enabled Social Change Activism in the Internet Age Cambridge Mass MIT Press ISBN 9780262295352 OCLC 727948420 Rolfe Brett 2005 Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention Social Movement Studies 4 1 65 74 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 457 9077 doi 10 1080 14742830500051945 ISSN 1474 2837 S2CID 10619520 Fuchs Christian 2006 The Self Organization of Social Movements Systemic Practice and Action Research 19 1 101 137 doi 10 1007 s11213 005 9006 0 ISSN 1094 429X S2CID 38385359 Clay Shirky 2008 Here Comes Everybody The Power of Organizing without Organizations New York Penguin Press ISBN 9781594201530 OCLC 168716646 Castells Manuel 2015 Networks of Outrage and Hope Social Movements in the Internet Age 2nd ed Cambridge UK Polity ISBN 9780745695754 OCLC 896126968 Carne Ross 2013 The Leaderless Revolution How Ordinary People will Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century New York Plume ISBN 9780452298941 OCLC 795168105 Lin Tom C W Incorporating Social Activism Archived 1 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine 1 December 2018 98 Boston University Law Review 1535 2018 White Ben and Romm Tony Corporate America Tackles Trump Archived 4 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Politico 6 February 2017 Sarkar Christian Kotler Philip October 2018 Brand Activism From Purpose to Action ISBN 978 0 9905767 9 2 WHAT IS BRAND ACTIVISM ActivistBrands com Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 Retrieved 1 April 2020 Lin Tom C W 18 March 2015 Reasonable Investor s Rochester NY SSRN 2579510 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Activist Investor Definition Carried Interest Archived from the original on 25 June 2019 Retrieved 17 July 2015 Markussen T 2013 The Disruptive Aesthetics of Design Activism Enacting Design Between Art and Politics Design Issues 29 1 38 doi 10 1162 DESI a 00195 S2CID 17301556 Tom Bieling Ed Design amp Activism Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design Mimesis Milano 2019 ISBN 978 88 6977 241 2 Fashion Activism Changing the World One Trend at a Time Peacock Plume peacockplume fr Archived from the original on 23 November 2020 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Hirscher Anja Lisa 2013 Fashion Activism Evaluation and Application of Fashion Activism Strategies to Ease Transition Towards Sustainable Consumption Behaviour Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 17 23 38 doi 10 1108 RJTA 17 01 2013 B003 Mazzarella Francesco Storey Helen Williams Dilys 1 April 2019 Counter narratives Towards Sustainability in Fashion Scoping an Academic Discourse on Fashion Activism through a Case Study on the Centre for Sustainable Fashion The Design Journal 22 sup1 821 833 doi 10 1080 14606925 2019 1595402 ISSN 1460 6925 Fuad Lake Alastair 2009 Design activism beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world Sterling VA Earthscan ISBN 9781844076444 Hirscher Anja Lisa Niinimaki Kirsi 2013 Fashion Activism through Participatory Design European Academy of Design Youngson Bel 5 February 2019 Craftivism for occupational therapists finding our political voice PDF British Journal of Occupational Therapy 82 6 383 385 doi 10 1177 0308022619825807 ISSN 0308 0226 S2CID 86850023 Archived PDF from the original on 27 September 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2020 Corbett Sarah Housely Sarah 2011 The Craftivist Collective Guide to Craftivism Utopian Studies 22 2 344 351 doi 10 5325 utopianstudies 22 2 0344 S2CID 141667893 Greer Betsy ed 21 April 2014 Craftivism the art of craft and activism Vancouver ISBN 978 1 55152 535 8 OCLC 1032507461 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Daie Jaleh 1996 The Activist Scientist Science 272 5265 1081 doi 10 1126 science 272 5265 1081 Hernandez Daniela 22 April 2017 Why Some Scientists Are Embracing Activism The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 11 December 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Scheitle Christopher P 2018 Politics and the Perceived Boundaries of Science Activism Sociology and Scientific Legitimacy Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 237802311876954 doi 10 1177 2378023118769544 Campbell Troy H 2019 Team Science Building Better Science Activists with Insights from Disney Marketing and Psychological Research Skeptical Inquirer Vol 43 no 4 Center for Inquiry pp 34 39 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Fisher Dana R 14 September 2006 The Activism Industry The American Prospect Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 Do Pay For Placement Search Engines engage in Trademark Use IP Law360 Godfrey and Kahn 11 July 2011 Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 Further reading edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Activism Paul Rogat Loeb Soul of a Citizen Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time St Martin s Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 312 59537 1 Brian Martin with Wendy Varney Nonviolence Speaks Communicating against Repression Cresskill NJ Hampton Press 2003 Randy Shaw The Activist s Handbook A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond University of California Press 1996 ISBN 0 520 20317 8 David Walls The Activist s Almanac The Concerned Citizen s Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America Simon amp Schuster Fireside 1993 ISBN 0 671 74634 0 Deflem Mathieu 2022 Celebrity Activism on Racial Justice during COVID 19 The Death of George Floyd the Rise of Naomi Osaka and the Celebritization of Race in Pandemic Times International Review of Sociology Published online March 16 2022 DOI 10 1080 03906701 2022 2052457 Deflem Mathieu 2019 The New Ethics of Pop Celebrity Activism Since Lady Gaga pp 113 129 in Pop Cultures Sconfinamenti Alterdisciplinari edited by Massimiliano Stramaglia Lecce Rovato Italy Pensa Multimedia Victor Gold Liberwocky Thomas Nelson 2004 ISBN 978 0 7852 6057 8 Commons Social Change LibraryPortals nbsp Politics nbsp Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Activism amp oldid 1192252372, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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