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Australian Broadcasting Corporation

March 01, 2023

This article is about the Australian public broadcaster. For the television service launched in 1956, now a network, see ABC Television (Australian TV network).
"ABC (Australia)" and "ABC Australia" redirect here. For other uses, see ABC and ABC Australia.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is the national broadcaster of Australia. It is principally funded by direct grants from the Australian Government and is administered by a government-appointed board. The ABC is a publicly-owned body that is politically independent and fully accountable, with its charter enshrined in legislation, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. ABC Commercial, a profit-making division of the corporation, also helps to generate funding for content provision.

Australian Broadcasting Corporation
TypeStatutory corporation
IndustryMass media
PredecessorsAustralian Broadcasting Commission
Australian Broadcasting Company
Founded1 July 1932; 90 years ago (1932-07-01)
FounderLyons Government
Headquarters
ABC Ultimo Centre
Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales
,
Australia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Revenue A$1.06 billion[1] (2019–20)
Total assets A$1,401,757,000 (2019)[2]
OwnerAustralian Government
Number of employees
3,730[3] (2019–20)
Websitewww.abc.net.au

The ABC was established as the Australian Broadcasting Commission on 1 July 1932 by an act of federal parliament. It effectively replaced the Australian Broadcasting Company, a private company established in 1924 to provide programming for A-class radio stations. The ABC was given statutory powers that reinforced its independence from the government and enhanced its news-gathering role. Modelled after the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which is funded by a television licence, the ABC was originally financed by consumer licence fees on broadcast receivers. Licence fees were abolished in 1973 and replaced by direct government grants, as well as revenue from commercial activities related to its core broadcasting mission. The ABC adopted its current name in 1983.[4]

The ABC provides radio, television, online, and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia. ABC Radio operates four national networks, a large number of ABC Local Radio stations, several digital stations, and the international service Radio Australia. ABC Television operates five free-to-air channels, as well as the ABC iview streaming service and the ABC Australia satellite channel. News and current affairs content across all platforms is produced by the news division.

History

Main article: History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Origins

After public radio stations were established independently in the state capitals from 1924, a licensing scheme administered by the Postmaster-General's Department was established, allowing certain stations (with "Class A" licences") government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content.[5] In 1928, the government established the National Broadcasting Service to take over the 12 A-Class licences as they came up for renewal, and contracted the Australian Broadcasting Company,[6] a private company established in 1924,[7][8] to supply programs to the new national broadcaster.[6][9]

After it became politically unpopular to continue to allow the Postmaster-General to run the National Broadcasting Service, the government established the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) on 1 July 1932, under the Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932.[10] to take over the Australian Broadcasting Company and run the National Broadcasting Service.[11][12]

The ABC became informally referred to as "Aunty",[13][14][15] originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporation's nickname.[16] The structure and programming was broadly modelled on the BBC, and programs not created in Australia were mostly bought in from the BBC.[6]

In 1940 one of the ABC Board's most prominent members, Dick Boyer, was appointed to the ABC, becoming chairman on 1 April 1945. Today known for the continuing series of Boyer Lectures initiated by him in 1959, he had a good but not too close working relationship with Sir Charles Moses (general manager 1935–1965[17][18]), and remained chair until his retirement in 1961. He was determined to maintain the autonomy of the ABC.[19]

War years

In 1942, The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing, and any exercise of the power had to be mentioned in the commission's annual report.[20]

1950–2000

See also: ABC Television (Australian TV network)
The first broadcast of ABC TV, presented by Michael Charlton, 5 November 1956
 
James Dibble, reading the first ABC News television bulletin in NSW, 1956

The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956. ABN-2 in Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, and James Dibble reading the first television news bulletin.[21] Television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s, so news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city.[22] In 1975, colour television was permanently introduced into Australia, and within a decade, the ABC had moved into satellite broadcasting, greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally.[23]

Also in 1975, the ABC introduced a 24-hour-a-day AM rock station in Sydney, 2JJ (Double Jay), which was eventually expanded into the national Triple J FM network.[23] A year later, a national classical music network was established on the FM band, broadcasting from Adelaide. It was initially known as ABC-FM (later ABC Classic FM) – referring both to its "fine music programming and radio frequency.[23]

ABC budget cuts began in 1976 [24] and continued until 1998,[25] the largest cuts (calculated by the ABC as 25% "in real terms") coming between 1985 and 1996.[26]

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, effective 1 July 1983. Although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured by the 1983 Act.[27] At the same time, the newly formed corporation underwent significant restructuring, including a split into separate television and radio divisions, and ABC Radio was restructured significantly again in 1985.[28] Geoffrey Whitehead was managing director of the ABC at this time.[29] Following his resignation in 1986, David Hill (at the time chair of the ABC Board) took over his position[30] and local production trebled from 1986 to 1991.[28]

 
Ultimo Centre - the ABC's national headquarters in Sydney

Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990, and by the early 1990s, all major ABC broadcasting outlets moved to 24-hour-a-day operation. In 1991, the corporation's Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building,[31] the ABC Ultimo Centre,[32] in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo. In Melbourne, the ABC Southbank Centre was completed in 1994.[31] International television service ABC Australia was established in 1993, while at the same time Radio Australia increased its international reach. Reduced funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts.[31]

The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July 1995 to manage the new ABC website, which was launched in August.[31]

The ABC was registered on the Australian Business Register as a Commonwealth Government Entity on 1 November 1999.[33]

2000s–2010s

In 2001, digital television commenced (see Online, below). At the same time, the ABC's multimedia division was renamed "ABC New Media", becoming an output division of the ABC alongside television and radio.[34]

In 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific, the replacement for the defunct Australia Television International operated previously by the Seven Network.[30] A digital radio service, ABC DiG, was also launched in November that year.

On 8 February 2008, ABC TV was rebranded as ABC1, and a new channel for children, ABC3, was funded and announced by the Rudd government in June.[35][36] A new online video-on-demand service launched in July of the same year, titled ABC iview.[37]

ABC News 24, now known as ABC News, a channel dedicated to news, launched on 22nd July 2010.[38] On 20 July 2014, ABC1 reverted to its original name of ABC TV.[39]

In November 2014, a cut of A$254 million (4.6% [40]) to funding over the following five years together with the additional unfunded cost of the news channel [41] meant that the ABC would have to shed about 10% of its staff, around 400 people. There were several programming changes, with regional and local programming losing out to national programs, and the Adelaide TV production studio had to close.[42]

In November 2016, the ABC announced that ABC News 24, ABC NewsRadio, as well as its online and digital news brands, would be rebranded under a unified ABC News brand,[43] which was launched on 10 April 2017.[44][45]

Michelle Guthrie took over from managing director Mark Scott, whose second five-year contract finished in April 2016.[46] Between July 2017 and June 2018, the whole of the ABC underwent an organisational restructure, after which the Radio and Television Divisions were no longer separate entities each under a director, instead being split across several functional divisions,[47] with different teams producing different genres of content for television, radio and digital platforms. The Entertainment & Specialist (E&S) team focussed on comedy, kids' programs, drama, Indigenous-related programs, music, other entertainment and factual content; the new ABC Specialist team created content across the arts, science, religion & ethics, education and society & culture; while the Regional & Local team focussed on regional and local content.[48]

Around 23 September 2018, Guthrie was sacked.[49] A leadership crisis ensued after allegations arose that ABC Chair, Justin Milne, had, according to the MEAA, engaged in "overt political interference in the running of the ABC that is in clear breach of the ABC charter and the role of the chairperson" by interfering in editorial and staffing matters. After pressure for an independent inquiry or statement from Milne, or his resignation, following meetings by ABC staff in various locations, on 27 September Milne resigned.[50]

In February 2019, after the roles of ABC chair and managing director had been vacant for over four months,[51][52] Ita Buttrose was named chair. Buttrose named David Anderson as managing director in May 2019.[53]

On 5 June 2019, Australian Federal Police (AFP) raided the headquarters of the ABC looking for articles written in 2017 about alleged misconduct by Australian special forces in Afghanistan, later dubbed the Afghan Files.[54][55] The raid was countered by lawyers for the ABC in litigation against the AFP, challenging the examination of over 9,200 documents, including internal emails.[56][57][58][59] In February 2020 the case was dismissed by the federal court.[60][61][62] In June 2020, the AFP sent a brief of evidence to the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP), the federal public prosecutor, recommending charges be laid against journalist Dan Oakes for breaking the Afghan Files story,[63] but in October 2020, the CDPP dropped the case.[64]

2020s

In June 2020, the ABC announced it needed to cut 229 jobs,[65] a number of programs, and reduce its travel and production budgets after the Turnbull government's announcement of a freeze to indexation of its budget in 2018 [66] this was estimated at the time to cost the ABC A$84 million over three years, however the actual appropriation did not decrease [67] and the ABC chair was quoted as saying it would actually increase "but by a reduced amount".[68][69][70]

In all, over a five-year period, there were 737 redundancies, a further 866 resignations and 203 retirements, but the total number of staff only fell by 313 due to the ABC hiring 650 staff over that period.[71]

In June 2021, the ABC announced its plan to move around 300 staff to offices in Parramatta, in a plan which would see 75% of journalists and producers moving out of the Ultimo building by 2025 in order to reduce costs. Rental from some of the vacant space in the city centre would earn additional income to offset the ongoing effects of the significant funding cuts since 2014 and the recent indexation freeze.[72]

In December 2021 the ABC announced that, in addition to the 83 additional positions already established, it was to create an additional "50-plus" new jobs in regional Australia as a result of commercial agreements with digital platforms flowing from the Morrison government's News Media Bargaining Code.[73]

 
The Lissajous curve logo, as it appears on some properties since October 1974–2002, and 2014 onwards.
 
Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, on which Bill Kennard designed the current logo
 
The silver 2002 logo, which was used by the corporation from 2002 to 2018.

The ABC logo is one of the most recognisable logos in Australia.[74][75][76] In the early years of television, the ABC had been using Lissajous curves as fillers between programmes.[77] In July 1963, the ABC conducted a staff competition to create a new logo for use on television, stationery, publications, microphone badges and ABC vehicles.[78][79] In 1965, ABC graphics designer Bill Kennard submitted a design representing a Lissajous display, as generated when a sine wave signal is applied to the "X" input of an oscilloscope and another at three times the frequency at the "Y" input. The letters "ABC" were added to the design and it was adopted as the ABC's official logo. Kennard was presented with £25 (about AU$715 in 2021) for his design.[78]

On 19 October 1974, the Lissajous curve design experienced its first facelift with the line thickened to allow for colour to be used. It would also be treated to the 'over and under' effect, showing the crossover of the line in the design. To celebrate its 70th anniversary on 1 July 2002, the ABC adopted a new logo, which was created by (Annette) Harcus Design in 2001. This logo used a silver 3D texture but the crossover design was left intact and was then used across the ABC's media outlets. After the on-air revival of the 1974 logo since 2014, the ABC gradually reinstated the classic symbol.[80] The most recent change happened in February 2018 where announced a new logotype and brand positioning under its tagline, Yours.[81] The 2002 silver logo is no longer in use by the corporation.

Governance and structure

Main article: ABC Board

The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors,[82] consisting of a managing director,[83] five to seven directors,[83] and until 2006, a staff-elected director.[83][84] The managing director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years, but is eligible for renewal.[85] The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.[27][86][87]

Appointments to the ABC Board made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees' political affiliation, background, and relative merit.[88][89] Past appointments have associated directly with political parties – five of fourteen appointed chairmen have been accused of political affiliation or friendship, include Richard Downing and Ken Myer (both of whom publicly endorsed the Australian Labor Party at the 1972 election),[30] as well as Sir Henry Bland. David Hill was close to Neville Wran, while Donald McDonald was considered to be a close friend of John Howard.

From 2003 the Howard government made several controversial appointments to the ABC Board, including prominent ABC critic Janet Albrechtsen,[90] Ron Brunton,[91] and Keith Windschuttle.[89][92]

During their 2007 federal election campaign, Labor announced plans to introduce a new system, similar to that of the BBC, for appointing members to the board.[93][94] Under the new system, candidates for the ABC Board would be considered by an independent panel established "at arm's length" from the Communications Minister.[95] If the minister chose someone not on the panel's shortlist, they would be required to justify this to parliament. The ABC chairman would be nominated by the prime minister and endorsed by the leader of the opposition.[93][96][97]

A new merit-based appointment system was announced on 16 October 2008, in advance of the new triennial funding period starting in 2009.[98][99]

As of June 2021 board members are:[100]

Name Functional role Start of term Notes / reference
Ita Buttrose Chair 7 March 2019 Term ends 6 March 2024[101][102]
David Anderson Managing Director 6 May 2019 Term ends 6 March 2024[103][102]
Jane Connors Staff Elected Director 1 May 2018 Term ends 30 April 2023[104][102]
Joe Gersh 11 May 2018 Term ends 10 May 2023[105][102]
Peter Lewis 2 October 2014 First term ended 1 October 2019
Second term ends 1 October 2024[106][102]
Georgie Somerset 23 February 2017 Term ends 22 Feb 2022[107][102]
Fiona Balfour 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026[108][102]
Mario D'Orazio 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026[109][102]
Peter Tonagh 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026[110][102]

As of July 2020 there were 3,730 employees,[3] down from 4,649 in 2019.[2]

Funding

The ABC is primarily funded by the Australian government, in addition to some revenue received from commercial offerings and its retail outlets. The ABC's funding system is set and reviewed every three years.[111]

Until 1948, the ABC was funded directly by radio licence fees; amendments were also made to the Australian Broadcasting Act that meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the federal government. Licence fees remained until 1973, when they were abolished by the Whitlam Labor government, on the basis that the near-universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government-owned radio and television broadcasters.

In 2014, the ABC absorbed A$254 million in federal budget deficits.[112]

Since the 2018 budget handed down by then-Treasurer Scott Morrison, the ABC has been subject to a pause of indexation of operation funding, saving the federal government a total of A$83.7 million over 3 years.[113] In fiscal year 2016–17, the ABC received A$861 million in federal funding, which increased to $865 million per year from 2017 to 2018 to 2018–19, representing a cut in funding of $43 million over three years when accounting for inflation.[47][48][114] In 2019–20, the federal budget forecast funding of $3.2 billion over three years ($1.06 billion per year) for the ABC.[1] The Enhanced Newsgathering Fund, a specialised fund for regional and outer-suburban news gathering set up in 2013 by the Gillard Government,[115][116] currently sits at $44 million over three years, a reduction of $28 million per year since the 2016 Australian federal election. This came after speculation that the fund would be removed, to which ABC Acting managing director David Anderson wrote to Communications Minister Mitch Fifield expressing concerns.[112]

However, despite the cuts made by Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull and the freeze introduced by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Communications Minister Mitch Fifield, the ABC itself has published financial data that shows an increase in the taxpayer appropriation to the ABC of 10% in real terms (i.e. above inflation) between 1998 and 2021.[117]

The term "where your 8 cents a day goes", coined in the late 1980s during funding negotiations,[118] is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC.[119] It was estimated that the cost of the ABC per head of population per day was 7.1 cents a day, based on the corporation's 2007–08 "base funding" of A$543 million.[120]

Services

Radio

See also: History of ABC Radio (Australia)

The ABC operates 54 local radio stations, in addition to four national networks and international service Radio Australia. In addition, DiG Radio (rebranded as Double J in 2014[121][122]) launched on digital platforms in 2002,[123] and later spinning off ABC Country and ABC Jazz.

ABC Local Radio is the corporation's flagship radio station in each broadcast area. There are 54 individual stations,[when?] each with a similar format consisting of locally presented light entertainment, news, talk back, music, sport and interviews, in addition to some national programming such as AM, PM, The World Today, sporting events and Nightlife.

As of June 2021 the ABC operates 15 radio networks, variously available on AM and FM as well as on digital platforms and the internet.[124]

  • Radio National – A generalist station, also known as RN, broadcasting more than 60 special interest programmes per week covering a range of topics including music, comedy, book readings, radio dramas, poetry, science, health, the arts, religion, social history and current affairs.
  • ABC NewsRadio – A news based service, also known as ABC News on Radio, broadcasting federal parliamentary sittings and news on a 24/7 format with updates on the quarter-hour. Broadcast's news content produced by the ABC itself, as well as programmes relayed from ABC Radio Australia, the BBC World Service, NPR, Deutsche Welle, Radio Netherlands and CNN Radio.
  • ABC Classic – A classical music based station, formerly known as ABC Classic FM. It also plays some jazz and world music. ABC Classic was the ABC's first FM radio service. It was originally known simply as "ABC FM", and for a short time "ABC Fine Music".
  • Triple J – A youth-oriented radio network, with a strong focus on alternative and independent music (especially Australian artists); it is targeted at people aged 18–35.

The ABC also operates several stations only available online and on digital platforms:[needs update]

  • ABC Classic 2 – a sister station to ABC Classic, focussing on performances by Australian artists. Only available on streaming platforms.
  • Triple J Unearthed – one of two sister stations to Triple J, focussing on unsigned and independent Australian Talent.
  • Double J – The other sister station to Triple J, focussed on an older audience to Triple J.
  • ABC Jazz – A station exclusively dedicated to Jazz from Australia and the world.
  • ABC Country – A exclusively country music station, mainly focussing on Australian country music.
  • ABC Grandstand – Since November 2020 merged to ABC Sport.[125]
  • ABC Extra – A temporary special events station.
  • ABC Kids – Children's based programming, and a sister station to the ABC Kids television channel.

There is also ABC Radio Australia, the international radio station of the ABC (see below).

Television

Main article: ABC Television (Australian TV network)

The ABC operates five national television channels:[126]

  • ABC TV (formerly ABC1 from 2008 to 2014), the corporation's original television service, receives the bulk of funding for television and shows first-run comedy, drama, documentaries, and news and current affairs. In each state and territory a local news bulletin is shown at 7 pm nightly.
  • ABC TV Plus (formerly ABC2 and ABC Comedy), launched in 2005, shows comedic content in addition to some repeats from ABC TV of which the amount has decreased gradually since ABC TV Plus's inception. It is not a 24-hour channel, but is broadcast daily from 7:30 pm to around 3 am the following night. The channel shares airspace with the ABC Kids programming block from 5 am to 7:30 pm.
  • ABC Me (originally ABC3) became a fully fledged channel on 4 December 2009, but has been part of the electronic guide line-up since 2008, broadcasting an ABC1 simulcast until 4 December 2009, then an ABC Radio simulcast and teaser graphic until its official launch. It is broadcast from 6 am to around 10 pm on weekdays and 6 am to 2 am the next day on weekends, and consists of a broad range programmes aimed at a young audience aged 6–15, with a core demographic of 8–12.
  • ABC Kids (formerly ABC For Kids on 2 and ABC 4 Kids) is a preschool children's block featuring children's programming aimed at the 0 to 5 age groups. ABC Kids broadcasts during ABC TV Plus downtime, from 5 am to 7:30 pm daily.
  • ABC News (originally ABC News 24), a 24-hour news channel, featuring the programming from ABC News and Current Affairs, selected programs from the BBC World News channel, coverage of the Federal Parliament's Question Time, documentaries and factual, arts programming and state or national election coverage.

Although the ABC's headquarters in Sydney serve as a base for program distribution nationally, ABC Television network is composed of eight state- and territory-based stations, each based in their respective state capital and augmented by repeaters:

The eight ABC stations carry opt outs for local programming. In addition to the nightly 7 pm news, the stations also broadcast weekly state editions of 7.30 on Friday evenings (until 5 December 2014), state election coverage and in most areas, live sport on Saturday afternoons.

There is also ABC Australia, the international TV service of the ABC (see below).

Online and digital

ABC Online is the name given to the online services of the ABC, which have evolved to cover a large network of websites including those for ABC News, its various television channels, ABC radio; podcasts; SMS, mobile apps and other mobile phone services; vodcasts and video-on-demand through ABC iView.[127]

The official launch of ABC Online, then part of the ABC's Multimedia Unit, was on 14 August 1995,[127] charged with developing policy for the ABC's work in web publishing. At first it relied upon funding allocation to the corporation's TV and radio operations, but later began to receive its own. The ABC provided live, online election coverage for the first time in 1996, and limited news content began to be provided in 1997.[31] This unit continued until 2000, when the New Media division was formed, bringing together the ABC's online output as a division similar to television or radio. In 2001 the New Media division became New Media and Digital Services, reflecting the broader remit to develop content for digital platforms such as digital television, becoming an "output division" similar to Television or Radio.[34] In addition to ABC Online, the division also had responsibility over the ABC's two digital television services, Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel, until their closure in 2003.[128]

ABC TV Plus, a digital-only free-to-air television channel, launched on 7 March 2005. Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding, instead running on a budget of A$3 million per year.[30] Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later.[129] Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006 – ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport, and entertainment.[130]

In conjunction with the ABC's radio division, New Media and Digital Services implemented the ABC's first podcasts in December 2004. By mid-2006 the ABC had become an international leader in podcasting with over fifty podcast programmes delivering hundreds of thousands of downloads per week,[131] including trial video podcasts of The Chaser's War on Everything and jtv.[132]

In February 2007, the New Media & Digital Services division was dissolved and divided up among other areas of the ABC. It was replaced by a new Innovation division, to manage ABC Online and investigate new technologies for the ABC.[133]

In 2008, Crikey reported that certain ABC Online mobile sites in development were planned to carry commercial advertising.[134] Screenshots, developed in-house, of an ABC Grandstand sport page include advertising for two private companies. Media Watch later revealed that the websites were to be operated by ABC Commercial and distinguished from the main, advertising-free, mobile website by a distinct logo.[135]

In 2015 the Innovation Division was replaced with the Digital Network Division.[136] Angela Clark was head from 2012 until at least the end of financial year 2015/6,[137] but by 2017 she was gone, and the Digital Network fell into the Technology division under the Chief Technology Officer.[47]

In May 2017, Helen Clifton was appointed to the new role of Chief Digital and Information Officer,[138][139] which continues as of June 2020.[140]

In December 2019, a refreshed ABC homepage was launched.[141] ABC News is one of Australia's largest and most-visited web sites; from its position as 11th most popular in the country in 2008,[142] in recent years up to 2021 it has maintained top position in the rankings.[143][144][145]

International

Further information: ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel) and Radio Australia

ABC International is responsible for its international operations, which include the internationally broadcast Radio Australia, the Asia-Pacific TV channel ABC Australia,[146] and its ABC International Development (ABCID) branch.[147]

In June 2012 Lynley Marshall, former head of ABC Commercial, was appointed CEO of ABC International, filling a role left empty by the retirement of Murray Green.[146] At the time, it was intended that Radio Australia, ABC Australia and ABC News would work together more closely[148] ABC International was at this time a division of the ABC, but it has not been represented as a separate division in the organisational structure of the ABC since 2016,[149][137][47][48][2][140] after Marshall's departure in February 2017.[150]

There were fears of job losses in the division after the huge budget cuts in 2014, as well as an earlier termination of a A$220 million contract with the Department of Foreign Affairs, one year into the 10-year contract.[151]

On 24 May 2021, Claire Gorman was appointed to an expanded role to manage both the International Strategy and the International Development teams.[152]

ABC Australia is an international satellite television service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, funded by advertising and grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Aimed at the Asia-Pacific region, the service broadcasts a mixture of English language programming, including general entertainment, sport, and current affairs.

Radio Australia is an international satellite and internet radio service with transmissions aimed at South-East Asia and the Pacific Islands, although its signals are also audible in many other parts of the world. It features programmes in various languages spoken in these regions, including Mandarin, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Khmer and Tok Pisin. Before 31 January 2017 Radio Australia broadcast short-wave radio signals. Radio Australia bulletins are also carried on WRN Broadcast, available via satellite in Europe and North America.

ABC International Development, or ABCID, is a media development unit that promotes public interest journalism and connects with local media in the region. ABCID employs local people in Papua New Guinea and many Pacific countries.[153][154] The team "provides expertise, training, technical and program support to partner organisations", by working with a variety of organisations, including international development donors,[2] for example through the through the Pacific Media Assistance Scheme (PACMAS).[155]

Independence and impartiality

Under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983,[27] the ABC Board is bound to "maintain the independence and integrity of the Corporation" and to ensure that "the gathering and presentation by the Corporation of news and information is accurate and impartial according to the recognized standards of objective journalism".

In relation to impartiality and diversity of perspectives, the current ABC editorial policy requires of the broadcaster that:[156]

...the ABC gather and present news and information with impartiality and presents a diversity of perspectives so that, over time, no significant strand of thought or belief within the community is knowingly excluded or disproportionately represented. The broadcaster is expected to take no editorial stance other than a commitment to fundamental democratic principles.

— ABC Editorial Policy

ABC Commercial

Main article: ABC Commercial

The commercial arm of the ABC was established in 1974 under the name Enterprises as a self-funding unit, marketing products relating to the ABC's activities. It was renamed in 2007 to ABC Commercial,[157][133] The aim of ABC Commercial was "to create, market and retail high quality consumer products which reflect and extend the scope of the ABC’s activities".[157] At this time it comprised the ABC Shop, ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales, ABC Resource Hire, and ABC Content Services (Archives).[158][159]

ABC Commercial was registered as a business name under Australian Broadcasting Corporation in April 2007 and continues to exist as of June 2021.[33] It includes ABC Music, a leading independent record label; ABC Events, which stages concerts and other events; and publishing and licensing activities by ABC Books, ABC Audio, ABC Magazines and ABC Licensing.[160]

ABC Shop Online was wound up at the end of 2018, along with the in-store ABC Centres.[161] In early 2019, ABC Commercial split from the Finance division and became an independent business unit of the ABC.

In the financial year 2018–2019, ABC Commercial turned a profit of A$4.4 million, which was invested in content production.[160]

The ABC Studios and Media Production hires out some of the ABC studios and sound stages, operating as part of ABC Commercial. The studios for hire are in Sydney (Studios 21, 22, 16), Melbourne (31), Adelaide (51B) and Perth (61).[162]

Orchestras

 
"Majestic Fanfare"
The original ABC News and Current Affairs theme music. In the mid-1980s ABC Television changed to its own news theme, while the "Majestic Fanfare" is still used for radio news bulletins.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Further information: History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation § 1990s

Up until the installation of disc recording equipment in 1935, all content broadcast on the ABC was produced live, including music.[11] For this purpose, the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state, and in some centres also employed choruses and dance bands. This became known as the ABC Concert Music Division, which was controlled by the Federal Director of Music – the first of whom was W. G. James.[163]

In 1997, the ABC divested all ABC orchestras from the Concerts department of the ABC into separate subsidiary companies, allied to a service company known as Symphony Australia,[164][31] and on 1 January 2007 the orchestras were divested into independent companies.[165] The six state orchestras are:

ABC Friends

ABC Friends, formerly Friends of the ABC (FABC), consists of independent organisations in each state and territory, under an umbrella organisation established in December 2016, ABC Friends National Inc. In 1976, three independent groups were formed: Aunty's Nieces and Nephews in Melbourne, Friends of the ABC (NSW) Inc.[166] (now ABC Friends NSW & ACT[167]) and Friends of the ABC (SA) (since 2007/2008, ABC Friends SA/NT).[168] The groups were formed by citizens who were concerned about government threats to make deep cuts to the ABC's budget. Historian Ken Inglis wrote that “The Friends were in the line of those people who had affirmed over the years that the ABC was essential to the nation”. Over the years, independent state organisations were established, run by committees, and in January 2014 the name of each was changed to ABC Friends.[166]

The objectives of ABC Friends National are stated as follows:[166]

To represent community interest in defending and promoting the vital role of Australia’s independent national public broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) to ensure:

  • that the ABC is properly funded to maintain and advance its role as the national public broadcaster in all media, promoting and reflecting Australian culture and diversity
  • that it remains editorially independent of government and commercial interests.

Controversies

See also: ABC Board and History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Perceived bias

External critics have complained in particular of left-wing political bias at the broadcaster,[127] citing a prominence of Labor Party-connected journalists hosting masthead political programs or a tendency to favour "progressive" over "conservative" political views on issues such as immigration, asylum seekers, the republicanism, multiculturalism, Indigenous reconciliation, feminism, environmentalism, and same-sex marriage.[169][170][13][171]

In December 2013, former judge and ABC chair James Spigelman announced that four independent audits would be conducted each year in response to the allegations of bias in the reporting of news and current affairs. ABC Friends have observed that "Most of the complaints about bias in the ABC have come from the government of the day – Labor or Liberal. Significantly both parties have been far less hostile to the ABC when in opposition".[127]

Reviews and investigations

Reviews of the ABC are regularly commissioned and sometimes not released.[172][173]

Both internal and external research has been conducted on the question of bias at the ABC. These include the following:

  • A 2004 Roy Morgan media credibility survey found that journalists regarded ABC Radio as the most accurate news source in the country and the ABC as the second "most politically biased media organisation in Australia".[174]
  • A 2013 University of the Sunshine Coast study of the voting intentions of journalists found that 73.6% of ABC journalists supported Labor or The Greens – with 41% supporting the Greens (whereas only around 10% of people in the general population voted Green).[175][176]
  • At the 2016 federal election, a study commissioned by the ABC and conducted by Isentia compiled share-of-voice data and found that the ABC devoted 42.6% of election coverage to the Coalition government (this compares to the 42.04% vote received by the Coalition in the House of Representatives (HOR)), 35.9% to the Labor opposition (34.73% HOR), 8% to The Greens(10.23% HOR), 3.1% to independents (1.85% HOR), 2.2% to the Nick Xenophon Team (1.85% HOR) and 8.1% to the rest. However, the ABC itself notes the "significant limitations around the value of share of voice data" as "duration says nothing about tone or context".[177]
  • In December 2020, the Board commissioned its 19th editorial review by an independent reviewer, which found that the ABC's news coverage of lead-up to the 2019 Australian election was "overwhelmingly positive and unbiased", although it also found that specific episodes of The Drum and Insiders reflected too narrow a range of viewpoints. The government forced the publication of the report after Coalition senator James McGrath raised a motion in the Senate, which led to ABC Chair Ita Buttrose and managing director David Anderson writing to the president of the Senate, Scott Ryan, to express their concerns about the use of the such powers, which went against the public interest.[178]

Relationships with government

Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke considered the ABC's coverage of the 1991 Gulf War to be biased.[179] In 1996, conservative Opposition Leader John Howard refused to have Kerry O'Brien of the ABC moderate the television debates with Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating because Howard saw O'Brien as biased against the Coalition.[180]

Liberal Prime Minister Tony Abbott perceived the ABC to be left wing and hostile to his government, while his successor Malcolm Turnbull enjoyed better relations with the national broadcaster.[181][182][183]

Specific topics

The Catholic Church and George Pell

Further information: George Pell § Reactions after acquittal

The ABC's coverage of the issue of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church received praise and criticism. The Melbourne Press Club presented the 2016 Quill for Coverage of an Issue or Event for the report George Pell and Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church, and the 2016 Golden Quill award to Louise Milligan and Andy Burns for their extensive coverage of Cardinal George Pell's evidence given at the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.[184][185]

The ABC Media Watch program of 20 April 2020 noted that the ABC had been accused of leading a "witch hunt" against Cardinal Pell. Media Watch reported that, following his acquittal, Pell said the ABC gave an "overwhelming presentation of one view and only one view". Media Watch also canvassed other criticisms including from The Australian newspaper's editor-at-large Paul Kelly, who charged the ABC with having run a "sustained campaign against Pell". Media Watch also offered criticism of its own, noting Louise Milligan and the Four Corners program had failed to canvass any of Pell's defence from the trial and "lined up witnesses condemning Pell", while social media commentary by Barrie Cassidy and Quentin Dempster had undermined the presumption of innocence.[186] Margaret Simons similarly noted in The Guardian that "there has been some social media activity by ABC journalists that looks very much like lobbying against Pell..."[187]

Environmentalism

Planet Slayer was an ABC website run by scientist Bernie Hobbs to teach children about the environment in around 2008/9.[188] It included a "Greenhouse Calculator" which aimed to help children to work out their carbon footprint by providing an estimate of the age a person needs to die if they are not to use more than their fair share of the Earth's resources.[189] Victorian Liberal senator Mitch Fifield criticised a cartoon series on the site for portraying those who eat meat, loggers, and workers in the nuclear industry as "evil".[190] ABC managing director Mark Scott said the site was not designed to offend anyone, but instead have children think about environmental issues.[191]

See also

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Further reading

  • Cater, Nick The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class (2013) pp 199–228
  • Curgenven, Geoffrey. Dick Boyer, an Australian humanist (Bolton, 1967) (Dick Boyer was chair of the ABC Board from 1940 until his death in 1961.)
  • Inglis, K. S. This is the ABC – the Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932 – 1983 (2006)
  • Inglis, K. S. Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006 (2006)
  • Moran, Albert, and Chris Keating. The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television (Scarecrow Press, 2009)
  • Semmler, Clement. The ABC: Aunt Sally and Sacred Cow (1981)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
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  • Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983

March 01, 2023
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This article is about the Australian public broadcaster For the television service launched in 1956 now a network see ABC Television Australian TV network ABC Australia and ABC Australia redirect here For other uses see ABC and ABC Australia The Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC is the national broadcaster of Australia It is principally funded by direct grants from the Australian Government and is administered by a government appointed board The ABC is a publicly owned body that is politically independent and fully accountable with its charter enshrined in legislation the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ABC Commercial a profit making division of the corporation also helps to generate funding for content provision Australian Broadcasting CorporationTypeStatutory corporationIndustryMass mediaPredecessorsAustralian Broadcasting Commission Australian Broadcasting CompanyFounded1 July 1932 90 years ago 1932 07 01 FounderLyons GovernmentHeadquartersABC Ultimo CentreUltimo Sydney New South Wales AustraliaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleDavid Anderson managing director Ita Buttrose chair RevenueA 1 06 billion 1 2019 20 Total assetsA 1 401 757 000 2019 2 OwnerAustralian GovernmentNumber of employees3 730 3 2019 20 Websitewww wbr abc wbr net wbr auThe ABC was established as the Australian Broadcasting Commission on 1 July 1932 by an act of federal parliament It effectively replaced the Australian Broadcasting Company a private company established in 1924 to provide programming for A class radio stations The ABC was given statutory powers that reinforced its independence from the government and enhanced its news gathering role Modelled after the British Broadcasting Corporation BBC which is funded by a television licence the ABC was originally financed by consumer licence fees on broadcast receivers Licence fees were abolished in 1973 and replaced by direct government grants as well as revenue from commercial activities related to its core broadcasting mission The ABC adopted its current name in 1983 4 The ABC provides radio television online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia ABC Radio operates four national networks a large number of ABC Local Radio stations several digital stations and the international service Radio Australia ABC Television operates five free to air channels as well as the ABC iview streaming service and the ABC Australia satellite channel News and current affairs content across all platforms is produced by the news division Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 War years 1 3 1950 2000 1 4 2000s 2010s 1 5 2020s 2 Lissajous curve logo 3 Governance and structure 4 Funding 5 Services 5 1 Radio 5 2 Television 5 3 Online and digital 5 4 International 6 Independence and impartiality 7 ABC Commercial 8 Orchestras 9 ABC Friends 10 Controversies 10 1 Perceived bias 10 1 1 Reviews and investigations 10 2 Relationships with government 10 3 Specific topics 10 3 1 The Catholic Church and George Pell 10 3 2 Environmentalism 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory EditMain article History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Origins Edit After public radio stations were established independently in the state capitals from 1924 a licensing scheme administered by the Postmaster General s Department was established allowing certain stations with Class A licences government funding albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content 5 In 1928 the government established the National Broadcasting Service to take over the 12 A Class licences as they came up for renewal and contracted the Australian Broadcasting Company 6 a private company established in 1924 7 8 to supply programs to the new national broadcaster 6 9 After it became politically unpopular to continue to allow the Postmaster General to run the National Broadcasting Service the government established the Australian Broadcasting Commission ABC on 1 July 1932 under the Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932 10 to take over the Australian Broadcasting Company and run the National Broadcasting Service 11 12 The ABC became informally referred to as Aunty 13 14 15 originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporation s nickname 16 The structure and programming was broadly modelled on the BBC and programs not created in Australia were mostly bought in from the BBC 6 In 1940 one of the ABC Board s most prominent members Dick Boyer was appointed to the ABC becoming chairman on 1 April 1945 Today known for the continuing series of Boyer Lectures initiated by him in 1959 he had a good but not too close working relationship with Sir Charles Moses general manager 1935 1965 17 18 and remained chair until his retirement in 1961 He was determined to maintain the autonomy of the ABC 19 War years Edit In 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed giving the ABC the power to decide when and in what circumstances political speeches should be broadcast Directions from the minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and any exercise of the power had to be mentioned in the commission s annual report 20 1950 2000 Edit See also ABC Television Australian TV network source source source source source source track The first broadcast of ABC TV presented by Michael Charlton 5 November 1956 James Dibble reading the first ABC News television bulletin in NSW 1956 The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956 ABN 2 in Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956 with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton and James Dibble reading the first television news bulletin 21 Television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s so news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by teleprinter to be prepared and presented separately in each city 22 In 1975 colour television was permanently introduced into Australia and within a decade the ABC had moved into satellite broadcasting greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally 23 Also in 1975 the ABC introduced a 24 hour a day AM rock station in Sydney 2JJ Double Jay which was eventually expanded into the national Triple J FM network 23 A year later a national classical music network was established on the FM band broadcasting from Adelaide It was initially known as ABC FM later ABC Classic FM referring both to its fine music programming and radio frequency 23 ABC budget cuts began in 1976 24 and continued until 1998 25 the largest cuts calculated by the ABC as 25 in real terms coming between 1985 and 1996 26 The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation effective 1 July 1983 Although funded and owned by the government the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured by the 1983 Act 27 At the same time the newly formed corporation underwent significant restructuring including a split into separate television and radio divisions and ABC Radio was restructured significantly again in 1985 28 Geoffrey Whitehead was managing director of the ABC at this time 29 Following his resignation in 1986 David Hill at the time chair of the ABC Board took over his position 30 and local production trebled from 1986 to 1991 28 Ultimo Centre the ABC s national headquarters in Sydney Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990 and by the early 1990s all major ABC broadcasting outlets moved to 24 hour a day operation In 1991 the corporation s Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building 31 the ABC Ultimo Centre 32 in the inner city suburb of Ultimo In Melbourne the ABC Southbank Centre was completed in 1994 31 International television service ABC Australia was established in 1993 while at the same time Radio Australia increased its international reach Reduced funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts 31 The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July 1995 to manage the new ABC website which was launched in August 31 The ABC was registered on the Australian Business Register as a Commonwealth Government Entity on 1 November 1999 33 2000s 2010s Edit In 2001 digital television commenced see Online below At the same time the ABC s multimedia division was renamed ABC New Media becoming an output division of the ABC alongside television and radio 34 In 2002 the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific the replacement for the defunct Australia Television International operated previously by the Seven Network 30 A digital radio service ABC DiG was also launched in November that year On 8 February 2008 ABC TV was rebranded as ABC1 and a new channel for children ABC3 was funded and announced by the Rudd government in June 35 36 A new online video on demand service launched in July of the same year titled ABC iview 37 ABC News 24 now known as ABC News a channel dedicated to news launched on 22nd July 2010 38 On 20 July 2014 ABC1 reverted to its original name of ABC TV 39 In November 2014 a cut of A 254 million 4 6 40 to funding over the following five years together with the additional unfunded cost of the news channel 41 meant that the ABC would have to shed about 10 of its staff around 400 people There were several programming changes with regional and local programming losing out to national programs and the Adelaide TV production studio had to close 42 In November 2016 the ABC announced that ABC News 24 ABC NewsRadio as well as its online and digital news brands would be rebranded under a unified ABC News brand 43 which was launched on 10 April 2017 44 45 Michelle Guthrie took over from managing director Mark Scott whose second five year contract finished in April 2016 46 Between July 2017 and June 2018 the whole of the ABC underwent an organisational restructure after which the Radio and Television Divisions were no longer separate entities each under a director instead being split across several functional divisions 47 with different teams producing different genres of content for television radio and digital platforms The Entertainment amp Specialist E amp S team focussed on comedy kids programs drama Indigenous related programs music other entertainment and factual content the new ABC Specialist team created content across the arts science religion amp ethics education and society amp culture while the Regional amp Local team focussed on regional and local content 48 Around 23 September 2018 Guthrie was sacked 49 A leadership crisis ensued after allegations arose that ABC Chair Justin Milne had according to the MEAA engaged in overt political interference in the running of the ABC that is in clear breach of the ABC charter and the role of the chairperson by interfering in editorial and staffing matters After pressure for an independent inquiry or statement from Milne or his resignation following meetings by ABC staff in various locations on 27 September Milne resigned 50 In February 2019 after the roles of ABC chair and managing director had been vacant for over four months 51 52 Ita Buttrose was named chair Buttrose named David Anderson as managing director in May 2019 53 On 5 June 2019 Australian Federal Police AFP raided the headquarters of the ABC looking for articles written in 2017 about alleged misconduct by Australian special forces in Afghanistan later dubbed the Afghan Files 54 55 The raid was countered by lawyers for the ABC in litigation against the AFP challenging the examination of over 9 200 documents including internal emails 56 57 58 59 In February 2020 the case was dismissed by the federal court 60 61 62 In June 2020 the AFP sent a brief of evidence to the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions CDPP the federal public prosecutor recommending charges be laid against journalist Dan Oakes for breaking the Afghan Files story 63 but in October 2020 the CDPP dropped the case 64 2020s Edit In June 2020 the ABC announced it needed to cut 229 jobs 65 a number of programs and reduce its travel and production budgets after the Turnbull government s announcement of a freeze to indexation of its budget in 2018 66 this was estimated at the time to cost the ABC A 84 million over three years however the actual appropriation did not decrease 67 and the ABC chair was quoted as saying it would actually increase but by a reduced amount 68 69 70 In all over a five year period there were 737 redundancies a further 866 resignations and 203 retirements but the total number of staff only fell by 313 due to the ABC hiring 650 staff over that period 71 In June 2021 the ABC announced its plan to move around 300 staff to offices in Parramatta in a plan which would see 75 of journalists and producers moving out of the Ultimo building by 2025 in order to reduce costs Rental from some of the vacant space in the city centre would earn additional income to offset the ongoing effects of the significant funding cuts since 2014 and the recent indexation freeze 72 In December 2021 the ABC announced that in addition to the 83 additional positions already established it was to create an additional 50 plus new jobs in regional Australia as a result of commercial agreements with digital platforms flowing from the Morrison government s News Media Bargaining Code 73 Lissajous curve logo Edit The Lissajous curve logo as it appears on some properties since October 1974 2002 and 2014 onwards Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope on which Bill Kennard designed the current logo The silver 2002 logo which was used by the corporation from 2002 to 2018 The ABC logo is one of the most recognisable logos in Australia 74 75 76 In the early years of television the ABC had been using Lissajous curves as fillers between programmes 77 In July 1963 the ABC conducted a staff competition to create a new logo for use on television stationery publications microphone badges and ABC vehicles 78 79 In 1965 ABC graphics designer Bill Kennard submitted a design representing a Lissajous display as generated when a sine wave signal is applied to the X input of an oscilloscope and another at three times the frequency at the Y input The letters ABC were added to the design and it was adopted as the ABC s official logo Kennard was presented with 25 about AU 715 in 2021 for his design 78 On 19 October 1974 the Lissajous curve design experienced its first facelift with the line thickened to allow for colour to be used It would also be treated to the over and under effect showing the crossover of the line in the design To celebrate its 70th anniversary on 1 July 2002 the ABC adopted a new logo which was created by Annette Harcus Design in 2001 This logo used a silver 3D texture but the crossover design was left intact and was then used across the ABC s media outlets After the on air revival of the 1974 logo since 2014 the ABC gradually reinstated the classic symbol 80 The most recent change happened in February 2018 where announced a new logotype and brand positioning under its tagline Yours 81 The 2002 silver logo is no longer in use by the corporation Governance and structure EditMain article ABC Board The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors 82 consisting of a managing director 83 five to seven directors 83 and until 2006 a staff elected director 83 84 The managing director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years but is eligible for renewal 85 The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 27 86 87 Appointments to the ABC Board made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees political affiliation background and relative merit 88 89 Past appointments have associated directly with political parties five of fourteen appointed chairmen have been accused of political affiliation or friendship include Richard Downing and Ken Myer both of whom publicly endorsed the Australian Labor Party at the 1972 election 30 as well as Sir Henry Bland David Hill was close to Neville Wran while Donald McDonald was considered to be a close friend of John Howard From 2003 the Howard government made several controversial appointments to the ABC Board including prominent ABC critic Janet Albrechtsen 90 Ron Brunton 91 and Keith Windschuttle 89 92 During their 2007 federal election campaign Labor announced plans to introduce a new system similar to that of the BBC for appointing members to the board 93 94 Under the new system candidates for the ABC Board would be considered by an independent panel established at arm s length from the Communications Minister 95 If the minister chose someone not on the panel s shortlist they would be required to justify this to parliament The ABC chairman would be nominated by the prime minister and endorsed by the leader of the opposition 93 96 97 A new merit based appointment system was announced on 16 October 2008 in advance of the new triennial funding period starting in 2009 98 99 As of June 2021 update board members are 100 Name Functional role Start of term Notes referenceIta Buttrose Chair 7 March 2019 Term ends 6 March 2024 101 102 David Anderson Managing Director 6 May 2019 Term ends 6 March 2024 103 102 Jane Connors Staff Elected Director 1 May 2018 Term ends 30 April 2023 104 102 Joe Gersh 11 May 2018 Term ends 10 May 2023 105 102 Peter Lewis 2 October 2014 First term ended 1 October 2019Second term ends 1 October 2024 106 102 Georgie Somerset 23 February 2017 Term ends 22 Feb 2022 107 102 Fiona Balfour 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026 108 102 Mario D Orazio 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026 109 102 Peter Tonagh 13 May 2021 Term ends 12 May 2026 110 102 As of July 2020 there were 3 730 employees 3 down from 4 649 in 2019 2 Funding EditThe ABC is primarily funded by the Australian government in addition to some revenue received from commercial offerings and its retail outlets The ABC s funding system is set and reviewed every three years 111 Until 1948 the ABC was funded directly by radio licence fees amendments were also made to the Australian Broadcasting Act that meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the federal government Licence fees remained until 1973 when they were abolished by the Whitlam Labor government on the basis that the near universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government owned radio and television broadcasters In 2014 the ABC absorbed A 254 million in federal budget deficits 112 Since the 2018 budget handed down by then Treasurer Scott Morrison the ABC has been subject to a pause of indexation of operation funding saving the federal government a total of A 83 7 million over 3 years 113 In fiscal year 2016 17 the ABC received A 861 million in federal funding which increased to 865 million per year from 2017 to 2018 to 2018 19 representing a cut in funding of 43 million over three years when accounting for inflation 47 48 114 In 2019 20 the federal budget forecast funding of 3 2 billion over three years 1 06 billion per year for the ABC 1 The Enhanced Newsgathering Fund a specialised fund for regional and outer suburban news gathering set up in 2013 by the Gillard Government 115 116 currently sits at 44 million over three years a reduction of 28 million per year since the 2016 Australian federal election This came after speculation that the fund would be removed to which ABC Acting managing director David Anderson wrote to Communications Minister Mitch Fifield expressing concerns 112 However despite the cuts made by Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull and the freeze introduced by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Communications Minister Mitch Fifield the ABC itself has published financial data that shows an increase in the taxpayer appropriation to the ABC of 10 in real terms i e above inflation between 1998 and 2021 117 The term where your 8 cents a day goes coined in the late 1980s during funding negotiations 118 is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC 119 It was estimated that the cost of the ABC per head of population per day was 7 1 cents a day based on the corporation s 2007 08 base funding of A 543 million 120 Services EditRadio Edit ABC Brisbane headquarters in South Bank See also History of ABC Radio Australia The ABC operates 54 local radio stations in addition to four national networks and international service Radio Australia In addition DiG Radio rebranded as Double J in 2014 121 122 launched on digital platforms in 2002 123 and later spinning off ABC Country and ABC Jazz ABC Local Radio is the corporation s flagship radio station in each broadcast area There are 54 individual stations when each with a similar format consisting of locally presented light entertainment news talk back music sport and interviews in addition to some national programming such as AM PM The World Today sporting events and Nightlife As of June 2021 update the ABC operates 15 radio networks variously available on AM and FM as well as on digital platforms and the internet 124 Radio National A generalist station also known as RN broadcasting more than 60 special interest programmes per week covering a range of topics including music comedy book readings radio dramas poetry science health the arts religion social history and current affairs ABC NewsRadio A news based service also known as ABC News on Radio broadcasting federal parliamentary sittings and news on a 24 7 format with updates on the quarter hour Broadcast s news content produced by the ABC itself as well as programmes relayed from ABC Radio Australia the BBC World Service NPR Deutsche Welle Radio Netherlands and CNN Radio ABC Classic A classical music based station formerly known as ABC Classic FM It also plays some jazz and world music ABC Classic was the ABC s first FM radio service It was originally known simply as ABC FM and for a short time ABC Fine Music Triple J A youth oriented radio network with a strong focus on alternative and independent music especially Australian artists it is targeted at people aged 18 35 The ABC also operates several stations only available online and on digital platforms needs update ABC Classic 2 a sister station to ABC Classic focussing on performances by Australian artists Only available on streaming platforms Triple J Unearthed one of two sister stations to Triple J focussing on unsigned and independent Australian Talent Double J The other sister station to Triple J focussed on an older audience to Triple J ABC Jazz A station exclusively dedicated to Jazz from Australia and the world ABC Country A exclusively country music station mainly focussing on Australian country music ABC Grandstand Since November 2020 merged to ABC Sport 125 ABC Extra A temporary special events station ABC Kids Children s based programming and a sister station to the ABC Kids television channel There is also ABC Radio Australia the international radio station of the ABC see below Television Edit Main article ABC Television Australian TV network The ABC operates five national television channels 126 ABC TV formerly ABC1 from 2008 to 2014 the corporation s original television service receives the bulk of funding for television and shows first run comedy drama documentaries and news and current affairs In each state and territory a local news bulletin is shown at 7 pm nightly ABC TV Plus formerly ABC2 and ABC Comedy launched in 2005 shows comedic content in addition to some repeats from ABC TV of which the amount has decreased gradually since ABC TV Plus s inception It is not a 24 hour channel but is broadcast daily from 7 30 pm to around 3 am the following night The channel shares airspace with the ABC Kids programming block from 5 am to 7 30 pm ABC Me originally ABC3 became a fully fledged channel on 4 December 2009 but has been part of the electronic guide line up since 2008 broadcasting an ABC1 simulcast until 4 December 2009 then an ABC Radio simulcast and teaser graphic until its official launch It is broadcast from 6 am to around 10 pm on weekdays and 6 am to 2 am the next day on weekends and consists of a broad range programmes aimed at a young audience aged 6 15 with a core demographic of 8 12 ABC Kids formerly ABC For Kids on 2 and ABC 4 Kids is a preschool children s block featuring children s programming aimed at the 0 to 5 age groups ABC Kids broadcasts during ABC TV Plus downtime from 5 am to 7 30 pm daily ABC News originally ABC News 24 a 24 hour news channel featuring the programming from ABC News and Current Affairs selected programs from the BBC World News channel coverage of the Federal Parliament s Question Time documentaries and factual arts programming and state or national election coverage Although the ABC s headquarters in Sydney serve as a base for program distribution nationally ABC Television network is composed of eight state and territory based stations each based in their respective state capital and augmented by repeaters ABN Sydney ABV Melbourne ABQ Brisbane ABS Adelaide ABW Perth ABT Hobart ABC Canberra ABD Darwin The eight ABC stations carry opt outs for local programming In addition to the nightly 7 pm news the stations also broadcast weekly state editions of 7 30 on Friday evenings until 5 December 2014 state election coverage and in most areas live sport on Saturday afternoons There is also ABC Australia the international TV service of the ABC see below Online and digital Edit ABC Online is the name given to the online services of the ABC which have evolved to cover a large network of websites including those for ABC News its various television channels ABC radio podcasts SMS mobile apps and other mobile phone services vodcasts and video on demand through ABC iView 127 The official launch of ABC Online then part of the ABC s Multimedia Unit was on 14 August 1995 127 charged with developing policy for the ABC s work in web publishing At first it relied upon funding allocation to the corporation s TV and radio operations but later began to receive its own The ABC provided live online election coverage for the first time in 1996 and limited news content began to be provided in 1997 31 This unit continued until 2000 when the New Media division was formed bringing together the ABC s online output as a division similar to television or radio In 2001 the New Media division became New Media and Digital Services reflecting the broader remit to develop content for digital platforms such as digital television becoming an output division similar to Television or Radio 34 In addition to ABC Online the division also had responsibility over the ABC s two digital television services Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel until their closure in 2003 128 ABC TV Plus a digital only free to air television channel launched on 7 March 2005 Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding instead running on a budget of A 3 million per year 30 Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later 129 Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006 ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy drama national news sport and entertainment 130 In conjunction with the ABC s radio division New Media and Digital Services implemented the ABC s first podcasts in December 2004 By mid 2006 the ABC had become an international leader in podcasting with over fifty podcast programmes delivering hundreds of thousands of downloads per week 131 including trial video podcasts of The Chaser s War on Everything and jtv 132 In February 2007 the New Media amp Digital Services division was dissolved and divided up among other areas of the ABC It was replaced by a new Innovation division to manage ABC Online and investigate new technologies for the ABC 133 In 2008 Crikey reported that certain ABC Online mobile sites in development were planned to carry commercial advertising 134 Screenshots developed in house of an ABC Grandstand sport page include advertising for two private companies Media Watch later revealed that the websites were to be operated by ABC Commercial and distinguished from the main advertising free mobile website by a distinct logo 135 In 2015 the Innovation Division was replaced with the Digital Network Division 136 Angela Clark was head from 2012 until at least the end of financial year 2015 6 137 but by 2017 she was gone and the Digital Network fell into the Technology division under the Chief Technology Officer 47 In May 2017 Helen Clifton was appointed to the new role of Chief Digital and Information Officer 138 139 which continues as of June 2020 update 140 In December 2019 a refreshed ABC homepage was launched 141 ABC News is one of Australia s largest and most visited web sites from its position as 11th most popular in the country in 2008 142 in recent years up to 2021 it has maintained top position in the rankings 143 144 145 International Edit Further information ABC Australia Southeast Asian TV channel and Radio Australia ABC International is responsible for its international operations which include the internationally broadcast Radio Australia the Asia Pacific TV channel ABC Australia 146 and its ABC International Development ABCID branch 147 In June 2012 Lynley Marshall former head of ABC Commercial was appointed CEO of ABC International filling a role left empty by the retirement of Murray Green 146 At the time it was intended that Radio Australia ABC Australia and ABC News would work together more closely 148 ABC International was at this time a division of the ABC but it has not been represented as a separate division in the organisational structure of the ABC since 2016 149 137 47 48 2 140 after Marshall s departure in February 2017 150 There were fears of job losses in the division after the huge budget cuts in 2014 as well as an earlier termination of a A 220 million contract with the Department of Foreign Affairs one year into the 10 year contract 151 On 24 May 2021 Claire Gorman was appointed to an expanded role to manage both the International Strategy and the International Development teams 152 ABC Australia is an international satellite television service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation funded by advertising and grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Aimed at the Asia Pacific region the service broadcasts a mixture of English language programming including general entertainment sport and current affairs Radio Australia is an international satellite and internet radio service with transmissions aimed at South East Asia and the Pacific Islands although its signals are also audible in many other parts of the world It features programmes in various languages spoken in these regions including Mandarin Indonesian Vietnamese Khmer and Tok Pisin Before 31 January 2017 Radio Australia broadcast short wave radio signals Radio Australia bulletins are also carried on WRN Broadcast available via satellite in Europe and North America ABC International Development or ABCID is a media development unit that promotes public interest journalism and connects with local media in the region ABCID employs local people in Papua New Guinea and many Pacific countries 153 154 The team provides expertise training technical and program support to partner organisations by working with a variety of organisations including international development donors 2 for example through the through the Pacific Media Assistance Scheme PACMAS 155 Independence and impartiality EditUnder the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 27 the ABC Board is bound to maintain the independence and integrity of the Corporation and to ensure that the gathering and presentation by the Corporation of news and information is accurate and impartial according to the recognized standards of objective journalism In relation to impartiality and diversity of perspectives the current ABC editorial policy requires of the broadcaster that 156 the ABC gather and present news and information with impartiality and presents a diversity of perspectives so that over time no significant strand of thought or belief within the community is knowingly excluded or disproportionately represented The broadcaster is expected to take no editorial stance other than a commitment to fundamental democratic principles ABC Editorial PolicyABC Commercial EditMain article ABC Commercial The commercial arm of the ABC was established in 1974 under the name Enterprises as a self funding unit marketing products relating to the ABC s activities It was renamed in 2007 to ABC Commercial 157 133 The aim of ABC Commercial was to create market and retail high quality consumer products which reflect and extend the scope of the ABC s activities 157 At this time it comprised the ABC Shop ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales ABC Resource Hire and ABC Content Services Archives 158 159 ABC Commercial was registered as a business name under Australian Broadcasting Corporation in April 2007 and continues to exist as of June 2021 update 33 It includes ABC Music a leading independent record label ABC Events which stages concerts and other events and publishing and licensing activities by ABC Books ABC Audio ABC Magazines and ABC Licensing 160 ABC Shop Online was wound up at the end of 2018 along with the in store ABC Centres 161 In early 2019 ABC Commercial split from the Finance division and became an independent business unit of the ABC In the financial year 2018 2019 ABC Commercial turned a profit of A 4 4 million which was invested in content production 160 The ABC Studios and Media Production hires out some of the ABC studios and sound stages operating as part of ABC Commercial The studios for hire are in Sydney Studios 21 22 16 Melbourne 31 Adelaide 51B and Perth 61 162 Orchestras Edit Majestic Fanfare source source The original ABC News and Current Affairs theme music In the mid 1980s ABC Television changed to its own news theme while the Majestic Fanfare is still used for radio news bulletins Problems playing this file See media help Further information History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1990s Up until the installation of disc recording equipment in 1935 all content broadcast on the ABC was produced live including music 11 For this purpose the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state and in some centres also employed choruses and dance bands This became known as the ABC Concert Music Division which was controlled by the Federal Director of Music the first of whom was W G James 163 In 1997 the ABC divested all ABC orchestras from the Concerts department of the ABC into separate subsidiary companies allied to a service company known as Symphony Australia 164 31 and on 1 January 2007 the orchestras were divested into independent companies 165 The six state orchestras are Adelaide Symphony Orchestra Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Queensland Symphony Orchestra Sydney Symphony Orchestra Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra West Australian Symphony OrchestraABC Friends EditABC Friends formerly Friends of the ABC FABC consists of independent organisations in each state and territory under an umbrella organisation established in December 2016 ABC Friends National Inc In 1976 three independent groups were formed Aunty s Nieces and Nephews in Melbourne Friends of the ABC NSW Inc 166 now ABC Friends NSW amp ACT 167 and Friends of the ABC SA since 2007 2008 ABC Friends SA NT 168 The groups were formed by citizens who were concerned about government threats to make deep cuts to the ABC s budget Historian Ken Inglis wrote that The Friends were in the line of those people who had affirmed over the years that the ABC was essential to the nation Over the years independent state organisations were established run by committees and in January 2014 the name of each was changed to ABC Friends 166 The objectives of ABC Friends National are stated as follows 166 To represent community interest in defending and promoting the vital role of Australia s independent national public broadcaster the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC to ensure that the ABC is properly funded to maintain and advance its role as the national public broadcaster in all media promoting and reflecting Australian culture and diversity that it remains editorially independent of government and commercial interests Controversies EditSee also ABC Board and History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Perceived bias Edit External critics have complained in particular of left wing political bias at the broadcaster 127 citing a prominence of Labor Party connected journalists hosting masthead political programs or a tendency to favour progressive over conservative political views on issues such as immigration asylum seekers the republicanism multiculturalism Indigenous reconciliation feminism environmentalism and same sex marriage 169 170 13 171 In December 2013 former judge and ABC chair James Spigelman announced that four independent audits would be conducted each year in response to the allegations of bias in the reporting of news and current affairs ABC Friends have observed that Most of the complaints about bias in the ABC have come from the government of the day Labor or Liberal Significantly both parties have been far less hostile to the ABC when in opposition 127 Reviews and investigations Edit Reviews of the ABC are regularly commissioned and sometimes not released 172 173 Both internal and external research has been conducted on the question of bias at the ABC These include the following A 2004 Roy Morgan media credibility survey found that journalists regarded ABC Radio as the most accurate news source in the country and the ABC as the second most politically biased media organisation in Australia 174 A 2013 University of the Sunshine Coast study of the voting intentions of journalists found that 73 6 of ABC journalists supported Labor or The Greens with 41 supporting the Greens whereas only around 10 of people in the general population voted Green 175 176 At the 2016 federal election a study commissioned by the ABC and conducted by Isentia compiled share of voice data and found that the ABC devoted 42 6 of election coverage to the Coalition government this compares to the 42 04 vote received by the Coalition in the House of Representatives HOR 35 9 to the Labor opposition 34 73 HOR 8 to The Greens 10 23 HOR 3 1 to independents 1 85 HOR 2 2 to the Nick Xenophon Team 1 85 HOR and 8 1 to the rest However the ABC itself notes the significant limitations around the value of share of voice data as duration says nothing about tone or context 177 In December 2020 the Board commissioned its 19th editorial review by an independent reviewer which found that the ABC s news coverage of lead up to the 2019 Australian election was overwhelmingly positive and unbiased although it also found that specific episodes of The Drum and Insiders reflected too narrow a range of viewpoints The government forced the publication of the report after Coalition senator James McGrath raised a motion in the Senate which led to ABC Chair Ita Buttrose and managing director David Anderson writing to the president of the Senate Scott Ryan to express their concerns about the use of the such powers which went against the public interest 178 Relationships with government Edit Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke considered the ABC s coverage of the 1991 Gulf War to be biased 179 In 1996 conservative Opposition Leader John Howard refused to have Kerry O Brien of the ABC moderate the television debates with Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating because Howard saw O Brien as biased against the Coalition 180 Liberal Prime Minister Tony Abbott perceived the ABC to be left wing and hostile to his government while his successor Malcolm Turnbull enjoyed better relations with the national broadcaster 181 182 183 Specific topics Edit The Catholic Church and George Pell Edit Further information George Pell Reactions after acquittal The ABC s coverage of the issue of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church received praise and criticism The Melbourne Press Club presented the 2016 Quill for Coverage of an Issue or Event for the report George Pell and Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church and the 2016 Golden Quill award to Louise Milligan and Andy Burns for their extensive coverage of Cardinal George Pell s evidence given at the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse 184 185 The ABC Media Watch program of 20 April 2020 noted that the ABC had been accused of leading a witch hunt against Cardinal Pell Media Watch reported that following his acquittal Pell said the ABC gave an overwhelming presentation of one view and only one view Media Watch also canvassed other criticisms including from The Australian newspaper s editor at large Paul Kelly who charged the ABC with having run a sustained campaign against Pell Media Watch also offered criticism of its own noting Louise Milligan and the Four Corners program had failed to canvass any of Pell s defence from the trial and lined up witnesses condemning Pell while social media commentary by Barrie Cassidy and Quentin Dempster had undermined the presumption of innocence 186 Margaret Simons similarly noted in The Guardian that there has been some social media activity by ABC journalists that looks very much like lobbying against Pell 187 Environmentalism Edit Planet Slayer was an ABC website run by scientist Bernie Hobbs to teach children about the environment in around 2008 9 188 It included a Greenhouse Calculator which aimed to help children to work out their carbon footprint by providing an estimate of the age a person needs to die if they are not to use more than their fair share of the Earth s resources 189 Victorian Liberal senator Mitch Fifield criticised a cartoon series on the site for portraying those who eat meat loggers and workers in the nuclear industry as evil 190 ABC managing director Mark Scott said the site was not designed to offend anyone but instead have children think about environmental issues 191 See also Edit Television portal Australia portalHistory of broadcasting in Australia Timeline of Australian radioReferences Edit a b Expense Measures PDF 2019 20 Budget Archived PDF from the original on 1 July 2020 Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c d ABC Annual Report 2019 PDF ABC Archived PDF from the original on 14 December 2019 Retrieved 9 February 2020 a b Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2020 Appendix 5 Employee profile Annual Report 2020 Report Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 legislation gov au The History of Radio in Australia Australian Centre for the Moving Image Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 Retrieved 3 October 2007 a b c Mishkid Barry 2017 This is the International Section of The Broadcast Archive Australian Broadcast History Retrieved 3 October 2007 Revisions April 2017 by Peter Smerdon amp Ron Langhans original date 26 November 2000 Radio Broadcasting The Age No 21 458 Victoria Australia 10 January 1924 p 9 Retrieved 2 June 2021 via National Library of Australia National Service The Telegraph Brisbane No 17 631 Queensland Australia 7 June 1929 p 9 Retrieved 2 June 2021 via National Library of Australia Lee Robert Chapter 9 Radio and Television 1905 1970 Linking a Nation Australia s Transport and Communications 1788 1970 Linking a Nation Australian Heritage Council Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 via Department of the Environment and Energy Australia Australia Our national stories by Dr Robert Lee of the University of Western Sydney Australian Heritage Commission 2003 Linking a Nation forms part of a research project on the theme of Transport and 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Melbourne Press Club Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 Retrieved 25 June 2020 2016 Quills Coverage of an Issue or Event Melbourne Press Club Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Pell The Final Verdict Media Watch 20 Apr 2020 Andrew Bolt and the ABC did the reporting on George Pell step over a line 15 April 2020 Bernie Hobbs Science amp Technology Australia Retrieved 3 June 2021 Salna Karlis 23 October 2009 ABC website tells kids when they should die Retrieved 3 June 2021 ABC on defensive over claims of bias 27 May 2008 Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 Retrieved 10 June 2008 The ABCs of Exploding Pigs And Topless Women Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 Retrieved 10 June 2008 Further reading EditCater Nick The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class 2013 pp 199 228 Curgenven Geoffrey Dick Boyer an Australian humanist Bolton 1967 Dick Boyer was chair of the ABC Board from 1940 until his death in 1961 Inglis K S This is the ABC the Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932 1983 2006 Inglis K S Whose ABC The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983 2006 2006 Moran Albert and Chris Keating The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television Scarecrow Press 2009 Semmler Clement The ABC Aunt Sally and Sacred Cow 1981 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Broadcasting Corporation Official website Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Australian Broadcasting Corporation amp oldid 1141867253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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