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Wrocław

March 08, 2023

"Breslau" redirects here. For other uses, see Breslau (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bratislava, Braslaw, Bratslav, Břeclav, Inowrocław or Włocławek.

Wrocław (Polish: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] (listen);[a] German: Breslau,[b] pronounced [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] (listen); Silesian German: Brassel)[4] is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. As of 2022, the official population of Wrocław is 674,312, with a total of 1.3 million residing in the metropolitan area, making it the third largest city in Poland.

Wrocław
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Wrocław: miasto spotkań  (Polish for "Wrocław – The Meeting Place")
Wrocław
Wrocław
Wrocław
Coordinates: 51°06′36″N 17°01′57″E / 51.11000°N 17.03250°E / 51.11000; 17.03250Coordinates: 51°06′36″N 17°01′57″E / 51.11000°N 17.03250°E / 51.11000; 17.03250
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Countycity county
Established10th century
City rights1214
Government
 • City mayorJacek Sutryk
Area
 • City292.8 km2 (113.1 sq mi)
Highest elevation
155 m (509 ft)
Lowest elevation
105 m (344 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2022)
 • City674,312(3rd)[1]
 • Density2,303/km2 (5,960/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,300,000
 • Demonym
Wrocławian
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
50-041 to 54–612
Area code+48 71
Car platesDW, DX
Websitewww.wroclaw.pl

Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The history of the city dates back over 1,000 years;[5] at various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany. Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the Recovered Territories, the result of extensive territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II.

Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000, making it one of the most youth-oriented cities in the country.[6] Since the beginning of the 20th century, the University of Wrocław, previously Breslau University, has produced nine Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching.[7][8] Wrocław also possesses numerous historical landmarks, including the Main Market Square, Cathedral Island, Wrocław Opera, the National Museum and the Centennial Hall, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is also home to the Wrocław Zoo, which was established in 1865, making it the oldest zoological garden in Poland.

In 1989, 1995 and 2019 Wrocław hosted the European Youth Meetings of the Taizé Community and hosted the Eucharistic Congress in 1997 and the 2012 European Football Championship. In 2016, the city was a European Capital of Culture and the World Book Capital.[9] Also in that year, Wrocław hosted the Theatre Olympics, World Bridge Games and the European Film Awards. In 2017, the city was host to the IFLA Annual Conference and the World Games. In 2019, it was named a UNESCO City of Literature.

Wrocław is classified as a Gamma global city by GaWC.[10] It was placed among the top 100 cities in the world for the Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 and in the top 100 of the smartest cities in the world in the IESE Cities in Motion Index 2017 and 2019 report.[11][12] In February 2021, fDi Intelligence published a report, "Global Cities of the Future 2021/2022", in which Wrocław was classified in 1st place among all medium and small cities in the world.[13]

Etymology

 
Coat of arms of Wrocław (with the inscription Civitas Wratislaviensis) in Lauf Castle, c. 1360.

The origin of the city's name is disputed. The city was believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who supposedly ruled the region between 915 and 921.[14] However, modern scholars, especially Polish ones, denounce this theory as recent archeological studies proved that the city, even if Vratislav ruled over the area, was not founded until at least 20 years after his death. They suggest that founder of the city might have simply been a local prince who only shared the popular West Slavic name with the Bohemian Duke. Another evidence against the Czech origin is that the oldest surviving documents containing the recorded name, like the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg from the early 11th century, which records the city's name as "Wrotizlava" and ,,Wrotizlaensem", which all include characteristic to Old Polish -ar- and -ro-, unlike the Old Czech -ra-.[15] The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.[16]

The Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. In the Polish language, the city's name Wrocław derives from the name Wrocisław, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav. The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter /l/ instead of /ł/. By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original West Slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,[17] and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.[18] In other languages, the city's name is: modern Czech: Vratislav, Hungarian: Boroszló, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Bresloi), Silesian: Wrocław, Silesian German: Brassel and Latin: Wratislavia, Vratislavia or Budorgis.[19][20]

People born or resident in the city are known as "Wrocławians" (Polish: wrocławianie). During the German era, the demonym was "Breslauer".

History

Main articles: History of Wrocław and Timeline of Wrocław

In ancient times, there was a place called Budorigum at or near the site of Wrocław. It was already mapped on Claudius Ptolemy's map of AD 142–147.[21] Settlements in the area existed from the 6th century onward during the migration period. The Ślężans, a West Slavic tribe, settled on the Oder river and erected a fortified gord on Ostrów Tumski.

Wrocław originated at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. Archeological research conducted in the city indicates that it was founded around 940.[22] In 985, Duke Mieszko I of Poland conquered Silesia, and constructed new fortifcations on Ostrów.[23] The town was mentioned by Thietmar explicitly in the year 1000 AD in connection with its promotion to an episcopal see during the Congress of Gniezno.[24]

Middle Ages

 
 
Church of Saint Giles (pl) erected in the 1220s at Ostrów Tumski, the oldest section of Wrocław

During Wrocław's early history, control over it changed hands between the Duchy of Bohemia (1038–1054), the Duchy of Poland and the Kingdom of Poland (985–1038 and 1054–1320). Following the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast dynasty ruled the Duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events during this period was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke and from 1025, King Bolesław the Brave in 1000. Along with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, Wrocław was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Pope Sylvester II through the intercession of Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave and Emperor Otto III in 1000, during the Gniezno Congress.[25] In the years 1034–1038 the city was affected by the pagan reaction in Poland.[26]

The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piasek (Sand Island), and then onto the left bank of the River Oder. Around 1000, the town had about 1,000 inhabitants.[27] In 1109 during the Polish-German war, Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth defeated the King of Germany Henry V at the Battle of Hundsfeld, stopping the German advance into Poland. The medieval chronicle, Gesta principum Polonorum (1112–1116) by Gallus Anonymus, named Wrocław, along with Kraków and Sandomierz, as one of three capitals of the Polish Kingdom. Also, the Tabula Rogeriana, a book written by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154, describes Wrocław as one of the Polish cities, alongside Kraków, Gniezno, Sieradz, Łęczyca and Santok.[28]

 
The oldest printed text in the Polish language–Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensis, printed in Wrocław by Kasper Elyan, 1475

By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (also known as Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present site of the university. While the city was largely Polish, it also had communities of Bohemians (Czechs), Germans, Walloons and Jews.[29][26][30]

In the 13th century, Wrocław was the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.[31] In April 1241, during the First Mongol invasion of Poland, the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and burnt down for strategic reasons. During the battles with the Mongols Wrocław Castle was successfully defended by Henry II the Pious.[32]

Reconstruction after the Mongol invasion of 1241 by the city's founder Heinrich

Before Breslau was founded under the name Vratislavia after the Mongol invasion of 1241, there was already a German community, that, according to Pusch[33] "probably comprised German merchants which was so strong at the beginning of the 13th century, that the Piast Duke Henry the Bearded thought it wise to appoint a German mayor[34]." In 1214 a bearer of the name Godinus was appointed mayor of the German community.[35] There were multiple settlements in the area on which Breslau was later founded, amongst others of Walloons, inhabitants of Falkendorf „villa falconariorum“ (Sokolnice, Zocholnice, Tocholnitz),[36] surely also Poles, and one of these different, separate, settlements comprised Germans, who had formed a German community.[37] According to Colmar Grünhagen[38] the task of setting up cities according to German Law fell mostly to an aristocrat close to the princes, who, for received privileges for his management efforts.[39] The reeve (Advocatus) of the old as well as the new part of the city was in the hands of the citizens such as the Schertelzan and Stillvogt families. Breslau was founded after the Mongol invasion of 1241, but only received the Magdeburg Law in 1261, after the citizens chose their authority themselves.[40] Hitherto, it was the dukes' prerogative to appoint a mayor, who as reeve together with the most respected citizens, ruled the city. Godinus is priven as one of those in 1214, followed in 1229 by his son Alexander. Surnames were unknown at this time and it was only in the 13th century that the adoption of surnames became common. The descendants of the aforementioned reeves Godinus and Alexander then took the name Stillvogt (Stillevogt, Stillvoyt, Stillvoit), probably derived from the name of the former reeves, the still reeves. The mayor Alexander, who was given Schottwitz (today named Sołtysowice) and Rosenthal (now named Różanka and part of Breslau) near Breslau by the Duke, had five sons:

  1. Heinrich of no surname, founder of the city of Breslau after the Mongol invasion of 1241 and its first hereditary reeve. According to Pusch, there is no evidence of an aristocratic origin and Grünhagen also held this belief.[41] Pusch imputed descent from a merchant family, as he held his father Alexander to be a German merchant. Certificates show him as advocatus Wratislaviensis, in 1254 as leader of the Scabini Wratslaviensis[42]genannt ist. Recorded as second is „frater ejus Sifridus“, and the sixth Scabini was Gotkinus, the brother of Heinrich and Sifridus. All three were sons of the mayor Alexander und all three were jury members, before Magdeburg Law was introduced in 1261.[43] It seems this had been adhered to prior to the introduction. He was awarded for his task of hereditary reeve with the Burgfeld and a mill.[44] Three of his sons are known:
    1. Heinrich the Younger followed his father as seond hereditary reeve in 1262, in accordance with the Magdeburg Law introduced in 1261, holding this office until 1272. In 1275 it was superseded by Henry IV Probus and exchanged for the feudal estates of Lohe (today named Ślęza (Kobierzyce) with a castle built by Nicolaus von Waldau now named Dwór w Ślęzy) and Lukowitsch (Laugwitz, now named Łukowice_Brzeskie). After Heinrich acquired further possessions in Waldau, he henceforth named himself „von Waldau“ and became the progenitor of the ancient aristocratic family von Waldau, that is still extant but not to be confused with the more renowned von Waldow families mentioned in the German Wikipedia page "Waldow (Adelsgeschlecht)". Heinrich the Older had two further sons;
    2. Alexander
    3. Siegfried (documented in 1262)
  2. Gotke, who became the locator of Krakau, thereafter hereditary reeve of the Neustadt (new city) founded next to the Altstadt (old city) of Breslau founded his own family under the name of Stillvogt that provided four city councillors, including himself, of the City of Breslau, through four generations.[45]
  3. Sifridus, with his brothers Heinrich and Gotke, he was a jury member in 1254 before the introduction of Magdeburg Law.
  4. Johann, likely died young.
  5. Konrad, received Rosenthal from his father and was the father of Zacharias, who, having no surname, married a daughter of Engelger, who also had no surname. Konrad was a citizen of Breslau in 1269 and consul in the City Council of Breslau in 1280, 1290 and 1298 and a jury member in 1293. He was the owner of a mill and the village of Sacherwitz (Zacharaie villa), today called Zacharzyce. He became a citizen of Schweidnitz (today incorporated in to Breslau) and his grandsons were the progenitors of the Sachenkirch and Sachwitz families.[46]

Post the Mongol invasion

After the Mongol invasion the town was partly populated by German settlers who, in the ensuing centuries, gradually became its dominant population.[47] The city, however, retained its multi-ethnic character, a reflection of its importance as a trading post on the junction of the Via Regia and the Amber Road.[48]

With the influx of settlers, the town expanded and in 1242 came under German town law. The city council used both Latin and German, and the early forms of the name Breslau, the German name of the city, appeared for the first time in its written records.[47] Polish gradually ceased to be used in the town books, while it survived in the courts until 1337, when it was banned by the new rulers, the german speaking House of Luxembourgs.[30] The enlarged town covered around 60 hectares (150 acres), and the new main market square, surrounded by timber-frame houses, became the trade centre of the town. The original foundation, Ostrów Tumski, became its religious centre. The city gained Magdeburg rights in 1261. While the Polish Piast dynasty remained in control of the region, the ability of the city council to govern itself independently increased.[49] In 1274 prince Henryk IV Probus gave the city its staple right. In the 13th century, two Polish monarchs were buried in Wrocław churches founded by them, Henry II the Pious in the St. Vincent church[50] and Henryk IV Probus in the Holy Cross church.[51]

 
St Martin's Church, the only remaining part of the medieval Piast stronghold that once stood in Wrocław

Wrocław, which for 350 years had been mostly under Polish hegemony, fell in 1335, after the death of Henry VI the Good, to John of Luxembourg. His son Emperor Charles IV in 1348 formally incorporated the city into the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city. In 1387 the city joined the Hanseatic League. On 5 June 1443, the city was rocked by an earthquake, estimated at ca. 6 on the Richter scale, which destroyed or seriously damaged many of its buildings.

Between 1469 and 1490, Wrocław was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and king Matthias Corvinus was said to have had a Vratislavian mistress who bore him a son.[52] In 1474, after almost a century, the city left the Hanseatic League. Also in 1474, the city was besieged by combined Polish-Czech forces. However, in November 1474, Kings Casimir IV of Poland, his son Vladislaus II of Bohemia, and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary met in the nearby village of Muchobór Wielki (present-day a district of Wrocław), and in December 1474 a ceasefire was signed according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule.[53] The following year was marked by the publication in Wrocław of the Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever Incunable in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops.[54]

Renaissance and the Reformation

 
Map of the city from 1562, with its fortifications on the Oder River

In the 16th century, the Breslauer Schöps beer style was created in Breslau.[55]

The Protestant Reformation reached the city in 1518 and it converted to the new rite. However, starting in 1526 Silesia was ruled by the Catholic House of Habsburg. In 1618, it supported the Bohemian Revolt out of fear of losing the right to religious freedom. During the ensuing Thirty Years' War, the city was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops and lost thousands of inhabitants to the plague.[56]

The Emperor brought in the Counter-Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in the city, starting in 1610 with the Franciscans, followed by the Jesuits, then Capuchins, and finally Ursuline nuns in 1687.[14] These orders erected buildings that shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, it was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant.

The Polish Municipal school opened in 1666 and lasted until 1766. Precise record-keeping of births and deaths by the city fathers led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by John Graunt and then, based on data provided to him by Breslau professor Caspar Neumann, by Edmond Halley.[57] Halley's tables and analysis, published in 1693, are considered to be the first true actuarial tables, and thus the foundation of modern actuarial science. During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city flourished, as the Protestant bourgeoisie lost some of its dominance to the Catholic orders as patrons of the arts.

Enlightenment period

The city became the centre of German Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets.[58] In the 1740s the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the city and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession. Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa ceded most of the territory in the Treaty of Breslau in 1742 to Prussia. Austria attempted to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War at the Battle of Breslau, but they were unsuccessful. The Venetian Italian adventurer, Giacomo Casanova, stayed in Breslau in 1766.[59]

Napoleonic Wars

 
Entry of Prince Jérôme Bonaparte into the city, 7 January 1807

During the Napoleonic Wars, it was occupied by the Confederation of the Rhine army. The fortifications of the city were levelled, and monasteries and cloisters were seized.[14] The Protestant Viadrina European University at Frankfurt an der Oder was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (German: Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now the University of Wrocław). The city became a centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and a gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at the Battle of Leipzig.[60]

Industrial age

The Confederation of the Rhine had increased prosperity in Silesia and in the city. The removal of fortifications opened room for the city to expand beyond its former limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably for linen and cotton manufacture and the metal industry. The reconstructed university served as a major centre of science; Johannes Brahms later wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1879.[61]

In 1821, the (Arch)Diocese of Breslau withdrew from dependence on the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno, and Breslau became an exempt see. On 10 October 1854, the Jewish Theological Seminary opened. The institution was the first modern rabbinical seminary in Central Europe. In 1863 the brothers Karl and Louis Stangen founded the travel agency Stangen, the second travel agency in the world.[62]

 
The Royal Palace from 1717 was once the residence of Prussian monarchs. Today, the building houses the City Museum.

The city was an important centre of the Polish secret resistance movement and the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland.[63] Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in Warsaw in February 1861, and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861.[64] Secret Polish correspondence, weapons, and insurgents were transported through the city.[65] After the outbreak of the uprising in 1863, the Prussian police carried out mass searches of Polish homes, especially those of Poles who had recently come to the city.[66] The city's inhabitants, both Poles and Germans, excluding the German aristocracy, largely sympathized with the uprising, and some Germans even joined local Poles in their secret activities.[67] In June 1863 the city was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities.[68] In January 1864, the Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement.[69]

 
Old Town Hall, 1900

The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents.[70]

In 1890, construction began of Breslau Fortress as the city's defenses. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiser bridge (today Grunwald Bridge) and the Technical University, which now houses the Wrocław University of Technology. The 1900 census listed 98% of the population as German-speakers, with 5,363 Polish-speakers (1.3%), and 3,103 (0.7%) as bilingual in German and Polish.[71] The population was 58% Protestant, 37% Catholic (including at least 2% Polish)[72] and 5% Jewish (totaling 20,536 in the 1905 census).[71] The Jewish community of Breslau was among the most important in Germany, producing several distinguished artists and scientists.[73]

From 1912, the head of the university's Department of Psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry (Königlich Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik) was Alois Alzheimer and, that same year, professor William Stern introduced the concept of IQ.[74]

 
Market Square, 1890–1900
 
Feniks Department Store, built in 1902–1904

In 1913, the newly built Centennial Hall housed an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross.[75] The Centennial Hall was built by Max Berg (1870–1947), since 2006 it is part of the world heritage of UNESCO.[76] The central station (by Wilhelm Grapow, 1857) was one of the biggest in Germany and one of the first stations with electrified railway services.[77] Since 1900 modern department stores like Barasch (today "Feniks") or Petersdorff (built by architect Erich Mendelsohn) were erected.

Following the First World War, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia of the Weimar Republic in 1919. After the war the Polish community began holding masses in Polish at the Church of Saint Anne, and, as of 1921, at St. Martin's and a Polish School was founded by Helena Adamczewska.[78] In 1920 a Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square.

In August 1920, during the Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0.5% after the re-emergence of Poland as a state in 1918, when many moved to Poland.[72] Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.[79]

The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km2 (68 sq mi) with a population of 600,000. In 1929, the Werkbund opened WuWa (German: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930, Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I. The number of Jews remaining in Breslau fell from 23,240 in 1925 to 10,659 in 1933.[80] Up to the beginning of World War II, Breslau was the largest city in Germany east of Berlin.[81]

 
Pre-war aerial view of the city, 1920

Known as a stronghold of left wing liberalism during the German Empire, Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazi Party, which in the 1932 elections received 44% of the city's vote, their third-highest total in all Germany.[82][83]

KZ Dürrgoy, one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany, was set up in the city in 1933.[84]

After Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed. The Gestapo began actions against Polish and Jewish students (see: Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau), Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists. Arrests were made for speaking Polish in public, and in 1938 the Nazi-controlled police destroyed the Polish cultural centre.[85][86] In June 1939, Polish students were expelled from the university.[87] Also many other people seen as "undesirable" by Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps.[85] A network of concentration camps and forced labour camps was established around Breslau to serve industrial concerns, including FAMO, Junkers, and Krupp. Tens of thousand of forced laborers were imprisoned there.[88]

The last big event organized by the National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise, called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities), took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.[89]

Second World War

 
Wartime destruction around the cathedral, 1945

During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations,[87] and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz, whose task was to persecute Poles.[90] For most of the war, the fighting did not affect the city. During the war, the Germans opened the graves of medieval Polish monarchs and local dukes to carry out anthropological research for propaganda purposes, wanting to demonstrate German "racial purity".[50] The remains were transported to other places by the Germans, and they have not been found to this day.[50] In 1941 the remnants of the pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers, organised a resistance group called Olimp. The organisation gathered intelligence, carrying out sabotage and organising aid for Polish slave workers. In September 1941 the city's 10,000 Jews were expelled from their homes and soon deported to concentration camps. Few survived the Holocaust.[91] As the war continued, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million,[92] including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9,876 Allied PoWs. At the end of 1944 an additional 30,000–60,000 Poles were moved into the city after the Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising.[93]

During the war the Germans operated four subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the city.[94] Approximately 3,400–3,800 men were imprisoned in three subcamps, among them Poles, Russians, Italians, Frenchmen, Ukrainians, Czechs, Belgians, Yugoslavs, Chinese, and about 1,500 Jewish women were imprisoned in the fourth camp.[94] Many prisoners died, and the remaining were evacuated to the main camp of Groß-Rosen in January 1945.[94] There were also three subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp,[95] and two Nazi prisons in the city, including a youth prison, with multiple forced labour subcamps.[96][97]

In 1945, the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal Siege of Breslau.[98] Adolf Hitler had in 1944 declared Breslau to be a fortress (Festung), to be held at all costs. An attempted evacuation of the city took place in January 1945, with 18,000 people freezing to death in icy snowstorms of −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. In February 1945, the Soviet Army approached the city and the German Luftwaffe began an airlift to the besieged garrison. A large area of the city centre was demolished and turned into an airfield by the defenders.[99] By the end of the three-month siege in May 1945, half the city had been destroyed. Breslau was the last major city in Germany to surrender, capitulating only two days before the end of the war in Europe.[100] Civilian deaths amounted to as many as 80,000. In August the Soviets placed the city under the control of German communists.[101]

Following the Yalta Conference held in February 1945 where the new geopolitics of Central Europe were decided, the terms of the Potsdam Conference decreed that with almost all of Lower Silesia, the city would become part of Poland in exchange for Poland's loss of the city of Lwów along with the massive territory of Kresy in the east, which was annexed by the Soviet Union.[102] The Polish name of Wrocław was declared official. There had been discussion among the Western Allies to place the southern Polish-German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse, which meant post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including west bank of Breslau. However, the Polish government insisted the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west.[102]

1945–present

Following World War II, the region became part of Poland under territorial changes defined by the Potsdam Agreement.[101] The town's inhabitants who had not fled, or who had safely returned to their home town after the war officially had ended, were expelled between 1945 and 1949 in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and were settled in the Soviet occupation zone or in the Allied Occupation Zones in the remainder of Germany. The city's last pre-war German school was closed in 1963.[103]

The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region, some of whom came from Lviv (Lwów), Volhynia, and the Vilnius Region. A small German minority (about 1,000 people, or 2% of the population) remains in the city, so that today the relation of Polish to German population is the reverse of what it was a hundred years ago.[104] Traces of the German past, such as inscriptions and signs, were removed.[105] In 1948, Wrocław organized the Recovered Territories Exhibition and the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace. Picasso's lithograph, La Colombe (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was created on a napkin at the Monopol Hotel in Wrocław during the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace.[106]

In 1963, Wrocław was declared a closed city because of a smallpox epidemic.[107]

In 1982, during martial law in Poland, the anti-communist underground organizations Fighting Solidarity and Orange Alternative were founded in Wrocław. Wrocław's dwarves, made of bronze, famously grew out of and commemorate Orange Alternative.[108]

In 1983 and 1997, Pope John Paul II visited the city.[109]

PTV Echo, the first non-state television station in Poland and in the post-communist countries, began to broadcast in Wrocław on 6 February 1990.[110]

In May 1997, Wrocław hosted the 46th International Eucharistic Congress.[111]

In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by the Millenium Flood, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. About one-third of the area of the city was flooded.[112] The smaller Widawa River also flooded the city simultaneously, worsening the damage. An earlier, equally devastating flood of the Oder river had taken place in 1903.[113] A small part of the city was also flooded during the flood of 2010. From 2012 to 2015, the Wrocław water node was renovated and redeveloped to prevent further flooding.[114]

Municipal Stadium in Wrocław, opened in 2011, hosted three matches in Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 championship.[115]

In 2016, Wrocław was declared the European Capital of Culture.[116]

In 2017, Wrocław hosted the 2017 World Games.[117]

Wrocław won the European Best Destination title in 2018.[118]

Since the end of the Cold War, Wrocław has come to terms with its German heritage, restoring its historical coat of arms and embracing the Austrian and Prussian aspects of the city's history during anniversary celebrations.[119]

Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Saxon, Bohemian, Austrian, and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle; 1911–1913) designed by Max Berg.

Geography

Wrocław is located in the three mesoregions of the Silesian Lowlands (Wrocław Plain, Wrocław Valley, Oleśnica Plain) at an elevation of around 105–156 metres (Gajowe Hill and Maślickie Hill) above sea level.[120] The city lies on the Oder River and its four tributaries, which supply it within the city limits – Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza and Widawa.[121] In addition, the Dobra River and many streams flow through the city. The city has a sewage treatment plant on the Janówek estate.[122]

Flora and fauna

 
John of Nepomuk Church in Szczytnicki Park, 16th-century

There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares. The most notable are Szczytnicki Park, Park Południowy (South Park) and Anders Park. In addition, Wrocław University runs an historical Botanical garden (founded in 1811), with a salient Alpine garden, a lake and a valley.[123]

In Wrocław, the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered, of which over 100 have nesting places there.[124] As in other large Polish cities, the most numerous are pigeons. Other common species are the sparrow, tree sparrow, siskin, rook, crow, jackdaw, magpie, swift, martin, swallow, kestrel, mute swan, mallard, coot, merganser, black-headed gull, great tit, blue tit, long-tailed tit, greenfinch, hawfinch, collared dove, common wood pigeon, fieldfare, redwing, common starling, grey heron, white stork, common chaffinch, blackbird, jay, nuthatch, bullfinch, cuckoo, waxwing, lesser spotted woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, white-backed woodpecker, white wagtail, blackcap, black redstart, old world flycatcher, emberizidae, goldfinch, western marsh harrier, little bittern, common moorhen, reed bunting, remiz, great reed warbler, little crake, little ringed plover and white-tailed eagle.[125]

 
Wrocław South Park – Park Południowy

In addition, the city is periodically plagued by the brown rat, especially in the Market Square and in the vicinity of eateries. Otherwise, due to the proximity of wooded areas, there are hedgehogs, foxes, wild boar, bats, martens, squirrels, deer, hares, beavers, polecats, otters, badgers, weasels, stoats and raccoon dogs. There are also occasional sightings of escaped muskrat, american mink and raccoon.[125][126]

Air pollution

 
Map of Wrocław's areas where PM10 standards were exceeded in 2015

Air pollution is a considerable issue in Wrocław. In a report by French Respire organization, from 2014, Wrocław was ranked the eighth most polluted European city, with 166 days of bad air quality per year.[127] Heavy air pollution mainly occurs in the colder months, during autumn and winter.[128]

According to Wrocław University research from 2017, high concentration of particular matters (PM2.5 and PM 10) in the air causes 942 premature deaths of Wrocław inhabitants per year.[129] Air pollution also causes 3297 cases of bronchitis among Wrocław's children per year.[129] Approximately 84% of residents believe that air pollution is a serious social problem, according to a poll from May 2017, and 73% of people believe that air quality is poor.[130]

In 2012, there were 71 days, when the PM10 standards, set by Cleaner Air For Europe Directive, were exceeded. In 2014, there were 104 such days.[131]

In 2014, the inhabitants founded an organization called the Lower Silesian Smog Alert (Dolnośląski Alarm Smogowy, DAS), to address the air pollution problem. Its goals are to educate the public and to reduce emission of harmful substances.[132]

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Wrocław has an oceanic climate (Cfb), bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. The position of Wrocław in the Silesian Lowlands, which are themselves located just north of the Sudetes and to the southwest of the Trzebnickie Hills, creates a favourable environment for accumulation of heat in the Oder river valley between Wrocław and Opole.[133] Wrocław is therefore the warmest city in Poland, among those tracked by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW), with the mean annual temperature of 9.7 °C (49 °F).[134]

The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters, but with the skies frequently overcast; summers are warm and generally sunny, however, that is the period when most precipitation occurs, which often falls during thunderstorms. The city also sometimes experiences foehn-like conditions, particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south-west.[133] In addition to that, the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the urban heat island effect.[135][133] Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter; the snow cover of at least 1 cm (0.39 in) stays on the ground for an average of 27.5 days per year – one of the lowest in Poland.[134] The highest temperature in Wrocław recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 (37.9 °C (100 °F)),[134] though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the University of Wrocław indicated 38.9 °C (102 °F) on that day.[136] The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 (−32 °C (−26 °F)).

Climate data for Wrocław (Copernicus Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		36.9
(98.4) 		37.4
(99.3) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		28.1
(82.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		34.3
(93.7)
Average high °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		9.7
(49.5)
Average low °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.0
(41.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −14.6
(5.7) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.7
(47.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−16.8
(1.8)
Record low °C (°F) −30.0
(−22.0) 		−32.0
(−25.6) 		−23.8
(−10.8) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−32.0
(−25.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.3
(1.11) 		25.6
(1.01) 		35.0
(1.38) 		31.2
(1.23) 		59.6
(2.35) 		65.4
(2.57) 		91.4
(3.60) 		59.5
(2.34) 		48.4
(1.91) 		37.6
(1.48) 		31.4
(1.24) 		27.9
(1.10) 		541.1
(21.30)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.6
(1.8) 		4.5
(1.8) 		2.7
(1.1) 		0.4
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		3.0
(1.2) 		4.6
(1.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.50 12.99 13.50 10.90 13.03 12.97 14.00 11.80 11.30 12.27 13.17 14.77 156.19
Average snowy days (≥ 0.0 cm) 12.4 9.1 4.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.4 6.4 34.9
Average relative humidity (%) 83.7 80.1 75.3 68.0 69.8 69.8 69.9 70.5 76.8 81.6 85.5 84.9 76.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.8 82.2 129.2 202.6 245.5 247.6 257.4 250.8 170.1 118.5 66.9 52.8 1,882.5
Source 1: IMGW (normals, except humidity)[134]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (humidity and extremes)[137][138][139]
Climate data for Wrocław (Copernicus Airport), elevation: 120 m, 1961–1990 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		13.1
(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		8.3
(47.0)
Average low °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		3.7
(38.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28
(1.1) 		26
(1.0) 		26
(1.0) 		39
(1.5) 		64
(2.5) 		80
(3.1) 		84
(3.3) 		78
(3.1) 		48
(1.9) 		40
(1.6) 		43
(1.7) 		34
(1.3) 		590
(23.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.3 6.6 7.2 7.7 9.6 10.0 9.7 8.4 7.9 7.1 9.2 8.6 99.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.0 65.0 107.0 142.0 198.0 194.0 205.0 197.0 139.0 108.0 52.0 39.0 1,495
Source: NOAA[140]

Government and politics

 
Wrocław New City Hall – the seat of the city mayor
Main article: List of mayors of Wrocław

Wrocław is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. It was previously the capital of Wrocław Voivodeship.[141] The city is a separate urban gmina and city-county. It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city.[142]

Districts

Main article: Districts of Wrocław
 
Wrocław boroughs (until 1990)
 
The 48 administrative district quarters (since 1990)

Wrocław was previously subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnica):

Since 1990, the city has been divided into 48 district quarters (osiedle) – Bieńkowice, Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice, Borek, Brochów, Gaj, Gajowice, Gądów-Popowice Płd., Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek, Huby, Jagodno, Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec, Karłowice-Różanka, Klecina, Kleczków, Kowale, Krzyki-Partynice, Księże, Kuźniki, Leśnica, Lipa Piotrowska, Maślice, Muchobór Mały, Muchobór Wielki, Nadodrze, Nowy Dwór, Ołbin, Ołtaszyn, Oporów, Osobowice-Rędzin, Pawłowice, Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Płn., Plac Grunwaldzki, Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota, Powstańców Śląskich, Pracze Odrzańskie, Przedmieście Oławskie, Przedmieście Świdnickie, Psie Pole-Zawidawie, Sołtysowice, Stare Miasto, Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów, Szczepin, Świniary, Tarnogaj, Widawa, Wojszyce, Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki, and Żerniki.[145]

Municipal government

Wrocław is currently governed by the city's mayor and a municipal legislature known as the city council. The city council is made up of 39 councilors and is directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including development of local infrastructure, transport and planning permission. However, it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens, and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw.

The city's current mayor is Jacek Sutryk, who has served in this position since 2018. The first mayor of Wrocław after the war was Bolesław Drobner, appointed to the position on 14 March 1945, even before the surrender of Festung Breslau.

Economy

 
Sky Tower is one of the tallest buildings in Poland. It offers office, commercial, residential and recreational space.
See also: Economy of Poland

Wrocław is the second-wealthiest of the large cities in Poland after Warsaw.[146] The city is also home to the largest number of leasing and debt collection companies in the country, including the largest European Leasing Fund as well as numerous banks. Due to the proximity of the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic, Wrocław and the region of Lower Silesia is a large import and export partner with these countries.

Wrocław's industry manufactures buses, railroad cars, home appliances, chemicals, and electronics. The city houses factories and development centres of many foreign and domestic corporations, such as WAGO Kontakttechnik, Siemens, Bosch, Whirlpool Corporation, Nokia Networks, Volvo, HP, IBM, Google, Opera Software, Bombardier Transportation, WABCO and others. Wrocław is also the location of offices for large Polish companies including Getin Holding, AmRest, Polmos, and MCI Management SA. Additionally, Kaufland Poland has its main headquarters in the city.[147]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city has had a developing high-tech sector. Many high-tech companies are located in the Wrocław Technology Park, such as Baluff, CIT Engineering, Caisson Elektronik, ContiTech, Ericsson, Innovative Software Technologies, IBM, IT-MED, IT Sector, LiveChat Software, Mitsubishi Electric, Maas, PGS Software, Technology Transfer Agency Techtra and Vratis. In Biskupice Podgórne (Community Kobierzyce) there are factories of LG (LG Display, LG Electronics, LG Chem, LG Innotek), Dong Seo Display, Dong Yang Electronics, Toshiba, and many other companies, mainly from the electronics and home appliances sectors, while the Nowa Wieś Wrocławska factory and distribution centre of Nestlé Purina and factories a few other enterprises.

The city is the seat of Wrocław Research Centre EIT+, which contains, inter alia, geological research laboratories to the unconventional and Lower Silesian Cluster of Nanotechnology.[148] The logistics centres DHL, FedEx and UPS are based in Wrocław.[149] Furthermore, it is a major centre for the pharmaceutical industry (U.S. Pharmacia, Hasco-Lek, Galena, Avec Pharma, 3M, Labor, S-Lab, Herbapol, and Cezal).

Wrocław is home to Poland's largest shopping mall – Bielany Avenue (pl. Aleja Bielany) and Bielany Trade Center, located in Bielany Wrocławskie where stores such as Auchan, Decathlon, Leroy Merlin, Makro, Tesco, IKEA, Jula, OBI, Castorama, Black Red White, Poco, E. Wedel, Cargill, Prologis and Panattoni can be found.[150]

In February 2013, Qatar Airways launched its Wrocław European Customer Service.[151]

Major corporations

Shopping malls

 
Wroclavia Shopping Mall with a central bus station located underground

Transport

 
Map of Wrocław illustrating the A8 bypass and surrounding arterial roads

Wrocław is a major transport hub, situated at the crossroad of many routes linking Western and Central Europe with the rest of Poland.[155] The city is skirted on the south by the A4 highway, which is part of the European route E40, extending from the Polish-German to the Polish-Ukrainian border across southern Poland. The 672-kilometre highway beginning at Jędrzychowice connects Lower Silesia with Opole and the industrial Upper Silesian metropolis, Kraków, Tarnów and Rzeszów. It also provides easy access to German cities such as Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg and with the A18 highway Berlin, Hamburg.[155]

The toll-free A8 bypass (Wrocław ring road) around the west and north of the city connects the A4 highway with three major routes – S5 expressway leading to Poznań, Bydgoszcz; the S8 express road towards Oleśnica, Łódź, Warsaw, Białystok; and the National Road 8 to Prague, Brno and other townships in the Czech Republic.

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in Wrocław as in most Polish cities; in early 2020 it was ranked as the fifth-most congested city in Poland, and 41st in the world.[156] On average, a car driver in Wrocław annually spends seven days and two hours in a traffic jam.[157] Roadblocks, gridlocks and narrow cobblestone streets around the Old Town are considerable obstacles for drivers. The lack of parking space is also a major setback; private lots or on-street pay bays are the most common means of parking.[158] A study in 2019 has revealed that there are approximately 130 vehicles per each parking spot, and the search for an unoccupied bay takes on average eight minutes.[159]

Aviation

The city is served by Copernicus Airport Wrocław (coded WRO), situated around 10 kilometres southwest from the central precinct. The airport handles passenger flights with LOT Polish Airlines, Buzz, Ryanair, Wizz Air, Lufthansa, Eurowings, Air France, KLM, Scandinavian Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines and air cargo connections. In 2019 over a 3.5 million passengers passed through the airport, placing it fifth on the list of busiest airports in Poland.[160][161] Among the permanent and traditional destinations are Warsaw, Amsterdam, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Zürich and Budapest.[162] Low-cost flights are common among British, Italian, Spanish and Ukrainian travellers, based on the number of destinations.[162] Seasonal charter flights are primarily targeted at Polish holidaymakers travelling to Southern Europe and North Africa.[162]

Rail and bus

The main rail station is Wrocław Główny, which is the largest railway station in Poland by the number of passengers served (21,2 million passengers a year), and perhaps the most important railroad junction alongside Warsaw Central station.[163] The station is supported by PKP Intercity, Polregio, Koleje Dolnośląskie and Leo Express. There are direct connections to Szczecin, Poznań, and to Warsaw Central through Łódź Fabryczna station. There is also a regular connection to Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Wien Hauptbahnhof (Vienna), as well as indirect to Praha hlavní nádraží (Prague) and Budapest-Nyugati with one transfer depending on the carrier.

Adjacent to the railway station, is a central bus station located in the basement of the shopping mall Wroclavia, with services offered by PKS, Neobus, Flixbus, Sindbad, and others.[164][165]

Public transport

The public transport in Wrocław comprises 99 bus lines and a well-developed network of 23 tram lines (with a length over 200 kilometres) operated by the Municipal Transport Company MPK (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne).[166][167] Rides are paid for, tickets can be purchased in vending machines, which are located at bus stops, as well as in the vending machines located in the vehicle (payment contactless payment card, the ticket is saved on the card). The tickets are available for purchase in the electronic form via mobile app: mPay, Apple Pay, SkyCash, Mobill, Google Pay. Tickets are one-ride or temporary (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 24, 48, 72, or 168 hours).

All buses and big part of trams is low-floor.

Over a dozen traditional taxicab firms operate in the city as well as Uber, iTaxi, Bolt and Free Now.

Other

 
Wrocław City Bike

There are 1200 km of cycling paths including about 100 km paths on flood embankments. Wrocław has a bike rental network called the City Bike (Wrocławski Rower Miejski). It has 2000 bicycles and 200 self-service stations.[168] In addition to regular bicycles, tandem, cargo, electric, folding, tricycles, children's, and handbikes are available, operating every year from 1 March to 30 November. During winter (December – February) 200 bikes are available in the system.

Wrocław possesses a scooter-sharing system of Lime, Bird, Bolt and Hive Free Now – motorized scooter rental is available using a mobile application.

Electronic car rental systems include Traficar, Panek CarSharing (hybrid cars),[169][170] GoScooter and hop.city electric scooters using the mobile application.

A gondola lift over the Oder called Polinka began operation in 2013.[171] Wrocław also has a river port on the Oder and several marinas.

Demographics

See also: Urban demographics of Poland

In December 2020, the population of Wrocław was estimated at 641,928 individuals, of which 342,215 were women and 299,713 were men.[172] Since 2011, the population has been steadily rising, with a 0.142% increase between 2019 and 2020, and a 2.167% increase in the years 2011–2020.[173] In 2018, the crude birth rate stood at 11.8 and the mortality rate at 11.1 per 1,000 residents.[174] The median age in 2018 was 43 years.[175] The city's population is aging significantly; between 2013 and 2018, the number of seniors (per Statistics Poland – men aged 65 or above and women aged 60 or above) surged from 21.5% to 24.2%.[174]

Historically, the city's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 422,709 people were registered as residents and by 1933 the population was already 625,000.[176] The strongest growth was recorded from 1900 to 1910, with almost 100,000 new residents within the city limits. Although the city was overwhelmingly German-speaking, the ethnic composition based on heritage or place of birth was mixed.[177][178] According to a statistical report from 2000, around 43% of all inhabitants in 1910 were born outside Silesia and migrated into the city, mostly from the contemporary regions of Greater Poland (then the Prussian Partition of Poland) or Pomerania.[177] Poles and Jews were among the most prominent active minorities. Simultaneously, the city's territorial expansion and incorporation of surrounding townships further strengthened population growth.[177]

Following the end of the Second World War and post-1945 expulsions of the pre-war population, Wrocław became predominantly Polish-speaking. New incomers were primarily resettled from areas in the east which Poland lost (Vilnius and Lviv), or from other provinces, notably the regions of Greater Poland, Lublin, Białystok and Rzeszów.[177] At the end of 1947, the city's population was estimated at 225,000 individuals, most of whom were migrants.[177] German nationals who stayed were either resettled in the late 1940s and 1950s, or assimilated.[179]

Contemporary Wrocław has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside Warsaw and Poznań; a significant majority are migrant workers from Ukraine; others came from Italy, Spain, South Korea, India, Russia and Turkey.[180][181] No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Wrocław's schools and institutions of higher learning.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950308,925—    
1960430,522+39.4%
1970526,000+22.2%
1980617,687+17.4%
1990643,218+4.1%
2000640,614−0.4%
2010632,996−1.2%
2020641,928+1.4%
source [182]

[183]

Religion

See also: Four Denominations District

Wrocław's population is predominantly Roman Catholic, like the rest of Poland. The diocese was founded in the city as early as 1000, it was one of the first dioceses in the country at that time. Now the city is the seat of a Catholic Archdiocese.

Prior to World War II, Breslau was mostly inhabited by Protestants, followed by a large Roman Catholic and a significant Jewish minority. In 1939, of 620,976 inhabitants 368,464 were Protestants (United Protestants; mostly Lutherans and minority Reformed; in the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union), 193,805 Catholics, 2,135 other Christians and 10,659 Jews. Wrocław had the third largest Jewish population of all cities in Germany before the war.[184] Its White Stork Synagogue was completed in 1840,[184] and rededicated in 2010.[184] Four years later, in 2014, it celebrated its first ordination of four rabbis and three cantors since the Holocaust.[184] The Polish authorities together with the German Foreign Minister attended the official ceremony.[184]

 
White Stork Synagogue, initially opened in 1829

Post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as Kresy) and the eastern parts of post-1945 Poland (see Operation Vistula) account for a comparatively large portion of Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians of mostly Ukrainian and Lemko descent. Wrocław is also unique for its "Dzielnica Czterech Świątyń" (Borough of Four Temples) — a part of Stare Miasto (Old Town) where a synagogue, a Lutheran church, a Roman Catholic church and an Eastern Orthodox church stand near each other. Other Christian denominations present in Wrocław include Adventists, Baptists, Free Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Latter-day Saints, Methodists and Pentecostals. There are also minor associations practicing and promoting Rodnovery neopaganism.[185][186]

In 2007, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wrocław established the Pastoral Centre for English Speakers, which offers Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, as well as other sacraments, fellowship, retreats, catechesis and pastoral care for all English-speaking Catholics and non-Catholics interested in the Catholic Church. The Pastoral Centre is under the care of Order of Friars Minor, Conventual (Franciscans) of the Kraków Province in the parish of St Charles Borromeo (Św Karol Boromeusz).[187]

Education

Main article: List of universities and colleges in Wrocław
 
Wrocław University of Technology – Faculty of Architecture

Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.[188] List of ten public colleges and universities:

Private universities:

Other cultural institutions:

Culture and landmarks

Old Town

See also: Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław; Market Square, Wrocław; and Wrocław Old Town
 
Wrocław Old Town
 
Wrocław Opera by night
 
Two houses known as Jaś i Małgosia

The Old Town of Wrocław is listed in the Registry of Objects of Cultural Heritage and is, since 1994, on Poland's prestigious list of National Monuments.[205] Several architectural landmarks and edifices are one of the best examples of Brick Gothic and Baroque architecture in the country.[206] Fine examples of Neoclassicism, Gründerzeit and Historicism are also scattered across the city's central precinct. The Wrocław Opera House, Monopol Hotel, University Library, Ossolineum, the National Museum and the castle-like District Court are among some of the grandest and most recognizable historic structures. There are several examples of Art Nouveau and Modernism in pre-war retail establishments such as the Barasch-Feniks, Petersdorff-Kameleon and Renoma department stores.[207]

The Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral Island) is the oldest section of the city; it was once an isolated islet between the branches of the Oder River. The Wrocław Cathedral, one of the tallest churches in Poland, was erected in the mid 10th century and later expanded over the next hundreds of years. The island is also home to five other Christian temples and churches, the Archbishop's Palace, the Archdiocese Museum, a 9.5-metre 18th-century monument dedicated to Saint John of Nepomuk, historic tenements and the steel Tumski Bridge from 1889.[208][209] A notable attraction are 102 original gas lanterns which are manually lit each evening by a cloaked lamplighter.[210]

The early 13th-century Main Market Square (Rynek) is the oldest medieval public square in Poland, and also one of the largest.[211] It features the ornate Gothic Old Town Hall, the oldest of its kind in the country.[211] In the north-west corner of the square is St. Elisabeth's Church (Bazylika Św. Elżbiety) with its 91.5-metre-high tower and an observation deck at an altitude of 75 metres. Beneath the basilica are two small medieval houses connected by an arched gate that once led into a churchyard; these were reshaped into their current form in the 1700s. Today, the two connected buildings are known to the city's residents as "Jaś i Małgosia", named after the children's fairy tale characters from Hansel and Gretel.[212] North of the church are so-called "shambles" (Polish: jatki), a former meat market with a Monument of Remembrance for Slaughtered Animals.[213] The Salt Square (now a flower market) opened in 1242 is located at the south-western corner of the Market Square – close to the square, between Szewska and Łaciarska streets, is the domeless 13th-century St. Mary Magdalene Church, which during the Reformation (1523) was converted into Wrocław's first Protestant temple.[214]

The Cathedral of St. Vincent and St. James and the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew's Collegiate Church are burial sites of Polish monarchs, Henry II the Pious and Henry IV Probus, respectively.[215]

The Pan Tadeusz Museum, open since May 2016, is located in the "House under the Golden Sun" at 6 Market Square. The manuscript of the national epos, Pan Tadeusz, is housed there as part of the Ossolineum National Institute, with multimedia and interactive educational opportunities.[216]

Tourism and places of interest

Main article: Wrocław's dwarfs

The Tourist Information Centre (Polish: Centrum Informacji Turystycznej) is situated on the Main Market Square (Rynek) in building no 14. In 2011, Wrocław was visited by about 3 million tourists, and in 2016 about 5 million.[217] Free wireless Internet (Wi-Fi) is available at a number of places around town.[218]

Wrocław is a major attraction for both domestic and international tourists. Noteworthy landmarks include the Multimedia Fountain, Szczytnicki Park with its Japanese Garden, miniature park and dinosaur park, the Botanical Garden founded in 1811, Poland's largest railway model Kolejkowo, Hydropolis Centre for Ecological Education, University of Wrocław with Mathematical Tower, Church of the Name of Jesus, Wrocław water tower, the Royal Palace, ropes course on the Opatowicka Island, White Stork Synagogue, the Old Jewish Cemetery and the Cemetery of Italian Soldiers. An interesting way to explore the city is seeking out Wrocław's dwarfs – over 600 small bronze figurines can be found across the city, on pavements, walls and lampposts. They first appeared in 2005.[219]

Wrocław Zoo is home to the Africarium – the only space devoted solely to exhibiting the fauna of Africa with an oceanarium. It is the oldest zoological garden in Poland established in 1865. It is also the third-largest zoo in the world in terms of the number of animal species on display.[220]

Small passenger vessels on the Oder offer river tours, as do historic trams or the converted open-topped historic buses Jelcz 043.[221]

The Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia, German: Jahrhunderthalle), designed by Max Berg in 1911–1913, is a World Heritage Site listed by UNESCO in 2006.[222]

Key places of interest

Entertainment

 
Świdnica Cellar (Piwnica Świdnicka), one of the oldest restaurant establishments in Europe.[223]

The city is well known for its large number of nightclubs and pubs. Many are in or near the Market Square, and in the Niepolda passage, the railway wharf on the Bogusławskiego street. The basement of the old City Hall houses one of the oldest restaurants in Europe—Piwnica Świdnicka (operating since around 1273),[223] while the basement of the new City Hall contains the brewpub Spiż. There are many other craft breweries in Wrocław: three brewpubs – Browar Stu Mostów, Browar Staromiejski Złoty Pies, Browar Rodzinny Prost; two microbrewery – Profesja and Warsztat Piwowarski; and seven contract breweries – Doctor Brew, Genius Loci, Solipiwko, Pol A Czech, Baba Jaga, wBrew and Wielka Wyspa. Every year on the second weekend of June the Festival of Good Beer takes place.[224] It is the biggest beer festival in Poland.[224]

Each year in November and December the Christmas market is held at the Main Market Square.[225]

Museums

The National Museum at Powstańców Warszawy Square, one of Poland's main branches of the National Museum system, holds one of the largest collections of contemporary art in the country.[226]

 
Interior of the National Museum

Ossolineum is a National Institute and Library incorporating the Lubomirski Museum (pl), partially salvaged from the formerly Polish city of Lwów (now Lviv in Ukraine), containing items of international and national significance. It has a history of major World War II theft of collections after the invasion and takeover of Lwów by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

Major museums also include the City Museum of Wrocław (pl), Museum of Bourgeois Art in the Old Town Hall, Museum of Architecture, Archaeological Museum (pl), Museum of Natural History at University of Wrocław, Museum of Contemporary Art in Wrocław, Archdiocese Museum (pl), Galeria Awangarda, the Arsenal, Museum of Pharmacy (pl), Post and Telecommunications Museum (pl), Geological Museum (pl), the Mineralogical Museum (pl), Ethnographic Museum (pl).

Wrocław in literature

 
 
 
 
Prominent writers from Wrocław, clockwise from upper left: Hauptmann, Mommsen, Tokarczuk and Krajewski

The history of Wrocław is described in minute detail in the monograph Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse.[227] A number of books have been written about Wrocław following World War II.

Wrocław philologist and writer Marek Krajewski wrote a series of crime novels about detective Eberhard Mock, a fictional character from the city of Breslau.[228] Accordingly, Michał Kaczmarek published Wrocław according to Eberhard Mock – Guide based on the books by Marek Krajewski. In 2011 appeared the 1104-page Lexicon of the architecture of Wrocław and in 2013 a 960-page Lexicon about the greenery of Wrocław. In March 2015 Wrocław filed an application to become a UNESCO City of Literature[229] and received it in 2019. Wrocław was designated as the World Book Capital for 2016 by UNESCO.[230]

Films, music and theatre

Wrocław is home to the Audiovisual Technology centre (formerly Wytwórnia Filmów Fabularnych), the Film Stuntman School, ATM Grupa, Grupa 13, and Tako Media.[231]

Film directors Andrzej Wajda, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Sylwester Chęciński, among others, made their film debuts in Wrocław. Numerous movies shot around the city include Ashes and Diamonds, The Saragossa Manuscript, Sami swoi, Lalka, A Lonely Woman, Character, Aimée & Jaguar, Avalon, A Woman in Berlin, Suicide Room, The Winner, 80 Million, Run Boy Run, Bridge of Spies and Breaking the Limits.[232]

Numerous Polish TV-series were also shot in Wrocław, notably Świat według Kiepskich, Pierwsza miłość, Belfer, and Four Tank-Men and a Dog.

There are several theatres and theatre groups, including Polish Theatre (Teatr Polski) with three stages, and Contemporary Theatre (Wrocławski Teatr Współczesny). The International Theatre Festival Dialog-Wrocław is held every two years.[233]

Wrocław's opera traditions are dating back to the first half of the seventeenth century and sustained by the Wrocław Opera, built between 1839 and 1841. Wrocław Philharmonic, established in 1954 by Wojciech Dzieduszycki is also important for music lovers. The National Forum of Music was opened in 2015 and is a famous landmark, designed by the Polish architectural firm, Kurylowicz & Associates.[234]

Sports

The area of Wrocław is home to many popular professional sports teams; the most popular sport is football (Śląsk Wrocław club – Polish Champion in 1977 and 2012), followed by basketball (Śląsk Wrocław Basketball Club – award-winning men's basketball team and 17-time Polish Champion).[235]

Matches of Group A UEFA Euro 2012's were held at Wrocław at the Municipal Stadium. Matches of EuroBasket 1963 and EuroBasket 2009, as well as 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship were also held in Wrocław. Wrocław was the host of the 2013 World Weightlifting Championships and will the host World Championship 2016 of Duplicate bridge and World Games 2017, a competition in 37 non-Olympic sport disciplines.

The Olympic Stadium in Wrocław hosts the Speedway Grand Prix of Poland. It is also the home arena of the popular motorcycle speedway club WTS Sparta Wrocław, four-time Polish Champion.

A marathon takes place in Wrocław every year in September.[236] Wrocław also hosts the Wrocław Open, a professional tennis tournament that is part of the ATP Challenger Tour.

Men's sports

Women's sports

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Wrocław, List of people from Wrocław, and List of people from Breslau

International relations

Diplomatic missions

There are 3 general consulates in Wrocław – Germany, Hungary and Ukraine, and 23 honorary consulates – Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Georgia, Estonia, France, Finland, Spain, India, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Italy.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Wrocław is twinned with:[239]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ English pronunciation:
  2. ^ Latin: Vratislavia or Wratislavia.

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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Wrocław
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  • Kulak, Teresa (2006). Wrocław. Przewodnik historyczny (A to Polska właśnie). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. ISBN 978-83-7384-472-8.
  • Gregor Thum, Obce miasto: Wrocław 1945 i potem, Wrocław: Via Nova, 2006
  • Scheuermann, Gerhard (1994). Das Breslau-Lexikon (2 vols.). Dülmen: Laumann n. BidVerlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-89960-132-9.
  • van Rahden, Till (2000). Judenbiskupln nund andere Breslauer: Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden, Protestanten und Katholiken in einer deutschen Großstadt von 1860 bis 1925. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-35732-3.
  • Thum, Gregor (2002). Die fremde Stadt: Breslau 1945. Berlin: Siedler. ISBN 978-3-88680-795-6.
  • Weczerka, Hugo (2003). Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-520-31602-8.

External links

wrocław, breslau, redirects, here, other, uses, breslau, disambiguation, confused, with, bratislava, braslaw, bratslav, břeclav, inowrocław, włocławek, polish, ˈvrɔt, swaf, listen, german, breslau, pronounced, ˈbʁɛslaʊ, listen, silesian, german, brassel, city,. Breslau redirects here For other uses see Breslau disambiguation Not to be confused with Bratislava Braslaw Bratslav Breclav Inowroclaw or Wloclawek Wroclaw Polish ˈvrɔt swaf listen a German Breslau b pronounced ˈbʁɛslaʊ listen Silesian German Brassel 4 is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe roughly 40 kilometres 25 mi from the Sudeten Mountains to the south As of 2022 update the official population of Wroclaw is 674 312 with a total of 1 3 million residing in the metropolitan area making it the third largest city in Poland WroclawLeft to right Piasek Island and Ostrow Tumski with Wroclaw CathedralOld Town HallPuppet TheaterMarket Square and St Elizabeth s ChurchMonopol HotelWroclaw Glowny railway stationUniversity of WroclawFlagCoat of armsMotto Wroclaw miasto spotkan Polish for Wroclaw The Meeting Place WroclawShow map of PolandWroclawShow map of Lower Silesian VoivodeshipWroclawShow map of EuropeCoordinates 51 06 36 N 17 01 57 E 51 11000 N 17 03250 E 51 11000 17 03250 Coordinates 51 06 36 N 17 01 57 E 51 11000 N 17 03250 E 51 11000 17 03250Country PolandVoivodeship Lower Silesian VoivodeshipCountycity countyEstablished10th centuryCity rights1214Government City mayorJacek SutrykArea City292 8 km2 113 1 sq mi Highest elevation155 m 509 ft Lowest elevation105 m 344 ft Population 1 January 2022 City674 312 3rd 1 Density2 303 km2 5 960 sq mi Metro1 300 000 DemonymWroclawianTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code50 041 to 54 612Area code 48 71Car platesDW DXWebsitewww wbr wroclaw wbr plWroclaw is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia Today it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship The history of the city dates back over 1 000 years 5 at various times it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland the Duchy of Bohemia the Kingdom of Hungary the Habsburg monarchy of Austria the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany Wroclaw became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the Recovered Territories the result of extensive territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II Wroclaw is a university city with a student population of over 130 000 making it one of the most youth oriented cities in the country 6 Since the beginning of the 20th century the University of Wroclaw previously Breslau University has produced nine Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching 7 8 Wroclaw also possesses numerous historical landmarks including the Main Market Square Cathedral Island Wroclaw Opera the National Museum and the Centennial Hall which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site The city is also home to the Wroclaw Zoo which was established in 1865 making it the oldest zoological garden in Poland In 1989 1995 and 2019 Wroclaw hosted the European Youth Meetings of the Taize Community and hosted the Eucharistic Congress in 1997 and the 2012 European Football Championship In 2016 the city was a European Capital of Culture and the World Book Capital 9 Also in that year Wroclaw hosted the Theatre Olympics World Bridge Games and the European Film Awards In 2017 the city was host to the IFLA Annual Conference and the World Games In 2019 it was named a UNESCO City of Literature Wroclaw is classified as a Gamma global city by GaWC 10 It was placed among the top 100 cities in the world for the Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2015 2016 2017 2019 and in the top 100 of the smartest cities in the world in the IESE Cities in Motion Index 2017 and 2019 report 11 12 In February 2021 fDi Intelligence published a report Global Cities of the Future 2021 2022 in which Wroclaw was classified in 1st place among all medium and small cities in the world 13 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Middle Ages 2 2 Reconstruction after the Mongol invasion of 1241 by the city s founder Heinrich 2 3 Post the Mongol invasion 2 4 Renaissance and the Reformation 2 5 Enlightenment period 2 6 Napoleonic Wars 2 7 Industrial age 2 8 Second World War 2 9 1945 present 3 Geography 3 1 Flora and fauna 3 2 Air pollution 3 3 Climate 4 Government and politics 4 1 Districts 4 2 Municipal government 5 Economy 5 1 Major corporations 5 2 Shopping malls 6 Transport 6 1 Aviation 6 2 Rail and bus 6 3 Public transport 6 4 Other 7 Demographics 7 1 Religion 8 Education 9 Culture and landmarks 9 1 Old Town 9 2 Tourism and places of interest 9 2 1 Entertainment 9 2 2 Museums 9 3 Wroclaw in literature 9 4 Films music and theatre 10 Sports 10 1 Men s sports 10 2 Women s sports 11 Notable people 12 International relations 12 1 Diplomatic missions 12 2 Twin towns sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksEtymology Edit Coat of arms of Wroclaw with the inscription Civitas Wratislaviensis in Lauf Castle c 1360 The origin of the city s name is disputed The city was believed to be named after Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia from the Czech Premyslid dynasty who supposedly ruled the region between 915 and 921 14 However modern scholars especially Polish ones denounce this theory as recent archeological studies proved that the city even if Vratislav ruled over the area was not founded until at least 20 years after his death They suggest that founder of the city might have simply been a local prince who only shared the popular West Slavic name with the Bohemian Duke Another evidence against the Czech origin is that the oldest surviving documents containing the recorded name like the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg from the early 11th century which records the city s name as Wrotizlava and Wrotizlaensem which all include characteristic to Old Polish ar and ro unlike the Old Czech ra 15 The city s first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie 16 The Old Czech language version of the name was used in Latin documents as Vratislavia or Wratislavia In the Polish language the city s name Wroclaw derives from the name Wrocislaw which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech name Vratislav The earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language use the letter l instead of l By the 15th century the Early New High German variations of the name Breslau first began to be used Despite the noticeable differences in spelling the numerous German forms were still based on the original West Slavic name of the city with the Vr sound being replaced over time by Br 17 and the suffix slav replaced with slau These variations included Vratizlau Wratislau Wrezlau or Bresslau among others 18 In other languages the city s name is modern Czech Vratislav Hungarian Boroszlo Hebrew ורוצלב Vrotslav Yiddish ברעסלוי Bresloi Silesian Wroclaw Silesian German Brassel and Latin Wratislavia Vratislavia or Budorgis 19 20 People born or resident in the city are known as Wroclawians Polish wroclawianie During the German era the demonym was Breslauer History EditMain articles History of Wroclaw and Timeline of Wroclaw In ancient times there was a place called Budorigum at or near the site of Wroclaw It was already mapped on Claudius Ptolemy s map of AD 142 147 21 Settlements in the area existed from the 6th century onward during the migration period The Slezans a West Slavic tribe settled on the Oder river and erected a fortified gord on Ostrow Tumski Wroclaw originated at the intersection of two trade routes the Via Regia and the Amber Road Archeological research conducted in the city indicates that it was founded around 940 22 In 985 Duke Mieszko I of Poland conquered Silesia and constructed new fortifcations on Ostrow 23 The town was mentioned by Thietmar explicitly in the year 1000 AD in connection with its promotion to an episcopal see during the Congress of Gniezno 24 Middle Ages Edit Church of Saint Giles pl erected in the 1220s at Ostrow Tumski the oldest section of Wroclaw During Wroclaw s early history control over it changed hands between the Duchy of Bohemia 1038 1054 the Duchy of Poland and the Kingdom of Poland 985 1038 and 1054 1320 Following the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland the Piast dynasty ruled the Duchy of Silesia One of the most important events during this period was the foundation of the Diocese of Wroclaw by the Polish Duke and from 1025 King Boleslaw the Brave in 1000 Along with the Bishoprics of Krakow and Kolobrzeg Wroclaw was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland founded by Pope Sylvester II through the intercession of Polish Duke Boleslaw I the Brave and Emperor Otto III in 1000 during the Gniezno Congress 25 In the years 1034 1038 the city was affected by the pagan reaction in Poland 26 The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piasek Sand Island and then onto the left bank of the River Oder Around 1000 the town had about 1 000 inhabitants 27 In 1109 during the Polish German war Prince Boleslaw III Wrymouth defeated the King of Germany Henry V at the Battle of Hundsfeld stopping the German advance into Poland The medieval chronicle Gesta principum Polonorum 1112 1116 by Gallus Anonymus named Wroclaw along with Krakow and Sandomierz as one of three capitals of the Polish Kingdom Also the Tabula Rogeriana a book written by the Arab geographer Muhammad al Idrisi in 1154 describes Wroclaw as one of the Polish cities alongside Krakow Gniezno Sieradz Leczyca and Santok 28 The oldest printed text in the Polish language Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensis printed in Wroclaw by Kasper Elyan 1475 By 1139 a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Wlostowic also known as Piotr Wlast Dunin was built and another on the left bank of the River Oder near the present site of the university While the city was largely Polish it also had communities of Bohemians Czechs Germans Walloons and Jews 29 26 30 In the 13th century Wroclaw was the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom 31 In April 1241 during the First Mongol invasion of Poland the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and burnt down for strategic reasons During the battles with the Mongols Wroclaw Castle was successfully defended by Henry II the Pious 32 Reconstruction after the Mongol invasion of 1241 by the city s founder Heinrich Edit Before Breslau was founded under the name Vratislavia after the Mongol invasion of 1241 there was already a German community that according to Pusch 33 probably comprised German merchants which was so strong at the beginning of the 13th century that the Piast Duke Henry the Bearded thought it wise to appoint a German mayor 34 In 1214 a bearer of the name Godinus was appointed mayor of the German community 35 There were multiple settlements in the area on which Breslau was later founded amongst others of Walloons inhabitants of Falkendorf villa falconariorum Sokolnice Zocholnice Tocholnitz 36 surely also Poles and one of these different separate settlements comprised Germans who had formed a German community 37 According to Colmar Grunhagen 38 the task of setting up cities according to German Law fell mostly to an aristocrat close to the princes who for received privileges for his management efforts 39 The reeve Advocatus of the old as well as the new part of the city was in the hands of the citizens such as the Schertelzan and Stillvogt families Breslau was founded after the Mongol invasion of 1241 but only received the Magdeburg Law in 1261 after the citizens chose their authority themselves 40 Hitherto it was the dukes prerogative to appoint a mayor who as reeve together with the most respected citizens ruled the city Godinus is priven as one of those in 1214 followed in 1229 by his son Alexander Surnames were unknown at this time and it was only in the 13th century that the adoption of surnames became common The descendants of the aforementioned reeves Godinus and Alexander then took the name Stillvogt Stillevogt Stillvoyt Stillvoit probably derived from the name of the former reeves the still reeves The mayor Alexander who was given Schottwitz today named Soltysowice and Rosenthal now named Rozanka and part of Breslau near Breslau by the Duke had five sons Heinrich of no surname founder of the city of Breslau after the Mongol invasion of 1241 and its first hereditary reeve According to Pusch there is no evidence of an aristocratic origin and Grunhagen also held this belief 41 Pusch imputed descent from a merchant family as he held his father Alexander to be a German merchant Certificates show him as advocatus Wratislaviensis in 1254 as leader of the Scabini Wratslaviensis 42 genannt ist Recorded as second is frater ejus Sifridus and the sixth Scabini was Gotkinus the brother of Heinrich and Sifridus All three were sons of the mayor Alexander und all three were jury members before Magdeburg Law was introduced in 1261 43 It seems this had been adhered to prior to the introduction He was awarded for his task of hereditary reeve with the Burgfeld and a mill 44 Three of his sons are known Heinrich the Younger followed his father as seond hereditary reeve in 1262 in accordance with the Magdeburg Law introduced in 1261 holding this office until 1272 In 1275 it was superseded by Henry IV Probus and exchanged for the feudal estates of Lohe today named Sleza Kobierzyce with a castle built by Nicolaus von Waldau now named Dwor w Slezy and Lukowitsch Laugwitz now named Lukowice Brzeskie After Heinrich acquired further possessions in Waldau he henceforth named himself von Waldau and became the progenitor of the ancient aristocratic family von Waldau that is still extant but not to be confused with the more renowned von Waldow families mentioned in the German Wikipedia page Waldow Adelsgeschlecht Heinrich the Older had two further sons Alexander Siegfried documented in 1262 Gotke who became the locator of Krakau thereafter hereditary reeve of the Neustadt new city founded next to the Altstadt old city of Breslau founded his own family under the name of Stillvogt that provided four city councillors including himself of the City of Breslau through four generations 45 Sifridus with his brothers Heinrich and Gotke he was a jury member in 1254 before the introduction of Magdeburg Law Johann likely died young Konrad received Rosenthal from his father and was the father of Zacharias who having no surname married a daughter of Engelger who also had no surname Konrad was a citizen of Breslau in 1269 and consul in the City Council of Breslau in 1280 1290 and 1298 and a jury member in 1293 He was the owner of a mill and the village of Sacherwitz Zacharaie villa today called Zacharzyce He became a citizen of Schweidnitz today incorporated in to Breslau and his grandsons were the progenitors of the Sachenkirch and Sachwitz families 46 Post the Mongol invasion Edit After the Mongol invasion the town was partly populated by German settlers who in the ensuing centuries gradually became its dominant population 47 The city however retained its multi ethnic character a reflection of its importance as a trading post on the junction of the Via Regia and the Amber Road 48 With the influx of settlers the town expanded and in 1242 came under German town law The city council used both Latin and German and the early forms of the name Breslau the German name of the city appeared for the first time in its written records 47 Polish gradually ceased to be used in the town books while it survived in the courts until 1337 when it was banned by the new rulers the german speaking House of Luxembourgs 30 The enlarged town covered around 60 hectares 150 acres and the new main market square surrounded by timber frame houses became the trade centre of the town The original foundation Ostrow Tumski became its religious centre The city gained Magdeburg rights in 1261 While the Polish Piast dynasty remained in control of the region the ability of the city council to govern itself independently increased 49 In 1274 prince Henryk IV Probus gave the city its staple right In the 13th century two Polish monarchs were buried in Wroclaw churches founded by them Henry II the Pious in the St Vincent church 50 and Henryk IV Probus in the Holy Cross church 51 St Martin s Church the only remaining part of the medieval Piast stronghold that once stood in Wroclaw Wroclaw which for 350 years had been mostly under Polish hegemony fell in 1335 after the death of Henry VI the Good to John of Luxembourg His son Emperor Charles IV in 1348 formally incorporated the city into the Holy Roman Empire Between 1342 and 1344 two fires destroyed large parts of the city In 1387 the city joined the Hanseatic League On 5 June 1443 the city was rocked by an earthquake estimated at ca 6 on the Richter scale which destroyed or seriously damaged many of its buildings Between 1469 and 1490 Wroclaw was part of the Kingdom of Hungary and king Matthias Corvinus was said to have had a Vratislavian mistress who bore him a son 52 In 1474 after almost a century the city left the Hanseatic League Also in 1474 the city was besieged by combined Polish Czech forces However in November 1474 Kings Casimir IV of Poland his son Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary met in the nearby village of Muchobor Wielki present day a district of Wroclaw and in December 1474 a ceasefire was signed according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule 53 The following year was marked by the publication in Wroclaw of the Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium 1475 by Kasper Elyan the first ever Incunable in Polish containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wroclaw bishops 54 Renaissance and the Reformation Edit Map of the city from 1562 with its fortifications on the Oder River In the 16th century the Breslauer Schops beer style was created in Breslau 55 The Protestant Reformation reached the city in 1518 and it converted to the new rite However starting in 1526 Silesia was ruled by the Catholic House of Habsburg In 1618 it supported the Bohemian Revolt out of fear of losing the right to religious freedom During the ensuing Thirty Years War the city was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops and lost thousands of inhabitants to the plague 56 The Emperor brought in the Counter Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in the city starting in 1610 with the Franciscans followed by the Jesuits then Capuchins and finally Ursuline nuns in 1687 14 These orders erected buildings that shaped the city s appearance until 1945 At the end of the Thirty Years War however it was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant The Polish Municipal school opened in 1666 and lasted until 1766 Precise record keeping of births and deaths by the city fathers led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality first by John Graunt and then based on data provided to him by Breslau professor Caspar Neumann by Edmond Halley 57 Halley s tables and analysis published in 1693 are considered to be the first true actuarial tables and thus the foundation of modern actuarial science During the Counter Reformation the intellectual life of the city flourished as the Protestant bourgeoisie lost some of its dominance to the Catholic orders as patrons of the arts Enlightenment period Edit Battle of Breslau during the Seven Years War Third Silesian War 1756 1763 The city became the centre of German Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets 58 In the 1740s the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the city and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa ceded most of the territory in the Treaty of Breslau in 1742 to Prussia Austria attempted to recover Silesia during the Seven Years War at the Battle of Breslau but they were unsuccessful The Venetian Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova stayed in Breslau in 1766 59 Napoleonic Wars Edit Entry of Prince Jerome Bonaparte into the city 7 January 1807 During the Napoleonic Wars it was occupied by the Confederation of the Rhine army The fortifications of the city were levelled and monasteries and cloisters were seized 14 The Protestant Viadrina European University at Frankfurt an der Oder was relocated to Breslau in 1811 and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick William University German Schlesische Friedrich Wilhelm Universitat now the University of Wroclaw The city became a centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon and a gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at the Battle of Leipzig 60 Industrial age Edit The Confederation of the Rhine had increased prosperity in Silesia and in the city The removal of fortifications opened room for the city to expand beyond its former limits Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre notably for linen and cotton manufacture and the metal industry The reconstructed university served as a major centre of science Johannes Brahms later wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1879 61 In 1821 the Arch Diocese of Breslau withdrew from dependence on the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno and Breslau became an exempt see On 10 October 1854 the Jewish Theological Seminary opened The institution was the first modern rabbinical seminary in Central Europe In 1863 the brothers Karl and Louis Stangen founded the travel agency Stangen the second travel agency in the world 62 The Royal Palace from 1717 was once the residence of Prussian monarchs Today the building houses the City Museum The city was an important centre of the Polish secret resistance movement and the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the January Uprising of 1863 1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland 63 Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in Warsaw in February 1861 and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861 64 Secret Polish correspondence weapons and insurgents were transported through the city 65 After the outbreak of the uprising in 1863 the Prussian police carried out mass searches of Polish homes especially those of Poles who had recently come to the city 66 The city s inhabitants both Poles and Germans excluding the German aristocracy largely sympathized with the uprising and some Germans even joined local Poles in their secret activities 67 In June 1863 the city was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities 68 In January 1864 the Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement 69 Old Town Hall 1900 The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth largest city in the German Empire Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910 The 1900 census listed 422 709 residents 70 In 1890 construction began of Breslau Fortress as the city s defenses Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910 the Kaiser bridge today Grunwald Bridge and the Technical University which now houses the Wroclaw University of Technology The 1900 census listed 98 of the population as German speakers with 5 363 Polish speakers 1 3 and 3 103 0 7 as bilingual in German and Polish 71 The population was 58 Protestant 37 Catholic including at least 2 Polish 72 and 5 Jewish totaling 20 536 in the 1905 census 71 The Jewish community of Breslau was among the most important in Germany producing several distinguished artists and scientists 73 From 1912 the head of the university s Department of Psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry Koniglich Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik was Alois Alzheimer and that same year professor William Stern introduced the concept of IQ 74 Market Square 1890 1900 Feniks Department Store built in 1902 1904 In 1913 the newly built Centennial Hall housed an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross 75 The Centennial Hall was built by Max Berg 1870 1947 since 2006 it is part of the world heritage of UNESCO 76 The central station by Wilhelm Grapow 1857 was one of the biggest in Germany and one of the first stations with electrified railway services 77 Since 1900 modern department stores like Barasch today Feniks or Petersdorff built by architect Erich Mendelsohn were erected Following the First World War Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia of the Weimar Republic in 1919 After the war the Polish community began holding masses in Polish at the Church of Saint Anne and as of 1921 at St Martin s and a Polish School was founded by Helena Adamczewska 78 In 1920 a Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square In August 1920 during the Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0 5 after the re emergence of Poland as a state in 1918 when many moved to Poland 72 Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923 79 The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km2 68 sq mi with a population of 600 000 In 1929 the Werkbund opened WuWa German Wohnungs und Werkraumausstellung in Breslau Scheitnig an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund In June 1930 Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I The number of Jews remaining in Breslau fell from 23 240 in 1925 to 10 659 in 1933 80 Up to the beginning of World War II Breslau was the largest city in Germany east of Berlin 81 Pre war aerial view of the city 1920 Known as a stronghold of left wing liberalism during the German Empire Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazi Party which in the 1932 elections received 44 of the city s vote their third highest total in all Germany 82 83 KZ Durrgoy one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany was set up in the city in 1933 84 After Hitler s appointment as German Chancellor in 1933 political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted and their institutions closed or destroyed The Gestapo began actions against Polish and Jewish students see Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau Communists Social Democrats and trade unionists Arrests were made for speaking Polish in public and in 1938 the Nazi controlled police destroyed the Polish cultural centre 85 86 In June 1939 Polish students were expelled from the university 87 Also many other people seen as undesirable by Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps 85 A network of concentration camps and forced labour camps was established around Breslau to serve industrial concerns including FAMO Junkers and Krupp Tens of thousand of forced laborers were imprisoned there 88 The last big event organized by the National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise called Deutsches Turn und Sportfest Gym and Sports Festivities took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938 The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon s invasion 89 Second World War Edit Wartime destruction around the cathedral 1945 During the invasion of Poland which started World War II in September 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations 87 and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz whose task was to persecute Poles 90 For most of the war the fighting did not affect the city During the war the Germans opened the graves of medieval Polish monarchs and local dukes to carry out anthropological research for propaganda purposes wanting to demonstrate German racial purity 50 The remains were transported to other places by the Germans and they have not been found to this day 50 In 1941 the remnants of the pre war Polish minority in the city as well as Polish slave labourers organised a resistance group called Olimp The organisation gathered intelligence carrying out sabotage and organising aid for Polish slave workers In September 1941 the city s 10 000 Jews were expelled from their homes and soon deported to concentration camps Few survived the Holocaust 91 As the war continued refugees from bombed out German cities and later refugees from farther east swelled the population to nearly one million 92 including 51 000 forced labourers in 1944 and 9 876 Allied PoWs At the end of 1944 an additional 30 000 60 000 Poles were moved into the city after the Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising 93 During the war the Germans operated four subcamps of the Gross Rosen concentration camp in the city 94 Approximately 3 400 3 800 men were imprisoned in three subcamps among them Poles Russians Italians Frenchmen Ukrainians Czechs Belgians Yugoslavs Chinese and about 1 500 Jewish women were imprisoned in the fourth camp 94 Many prisoners died and the remaining were evacuated to the main camp of Gross Rosen in January 1945 94 There were also three subcamps of the Stalag VIII B 344 prisoner of war camp 95 and two Nazi prisons in the city including a youth prison with multiple forced labour subcamps 96 97 In 1945 the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal Siege of Breslau 98 Adolf Hitler had in 1944 declared Breslau to be a fortress Festung to be held at all costs An attempted evacuation of the city took place in January 1945 with 18 000 people freezing to death in icy snowstorms of 20 C 4 F weather In February 1945 the Soviet Army approached the city and the German Luftwaffe began an airlift to the besieged garrison A large area of the city centre was demolished and turned into an airfield by the defenders 99 By the end of the three month siege in May 1945 half the city had been destroyed Breslau was the last major city in Germany to surrender capitulating only two days before the end of the war in Europe 100 Civilian deaths amounted to as many as 80 000 In August the Soviets placed the city under the control of German communists 101 Following the Yalta Conference held in February 1945 where the new geopolitics of Central Europe were decided the terms of the Potsdam Conference decreed that with almost all of Lower Silesia the city would become part of Poland in exchange for Poland s loss of the city of Lwow along with the massive territory of Kresy in the east which was annexed by the Soviet Union 102 The Polish name of Wroclaw was declared official There had been discussion among the Western Allies to place the southern Polish German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse which meant post war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia including west bank of Breslau However the Polish government insisted the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west 102 1945 present Edit Wroclaw dwarf Following World War II the region became part of Poland under territorial changes defined by the Potsdam Agreement 101 The town s inhabitants who had not fled or who had safely returned to their home town after the war officially had ended were expelled between 1945 and 1949 in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and were settled in the Soviet occupation zone or in the Allied Occupation Zones in the remainder of Germany The city s last pre war German school was closed in 1963 103 The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region some of whom came from Lviv Lwow Volhynia and the Vilnius Region A small German minority about 1 000 people or 2 of the population remains in the city so that today the relation of Polish to German population is the reverse of what it was a hundred years ago 104 Traces of the German past such as inscriptions and signs were removed 105 In 1948 Wroclaw organized the Recovered Territories Exhibition and the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace Picasso s lithograph La Colombe The Dove a traditional realistic picture of a pigeon without an olive branch was created on a napkin at the Monopol Hotel in Wroclaw during the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace 106 Fighting Solidarity logo In 1963 Wroclaw was declared a closed city because of a smallpox epidemic 107 In 1982 during martial law in Poland the anti communist underground organizations Fighting Solidarity and Orange Alternative were founded in Wroclaw Wroclaw s dwarves made of bronze famously grew out of and commemorate Orange Alternative 108 In 1983 and 1997 Pope John Paul II visited the city 109 PTV Echo the first non state television station in Poland and in the post communist countries began to broadcast in Wroclaw on 6 February 1990 110 In May 1997 Wroclaw hosted the 46th International Eucharistic Congress 111 In July 1997 the city was heavily affected by the Millenium Flood the worst flooding in post war Poland Germany and the Czech Republic About one third of the area of the city was flooded 112 The smaller Widawa River also flooded the city simultaneously worsening the damage An earlier equally devastating flood of the Oder river had taken place in 1903 113 A small part of the city was also flooded during the flood of 2010 From 2012 to 2015 the Wroclaw water node was renovated and redeveloped to prevent further flooding 114 Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw opened in 2011 hosted three matches in Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 championship 115 In 2016 Wroclaw was declared the European Capital of Culture 116 In 2017 Wroclaw hosted the 2017 World Games 117 Wroclaw won the European Best Destination title in 2018 118 Since the end of the Cold War Wroclaw has come to terms with its German heritage restoring its historical coat of arms and embracing the Austrian and Prussian aspects of the city s history during anniversary celebrations 119 Wroclaw is now a unique European city of mixed heritage with architecture influenced by Saxon Bohemian Austrian and Prussian traditions such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria Fischer von Erlach Wroclaw has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle 1911 1913 designed by Max Berg Geography EditWroclaw is located in the three mesoregions of the Silesian Lowlands Wroclaw Plain Wroclaw Valley Olesnica Plain at an elevation of around 105 156 metres Gajowe Hill and Maslickie Hill above sea level 120 The city lies on the Oder River and its four tributaries which supply it within the city limits Bystrzyca Olawa Sleza and Widawa 121 In addition the Dobra River and many streams flow through the city The city has a sewage treatment plant on the Janowek estate 122 Flora and fauna Edit John of Nepomuk Church in Szczytnicki Park 16th century There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares The most notable are Szczytnicki Park Park Poludniowy South Park and Anders Park In addition Wroclaw University runs an historical Botanical garden founded in 1811 with a salient Alpine garden a lake and a valley 123 In Wroclaw the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered of which over 100 have nesting places there 124 As in other large Polish cities the most numerous are pigeons Other common species are the sparrow tree sparrow siskin rook crow jackdaw magpie swift martin swallow kestrel mute swan mallard coot merganser black headed gull great tit blue tit long tailed tit greenfinch hawfinch collared dove common wood pigeon fieldfare redwing common starling grey heron white stork common chaffinch blackbird jay nuthatch bullfinch cuckoo waxwing lesser spotted woodpecker great spotted woodpecker white backed woodpecker white wagtail blackcap black redstart old world flycatcher emberizidae goldfinch western marsh harrier little bittern common moorhen reed bunting remiz great reed warbler little crake little ringed plover and white tailed eagle 125 Wroclaw South Park Park Poludniowy In addition the city is periodically plagued by the brown rat especially in the Market Square and in the vicinity of eateries Otherwise due to the proximity of wooded areas there are hedgehogs foxes wild boar bats martens squirrels deer hares beavers polecats otters badgers weasels stoats and raccoon dogs There are also occasional sightings of escaped muskrat american mink and raccoon 125 126 Air pollution Edit Map of Wroclaw s areas where PM10 standards were exceeded in 2015 Air pollution is a considerable issue in Wroclaw In a report by French Respire organization from 2014 Wroclaw was ranked the eighth most polluted European city with 166 days of bad air quality per year 127 Heavy air pollution mainly occurs in the colder months during autumn and winter 128 According to Wroclaw University research from 2017 high concentration of particular matters PM2 5 and PM 10 in the air causes 942 premature deaths of Wroclaw inhabitants per year 129 Air pollution also causes 3297 cases of bronchitis among Wroclaw s children per year 129 Approximately 84 of residents believe that air pollution is a serious social problem according to a poll from May 2017 and 73 of people believe that air quality is poor 130 In 2012 there were 71 days when the PM10 standards set by Cleaner Air For Europe Directive were exceeded In 2014 there were 104 such days 131 In 2014 the inhabitants founded an organization called the Lower Silesian Smog Alert Dolnoslaski Alarm Smogowy DAS to address the air pollution problem Its goals are to educate the public and to reduce emission of harmful substances 132 Climate Edit According to the Koppen climate classification Wroclaw has an oceanic climate Cfb bordering on a humid continental climate Dfb using the 0 C 32 F isotherm The position of Wroclaw in the Silesian Lowlands which are themselves located just north of the Sudetes and to the southwest of the Trzebnickie Hills creates a favourable environment for accumulation of heat in the Oder river valley between Wroclaw and Opole 133 Wroclaw is therefore the warmest city in Poland among those tracked by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management IMGW with the mean annual temperature of 9 7 C 49 F 134 The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters but with the skies frequently overcast summers are warm and generally sunny however that is the period when most precipitation occurs which often falls during thunderstorms The city also sometimes experiences foehn like conditions particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south west 133 In addition to that the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the urban heat island effect 135 133 Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter the snow cover of at least 1 cm 0 39 in stays on the ground for an average of 27 5 days per year one of the lowest in Poland 134 The highest temperature in Wroclaw recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 37 9 C 100 F 134 though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the University of Wroclaw indicated 38 9 C 102 F on that day 136 The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 32 C 26 F Climate data for Wroclaw Copernicus Airport elevation 120 m 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 18 0 64 4 20 6 69 1 25 2 77 4 30 0 86 0 32 4 90 3 36 9 98 4 37 4 99 3 38 9 102 0 35 3 95 5 28 1 82 6 20 6 69 1 16 4 61 5 38 9 102 0 Mean maximum C F 10 8 51 4 12 7 54 9 18 2 64 8 24 3 75 7 27 8 82 0 31 5 88 7 32 8 91 0 32 5 90 5 27 6 81 7 22 8 73 0 16 2 61 2 11 4 52 5 34 3 93 7 Average high C F 3 0 37 4 4 7 40 5 9 0 48 2 15 3 59 5 20 0 68 0 23 4 74 1 25 6 78 1 25 4 77 7 20 0 68 0 14 3 57 7 8 3 46 9 4 1 39 4 14 4 57 9 Daily mean C F 0 0 32 0 1 1 34 0 4 3 39 7 9 7 49 5 14 3 57 7 17 7 63 9 19 7 67 5 19 3 66 7 14 5 58 1 9 6 49 3 4 8 40 6 1 1 34 0 9 7 49 5 Average low C F 3 3 26 1 2 5 27 5 0 0 32 0 3 8 38 8 8 3 46 9 12 0 53 6 13 9 57 0 13 4 56 1 9 4 48 9 5 2 41 4 1 3 34 3 2 1 28 2 5 0 41 0 Mean minimum C F 14 6 5 7 11 4 11 5 7 3 18 9 3 5 25 7 1 9 35 4 6 0 42 8 8 7 47 7 7 0 44 6 2 4 36 3 2 8 27 0 6 4 20 5 11 5 11 3 16 8 1 8 Record low C F 30 0 22 0 32 0 25 6 23 8 10 8 8 1 17 4 4 0 24 8 0 2 32 4 3 6 38 5 2 1 35 8 3 0 26 6 9 3 15 3 18 2 0 8 24 4 11 9 32 0 25 6 Average precipitation mm inches 28 3 1 11 25 6 1 01 35 0 1 38 31 2 1 23 59 6 2 35 65 4 2 57 91 4 3 60 59 5 2 34 48 4 1 91 37 6 1 48 31 4 1 24 27 9 1 10 541 1 21 30 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 4 6 1 8 4 5 1 8 2 7 1 1 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 5 0 6 3 0 1 2 4 6 1 8 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 15 50 12 99 13 50 10 90 13 03 12 97 14 00 11 80 11 30 12 27 13 17 14 77 156 19Average snowy days 0 0 cm 12 4 9 1 4 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 6 4 34 9Average relative humidity 83 7 80 1 75 3 68 0 69 8 69 8 69 9 70 5 76 8 81 6 85 5 84 9 76 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 58 8 82 2 129 2 202 6 245 5 247 6 257 4 250 8 170 1 118 5 66 9 52 8 1 882 5Source 1 IMGW normals except humidity 134 Source 2 Meteomodel pl humidity and extremes 137 138 139 Climate data for Wroclaw Copernicus Airport elevation 120 m 1961 1990 normalsMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 1 3 34 3 3 2 37 8 7 9 46 2 13 6 56 5 18 8 65 8 22 0 71 6 23 4 74 1 23 2 73 8 19 3 66 7 14 1 57 4 7 4 45 3 3 0 37 4 13 1 55 6 Daily mean C F 1 8 28 8 0 5 31 1 3 2 37 8 8 0 46 4 13 1 55 6 16 5 61 7 17 7 63 9 17 2 63 0 13 4 56 1 8 9 48 0 3 9 39 0 0 2 32 4 8 3 47 0 Average low C F 5 3 22 5 4 0 24 8 0 9 30 4 2 8 37 0 7 1 44 8 10 7 51 3 12 0 53 6 11 6 52 9 8 7 47 7 4 6 40 3 0 6 33 1 3 1 26 4 3 7 38 7 Average precipitation mm inches 28 1 1 26 1 0 26 1 0 39 1 5 64 2 5 80 3 1 84 3 3 78 3 1 48 1 9 40 1 6 43 1 7 34 1 3 590 23 1 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 7 3 6 6 7 2 7 7 9 6 10 0 9 7 8 4 7 9 7 1 9 2 8 6 99 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 49 0 65 0 107 0 142 0 198 0 194 0 205 0 197 0 139 0 108 0 52 0 39 0 1 495Source NOAA 140 Government and politics Edit Wroclaw New City Hall the seat of the city mayor Main article List of mayors of Wroclaw Wroclaw is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship a province voivodeship created in 1999 It was previously the capital of Wroclaw Voivodeship 141 The city is a separate urban gmina and city county It is also the seat of Wroclaw County which adjoins but does not include the city 142 Districts Edit Main article Districts of Wroclaw Wroclaw boroughs until 1990 The 48 administrative district quarters since 1990 Wroclaw was previously subdivided into five boroughs dzielnica Fabryczna Factory Quarter 143 Krzyki German Krietern meaning Wranglers 144 Psie Pole German Hundsfeld Dogs Field named after the Battle of Psie Pole 144 Stare Miasto Old Town 144 Srodmiescie Midtown 144 Since 1990 the city has been divided into 48 district quarters osiedle Bienkowice Biskupin Sepolno Dabie Bartoszowice Borek Brochow Gaj Gajowice Gadow Popowice Pld Grabiszyn Grabiszynek Huby Jagodno Jerzmanowo Jarnoltow Strachowice Osiniec Karlowice Rozanka Klecina Kleczkow Kowale Krzyki Partynice Ksieze Kuzniki Lesnica Lipa Piotrowska Maslice Muchobor Maly Muchobor Wielki Nadodrze Nowy Dwor Olbin Oltaszyn Oporow Osobowice Redzin Pawlowice Pilczyce Kozanow Popowice Pln Plac Grunwaldzki Polanowice Poswietne Ligota Powstancow Slaskich Pracze Odrzanskie Przedmiescie Olawskie Przedmiescie Swidnickie Psie Pole Zawidawie Soltysowice Stare Miasto Strachocin Swojczyce Wojnow Szczepin Swiniary Tarnogaj Widawa Wojszyce Zacisze Zalesie Szczytniki and Zerniki 145 Municipal government Edit Wroclaw is currently governed by the city s mayor and a municipal legislature known as the city council The city council is made up of 39 councilors and is directly elected by the city s inhabitants The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning up to and including development of local infrastructure transport and planning permission However it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw The city s current mayor is Jacek Sutryk who has served in this position since 2018 The first mayor of Wroclaw after the war was Boleslaw Drobner appointed to the position on 14 March 1945 even before the surrender of Festung Breslau Economy Edit Sky Tower is one of the tallest buildings in Poland It offers office commercial residential and recreational space See also Economy of Poland Wroclaw is the second wealthiest of the large cities in Poland after Warsaw 146 The city is also home to the largest number of leasing and debt collection companies in the country including the largest European Leasing Fund as well as numerous banks Due to the proximity of the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic Wroclaw and the region of Lower Silesia is a large import and export partner with these countries Wroclaw s industry manufactures buses railroad cars home appliances chemicals and electronics The city houses factories and development centres of many foreign and domestic corporations such as WAGO Kontakttechnik Siemens Bosch Whirlpool Corporation Nokia Networks Volvo HP IBM Google Opera Software Bombardier Transportation WABCO and others Wroclaw is also the location of offices for large Polish companies including Getin Holding AmRest Polmos and MCI Management SA Additionally Kaufland Poland has its main headquarters in the city 147 Since the beginning of the 21st century the city has had a developing high tech sector Many high tech companies are located in the Wroclaw Technology Park such as Baluff CIT Engineering Caisson Elektronik ContiTech Ericsson Innovative Software Technologies IBM IT MED IT Sector LiveChat Software Mitsubishi Electric Maas PGS Software Technology Transfer Agency Techtra and Vratis In Biskupice Podgorne Community Kobierzyce there are factories of LG LG Display LG Electronics LG Chem LG Innotek Dong Seo Display Dong Yang Electronics Toshiba and many other companies mainly from the electronics and home appliances sectors while the Nowa Wies Wroclawska factory and distribution centre of Nestle Purina and factories a few other enterprises The city is the seat of Wroclaw Research Centre EIT which contains inter alia geological research laboratories to the unconventional and Lower Silesian Cluster of Nanotechnology 148 The logistics centres DHL FedEx and UPS are based in Wroclaw 149 Furthermore it is a major centre for the pharmaceutical industry U S Pharmacia Hasco Lek Galena Avec Pharma 3M Labor S Lab Herbapol and Cezal Wroclaw is home to Poland s largest shopping mall Bielany Avenue pl Aleja Bielany and Bielany Trade Center located in Bielany Wroclawskie where stores such as Auchan Decathlon Leroy Merlin Makro Tesco IKEA Jula OBI Castorama Black Red White Poco E Wedel Cargill Prologis and Panattoni can be found 150 In February 2013 Qatar Airways launched its Wroclaw European Customer Service 151 Major corporations Edit 3M Akwawit Polmos S A Wratislavia vodka plant The Bank of New York Mellon Bombardier Transportation Poland BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate CD Projekt CH Robinson Worldwide Credit Agricole Poland Credit Suisse 152 Deichmann DeLaval Operations Poland DHL Dolby Labs Ernst amp Young Fantasy Expo owner CD Action Gigaset Communications Google Hewlett Packard IBM 153 Kaufland Poland KGHM Polska Miedz LiveChat Software LG Electronics McKinsey amp Company Microsoft 154 National Bank of Poland Nokia Networks Olympus Business Services Europe Opera Software Parker Hannifin PZ Cussons Poland PZU QAD Qatar Airways Qiagen Robert Bosch GmbH SAP Poland Santander Consumer Bank Siemens Sudzucker Techland Tieto UBS UPS United Technologies Corporation Viessmann Volvo Poland WABCO Poland Whirlpool Poland Shopping malls Edit Wroclaw Market Hall Wroclavia Shopping Mall with a central bus station located underground Wroclavia Galeria Dominikanska Arkady Wroclawskie Galeria Handlowa Sky Tower Pasaz Grunwaldzki Centrum Handlowe Borek Tarasy Grabiszynskie Magnolia Park Wroclaw Fashion Outlet Factoria Park Centrum Handlowe Korona Renoma a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value Feniks Wroclaw Market Hall Marino Park Handlowy Mlyn Family Point Ferio Gaj Aleja Bielany in Bielany Wroclawskie suburb of Wroclaw the largest shopping mall in PolandTransport Edit Map of Wroclaw illustrating the A8 bypass and surrounding arterial roads Wroclaw is a major transport hub situated at the crossroad of many routes linking Western and Central Europe with the rest of Poland 155 The city is skirted on the south by the A4 highway which is part of the European route E40 extending from the Polish German to the Polish Ukrainian border across southern Poland The 672 kilometre highway beginning at Jedrzychowice connects Lower Silesia with Opole and the industrial Upper Silesian metropolis Krakow Tarnow and Rzeszow It also provides easy access to German cities such as Dresden Leipzig Magdeburg and with the A18 highway Berlin Hamburg 155 The toll free A8 bypass Wroclaw ring road around the west and north of the city connects the A4 highway with three major routes S5 expressway leading to Poznan Bydgoszcz the S8 express road towards Olesnica Lodz Warsaw Bialystok and the National Road 8 to Prague Brno and other townships in the Czech Republic Traffic congestion is a significant issue in Wroclaw as in most Polish cities in early 2020 it was ranked as the fifth most congested city in Poland and 41st in the world 156 On average a car driver in Wroclaw annually spends seven days and two hours in a traffic jam 157 Roadblocks gridlocks and narrow cobblestone streets around the Old Town are considerable obstacles for drivers The lack of parking space is also a major setback private lots or on street pay bays are the most common means of parking 158 A study in 2019 has revealed that there are approximately 130 vehicles per each parking spot and the search for an unoccupied bay takes on average eight minutes 159 Aviation Edit Wroclaw Copernicus Airport in Strachowice The city is served by Copernicus Airport Wroclaw coded WRO situated around 10 kilometres southwest from the central precinct The airport handles passenger flights with LOT Polish Airlines Buzz Ryanair Wizz Air Lufthansa Eurowings Air France KLM Scandinavian Airlines Swiss International Air Lines and air cargo connections In 2019 over a 3 5 million passengers passed through the airport placing it fifth on the list of busiest airports in Poland 160 161 Among the permanent and traditional destinations are Warsaw Amsterdam Dusseldorf Frankfurt am Main Zurich and Budapest 162 Low cost flights are common among British Italian Spanish and Ukrainian travellers based on the number of destinations 162 Seasonal charter flights are primarily targeted at Polish holidaymakers travelling to Southern Europe and North Africa 162 Rail and bus Edit Koleje Dolnoslaskie train at Wroclaw Main Station The main rail station is Wroclaw Glowny which is the largest railway station in Poland by the number of passengers served 21 2 million passengers a year and perhaps the most important railroad junction alongside Warsaw Central station 163 The station is supported by PKP Intercity Polregio Koleje Dolnoslaskie and Leo Express There are direct connections to Szczecin Poznan and to Warsaw Central through Lodz Fabryczna station There is also a regular connection to Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Wien Hauptbahnhof Vienna as well as indirect to Praha hlavni nadrazi Prague and Budapest Nyugati with one transfer depending on the carrier Adjacent to the railway station is a central bus station located in the basement of the shopping mall Wroclavia with services offered by PKS Neobus Flixbus Sindbad and others 164 165 Public transport Edit The public transport in Wroclaw comprises 99 bus lines and a well developed network of 23 tram lines with a length over 200 kilometres operated by the Municipal Transport Company MPK Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacyjne 166 167 Rides are paid for tickets can be purchased in vending machines which are located at bus stops as well as in the vending machines located in the vehicle payment contactless payment card the ticket is saved on the card The tickets are available for purchase in the electronic form via mobile app mPay Apple Pay SkyCash Mobill Google Pay Tickets are one ride or temporary 0 25 0 5 1 1 5 24 48 72 or 168 hours All buses and big part of trams is low floor Moderus Gamma LF07AC tram Over a dozen traditional taxicab firms operate in the city as well as Uber iTaxi Bolt and Free Now Other Edit Wroclaw City Bike There are 1200 km of cycling paths including about 100 km paths on flood embankments Wroclaw has a bike rental network called the City Bike Wroclawski Rower Miejski It has 2000 bicycles and 200 self service stations 168 In addition to regular bicycles tandem cargo electric folding tricycles children s and handbikes are available operating every year from 1 March to 30 November During winter December February 200 bikes are available in the system Wroclaw possesses a scooter sharing system of Lime Bird Bolt and Hive Free Now motorized scooter rental is available using a mobile application Electronic car rental systems include Traficar Panek CarSharing hybrid cars 169 170 GoScooter and hop city electric scooters using the mobile application A gondola lift over the Oder called Polinka began operation in 2013 171 Wroclaw also has a river port on the Oder and several marinas Demographics EditSee also Urban demographics of Poland In December 2020 the population of Wroclaw was estimated at 641 928 individuals of which 342 215 were women and 299 713 were men 172 Since 2011 the population has been steadily rising with a 0 142 increase between 2019 and 2020 and a 2 167 increase in the years 2011 2020 173 In 2018 the crude birth rate stood at 11 8 and the mortality rate at 11 1 per 1 000 residents 174 The median age in 2018 was 43 years 175 The city s population is aging significantly between 2013 and 2018 the number of seniors per Statistics Poland men aged 65 or above and women aged 60 or above surged from 21 5 to 24 2 174 Historically the city s population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in the year 1900 approximately 422 709 people were registered as residents and by 1933 the population was already 625 000 176 The strongest growth was recorded from 1900 to 1910 with almost 100 000 new residents within the city limits Although the city was overwhelmingly German speaking the ethnic composition based on heritage or place of birth was mixed 177 178 According to a statistical report from 2000 around 43 of all inhabitants in 1910 were born outside Silesia and migrated into the city mostly from the contemporary regions of Greater Poland then the Prussian Partition of Poland or Pomerania 177 Poles and Jews were among the most prominent active minorities Simultaneously the city s territorial expansion and incorporation of surrounding townships further strengthened population growth 177 Following the end of the Second World War and post 1945 expulsions of the pre war population Wroclaw became predominantly Polish speaking New incomers were primarily resettled from areas in the east which Poland lost Vilnius and Lviv or from other provinces notably the regions of Greater Poland Lublin Bialystok and Rzeszow 177 At the end of 1947 the city s population was estimated at 225 000 individuals most of whom were migrants 177 German nationals who stayed were either resettled in the late 1940s and 1950s or assimilated 179 Contemporary Wroclaw has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside Warsaw and Poznan a significant majority are migrant workers from Ukraine others came from Italy Spain South Korea India Russia and Turkey 180 181 No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad Many are students studying at Wroclaw s schools and institutions of higher learning Historical populationYearPop 1950308 925 1960430 522 39 4 1970526 000 22 2 1980617 687 17 4 1990643 218 4 1 2000640 614 0 4 2010632 996 1 2 2020641 928 1 4 source 182 183 Religion Edit See also Four Denominations District Wroclaw s population is predominantly Roman Catholic like the rest of Poland The diocese was founded in the city as early as 1000 it was one of the first dioceses in the country at that time Now the city is the seat of a Catholic Archdiocese Prior to World War II Breslau was mostly inhabited by Protestants followed by a large Roman Catholic and a significant Jewish minority In 1939 of 620 976 inhabitants 368 464 were Protestants United Protestants mostly Lutherans and minority Reformed in the Evangelical Church of the old Prussian Union 193 805 Catholics 2 135 other Christians and 10 659 Jews Wroclaw had the third largest Jewish population of all cities in Germany before the war 184 Its White Stork Synagogue was completed in 1840 184 and rededicated in 2010 184 Four years later in 2014 it celebrated its first ordination of four rabbis and three cantors since the Holocaust 184 The Polish authorities together with the German Foreign Minister attended the official ceremony 184 White Stork Synagogue initially opened in 1829 Post war resettlements from Poland s ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories known in Polish as Kresy and the eastern parts of post 1945 Poland see Operation Vistula account for a comparatively large portion of Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians of mostly Ukrainian and Lemko descent Wroclaw is also unique for its Dzielnica Czterech Swiatyn Borough of Four Temples a part of Stare Miasto Old Town where a synagogue a Lutheran church a Roman Catholic church and an Eastern Orthodox church stand near each other Other Christian denominations present in Wroclaw include Adventists Baptists Free Christians Jehovah s Witnesses Latter day Saints Methodists and Pentecostals There are also minor associations practicing and promoting Rodnovery neopaganism 185 186 In 2007 the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wroclaw established the Pastoral Centre for English Speakers which offers Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation as well as other sacraments fellowship retreats catechesis and pastoral care for all English speaking Catholics and non Catholics interested in the Catholic Church The Pastoral Centre is under the care of Order of Friars Minor Conventual Franciscans of the Krakow Province in the parish of St Charles Borromeo Sw Karol Boromeusz 187 Education EditMain article List of universities and colleges in WroclawThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available December 2020 University of Wroclaw Wroclaw University of Technology Faculty of Architecture Wroclaw is the third largest educational centre of Poland with 135 000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7 400 staff 188 List of ten public colleges and universities University of Wroclaw Uniwersytet Wroclawski 189 over 47 000 students ranked fourth among public universities in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007 190 Wroclaw University of Technology Politechnika Wroclawska 191 over 40 000 students the best university of technology in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007 192 Wroclaw Medical University Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wroclawiu 193 University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw 194 Wroclaw University of Economics Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu 195 over 18 000 students ranked fifth best among public economic universities in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007 196 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wroclawiu 197 over 13 000 students ranked third best among public agricultural universities in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007 198 Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw Akademia Sztuk Pieknych we Wroclawiu 199 Karol Lipinski University of Music Akademia Muzyczna im Karola Lipinskiego we Wroclawiu 200 Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts Wroclaw Campus Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Teatralna w Krakowie filia we Wroclawiu 201 The Tadeusz Kosciuszko Land Forces Military Academy Wyzsza Szkola Oficerska Wojsk Ladowych 202 Private universities Wyzsza Szkola Bankowa University of Business in Wroclaw University of Social Sciences and Humanities SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospoleczny University of Law Wyzsza Szkola Prawa 203 Coventry University Wroclaw 204 Branch campus of the Coventry University UK Other cultural institutions Alliance Francaise in Wroclaw Austrian Institute in Wroclaw British Council in Wroclaw Dante Alighieri Society in Wroclaw Grotowski Institute in WroclawCulture and landmarks EditOld Town Edit See also Ostrow Tumski Wroclaw Market Square Wroclaw and Wroclaw Old Town Wroclaw Old Town Wroclaw Opera by night Two houses known as Jas i Malgosia The Old Town of Wroclaw is listed in the Registry of Objects of Cultural Heritage and is since 1994 on Poland s prestigious list of National Monuments 205 Several architectural landmarks and edifices are one of the best examples of Brick Gothic and Baroque architecture in the country 206 Fine examples of Neoclassicism Grunderzeit and Historicism are also scattered across the city s central precinct The Wroclaw Opera House Monopol Hotel University Library Ossolineum the National Museum and the castle like District Court are among some of the grandest and most recognizable historic structures There are several examples of Art Nouveau and Modernism in pre war retail establishments such as the Barasch Feniks Petersdorff Kameleon and Renoma department stores 207 The Ostrow Tumski Cathedral Island is the oldest section of the city it was once an isolated islet between the branches of the Oder River The Wroclaw Cathedral one of the tallest churches in Poland was erected in the mid 10th century and later expanded over the next hundreds of years The island is also home to five other Christian temples and churches the Archbishop s Palace the Archdiocese Museum a 9 5 metre 18th century monument dedicated to Saint John of Nepomuk historic tenements and the steel Tumski Bridge from 1889 208 209 A notable attraction are 102 original gas lanterns which are manually lit each evening by a cloaked lamplighter 210 The early 13th century Main Market Square Rynek is the oldest medieval public square in Poland and also one of the largest 211 It features the ornate Gothic Old Town Hall the oldest of its kind in the country 211 In the north west corner of the square is St Elisabeth s Church Bazylika Sw Elzbiety with its 91 5 metre high tower and an observation deck at an altitude of 75 metres Beneath the basilica are two small medieval houses connected by an arched gate that once led into a churchyard these were reshaped into their current form in the 1700s Today the two connected buildings are known to the city s residents as Jas i Malgosia named after the children s fairy tale characters from Hansel and Gretel 212 North of the church are so called shambles Polish jatki a former meat market with a Monument of Remembrance for Slaughtered Animals 213 The Salt Square now a flower market opened in 1242 is located at the south western corner of the Market Square close to the square between Szewska and Laciarska streets is the domeless 13th century St Mary Magdalene Church which during the Reformation 1523 was converted into Wroclaw s first Protestant temple 214 The Cathedral of St Vincent and St James and the Holy Cross and St Bartholomew s Collegiate Church are burial sites of Polish monarchs Henry II the Pious and Henry IV Probus respectively 215 The Pan Tadeusz Museum open since May 2016 is located in the House under the Golden Sun at 6 Market Square The manuscript of the national epos Pan Tadeusz is housed there as part of the Ossolineum National Institute with multimedia and interactive educational opportunities 216 Tourism and places of interest Edit Main article Wroclaw s dwarfs Wroclaw Multimedia FountainThe Tourist Information Centre Polish Centrum Informacji Turystycznej is situated on the Main Market Square Rynek in building no 14 In 2011 Wroclaw was visited by about 3 million tourists and in 2016 about 5 million 217 Free wireless Internet Wi Fi is available at a number of places around town 218 Wroclaw is a major attraction for both domestic and international tourists Noteworthy landmarks include the Multimedia Fountain Szczytnicki Park with its Japanese Garden miniature park and dinosaur park the Botanical Garden founded in 1811 Poland s largest railway model Kolejkowo Hydropolis Centre for Ecological Education University of Wroclaw with Mathematical Tower Church of the Name of Jesus Wroclaw water tower the Royal Palace ropes course on the Opatowicka Island White Stork Synagogue the Old Jewish Cemetery and the Cemetery of Italian Soldiers An interesting way to explore the city is seeking out Wroclaw s dwarfs over 600 small bronze figurines can be found across the city on pavements walls and lampposts They first appeared in 2005 219 Wroclaw Zoo is home to the Africarium the only space devoted solely to exhibiting the fauna of Africa with an oceanarium It is the oldest zoological garden in Poland established in 1865 It is also the third largest zoo in the world in terms of the number of animal species on display 220 Small passenger vessels on the Oder offer river tours as do historic trams or the converted open topped historic buses Jelcz 043 221 The Centennial Hall Hala Stulecia German Jahrhunderthalle designed by Max Berg in 1911 1913 is a World Heritage Site listed by UNESCO in 2006 222 Key places of interest Market Square during Christmas Centennial Hall Raclawice Panorama University Museum Africarium of the Wroclaw Zoo Entertainment Edit Swidnica Cellar Piwnica Swidnicka one of the oldest restaurant establishments in Europe 223 The city is well known for its large number of nightclubs and pubs Many are in or near the Market Square and in the Niepolda passage the railway wharf on the Boguslawskiego street The basement of the old City Hall houses one of the oldest restaurants in Europe Piwnica Swidnicka operating since around 1273 223 while the basement of the new City Hall contains the brewpub Spiz There are many other craft breweries in Wroclaw three brewpubs Browar Stu Mostow Browar Staromiejski Zloty Pies Browar Rodzinny Prost two microbrewery Profesja and Warsztat Piwowarski and seven contract breweries Doctor Brew Genius Loci Solipiwko Pol A Czech Baba Jaga wBrew and Wielka Wyspa Every year on the second weekend of June the Festival of Good Beer takes place 224 It is the biggest beer festival in Poland 224 Each year in November and December the Christmas market is held at the Main Market Square 225 Museums Edit The National Museum at Powstancow Warszawy Square one of Poland s main branches of the National Museum system holds one of the largest collections of contemporary art in the country 226 Interior of the National Museum Ossolineum is a National Institute and Library incorporating the Lubomirski Museum pl partially salvaged from the formerly Polish city of Lwow now Lviv in Ukraine containing items of international and national significance It has a history of major World War II theft of collections after the invasion and takeover of Lwow by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union Major museums also include the City Museum of Wroclaw pl Museum of Bourgeois Art in the Old Town Hall Museum of Architecture Archaeological Museum pl Museum of Natural History at University of Wroclaw Museum of Contemporary Art in Wroclaw Archdiocese Museum pl Galeria Awangarda the Arsenal Museum of Pharmacy pl Post and Telecommunications Museum pl Geological Museum pl the Mineralogical Museum pl Ethnographic Museum pl Wroclaw in literature Edit Prominent writers from Wroclaw clockwise from upper left Hauptmann Mommsen Tokarczuk and Krajewski The history of Wroclaw is described in minute detail in the monograph Microcosm Portrait of a Central European City by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse 227 A number of books have been written about Wroclaw following World War II Wroclaw philologist and writer Marek Krajewski wrote a series of crime novels about detective Eberhard Mock a fictional character from the city of Breslau 228 Accordingly Michal Kaczmarek published Wroclaw according to Eberhard Mock Guide based on the books by Marek Krajewski In 2011 appeared the 1104 page Lexicon of the architecture of Wroclaw and in 2013 a 960 page Lexicon about the greenery of Wroclaw In March 2015 Wroclaw filed an application to become a UNESCO City of Literature 229 and received it in 2019 Wroclaw was designated as the World Book Capital for 2016 by UNESCO 230 Films music and theatre Edit Wroclaw is home to the Audiovisual Technology centre formerly Wytwornia Filmow Fabularnych the Film Stuntman School ATM Grupa Grupa 13 and Tako Media 231 Film directors Andrzej Wajda Krzysztof Kieslowski Sylwester Checinski among others made their film debuts in Wroclaw Numerous movies shot around the city include Ashes and Diamonds The Saragossa Manuscript Sami swoi Lalka A Lonely Woman Character Aimee amp Jaguar Avalon A Woman in Berlin Suicide Room The Winner 80 Million Run Boy Run Bridge of Spies and Breaking the Limits 232 National Forum of Music Numerous Polish TV series were also shot in Wroclaw notably Swiat wedlug Kiepskich Pierwsza milosc Belfer and Four Tank Men and a Dog There are several theatres and theatre groups including Polish Theatre Teatr Polski with three stages and Contemporary Theatre Wroclawski Teatr Wspolczesny The International Theatre Festival Dialog Wroclaw is held every two years 233 Wroclaw s opera traditions are dating back to the first half of the seventeenth century and sustained by the Wroclaw Opera built between 1839 and 1841 Wroclaw Philharmonic established in 1954 by Wojciech Dzieduszycki is also important for music lovers The National Forum of Music was opened in 2015 and is a famous landmark designed by the Polish architectural firm Kurylowicz amp Associates 234 Sports Edit Stadion Wroclaw Euro 2012 Stadium Olympic Stadium The area of Wroclaw is home to many popular professional sports teams the most popular sport is football Slask Wroclaw club Polish Champion in 1977 and 2012 followed by basketball Slask Wroclaw Basketball Club award winning men s basketball team and 17 time Polish Champion 235 Matches of Group A UEFA Euro 2012 s were held at Wroclaw at the Municipal Stadium Matches of EuroBasket 1963 and EuroBasket 2009 as well as 2009 Women s European Volleyball Championship 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men s World Championship and 2016 European Men s Handball Championship were also held in Wroclaw Wroclaw was the host of the 2013 World Weightlifting Championships and will the host World Championship 2016 of Duplicate bridge and World Games 2017 a competition in 37 non Olympic sport disciplines The Olympic Stadium in Wroclaw hosts the Speedway Grand Prix of Poland It is also the home arena of the popular motorcycle speedway club WTS Sparta Wroclaw four time Polish Champion A marathon takes place in Wroclaw every year in September 236 Wroclaw also hosts the Wroclaw Open a professional tennis tournament that is part of the ATP Challenger Tour Men s sports Edit Slask Wroclaw men s football team Polish Championship in Football 1977 2012 Polish Cup winner 1976 1987 Polish SuperCup winner 1987 2012 Polish League Cup winner 2009 Now in Ekstraklasa Polish Premier League Slask Wroclaw previous names BASCO Slask Wroclaw ASCO Slask Wroclaw Bergson Slask Wroclaw Era Slask Wroclaw Deichmann Slask Wroclaw Idea Slask Wroclaw Zepter Idea Slask Wroclaw Zepter Slask Wroclaw Slask ESKA Wroclaw PCS Slask Wroclaw WKS Slask Wroclaw men s basketball team 18 times Polish Champion six times runner up 15 times third place 12 times Polish Cup winner Slask Wroclaw men s handball team 15 time Polish Champion WTS Sparta Wroclaw motorcycle speedway team four time Polish Champion Gwardia Wroclaw volleyball team three time Polish Champion KS Rugby Wroclaw rugby union team Panthers Wroclaw American football team Panthers joined European League of Football ELF which is an eight team professional league the first league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe 237 The Panthers will start playing games against teams from Germany and Spain in June 2021 238 Women s sports Edit WKS Slask Wroclaw formerly KS AZS Wroclaw women s football team AZS AWF Wroclaw women s handball team AZS AE Wroclaw women s table tennis team Sleza Wroclaw women s basketball team Notable people EditSee also Category People from Wroclaw List of people from Wroclaw and List of people from Breslau Alois Alzheimer psychiatrist and neuropathologist Adolf Anderssen chess master Đorđe Andrejevic Kun painter Natalia Avelon actress Max Berg architect Max Bielschowsky neuropathologist Dietrich Bonhoeffer theologian anti Nazi dissident Edmund Bojanowski blessed of the Catholic Church Max Born theoretical physicist and mathematician Nobel laureate Leszek Czarnecki businessman Hermann von Eichhorn Prussian field marshal Artur Ekert physicist Hermann Fernau lawyer Wladyslaw Frasyniuk politician Jolanta Fraszynska actress Hans Freeman biochemist Henryk Gulbinowicz archbishop Jerzy Grotowski theater director Klaudia Jachira politician and comedian Zygmunt Haas computer scientist Fritz Haber chemist and Nobel laureate Jan Hartman philosopher Felix Hausdorff mathematician Miroslaw Hermaszewski astronaut Hubert Hurkacz tennis player Lech Janerka musician Carl Gotthard Langhans architect Clara Immerwahr chemist Alfred Kerr German Jewish critic Hedwig Kohn notable female physicist August Kopisch poet Arthur Korn physicist mathematician and inventor Urszula Koziol poet Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn physicist Marek Krajewski writer and linguist Wojciech Kurtyka mountaineer Aleksandra Kurzak operatic soprano Olaf Lubaszenko actor and film director Hugo Lubliner dramatist Mata rapper Aharon Mor Polish born Israeli civil servant Mateusz Morawiecki politician Prime minister of Poland Alexander Moszkowski satirist writer and philosopher Moritz Moszkowski composer pianist and teacher Ruth Neudeck German SS death camps supervisor and war criminal Rafal Omelko athlete Margaret Pospiech writer filmmaker Sepp Piontek football manager Piotr Ponikowski cardiologist Michael Oser Rabin mathematician and computer scientist Manfred von Richthofen fighter pilot Tadeusz Rozewicz poet and dramatist Wanda Rutkiewicz mountaineer Auguste Schmidt educationist and feminist Marlene Schmidt Miss Germany 1961 Miss Universe 1961 Eva Siewert journalist and lesbian activist Angelus Silesius Johann Scheffler convert from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism mystic and religious poet Max Simon Waffen SS officer Agnes Sorma actress Daniel Speer author composer Eva Stachniak writer Edith Stein philosopher and Roman Catholic martyr Charles Proteus Steinmetz electrical engineer Fritz Stern historian Julius Stern composer William Stern psychologist August Tholuck theologian Olga Tokarczuk writer Nobel laureate in Literature Jan Tomaszewski footballer Dagmara Wozniak born 1988 Polish American U S Olympic sabre fencer Ludwig von Zanth 1796 1857 architectInternational relations EditDiplomatic missions Edit There are 3 general consulates in Wroclaw Germany Hungary and Ukraine and 23 honorary consulates Austria Bulgaria Czech Republic Chile Denmark Georgia Estonia France Finland Spain India Kazakhstan Korea Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Malta Mexico Norway Slovakia Sweden Turkey Italy Twin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Wroclaw is twinned with 239 Batumi Georgia 2019 Breda Netherlands 1991 Charlotte United States 1991 Dresden Germany 1991 Guadalajara Mexico 1995 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic 2003 Kaunas Lithuania 2003 Lille France 2013 Lviv Ukraine 2002 Oxford United Kingdom 2018 Ramat Gan Israel 1997 Reykjavik Iceland 2017 Vienne France 1990 Wiesbaden Germany 1987 See also Edit Poland portal European Union portal14th High School in Wroclaw 2003 Wroclaw football riot Jan bishop of Wroclaw Province of Silesia historic 1815 1919 Wroclaw Global Forum Microcosm Portrait of a Central European City Breslau Ontario former village settled 1806 postal village 1857 and now community named after WroclawNotes Edit English pronunciation UK ˈ v r ɒ t s w ɑː f VROT swahf 2 US ˈ v r ɔː t s l ɑː f VRAWT slahf 3 Latin Vratislavia or Wratislavia References Edit https stat gov pl download gfx portalinformacyjny pl defaultaktualnosci 5515 3 16 1 polski rocznik demograficzny 2022 pdf bare URL PDF Wroclaw Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 12 September 2021 Wroclaw Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 13 May 2019 Gedicht A Gebirgsmadla ei Brassel in H Tschampel Gedichte in schlesischer Mundart 5th eddition Schweidnitz p 62 Wroclaw info oficjalny serwis informacji turystycznej Wroclawia Wroclaw info pl Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Administrator Wroclaw Dark Tourism the guide to dark amp weird places around the world Dark tourism com Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 Retrieved 19 May 2017 Breslauer Nobelpreistrager Wroclaw pl Retrieved 1 December 2019 Russian Universities Lead 2016 Rankings for EECA Region Topuniversities com 10 June 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Minihane Joe 20 beautiful European cities with hardly any tourists CNN Retrieved 13 January 2020 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2020 www lboro ac uk 2019 Quality of Living survey Uk mercer com Retrieved 17 September 2019 IESE Cities in Motion Index 2019 PDF Balajewicz Konrad 16 February 2021 Wroclaw bardzo wysoko w rankingu miast przyszlosci Co oceniano Gazeta Wroclawska a b c Historical Overview of Wroclaw Wroclaw in Your Pocket Inyourpocket com Retrieved 17 April 2017 Slask miedzy Gnieznem i Praga in Ziemie polskie w X wieku i ich znaczenie w ksztaltowaniu sie nowej mapy Europy Henryk Samsonowicz Krakow Universitas 2000 p 187 ISBN 83 7052 710 8 OCLC 45809955 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Korpus Jezyka Polskiego PWN sjp pwn pl Stanislaw Rospond Dawny Wroclaw i jego okolica w swietle nazewnictwa Sobotka 1970 Paul Hefftner Stadtische evangelische Realschule I Ursprung und Bedeutung der Ortsnamen im Stadtkreise Breslau 1909 S 9 ff Grasse J G T 1861 Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Stadte etc Meere Seen Berge und Flusse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch lateinischen Register derselben Dresden G Schonfeld s Buchhandlung C A Werner p 40 Wratislavia sive Budorgis celebris Elysiorum metropolis Sbc org pl 10 February 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2013 Maps Department History of the collection www bu uni wroc pl 6 October 2009 Archived from the original on 7 April 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2020 K Jaworski P Rzeznik 1998 Wroclawski Ostrow Tumski we wczesnym sredniowieczu in Civitates principales Wybrane osrodki wladzy w Polsce wczesnosredniowiecznej Katalog wystawy Gniezno pp 88 94 Spis tresci in Polish Cathedral of St John Baptist VisitWroclaw eu Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Sylwester papiez walczacy ze smokiem TwojaHistoria pl a b Norman Davies Mikrokosmos pp 110 115 Weczerka p 39 Tadeusz Lewicki Polska i kraje sasiednie w swietle Ksiegi Rogera geografa arabskiego z XII w Al Indrisi ego cz I Polska 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2020 Magdalena Lewandowska Kolegiata Swietego Krzyza Niedziela pl in Polish Retrieved 26 April 2020 Maciej Korwin i jego imperium histmag org Maciej Lagiewski 11 September 2017 Spotkanie krolow Gazeta Wroclawska in Polish Retrieved 26 April 2020 Biblioteka Uniwersytecka we Wroclawiu digitalizuje unikatowe zbiory Nauka w Polsce Historisches Schops von Browar Stu Mostow Opole Radio 11 September 2012 Wojna trzydziestoletnia pustoszy Slask Wojna trzydziestoletnia pustoszy Slask Edmond Halley An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind drawn from curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw with an Attempt to ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives Philosophical Transactions 196 London 1693 p 596 610 Edited by Matthias Bohne www pierre marteau com How Wroclaw found itself by saving its German Polish literary heritage Books DW 26 04 2016 DW COM Retrieved 16 March 2018 Wroclaw s Christmas Market and Revolting Dwarves Spirited Travelers 21 March 2019 1813 and 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studiuja Invest in Wroclaw Obcokrajowcy coraz czesciej wybieraja Wroclaw www wroclaw pl Wroclaw Dolnoslaskie mapy nieruchomosci GUS noclegi szkoly regon atrakcje kody pocztowe wypadki drogowe bezrobocie wynagrodzenie zarobki tabele edukacja demografia Ludnosc we Wroclawiu obsluga informatyczna com pl a b c d e Polish city marks first rabbinic ordination since World War II The Times of Israel 3 September 2014 Sprawozdanie z III Ogolnopolskiego Zjazdu Rodzimowiercow Rodzima Wiara oficjalna strona Rodzimawiara org pl in Polish Retrieved 2 April 2017 Polska Grupa Wirtualna Tak swietuja Dziady Tajemniczy obrzed polskich pogan sfora pl in Polish Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 Retrieved 2 April 2017 Media Instytut Gosc 13 June 2017 10 lat Pastoral Centre for English Speakers wroclaw gosc pl Fitch Rating Report on Wroclaw dated July 2008 p 3 Strona glowna Uniwersytet Wroclawski Uni wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Ranking Szkol Wyzszych tygodnika WPROST Szkoly wprost pl Retrieved 6 May 2009 Politechnika Wroclawska Pwr wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Ranking Szkol Wyzszych tygodnika WPROST Szkoly wprost pl Retrieved 6 May 2009 Uniwersytet Medyczny im Piastow Slaskich we Wroclawiu Umed wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wroclawiu Awf wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu Najlepsze studia ekonomiczne Ae wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Ranking Szkol Wyzszych tygodnika WPROST Szkoly wprost pl Retrieved 6 May 2009 Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wroclawiu Up wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Ranking Szkol Wyzszych tygodnika WPROST Szkoly wprost pl Retrieved 6 May 2009 Akademia Sztuk Pieknych we Wroclawiu Asp wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Akademia Muzyczna Amuz wroc pl Retrieved 17 April 2017 Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Teatralna im Ludwika Solskiego w Krakowie Filia we Wroclawiu Pwst wroc pl Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Uczelnia Wso wroc pl Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 Retrieved 17 April 2017 Studia Prawo Wyzsza Szkola Prawa in Polish Retrieved 18 June 2020 permanent dead link Coventry University Wroclaw www coventry ac uk Retrieved 17 November 2020 Wroclaw zespol historycznego centrum www nid pl Archived from the original on 20 October 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Atrakcje Wroclawia Barok Modernism amp Beyond Wroclaw s 20th Century Architecture issuu Tumski Bridge for repair padlocks will disappear VisitWroclaw eu Sobczak Grzegorz 7 December 2018 Wroclawskie Nepomuki pomniki Jana Nepomucena w nadodrzanskim Wroclawiu Wyborcza pl wroclaw wyborcza pl a b Skupin Weronika 5 April 2018 Najciekawsze rynki w Polsce Top 10 rekordow Jas i Malgosia Wroclaw kamieniczki majace ponad 500 lat 15 October 2018 Jatki The Shambles VisitWroclaw eu Retrieved 28 November 2020 Odkrywamy Wroclaw Kosciol sw Marii Magdaleny www tuwroclaw com Tajemnica pewnego pochowku Medievalis medievalis przewodnikwroclaw eu Pan Tadeusz Museum VisitWroclaw eu Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 Retrieved 28 November 2020 Wroclaw hailed European Best Destination 2018 VisitWroclaw eu Retrieved 8 May 2020 Miejski Internet www wroclaw pl in Polish Retrieved 28 November 2020 Wierzbicki Filip 17 August 2020 Dlaczego Wroclaw jest miastem krasnali Historia jakiej prawdopodobnie nie znacie Kocham Wroclaw Informacje Wroclaw Wydarzenia Wroclaw Turystyka Wyborcza pl wroclaw wyborcza pl Historyczny ogorek juz na PWr Idzie do remontu pwr edu pl Centre UNESCO World Heritage Centennial Hall in Wroclaw UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 28 November 2020 a b Vincenc Agnieszka 19 September 2013 Wroclawskie kamienice Piwnica Swidnicka in Polish Retrieved 14 February 2017 a b Wroclaw Good Beer Festival 8 10 06 2018 Wroclawski Festiwal Dobrego Piwa 2018 Festiwal Dobrego Piwa 10 things to do in Wroclaw The Independent 27 June 2019 Archived from the original on 7 May 2022 Retrieved 13 May 2020 Iwona Golaj Grzegorz Wojturski 2006 The National Museum in Wroclaw History Muzeum Narodowe we Wroclawiu Przewodnik in Polish and English Muzeum Narodowe we Wroclawiu Archived from the original on 22 September 2014 Retrieved 9 October 2012 Microcosm a Portrait of a Central European City Norman Davies official website www normandavies com Retrieved 13 May 2020 Following the footsteps of Eberhard Mock VisitWroclaw eu Retrieved 13 May 2020 Pixelirium pl Wroclaw becomes UNESCO City of Literature Wroclawski Dom Literatury in Polish Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 13 May 2020 Wroclaw officially becomes World Book Capital www wroclaw pl Retrieved 19 April 2022 Moj Reporter Czy ATM bedzie nagrywal seriale we Wroclawiu Gazeta Wroclawska 21 February 2016 Sobczak Grzegorz 7 February 2019 Najglosniejsze filmy powstale we Wroclawiu Twoj Vincent i inne Miedzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny Dialog Wroclaw Naprzod Ale dokad dialogfestival pl Narodowe Forum Muzyki Kurylowicz amp Associates APAKA Tak Slask zdobyl mistrzostwo 35 lat temu slaskwroclaw pl wroclawmaraton pl wroclawmaraton pl Retrieved 12 March 2013 Football Comeback des Jahres Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF ran de in German 9 March 2021 Retrieved 9 March 2021 Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft in German Hamburger Abendblatt 17 February 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Miasta partnerskie visitwroclaw eu in Polish Wroclaw Retrieved 4 March 2021 Bibliography EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Wroclaw Davies Norman Roger Moorhouse 2002 Microcosm Portrait of a Central European City London Jonathan Cape ISBN 978 0 224 06243 5 Till van Rahden Jews and Other Germans Civil Society Religious Diversity and Urban Politics in Breslau 1860 1925 2008 Madison WI The University of Wisconsin Press Gregor Thum Uprooted How Breslau Became Wroclaw During the Century of Expulsions 2011 Princeton Princeton University Press Strauchold Grzegorz Eysymontt Rafal 2016 Wroclaw Breslau Historical Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns Vol 5 Translated by Connor William Marburg Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe ISBN 978 3 87969 411 2 Harasimowicz Jan Suleja Wlodzimierz 2006 Encyklopedia Wroclawia Wroclaw Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie ISBN 978 83 7384 561 9 Kulak Teresa 2006 Wroclaw Przewodnik historyczny A to Polska wlasnie Wroclaw Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie ISBN 978 83 7384 472 8 Gregor Thum Obce miasto Wroclaw 1945 i potem Wroclaw Via Nova 2006 Scheuermann Gerhard 1994 Das Breslau Lexikon 2 vols Dulmen Laumann n BidVerlagsgesellschaft ISBN 978 3 89960 132 9 van Rahden Till 2000 Judenbiskupln nund andere Breslauer Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden Protestanten und Katholiken in einer deutschen Grossstadt von 1860 bis 1925 Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 978 3 525 35732 3 Thum Gregor 2002 Die fremde Stadt Breslau 1945 Berlin Siedler ISBN 978 3 88680 795 6 Weczerka Hugo 2003 Handbuch der historischen Statten Schlesien Stuttgart Alfred Kroner Verlag ISBN 978 3 520 31602 8 External links EditWroclaw at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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