fbpx
Wikipedia

Two-state solution

October 12, 2023

For other uses, see Two-state solution (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Two-nation theory.

The two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict envisions an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel, west of the Jordan River. The boundary between the two states is still subject to dispute and negotiation, with Palestinian and Arab leadership demanding full Israeli withdrawal from territories it occupied in 1967, which is rejected by Israel. The territory of the former Mandate Palestine (including West Jerusalem), which did not form part of the Palestinian State, would continue to be part of Israel.

A peace movement poster: Israeli and Palestinian flags and the words peace in Arabic and Hebrew. Similar images have been used by several groups supporting a two-state solution to the conflict.
Map of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 2011. Agreeing on acceptable borders is a major difficulty with the two-state solution.
Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel, in blue and red, December 2011

In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which was not implemented.[1] In 1974, a UN resolution on the "Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine" called for "two States, Israel and Palestine … side by side within secure and recognized borders" together with "a just resolution of the refugee question in conformity with UN resolution 194".[2][3][4] The borders of the state of Palestine would be "based on the pre-1967 borders". The latest resolution, in November 2013, was passed 165 to 6, with 6 abstentions;[5] with Israel and the United States voting against.[6]

The Palestinian leadership has embraced the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez,[7] and in 2017 Hamas accepted the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders.[8] Israel views moves by Palestinian leaders to obtain international recognition of a State of Palestine as being unilateral action by the Palestinians and inconsistent with a negotiated two-state solution. It was reported in 2009 that although polls had consistently shown Israeli and Palestinian majorities in favor of a negotiated two-state settlement, there was "growing disillusionment" with a two-state solution.[9] In 2014, 60% of Palestinians said the final goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea".[10] A poll published in 2021 by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that only 39% of Palestinians support the two-state solution.[11] Another report published in 2021 by the RAND Corporation found that 60% of Israelis across the political spectrum opposed a two-state solution.[12]

There have been many diplomatic efforts to realize a two-state solution, starting from the 1991 Madrid Conference. There followed the 1993 Oslo Accords and the failed 2000 Camp David Summit followed by the Taba negotiations in early 2001. In 2002, the Arab League proposed the Arab Peace Initiative. The latest initiative, which also failed, was the 2013–14 peace talks. A 2021 survey of experts found that 52 percent believe that the two-state solution is no longer achievable. 77 percent believe that if not achieved, the result would be a "one-state reality akin to apartheid".[13] According to a 2021 PCPSR poll, support for a two-state solution among Palestinians and Israeli Jews, as of 2021, has declined to 43 percent and 42 percent, respectively.[14][15] According to Middle East experts David Pollock and Catherine Cleveland, as of 2021, the majority of Palestinians say they want to reclaim all of historic Palestine, including pre-1967 Israel. A one-state solution with equal rights for Arabs and Jews is ranked second.[14]

History of the two-state solution

The first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the British Mandate of Palestine was made in the Peel Commission report of 1937, with the Mandate continuing to cover only a small area containing Jerusalem. The plan allotted the poorest lands of Palestine, including the Negev Desert, and areas that are known today as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the Arabs; while most of the coastline and some of Palestine's most fertile agricultural land in the Galilee were allotted to the Jews.[16] Consequently, the recommended partition proposal was rejected by the Arab community of Palestine, and was accepted by most of the Jewish leadership.[17][18]

Partition was again proposed by the 1947 UN Partition Plan for the division of Palestine. It proposed a three-way division, again with Jerusalem held separately, under international control. The partition plan was accepted by Jewish Agency for Palestine and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time.[19][20] The Arab Higher Committee, the Arab League and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it on the basis that Arabs formed a two-thirds majority and owned a majority of the lands.[21][1] They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division,[22] arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter.[20][23] They announced their intention to take all necessary measures to prevent the implementation of the resolution.[24][25][26][27] Subsequently a civil war broke out in Palestine[28] and the plan was not implemented.[29]

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War for control of the disputed land broke out on the end of the British Mandate, which came to an end with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The war resulted in the fleeing or expulsion of 711,000 Palestinians, which the Palestinians call Nakba, from the territories which became the state of Israel.[30] Rather than establishing a Palestinian state on land that Israel did not control, the Arab nations chose instead to support the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and the Palestinian refugees remained stateless.[31]

UN resolution 242 and the recognition of Palestinian rights

After the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed resolution 242 calling for Israeli withdrawal from the territories occupied during the war, in exchange for "termination of all claims or states of belligerency" and "acknowledgement of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area". The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which had been formed in 1964, strongly criticized the resolution, saying that it reduced the question of Palestine to a refugee problem.[32]: 18 

In September 1974, 56 Member States proposed that "the question of Palestine" be included as an item in the General Assembly's agenda. In a resolution adopted on 22 November 1974, the General Assembly affirmed Palestinian rights, which included the "right to self-determination without external interference", "the right to national independence and sovereignty", and the "right to return to their homes and property". These rights have been affirmed every year since.[3]: 24 

PLO acceptance of a two-state solution

The first indication that the PLO would be willing to accept a two-state solution, on at least an interim basis, was articulated by Said Hammami in the mid-1970s.[33][34]

Security Council resolutions dating back to June 1976 supporting the two-state solution based on the pre-1967 lines were vetoed by the United States,[35] which supports a two-state solution but argued that the borders must be negotiated directly by the parties. The idea has had overwhelming support in the UN General Assembly since the mid-1970s.[36]

The Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 15 November 1988, which referenced the UN Partition Plan of 1947 and "UN resolutions since 1947" in general, was interpreted as an indirect recognition of the State of Israel, and support for a two-state solution. The Partition Plan was invoked to provide legitimacy to Palestinian statehood. Subsequent clarifications were taken to amount to the first explicit Palestinian recognition of Israel.[37][38]

The 2017 Hamas charter presented the Palestinian state being based on the 1967 borders. The text says "Hamas considers the establishment of a Palestinian state, sovereign and complete, on the basis of the June 4, 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital and the provision for all the refugees to return to their homeland." This is in contrast to Hamas' 1988 charter, which previously called for a Palestinian state on all of Mandatory Palestine. Nevertheless, even in the 2017 charter, Hamas didn't recognize Israel.[8]

Diplomatic efforts

Main article: Israeli–Palestinian peace process

In 1975, the General Assembly established the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. In 1976, the Committee presented two sets of recommendations, one concerned with the Palestinians' right of return to their homes and property, and the other with their rights to self-determination, national independence and sovereignty. The Security Council discussed the recommendations but failed to reach a decision due to the negative vote of the United States.[32]: 25 

After the First Intifada began in 1987, considerable diplomatic work went into negotiating a two-state solution between the parties, beginning with the Madrid Conference in 1991. The most significant of these negotiations was the Oslo Accords, which officially divided Palestinian land into three administrative divisions and created the framework for how much of Israel's political borders with the Palestinian territories function today. The Accords culminated in the Camp David 2000 Summit, and follow-up negotiations at Taba in January 2001, but no final agreement was ever reached. The violent outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 had demonstrated the Palestinian public's disillusionment with the Oslo Accords and convinced many Israelis that the negotiations were in vain.

 
  Recognition of Israel only
  Recognition of both Israel and Palestinian State
  Recognition of Palestinian State only

Possible two-state solutions have been discussed by Saudi and US leaders.[39] In 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (who would go on to be King from 2005 to 2015) proposed the Arab Peace Initiative, which garnered the unanimous support of the Arab League while Israeli leaders continually refuse to discuss the initiative. President Bush announced his support for a Palestinian state, opening the way for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397, supporting a two-state solution.[40][page needed][41]

At the Annapolis Conference in November 2007, three major parties—The PLO, Israel, and the US—agreed on a two-state solution as the outline for negotiations. However, the summit failed to achieve an agreement.

Following the conflict that erupted between the two main Palestinian parties, Fatah and Hamas, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip, splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities, each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people. Fatah controlled the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank and Hamas Governed in Gaza.

The latest initiatives were the 2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks under the guidance of John Kerry, the United States Secretary of State. These talks also failed to reach an agreement.

Viability

By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Israelis that a two-state solution continued to be viable.[42] In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel's continuing settlement activities and the fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem, as well in area C, was making a two-state solution less likely.[43] The Israeli Foreign Ministry rejected this EU report, claiming it was "based on a partial, biased and one sided depiction of realities on the ground."[44] In May 2012, the EU council stressed its "deep concern about developments on the ground which threaten to make a two-state solution impossible'.[45]

On 29 November 2012, the UN General Assembly voted by 138 to 9, with 46 abstentions to recognize Palestine as a "non-member observer state". On the following day, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu announced the building of 3,000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem, in an area referred to as "E-1".[46] The move was immediately criticized by several countries, including the United States, with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in the UK, France and Germany, among others. Israel's decision to build the homes was described by the Obama administration as "counterproductive", while Australia said that the building plans "threaten the viability of a two-state solution". This is because they claim the proposed E-1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two, as the extent of the PNA's authority does not extend all the way to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea.[47][48][49][50] Israel's Labor party has voiced support for the two-state solution, with Isaac Herzog stating it would be "in Israel's interests".[51]

in March 2015, Netanyahu declared that a Palestinian state would not be established during his administration,[52] while he also stated that he disapproved the one-state solution for the ongoing conflict between two people.[53]

After controversial Jerusalem recognition by Trump administration in favor of Israel in December 2017, Palestinian officials said the policy change "destroys the peace process" and the decision indirectly meant the United States was "abdicating its role as a peace mediator"[54] that could no longer act as a mediator in the peace process because the United States had become a party to the dispute instead of neutral intercessor for negotiations.[55]

A 2021 survey of experts found that 52 percent of respondents believed the two-state solution is no longer possible. If a two-state solution is not achieved, 77 percent predict "a one-state reality akin to apartheid" and 17 percent "one-state reality with increasing inequality, but not akin to apartheid"; just 1 percent think a binational state with equal rights for all inhabitants is likely.[13]

Settlements in the West Bank

The UN resolutions affirm the illegality of settlements in West Bank, including East Jerusalem.[56] Proposals have been offered for over 50 post-evacuation compensation of settlers for abandoned property, as occurred following Israel's withdrawal of settlements from Gaza in 2005 and from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982.[57] Some settlers in those previous withdrawals were forcibly removed by the IDF.

In December 2016, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 was formally passed as the condemnation against Israeli settlement in West Bank.

Public opinion in Israel and Palestine

 
Israeli demonstration against annexation of the West Bank, Rabin Square, Tel Aviv-Yafo, June 6, 2020

Many Palestinians and Israelis, as well as the Arab League,[58] have stated that they would accept a two-state solution based on 1949 Armistice Agreements, more commonly referred to as the "1967 borders". In a 2002 poll conducted by PIPA, 72% of both Palestinians and Israelis supported at that time a peace settlement based on the 1967 borders so long as each group could be reassured that the other side would be cooperative in making the necessary concessions for such a settlement.[59] A 2013 Gallup poll found 70% of Palestinians in the West Bank and 48% of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, together with 52% of Israelis supporting "an independent Palestinian state together with the state of Israel".[60]

Support for a two-state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased. Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms.[61][62] According to one poll, "fewer than 2 in 10 Arabs, both Palestinian and all others, believe in Israel's right to exist as a nation with a Jewish majority."[63] Another poll, however, cited by the US State Department, suggests that "78 percent of Palestinians and 74 percent of Israelis believe a peace agreement that leads to both states living side by side as good neighbors" is "essential or desirable".[64][65]

As of 2021, most Palestinians are against the two-state solution. In 2021, a poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 39% of Palestinians accept a two-state solution, while 59% said they rejected it.[11] Support is even lower among younger Palestinians; U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice noted: "Increasingly, the Palestinians who talk about a two-state solution are my age."[66] A survey taken before the outbreak of fighting in 2014 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea" compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work "to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two-state solution." WINEP says that "this is a new finding compared to similar (but not identical) questions asked in the past, when support for a two-state solution typically ranged between 40–55 percent".[10][67] By 2020, 40% in Gaza and 26% in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two-state solution should solve the conflict.[14]

The two-state solution enjoys majority support in Israeli polls although there has been some erosion to its prospects over time.[68] A 2014 Haaretz poll asking "Consider that in the framework of an agreement, most settlers are annexed to Israel, Jerusalem will be divided, refugees won't return to Israel and there will be a strict security arrangement, would you support this agreement?", only 35% of Israelis said yes.[10]

Some researchers argue that the two-state solution has already been implemented because Jordan, which makes up 78% of the former Mandatory Palestine, was originally created as a state for the Arabs.[69][70][71][72]

Other solutions

 
Trump's peace plan for the creation of the State of Palestine.

Another option is the binational solution, which could either be a twin regime federalist arrangement or a unitary state,[73] and the Allon Plan, also known as the "no-state solution".

Three-state solution

The three-state solution has been proposed as another alternative. The New York Times[74] reported that Egypt and Jordan were concerned about having to retake responsibility for Gaza and the West Bank. In effect, the result would be Gaza returning to Egyptian rule, and the West Bank to Jordan.[75]

Proposal of dual citizenship

A number of proposals for the granting of Palestinian citizenship or residential permits to Jewish settlers in return for the removal of Israeli military installations from the West Bank have been fielded by such individuals[76] as Arafat,[77] Ibrahim Sarsur[78] and Ahmed Qurei.

Israeli Minister Moshe Ya'alon said in April 2010 that "just as Arabs live in Israel, so, too, should Jews be able to live in Palestine." ... "If we are talking about coexistence and peace, why the [Palestinian] insistence that the territory they receive be ethnically cleansed of Jews?"[79]

The idea has been expressed by both advocates of the two-state solution[80] and supporters of the settlers and conservative or fundamentalist currents in Israeli Judaism[81] that, while objecting to any withdrawal, claim stronger links to the land than to the state of Israel.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. pp. 66, 67, 72. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9. Retrieved 24 July 2013. p.66, at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews." ; p.67, at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression", "without mercy". The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition." ; p. 72, at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine
  2. ^ . The United Nations – Question of Palestine. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  3. ^ a b . The United Nations – General Assembly. 22 November 1974. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  4. ^ . The United Nations – General Assembly. 22 November 1974. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  5. ^ . The United Nations – General Assembly. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  6. ^ . The United Nations – General Assembly (GA/11460). 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  7. ^ Mark A. Tessler. A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. 1994, p. 718
  8. ^ a b "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders".
  9. ^ "How Not to Make Peace in the Middle East", Hussein Agha and Robert Malley, The New York Review of Books. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2009
  10. ^ a b c Yglesias, Matthew (16 July 2014). "One thing Israelis and Palestinians agree on: they don't like the two-state solution". Vox. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Public Opinion Poll No (82)". www.pcpsr.org. Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  12. ^ "Israelis unwilling to risk two-state solution, says new report". phys.org. 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  13. ^ a b Telhami, Marc Lynch and Shibley (19 February 2021). "Biden says he will listen to experts. Here is what scholars of the Middle East think". Brookings. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  14. ^ a b c "What Do Palestinians Want?". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  15. ^ azza (2020-10-26). "The Palestine/Israel Pulse, a Joint Poll Summary Report". www.pcpsr.org. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  16. ^ Rogan, Eugene (2012). The Arabs: A History (3rd ed.). Penguin. p. 257. ISBN 9780718196837.
  17. ^ Swedenburg, Ted (1988) "The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt 1936–1939". in Islam, Politics, and Social Movements, edited by Edmund Burke III and Ira Lapidus. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06868-8 pp. 189–94 & Marvin E. Gettleman, Stuart Schaar (2003) The Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3936-1 pp. 177–81
  18. ^ Pappé Ilan (2004) A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55632-5
  19. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9. Retrieved 24 July 2013. " p. 75 The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv's settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.  ; p. 396 The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal".
  20. ^ a b The Question of Palestine and the UN
  21. ^ Eugene Rogan (2012). The Arabs: A History – Third Edition. Penguin. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-7181-9683-7.}
  22. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9. Retrieved 13 July 2013. Bevin regarded the UNSCOP majority report of 1 September 1947 as unjust and immoral. He promptly decided that Britain would not attempt to im- pose it on the Arabs; indeed, he expected them to resist its implementation… The British cabinet...: in the meeting on 4 December 1947... It decided, in a sop to the Arabs, to refrain from aiding the enforcement of the UN resolution, meaning the partition of Palestine. And in an important secret corollary... it agreed that Britain would do all in its power to delay until early May the arrival in Palestine of the UN (Implementation) Commission. The Foreign Office immediately informed the commission "that it would be intolerable for the Commission to begin to exercise its authority while the [Mandate] Palestine Government was still administratively responsible for Palestine"... This... nullified any possibility of an orderly implementation of the partition resolution.
  23. ^ Sami Hadawi, Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine, Olive Branch Press, (1989)1991 p.76.
  24. ^ Perkins, Kenneth J.; Gilbert, Martin (1999). "Israel: A History". The Journal of Military History. 63 (3): 149. doi:10.2307/120539. ISSN 0899-3718. JSTOR 120539.
  25. ^ Best, Antony (2004), International History of the Twentieth Century and beyond, Routledge, p. 531, doi:10.4324/9781315739717-1, ISBN 978-1-315-73971-7, retrieved 2022-06-29
  26. ^ Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land, James Rothrock, p.14
  27. ^ Lenczowski, G. (1962). The Middle East in World Affairs (3rd Edition). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 723
  28. ^ Article "History of Palestine", Encyclopædia Britannica (2002 edition), article section written by Walid Ahmed Khalidi and Ian J. Bickerton.
  29. ^ Itzhak Galnoor, The Partition of Palestine: Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement, State University of New York Press, 1994, p.195.
  30. ^ United Nations General Assembly (23 August 1951). . Archived from the original (OpenDocument) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  31. ^ Avnon, Dan. "BDS and Self-Righteous Moralists." Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS, Ed. Andrew Pessin and Doron S. Ben-Atar. Indiana University Press, 2018. pp. 43-57. See especially Page 50.
  32. ^ a b "The Question of Palestine and the United Nations" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2 Aug 2014.
  33. ^ Ayoob, Mohammed. The Middle East in world politics. 1981, p. 90
  34. ^ Ḥusayn Āghā, Shai Feldman, Aḥmad Khālidī, Zeev Schiff. Track-II diplomacy: lessons from the Middle East. 2003, p. 11
  35. ^ Cattan, Henry. The Palestine question. 1988, p. 307
  36. ^ . The United Nations – Question of Palestine. 12 December 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  37. ^ Rabie, Mohamed (Summer 1992). "The U.S.-PLO Dialogue: The Swedish Connection". Journal of Palestine Studies. 21 (4): 54–66. doi:10.1525/jps.1992.21.4.00p0140g. JSTOR 2537663.
  38. ^ Quandt, William B. (1993). Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1967. Washington: Brookings Institution. pp. 367–75, 494. ISBN 0-520-08390-3.
  39. ^ "Transcript – House of Saud – Frontline". www.pbs.org.
  40. ^ Caplan, Neil (2011). "Camp David Revisited; Intifada Redux". The Israel–Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories (PDF). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1444357868. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  41. ^ D. Jones, Bruce. "216". Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  42. ^ "In Mideast Talks, Scant Hopes From the Beginning" news analysis by Ethan Bronner in The New York Times August 20, 2010, accessed August 21, 2010
  43. ^ Hass, Amira. "EU report: Israel policy in West Bank endangers two-state solution." Haaretz, 12 January 2012.
  44. ^ Ravid, Barak. "EU: Israel's policies in the West Bank endanger two-state solution." Haaretz, 14 May 2012.
  45. ^ "Council conclusions on the Middle East Peace Process – 3166th Foreign Affairs Council meeting" (PDF). EN. Council of the European Union. May 14, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  46. ^ Israel Plans To Expand Settlements In East Jerusalem, West Bank, NPR, 30 Nov 2012. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  47. ^ Israel takes a harder line, LA Times, 4 Dec 2012. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  48. ^ Australia joins countries criticizing settlements, Jerusalem Post, 4 Dec 2012. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  49. ^ Israel to advance East Jerusalem building plans, USA Today, 4 Dec 2012. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  50. ^ Explaining Israel's Reaction to the U.N.’s pro-Palestinian Vote, The Daily Beast/Newsweek, 3 Dec 2012. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
  51. ^ "Two state policy, settlements on Benjamin Netanyahu's agenda". The Australian. February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  52. ^ Moran Azulay,"Netanyahu says no Palestinian state if he remains PM", Ynet 16 March 2015:'"Whoever moves to establish a Palestinian state or intends to withdraw from territory is simply yielding territory for radical Islamic terrorist attacks against Israel",'
  53. ^ "Netanyahu Backtracks on Election Pledge to Refuse a Two-State Solution After Sharp Words from the US". Vice. 19 March 2015.
  54. ^ "World reacts to Trump move on Jerusalem". BBC News. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  55. ^ "Arab League condemns US Jerusalem move". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  56. ^ . The United Nations. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  57. ^ Karla Vallance (January 8, 1982). "Israel OKs compensation for settlers leaving Sinai". Christian Science Monitor.
  58. ^ "What Is the Palestine Liberation Organization?".
  59. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-04-05.
  60. ^ Lydia Saad; Elizabeth Mendes (March 21, 2013). "Israelis, Palestinians Pro Peace Process, but Not Hopeful". Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  61. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (20 May 2009). "Book Review | 'One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict,' by Benny Morris". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  62. ^ Stephens, Bret (14 January 2009). "The No-State Solution". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 November 2016. The No-State Solution ; Hamas cares more about Shariah than 'Palestine'
  63. ^ BLANKLEY: The two-state 'solution' mirage, Time for reality-based diplomacy on Israel and Palestinians, Tony Blankley | Tuesday, May 19, 2009 [1]
  64. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
  65. ^ Hoffman, Gil (2011-07-15). "6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  66. ^ Richard Boudreaux and Ashraf Khalil (May 14, 2008). "Can 2 foes live under 1 roof?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  67. ^ WINEP poll 2014
  68. ^ Is One State Enough?, Reut Institute, 12 June 2007, retrieved 2008-01-01
  69. ^ "Two-state solution, but where?".
  70. ^ [2]
  71. ^ Zion, Sidney (5 October 1982). "Opinion | IS JORDAN PALESTINE? OF COURSE. (Published 1982)". The New York Times.
  72. ^ "Winston Churchill in Jerusalem, 1921".
  73. ^ One State Threat, Reut Institute, 1 November 2004, retrieved 2008-01-01
  74. ^ Slackman, Michael (January 12, 2009). "Crisis Imperils 2-State Plan, Shifting a Balance". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  75. ^ . Haaretz. 3 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  76. ^ . 2010-01-17. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2017-08-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  77. ^ "Arafat may allow Jewish settlers to stay in West Bank". 30 January 2001.
  78. ^ "Arab MK: I would agree to grant settlers Palestinian citizenship".
  79. ^ 'No need to remove any settlements' By Herb Keinon, Jerusalem Post, 16 April 2010
  80. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 October 1999.
  81. ^ El-Haddad, Laila (July 4, 2005). . Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

Further reading

  • Aharon Cohen, Israel and the Arab World (Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1970).

External links

  • The Future of the TwoState Solution, Giora Eiland, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, February 2009
  • Two-state solution-discredited – without workable alternative, Beate Zilversmidt, The Other Israel, May 2006
  • "Two-State Chimera, No-State Solution". Why there won't ever be two 'states'. Cameron Hunt, Counter Currents, May 2007
  • "Banging Square Pegs into Round Holes," Dore Gold, ed. David Pollack, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 2008
  • "The Middle East conflict and the two-state solution," RearVision, ABC Radio National, September 23, 2009
  • Taking the two-state solution seriously[permanent dead link], Opinion by Alain Dieckhoff, March 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies
  • A Demilitarized Palestinian State, On the meaning of that & summary of security arrangement out of previous Israeli-Palestinian accords, Reut Institution (a Think Tank)

October 12, 2023
state, solution, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, nation, theory, state, solution, israeli, palestinian, conflict, envisions, independent, state, palestine, alongside, state, israel, west, jordan, river, boundary, between, states, still, subject, d. For other uses see Two state solution disambiguation Not to be confused with Two nation theory The two state solution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict envisions an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel west of the Jordan River The boundary between the two states is still subject to dispute and negotiation with Palestinian and Arab leadership demanding full Israeli withdrawal from territories it occupied in 1967 which is rejected by Israel The territory of the former Mandate Palestine including West Jerusalem which did not form part of the Palestinian State would continue to be part of Israel A peace movement poster Israeli and Palestinian flags and the words peace in Arabic and Hebrew Similar images have been used by several groups supporting a two state solution to the conflict Map of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip 2011 Agreeing on acceptable borders is a major difficulty with the two state solution Area C of the West Bank controlled by Israel in blue and red December 2011In 1947 the United Nations General Assembly adopted United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which was not implemented 1 In 1974 a UN resolution on the Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine called for two States Israel and Palestine side by side within secure and recognized borders together with a just resolution of the refugee question in conformity with UN resolution 194 2 3 4 The borders of the state of Palestine would be based on the pre 1967 borders The latest resolution in November 2013 was passed 165 to 6 with 6 abstentions 5 with Israel and the United States voting against 6 The Palestinian leadership has embraced the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez 7 and in 2017 Hamas accepted the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders 8 Israel views moves by Palestinian leaders to obtain international recognition of a State of Palestine as being unilateral action by the Palestinians and inconsistent with a negotiated two state solution It was reported in 2009 that although polls had consistently shown Israeli and Palestinian majorities in favor of a negotiated two state settlement there was growing disillusionment with a two state solution 9 In 2014 60 of Palestinians said the final goal of their national movement should be to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea 10 A poll published in 2021 by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that only 39 of Palestinians support the two state solution 11 Another report published in 2021 by the RAND Corporation found that 60 of Israelis across the political spectrum opposed a two state solution 12 There have been many diplomatic efforts to realize a two state solution starting from the 1991 Madrid Conference There followed the 1993 Oslo Accords and the failed 2000 Camp David Summit followed by the Taba negotiations in early 2001 In 2002 the Arab League proposed the Arab Peace Initiative The latest initiative which also failed was the 2013 14 peace talks A 2021 survey of experts found that 52 percent believe that the two state solution is no longer achievable 77 percent believe that if not achieved the result would be a one state reality akin to apartheid 13 According to a 2021 PCPSR poll support for a two state solution among Palestinians and Israeli Jews as of 2021 has declined to 43 percent and 42 percent respectively 14 15 According to Middle East experts David Pollock and Catherine Cleveland as of 2021 the majority of Palestinians say they want to reclaim all of historic Palestine including pre 1967 Israel A one state solution with equal rights for Arabs and Jews is ranked second 14 Contents 1 History of the two state solution 1 1 UN resolution 242 and the recognition of Palestinian rights 1 2 PLO acceptance of a two state solution 2 Diplomatic efforts 3 Viability 4 Settlements in the West Bank 5 Public opinion in Israel and Palestine 6 Other solutions 6 1 Three state solution 6 2 Proposal of dual citizenship 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory of the two state solutionThe first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the British Mandate of Palestine was made in the Peel Commission report of 1937 with the Mandate continuing to cover only a small area containing Jerusalem The plan allotted the poorest lands of Palestine including the Negev Desert and areas that are known today as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the Arabs while most of the coastline and some of Palestine s most fertile agricultural land in the Galilee were allotted to the Jews 16 Consequently the recommended partition proposal was rejected by the Arab community of Palestine and was accepted by most of the Jewish leadership 17 18 Partition was again proposed by the 1947 UN Partition Plan for the division of Palestine It proposed a three way division again with Jerusalem held separately under international control The partition plan was accepted by Jewish Agency for Palestine and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time 19 20 The Arab Higher Committee the Arab League and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it on the basis that Arabs formed a two thirds majority and owned a majority of the lands 21 1 They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division 22 arguing that it violated the principles of national self determination in the UN Charter 20 23 They announced their intention to take all necessary measures to prevent the implementation of the resolution 24 25 26 27 Subsequently a civil war broke out in Palestine 28 and the plan was not implemented 29 The 1948 Arab Israeli War for control of the disputed land broke out on the end of the British Mandate which came to an end with the 1949 Armistice Agreements The war resulted in the fleeing or expulsion of 711 000 Palestinians which the Palestinians call Nakba from the territories which became the state of Israel 30 Rather than establishing a Palestinian state on land that Israel did not control the Arab nations chose instead to support the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and the Palestinian refugees remained stateless 31 UN resolution 242 and the recognition of Palestinian rights After the 1967 Arab Israeli war the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed resolution 242 calling for Israeli withdrawal from the territories occupied during the war in exchange for termination of all claims or states of belligerency and acknowledgement of sovereignty territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area The Palestine Liberation Organization PLO which had been formed in 1964 strongly criticized the resolution saying that it reduced the question of Palestine to a refugee problem 32 18 In September 1974 56 Member States proposed that the question of Palestine be included as an item in the General Assembly s agenda In a resolution adopted on 22 November 1974 the General Assembly affirmed Palestinian rights which included the right to self determination without external interference the right to national independence and sovereignty and the right to return to their homes and property These rights have been affirmed every year since 3 24 PLO acceptance of a two state solution The first indication that the PLO would be willing to accept a two state solution on at least an interim basis was articulated by Said Hammami in the mid 1970s 33 34 Security Council resolutions dating back to June 1976 supporting the two state solution based on the pre 1967 lines were vetoed by the United States 35 which supports a two state solution but argued that the borders must be negotiated directly by the parties The idea has had overwhelming support in the UN General Assembly since the mid 1970s 36 The Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 15 November 1988 which referenced the UN Partition Plan of 1947 and UN resolutions since 1947 in general was interpreted as an indirect recognition of the State of Israel and support for a two state solution The Partition Plan was invoked to provide legitimacy to Palestinian statehood Subsequent clarifications were taken to amount to the first explicit Palestinian recognition of Israel 37 38 The 2017 Hamas charter presented the Palestinian state being based on the 1967 borders The text says Hamas considers the establishment of a Palestinian state sovereign and complete on the basis of the June 4 1967 with Jerusalem as its capital and the provision for all the refugees to return to their homeland This is in contrast to Hamas 1988 charter which previously called for a Palestinian state on all of Mandatory Palestine Nevertheless even in the 2017 charter Hamas didn t recognize Israel 8 Diplomatic effortsMain article Israeli Palestinian peace process In 1975 the General Assembly established the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People In 1976 the Committee presented two sets of recommendations one concerned with the Palestinians right of return to their homes and property and the other with their rights to self determination national independence and sovereignty The Security Council discussed the recommendations but failed to reach a decision due to the negative vote of the United States 32 25 After the First Intifada began in 1987 considerable diplomatic work went into negotiating a two state solution between the parties beginning with the Madrid Conference in 1991 The most significant of these negotiations was the Oslo Accords which officially divided Palestinian land into three administrative divisions and created the framework for how much of Israel s political borders with the Palestinian territories function today The Accords culminated in the Camp David 2000 Summit and follow up negotiations at Taba in January 2001 but no final agreement was ever reached The violent outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 had demonstrated the Palestinian public s disillusionment with the Oslo Accords and convinced many Israelis that the negotiations were in vain nbsp Recognition of Israel only Recognition of both Israel and Palestinian State Recognition of Palestinian State onlyPossible two state solutions have been discussed by Saudi and US leaders 39 In 2002 Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia who would go on to be King from 2005 to 2015 proposed the Arab Peace Initiative which garnered the unanimous support of the Arab League while Israeli leaders continually refuse to discuss the initiative President Bush announced his support for a Palestinian state opening the way for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397 supporting a two state solution 40 page needed 41 At the Annapolis Conference in November 2007 three major parties The PLO Israel and the US agreed on a two state solution as the outline for negotiations However the summit failed to achieve an agreement Following the conflict that erupted between the two main Palestinian parties Fatah and Hamas Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people Fatah controlled the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank and Hamas Governed in Gaza The latest initiatives were the 2013 14 Israeli Palestinian peace talks under the guidance of John Kerry the United States Secretary of State These talks also failed to reach an agreement ViabilityBy 2010 when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state creating doubt among Palestinians and left wing Israelis that a two state solution continued to be viable 42 In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel s continuing settlement activities and the fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem as well in area C was making a two state solution less likely 43 The Israeli Foreign Ministry rejected this EU report claiming it was based on a partial biased and one sided depiction of realities on the ground 44 In May 2012 the EU council stressed its deep concern about developments on the ground which threaten to make a two state solution impossible 45 On 29 November 2012 the UN General Assembly voted by 138 to 9 with 46 abstentions to recognize Palestine as a non member observer state On the following day Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu announced the building of 3 000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem in an area referred to as E 1 46 The move was immediately criticized by several countries including the United States with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in the UK France and Germany among others Israel s decision to build the homes was described by the Obama administration as counterproductive while Australia said that the building plans threaten the viability of a two state solution This is because they claim the proposed E 1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two as the extent of the PNA s authority does not extend all the way to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea 47 48 49 50 Israel s Labor party has voiced support for the two state solution with Isaac Herzog stating it would be in Israel s interests 51 in March 2015 Netanyahu declared that a Palestinian state would not be established during his administration 52 while he also stated that he disapproved the one state solution for the ongoing conflict between two people 53 After controversial Jerusalem recognition by Trump administration in favor of Israel in December 2017 Palestinian officials said the policy change destroys the peace process and the decision indirectly meant the United States was abdicating its role as a peace mediator 54 that could no longer act as a mediator in the peace process because the United States had become a party to the dispute instead of neutral intercessor for negotiations 55 A 2021 survey of experts found that 52 percent of respondents believed the two state solution is no longer possible If a two state solution is not achieved 77 percent predict a one state reality akin to apartheid and 17 percent one state reality with increasing inequality but not akin to apartheid just 1 percent think a binational state with equal rights for all inhabitants is likely 13 Settlements in the West BankThe UN resolutions affirm the illegality of settlements in West Bank including East Jerusalem 56 Proposals have been offered for over 50 post evacuation compensation of settlers for abandoned property as occurred following Israel s withdrawal of settlements from Gaza in 2005 and from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982 57 Some settlers in those previous withdrawals were forcibly removed by the IDF In December 2016 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 was formally passed as the condemnation against Israeli settlement in West Bank Public opinion in Israel and Palestine nbsp Israeli demonstration against annexation of the West Bank Rabin Square Tel Aviv Yafo June 6 2020Many Palestinians and Israelis as well as the Arab League 58 have stated that they would accept a two state solution based on 1949 Armistice Agreements more commonly referred to as the 1967 borders In a 2002 poll conducted by PIPA 72 of both Palestinians and Israelis supported at that time a peace settlement based on the 1967 borders so long as each group could be reassured that the other side would be cooperative in making the necessary concessions for such a settlement 59 A 2013 Gallup poll found 70 of Palestinians in the West Bank and 48 of Palestinians in Gaza Strip together with 52 of Israelis supporting an independent Palestinian state together with the state of Israel 60 Support for a two state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms 61 62 According to one poll fewer than 2 in 10 Arabs both Palestinian and all others believe in Israel s right to exist as a nation with a Jewish majority 63 Another poll however cited by the US State Department suggests that 78 percent of Palestinians and 74 percent of Israelis believe a peace agreement that leads to both states living side by side as good neighbors is essential or desirable 64 65 As of 2021 most Palestinians are against the two state solution In 2021 a poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 39 of Palestinians accept a two state solution while 59 said they rejected it 11 Support is even lower among younger Palestinians U S Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice noted Increasingly the Palestinians who talk about a two state solution are my age 66 A survey taken before the outbreak of fighting in 2014 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy WINEP found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two state solution WINEP says that this is a new finding compared to similar but not identical questions asked in the past when support for a two state solution typically ranged between 40 55 percent 10 67 By 2020 40 in Gaza and 26 in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two state solution should solve the conflict 14 The two state solution enjoys majority support in Israeli polls although there has been some erosion to its prospects over time 68 A 2014 Haaretz poll asking Consider that in the framework of an agreement most settlers are annexed to Israel Jerusalem will be divided refugees won t return to Israel and there will be a strict security arrangement would you support this agreement only 35 of Israelis said yes 10 Some researchers argue that the two state solution has already been implemented because Jordan which makes up 78 of the former Mandatory Palestine was originally created as a state for the Arabs 69 70 71 72 Other solutions nbsp Trump s peace plan for the creation of the State of Palestine Another option is the binational solution which could either be a twin regime federalist arrangement or a unitary state 73 and the Allon Plan also known as the no state solution Three state solution The three state solution has been proposed as another alternative The New York Times 74 reported that Egypt and Jordan were concerned about having to retake responsibility for Gaza and the West Bank In effect the result would be Gaza returning to Egyptian rule and the West Bank to Jordan 75 Proposal of dual citizenship A number of proposals for the granting of Palestinian citizenship or residential permits to Jewish settlers in return for the removal of Israeli military installations from the West Bank have been fielded by such individuals 76 as Arafat 77 Ibrahim Sarsur 78 and Ahmed Qurei Israeli Minister Moshe Ya alon said in April 2010 that just as Arabs live in Israel so too should Jews be able to live in Palestine If we are talking about coexistence and peace why the Palestinian insistence that the territory they receive be ethnically cleansed of Jews 79 The idea has been expressed by both advocates of the two state solution 80 and supporters of the settlers and conservative or fundamentalist currents in Israeli Judaism 81 that while objecting to any withdrawal claim stronger links to the land than to the state of Israel See alsoList of Middle East peace proposals One state solution Palestinianism Greater Palestine State of Judea United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine ZionismReferences a b Benny Morris 2008 1948 a history of the first Arab Israeli war Yale University Press pp 66 67 72 ISBN 978 0 300 12696 9 Retrieved 24 July 2013 p 66 at 1946 The League demanded independence for Palestine as a unitary state with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews p 67 at 1947 The League s Political Committee met in Sofar Lebanon on 16 19 September and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition which it called aggression without mercy The League promised them in line with Bludan assistance in manpower money and equipment should the United Nations endorse partition p 72 at December 1947 The League vowed in very general language to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine Question of Palestine General Assembly The United Nations Question of Palestine Archived from the original on 17 July 2010 Retrieved 30 September 2016 a b A RES 3236 XXIX Question of Palestine The United Nations General Assembly 22 November 1974 Archived from the original on 1 January 2010 Retrieved 30 September 2016 A PV 2296 Question of Palestine concluded The United Nations General Assembly 22 November 1974 Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 Retrieved 30 September 2016 A RES 65 16 Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly 25 January 2011 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Wrapping up annual consideration of Question of Palestine situation in Middle East adopts six resolutions by recorded vote The United Nations General Assembly GA 11460 26 November 2013 Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Mark A Tessler A History of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict 1994 p 718 a b Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders How Not to Make Peace in the Middle East Hussein Agha and Robert Malley The New York Review of Books Retrieved Jan 9 2009 a b c Yglesias Matthew 16 July 2014 One thing Israelis and Palestinians agree on they don t like the two state solution Vox Retrieved 29 November 2016 a b Public Opinion Poll No 82 www pcpsr org Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research 2021 12 27 Retrieved 2022 01 20 Israelis unwilling to risk two state solution says new report phys org 2021 02 10 Retrieved 2021 03 13 a b Telhami Marc Lynch and Shibley 19 February 2021 Biden says he will listen to experts Here is what scholars of the Middle East think Brookings Retrieved 19 March 2022 a b c What Do Palestinians Want The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Retrieved 2022 08 01 azza 2020 10 26 The Palestine Israel Pulse a Joint Poll Summary Report www pcpsr org Retrieved 2022 08 01 Rogan Eugene 2012 The Arabs A History 3rd ed Penguin p 257 ISBN 9780718196837 Swedenburg Ted 1988 The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt 1936 1939 in Islam Politics and Social Movements edited by Edmund Burke III and Ira Lapidus Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 06868 8 pp 189 94 amp Marvin E Gettleman Stuart Schaar 2003 The Middle East and Islamic World Reader Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 3936 1 pp 177 81 Pappe Ilan 2004 A History of Modern Palestine One Land Two Peoples Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 55632 5 Benny Morris 2008 1948 a history of the first Arab Israeli war Yale University Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 300 12696 9 Retrieved 24 July 2013 p 75 The night of 29 30 November passed in the Yishuv s settlements in noisy public rejoicing Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow A collective cry of joy went up when the two thirds mark was achieved a state had been sanctioned by the international community p 396 The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution The Zionist movement except for its fringes accepted the proposal a b The Question of Palestine and the UN Eugene Rogan 2012 The Arabs A History Third Edition Penguin p 321 ISBN 978 0 7181 9683 7 Benny Morris 2008 1948 a history of the first Arab Israeli war Yale University Press p 73 ISBN 978 0 300 12696 9 Retrieved 13 July 2013 Bevin regarded the UNSCOP majority report of 1 September 1947 as unjust and immoral He promptly decided that Britain would not attempt to im pose it on the Arabs indeed he expected them to resist its implementation The British cabinet in the meeting on 4 December 1947 It decided in a sop to the Arabs to refrain from aiding the enforcement of the UN resolution meaning the partition of Palestine And in an important secret corollary it agreed that Britain would do all in its power to delay until early May the arrival in Palestine of the UN Implementation Commission The Foreign Office immediately informed the commission that it would be intolerable for the Commission to begin to exercise its authority while the Mandate Palestine Government was still administratively responsible for Palestine This nullified any possibility of an orderly implementation of the partition resolution Sami Hadawi Bitter Harvest A Modern History of Palestine Olive Branch Press 1989 1991 p 76 Perkins Kenneth J Gilbert Martin 1999 Israel A History The Journal of Military History 63 3 149 doi 10 2307 120539 ISSN 0899 3718 JSTOR 120539 Best Antony 2004 International History of the Twentieth Century and beyond Routledge p 531 doi 10 4324 9781315739717 1 ISBN 978 1 315 73971 7 retrieved 2022 06 29 Live by the Sword Israel s Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land James Rothrock p 14 Lenczowski G 1962 The Middle East in World Affairs 3rd Edition Ithaca NY Cornell University Press p 723 Article History of Palestine Encyclopaedia Britannica 2002 edition article section written by Walid Ahmed Khalidi and Ian J Bickerton Itzhak Galnoor The Partition of Palestine Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement State University of New York Press 1994 p 195 United Nations General Assembly 23 August 1951 General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Archived from the original OpenDocument on 22 August 2011 Retrieved 3 May 2007 Avnon Dan BDS and Self Righteous Moralists Anti Zionism on Campus The University Free Speech and BDS Ed Andrew Pessin and Doron S Ben Atar Indiana University Press 2018 pp 43 57 See especially Page 50 a b The Question of Palestine and the United Nations PDF United Nations Retrieved 2 Aug 2014 Ayoob Mohammed The Middle East in world politics 1981 p 90 Ḥusayn Agha Shai Feldman Aḥmad Khalidi Zeev Schiff Track II diplomacy lessons from the Middle East 2003 p 11 Cattan Henry The Palestine question 1988 p 307 The Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division for Palestinian Rights The United Nations Question of Palestine 12 December 2005 Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Rabie Mohamed Summer 1992 The U S PLO Dialogue The Swedish Connection Journal of Palestine Studies 21 4 54 66 doi 10 1525 jps 1992 21 4 00p0140g JSTOR 2537663 Quandt William B 1993 Peace Process American Diplomacy and the Arab Israeli conflict since 1967 Washington Brookings Institution pp 367 75 494 ISBN 0 520 08390 3 Transcript House of Saud Frontline www pbs org Caplan Neil 2011 Camp David Revisited Intifada Redux The Israel Palestine Conflict Contested Histories PDF John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1444357868 Retrieved 29 November 2016 D Jones Bruce 216 Retrieved 29 November 2016 In Mideast Talks Scant Hopes From the Beginning news analysis by Ethan Bronner in The New York Times August 20 2010 accessed August 21 2010 Hass Amira EU report Israel policy in West Bank endangers two state solution Haaretz 12 January 2012 Ravid Barak EU Israel s policies in the West Bank endanger two state solution Haaretz 14 May 2012 Council conclusions on the Middle East Peace Process 3166th Foreign Affairs Council meeting PDF EN Council of the European Union May 14 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2016 Israel Plans To Expand Settlements In East Jerusalem West Bank NPR 30 Nov 2012 Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 Israel takes a harder line LA Times 4 Dec 2012 Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 Australia joins countries criticizing settlements Jerusalem Post 4 Dec 2012 Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 Israel to advance East Jerusalem building plans USA Today 4 Dec 2012 Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 Explaining Israel s Reaction to the U N s pro Palestinian Vote The Daily Beast Newsweek 3 Dec 2012 Retrieved 5 Dec 2012 Two state policy settlements on Benjamin Netanyahu s agenda The Australian February 20 2017 Retrieved February 22 2017 Moran Azulay Netanyahu says no Palestinian state if he remains PM Ynet 16 March 2015 Whoever moves to establish a Palestinian state or intends to withdraw from territory is simply yielding territory for radical Islamic terrorist attacks against Israel Netanyahu Backtracks on Election Pledge to Refuse a Two State Solution After Sharp Words from the US Vice 19 March 2015 World reacts to Trump move on Jerusalem BBC News December 7 2017 Retrieved December 11 2017 Arab League condemns US Jerusalem move Al Jazeera Retrieved December 12 2017 A RES 68 15 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 November 2013 General Assembly The United Nations January 30 2014 Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 Retrieved 29 November 2016 Karla Vallance January 8 1982 Israel OKs compensation for settlers leaving Sinai Christian Science Monitor What Is the Palestine Liberation Organization Large Israeli and Palestinian Majorities Indicate Readiness for Two State Solution Based on 1967 Borders Archived from the original on 2008 04 05 Lydia Saad Elizabeth Mendes March 21 2013 Israelis Palestinians Pro Peace Process but Not Hopeful Retrieved 29 November 2016 Goldberg Jeffrey 20 May 2009 Book Review One State Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine Conflict by Benny Morris The New York Times Retrieved 29 November 2016 Stephens Bret 14 January 2009 The No State Solution Wall Street Journal Retrieved 29 November 2016 The No State Solution Hamas cares more about Shariah than Palestine BLANKLEY The two state solution mirage Time for reality based diplomacy on Israel and Palestinians Tony Blankley Tuesday May 19 2009 1 Polls Show Vast Support for Two State Mideast Peace Solution Archived from the original on 2010 02 08 Retrieved 2010 01 29 Hoffman Gil 2011 07 15 6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2 state solution survey finds Jerusalem Post Retrieved 2016 04 12 Richard Boudreaux and Ashraf Khalil May 14 2008 Can 2 foes live under 1 roof Chicago Tribune Retrieved 2008 06 17 WINEP poll 2014 Is One State Enough Reut Institute 12 June 2007 retrieved 2008 01 01 Two state solution but where 2 Zion Sidney 5 October 1982 Opinion IS JORDAN PALESTINE OF COURSE Published 1982 The New York Times Winston Churchill in Jerusalem 1921 One State Threat Reut Institute 1 November 2004 retrieved 2008 01 01 Slackman Michael January 12 2009 Crisis Imperils 2 State Plan Shifting a Balance The New York Times Retrieved March 28 2010 Israel Palestine The return of the Jordanian option Haaretz 3 July 2007 Archived from the original on 18 August 2007 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Let them stay in Palestine Haaretz Israel News 2010 01 17 Archived from the original on 2010 01 17 Retrieved 2017 08 23 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Arafat may allow Jewish settlers to stay in West Bank 30 January 2001 Arab MK I would agree to grant settlers Palestinian citizenship No need to remove any settlements By Herb Keinon Jerusalem Post 16 April 2010 Jewish Arab conflict Archived from the original on 6 October 1999 El Haddad Laila July 4 2005 Interview Israeli settler Avi Farhan Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 1 November 2005 Retrieved 29 November 2016 Further readingAharon Cohen Israel and the Arab World Funk and Wagnalls New York 1970 External linksThe Future of the TwoState Solution Giora Eiland Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs February 2009 Two state solution discredited without workable alternative Beate Zilversmidt The Other Israel May 2006 Two State Chimera No State Solution Why there won t ever be two states Cameron Hunt Counter Currents May 2007 Banging Square Pegs into Round Holes Dore Gold ed David Pollack Washington Institute for Near East Policy December 2008 The Middle East conflict and the two state solution RearVision ABC Radio National September 23 2009 Taking the two state solution seriously permanent dead link Opinion by Alain Dieckhoff March 2009 European Union Institute for Security Studies A Demilitarized Palestinian State On the meaning of that amp summary of security arrangement out of previous Israeli Palestinian accords Reut Institution a Think Tank Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Two state solution amp oldid 1179676285, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.