Dnieper

Not to be confused with the Dniester, which also flows through Ukraine.

This article is about the river. For other uses, see Dnieper (disambiguation), Dnipro (disambiguation), and Dnepr (disambiguation).

The Dnieper (/ˈniːpər, dəˈniːpər/) or Dnipro (/dəˈniːproʊ/)^[a] is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.^[2] It is approximately 2,200 km (1,400 mi) long,^[3] with a drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi).

Dnieper
Dnieper Reservoir downstream from Dnipro city, Ukraine
Dnieper River drainage basin
Native name	Днепр (Russian) Дняпро (Belarusian) Дніпро (Ukrainian)
Location
Countries	Russia Belarus Ukraine
Cities	Dorogobuzh Smolensk Mogilev Kyiv Cherkasy Dnipro Zaporizhzhia Kherson
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Valdai Hills, Russia
• coordinates	55°52′18.08″N 33°43′27.08″E / 55.8716889°N 33.7241889°E / 55.8716889; 33.7241889
• elevation	220 m (720 ft)
Mouth	Dnieper Delta
• location	Ukraine
• coordinates	46°30′00″N 32°20′00″E / 46.50000°N 32.33333°E / 46.50000; 32.33333Coordinates: 46°30′00″N 32°20′00″E / 46.50000°N 32.33333°E / 46.50000; 32.33333
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	2,201 km (1,368 mi)
Basin size	504,000 km^2 (195,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Kherson
• average	1,670 m^3/s (59,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Sozh, Desna, Trubizh, Supiy, Sula, Psel, Vorskla, Samara, Konka, Bilozerka
• right	Drut, Berezina, Pripyat, Teteriv, Irpin, Stuhna, Ros, Tiasmyn, Bazavluk, Inhulets
Protection status
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Dnieper River Floodplain
Designated	29 May 2014
Reference no.	2244^[1]

Settlements next to the Dnieper Towns/villages blank spaces indicate as place above (")
Legend
Bocharovo Verkhnedneprovsky Dorogobuzh Smolensk Russia-Belarus border Dubroŭna Orsha Kopys Shkloŭ Mogilev Bykhaw Rahachow Žlobin Streshin Rečyca Loyew Komarin Belarus-Ukraine border Radul Liubech Vyshhorod Kvyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant Kyiv Kozyn Ukrainka Rzhyshchiv Pereiaslav Kaniv Kaniv Hydroelectric Power Plant Cherkasy Svitlovodsk Kremenchuk Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant Horishni Plavni Verkhnodniprovsk Kamianske Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant Dnipro Zaporizhzhia Dnieper Hydroelectric Station Vasylivka Dniprorudne Enerhodar Nikopol Kamianka-Dniprovska Novovorontsovka Velyka Lepetyha Hornostayivka Beryslav Kakhovka Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant Nova Kakhovka Dnipriany Oleshky Kherson Bilozerka Hola Prystan Ochakiv End of Dnieper Estuary — Black Sea

In antiquity, the river was part of the Amber Road trade routes. During the Ruin in the later 17th century, the area was contested between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia, dividing Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the Soviet period, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat, immediately above that tributary's confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, certain segments of the river form a defensive line between territory controlled by Russians and Ukrainians.^[4][5][6]

Names

 

Human representation of the Dnieper river (known as Borysthenes) on an Ancient Greek coin of Pontic Olbia, 4th–3rd century BC

 

Pre-1918 photo with the old spelling of Dnieper (Днѣпръ)

In English, "Dnieper" derives from the Russian pronunciation and "Dnipro" from the Ukrainian. The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent, although it may be sounded: /ˈniːpər/ NEE-pər^[7] or /dəˈniːpər/ də-NEE-pər.^[8] The English pronunciation of Dnipro is /dəˈniːproʊ/ də-NEE-pro.^[9]

The name varies slightly in the local Slavic languages of the three countries through which it flows:

• Belarusian: Дняпро, romanized: Dnyapro, [dⁿʲaˈprɔ], or Днепр Dnyepr,^[10] [ˈdⁿʲɛpr]
• Russian: Днепр, tr. Dnepr, IPA: [ˈdⁿʲepr]; formerly spelled Днѣпръ^[11]
• Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro, IPA: [ɟⁿʲiˈprɔ] ( listen); poetic Дніпр, Dnipr; formerly Дніпер^[12] Dniper, [ˈɟⁿʲiper], or older Днѣпръ^{[citation needed]} (Dnipr, [ˈdⁿ⁽ʲ⁾ipr]^{[citation needed]})

These names are all cognate, deriving from Old East Slavic Дънѣпръ (Dŭněprŭ). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either Sarmatian *Dānu Apara ("Farther River") in parallel with the Dniester ("Nearer River") or from Scythian *Dānu Apr ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of fords,^[13][14] from which was also derived the Late Antique name of the river, Danapris (Δαναπρις).^[15]

Another Scythian language name of the Dnipro was *Varustāna, meaning "having broad space," from which were derived:^[16]

• the Graeco-Roman name of the river, Borysthenes (Βορυσθενης Borusthenēs; Latin: Borysthenes). This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the Volga river, Oarus (Ancient Greek: Οαρος Oaros; Latin: Oarus), which was derived from Scythian *Varu, meaning "Broad."
  • From Borysthenes was derived the river's poetic Latin name, Boristhenius^[17]
• the Huns' name for the river, Var, from Scythian *Varu, "Broad."

During the period of Old Great Bulgaria, it was known as Buri-Chai^{[citation needed]} and, under the Kievan Rus' it was known as Славу́тич (Slavútytch), a name still used poetically in Ukrainian due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers.^{[18][page needed]} The Kipchak Turks called it the Uzeu, the Crimean Tatars the Özü, and modern Turks the Özü or Özi.^[19]

Geography

See also: List of crossings of the Dnieper River

The total length of the river is variously given as 2,145 kilometres (1,333 mi)^[3] or 2,201 km (1,368 mi),^{[20][21][22][23]} of which 485 km (301 mi) are within Russia, 700 km (430 mi) are within Belarus,^[3] and 1,095 km (680 mi) are within Ukraine. Its basin covers 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), of which 289,000 km² (112,000 sq mi) are within Ukraine,^[24] 118,360 km² (45,700 sq mi) are within Belarus.^[3]

The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of 220 m (720 ft).^[24] For 115 km (71 mi) of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.^{[citation needed][25]}

The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of Kamaryn in Brahin Raion.^[26]

Tributaries of the Dnieper

 

Waterbodies in Belarus, including a section of the Dnieper river

The Dnieper has many tributaries (up to 32,000) with 89 being rivers of 100+ km.^[27] The main ones are, from its source to its mouth, with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated:

 

Context of the Dnieper basin showing peoples in the ninth century

• Vyazma (L)
• Vop (R)
• Khmost (R)
• Myareya (L)
• Drut (R)
• Berezina (R)
• Sozh (L)
• Pripyat (R)
• Teteriv (R)
• Irpin (R)
• Desna (L)
• Stuhna (R)
• Trubizh (L)
• Ros (R)
• Tiasmyn (R)
• Supii (L)
• Sula (L)
• Psyol (L)
• Vorskla (L)
• Oril (L)
• Samara (L)
• Konka (L)
• Bilozerka (L)
• Bazavluk (R)
• Inhulets (R)

Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant Lybid (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.

The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.^[27]

Rapids

 

Rapids at Dnieper in 1915

 

Tractus Borysthenis or Dnieper (from Bovzin city to Chortyca island) in 1662

The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, first mentioned in the Kyiv Chronicle.^{[clarification needed]} The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.

Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a fewer number of them), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.

After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.

Canals

There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:

• The Dnieper–Donbas Canal;
• The Dnieper–Kryvyi Rih Canal;
• The Kakhovka Canal (southeast of the Kherson region);
• The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System in the southwest of the Kherson region;
• The North Crimean Canal—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern Crimea;
• The Inhulets Irrigation System.

Fauna

The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range.^[28] The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.^[28]

Delta

 

Thematic map (upper) and false-colour IR from satellite images of the Dnieper delta, captured 8 August 2015

The city of Kherson lies near to the Dnieper delta.

Ecology

Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from anthropogenic influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants.^[29] The Dnieper is close to the Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps (near Kamianske) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) which is located next to the mouth of the Pripyat River.

Navigation

Almost 2,000 km (1,200 mi) of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh).^[27] The Dnieper is important for transportation in the economy of Ukraine.^{[citation needed]} Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to 270 by 18 metres (886 ft × 59 ft) access as far as the port of Kyiv, and thus are an important transportation corridor.^{[citation needed]} The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.^{[citation needed]}

Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Bug River. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without any ship lock near the town of Brest, Belarus, has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future.^[30] River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

Reservoirs and hydroelectric power

Main article: Dnieper reservoir cascade

 

 

Kyiv HES

 

Kaniv HES

 

Kremenchuk HES

 

Middle Dnieper HES

 

Dnieper HES

 

Kahkovka HES

Dams and hydroelectric stations in the Dniepr. (Ukraine)

From the mouth of the Pripyat River to the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station, there are six sets of dams and hydroelectric stations, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity.^[27]

The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW.^[31] It was destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.^{[citation needed]}

Location	Dam	Reservoir area	Hydroelection station	Date of construction
Kyiv	Kyiv Reservoir	922 km^2 or 356 sq mi	Kyiv Hydroelectric Station	1960–1964
Kaniv	Kaniv Reservoir	675 km^2 or 261 sq mi	Kaniv Hydroelectric Station	1963–1975
Kremenchuk	Kremenchuk Reservoir	2,250 km^2 or 870 sq mi	Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station	1954–1960
Kamianske	Kamianske Reservoir	567 km^2 or 219 sq mi	Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant	1956–1964
Zaporizhzhia	Dnieper Reservoir	420 km^2 or 160 sq mi	Dnieper Hydroelectric Station	1927–1932; 1948
Kakhovka	Kakhovka Reservoir	2,155 km^2 or 832 sq mi	Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station	1950–1956

^{[citation needed]}

Regions and cities

 

Satellite image of the Dnieper and its tributaries

Regions

Smolensk Oblast, Russia Vitebsk Region, Belarus Mogilev Region, Belarus Gomel Region, Belarus

Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine

Poltava Oblast, Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine Kherson Oblast, Ukraine

• The Dnieper River in different regions
•  

  The Dnieper River in Kyiv, Ukraine

•  

  The Dnieper River in Dorogobuzh, Russian Empire, before 1917

•  

  The Dnieper River in Kremenchuk, Ukraine

• The Dnieper river in Ukraine from a helicopter, 2004

Cities

Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):

Dorogobuzh, Russia Smolensk, Russia Orsha, Belarus Shklow, Belarus Mogilev, Belarus Bychaw, Belarus Rahachow, Belarus Zhlobin, Belarus Rechytsa, Belarus Kyiv, Ukraine Ukrayinka, Ukraine Kaniv, Ukraine

Cherkasy, Ukraine Kremenchuk, Ukraine Horishni Plavni, Ukraine Kamianske, Ukraine Dnipro, Ukraine Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine Marhanets, Ukraine Nikopol, Ukraine Enerhodar, Ukraine Kamianka-Dniprovska, Ukraine Nova Kakhovka, Ukraine Kherson, Ukraine

Arheimar, a capital of the Goths, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.^[32]

In the arts

Literature

The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol A Terrible Vengeance (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko.

In the adventure novel The Long Ships (also translated Red Orm), set during the Viking Age, a Scanian chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

Visual arts

The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky.

Films

The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving Saint Petersburg but get attacked by wolves.

In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko, Lyudmila Zykina, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk, Mykola Hnatyuk. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter - Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator - Alexander Platonov.^[33]

The 2018 film Volcano was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.

Music

In 1941, Mark Fradkin wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.^[34]

Image gallery

• The Dnieper in painting
•  

  Catherine II leaving Kaniów in 1787 by Johann Gottlieb Plersch

•  

  Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1881

•  

  Moonlit Night on the Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1882

•  

  Ice in the Dnieper by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1872

•  

  Sapphire Dnieper by Jan Stanisławski, 1904

Popular culture

• The river is one of the symbols of the Ukrainian nation^[35] and is mentioned in the national anthem of Ukraine.
• There are several names that connect the name of the river with Ukraine: Overdnieper Ukraine, Right-bank Ukraine, Left-bank Ukraine, and others. Some of the cities on its banks — Dnipro, Dniprorudne, Kamianka-Dniprovska — are named after the river.
• The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location "beyond the rapids".^[36]
• The folk metal band Turisas have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album The Varangian Way.^[37]

See also

• List of rivers of Russia
• List of rivers of Belarus
• List of rivers of Ukraine
• List of crossings of the Dnieper
• Middle Dnieper culture
• Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks

Notes

1. Russian: Днепр, romanized: Dnepr; Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro, pronounced [dʲnʲiˈprɔ] ( listen); Belarusian: Дняпро, romanized: Dniapro.

References and footnotes

1. "Dnieper River Floodplain". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
2. "Dnieper River". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
3. "Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus". Land of Ancestors. Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
4. Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric; Barnes, Julian E. (12 November 2022). "Winter Will Be a Major Factor in the Ukraine War, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
5. "Russian Forces Digging Trenches, Fortifications On Banks Of Dnieper River, Satellite Imagery Shows". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
6. Reuters (11 November 2022). "Ukraine in 'final stage' of reclaiming west bank of Dnipro River". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
7. "Dnieper". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
8. . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020.
9. Dnipro www.dictionary.com
10. Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя, 1994. — С. 144. — 415 с. — 10 000 экз.
11. Турбин, Сергей Иванович (1879). "Днѣпр и приднѣпровье: Описаніе губерній, смоленкой, Минской. Черниговской, Киевской, Полтавской, Екатеринославской, Херсонской, Таврической и Курской".
12. "Тлумачення / значення слова "ДНІПЕР" | Словник української мови. Словник Грінченка" [Interpretation / meaning of the word "DNIPER" | Dictionary of the Ukrainian language. Grinchenko's dictionary]. hrinchenko.com.
13. Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 106. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
14. Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (tr "Ossetian language and folklore"). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. p. 236
15. Smith, Philip (1854). "BORY´STHENES". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray.
16. Harmatta, János (1999). "Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians". In Reverdin, Olivier; Nenci, Giuseppe (eds.). Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs [Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples] (in French). Vandœuvres, Switzerland: Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique. pp. 115–130. ISBN 978-3-774-92415-4.
17. Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles (1879). "Bŏrysthĕnes, is". A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
18. Яцик, А. В.; Яковлєв, Є. О.; Осадчук, В. О. (2002). А. В. Яцика (ed.). До питання щодо спуску Київського водосховища (Do pytanni︠a︡ shchodo spusku kyïvsʹkoho vodoskhovyshcha) (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Оріяни (Oriany). pp. 6–12. ISBN 966-7373-78-9.
19. Temel Öztürk (1988–2016). "ÖZÜ: Günümüzde Ukrayna sınırları içinde bulunan tarihî bir kale ve şehir.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
20. Zastavnyi, F. D. (2000). Physical Geography of Ukraine. Rivers of Ukraine. Dnieper. Forum. Kyiv.
21. Masliak, P.; Shyshchenko, P. (1998). Heohrafii︠a︡ Ukraïny [Geography of Ukraine]. Zodiak-eko. Kyiv. ISBN 966-7090-06-X.
22. . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
23. Mishyna, Liliana. Hydrographic research of Dnieper river 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Derzhhidrohrafiya.
24. Kubiyovych, Volodymyr; Ivan Teslia. "Dnieper River". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
25. Sigismund von Herberstein places 'Oczakow' (today's "Ochakiv") on the coast of the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini) in his 1549 map. www.baarnhielm.net^{[dead link]}
26. "Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier". Land of Ancestors. The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
27. . Ukrinform. 4 July 2015
28. Benson, AJ. "Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
29. Snytko, V.; Shirokova, V.; Ozerova, N.; Romanova, O.; Sobisevich, A. (2017). "Hydrological situation of the Upper Dnieper". GeoConference SGEM. 17 (31): 379–384.
30. [PC-Navigo – The route planner for inland waterways]. PC Navigo. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005.
31. Hewett, Edward A.; Winston, Victor H. (1991). Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and people. Brookings Institution. p. 19. ISBN 9780815736240. The importance of Chernobyl' for Soviet industry is best illustrated by comparing it to the key energy project of Stalin's industrialization, the famous Dnieper hydroelectric station, completed in 1932. The largest European hydroelectric station of its time, it had a capacity of 560 MW.
32. . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2006.
33. Victory Salute. Song of the Dnieper (1983) on YouTube
34. Kyiv Bandurist Capella - Song of the Dnieper on YouTube
35. Work on the subject Ukrainian national symbols. Library of Ukrainian literature.
36. "...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", Henryk Sienkiewicz, With Fire and Sword, chap. 7.
37. "Releases". www.turisas.com.

External links

• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Dnieper" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). p. 349.
• Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ivan Teslia, Dnieper River at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• Site about Dnieper—objects over the river, photos, facts
• Dnieper river charts

• "Комсомольская правда" об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища (tr. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" about the threats of the dam of the Kyiv hydroelectric power station and the reservoir") 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• "Аргументы и факты" о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС (tr. ""Arguments and Facts" about the real threats of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station") 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
• "Известия" о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС (tr. ""Izvestia" about the problems of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station")
• Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища (tr. "UNIAN expert on the threats of the Kyiv reservoir dam")