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Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen (/ˈsʌn ˌjætˈsɛn/; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)[3][4][5] was a Chinese statesman, physician, and political philosopher, who served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China). He is called the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" in the People's Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun is unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both Mainland China and Taiwan.[6]

Sun Yat-sen
孫中山
Photograph of Sun Yat-sen, c. 1911
Provisional President of the Republic of China
In office
1 January 1912 – 10 March 1912
Vice PresidentLi Yuanhong
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byYuan Shikai
Premier of the Kuomintang
In office
10 October 1919 – 12 March 1925
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byZhang Renjie (as Chairman)
Personal details
Born
Sun Te-ming (孫德明)

(1866-11-12)12 November 1866
Cuiheng Village, Hsiangshan County, Kwangtung Province, Qing Empire
Died12 March 1925(1925-03-12) (aged 58)
Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking, Republic of China
Cause of deathGallbladder cancer[2]
Resting placeSun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Political partyKuomintang
Other political
affiliations
Chinese Revolutionary Party
Chinese United League
Revive China Society
Spouse(s)
(m. 1885; div. 1915)

(m. 1903; a. 1906)

(m. 1915)
Domestic partner(s)Chen Cuifen (concubine; 1892–1925)
Haru Asada (concubine; 1897–1902)
ChildrenSun Fo
Sun Yan
Sun Wan
Fumiko Miyagawa
Parents
Alma materHong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (MD), Diocesan Boys' School, Queen's College
OccupationPolitician, writer, physician
AwardsGrand Merit Order (awarded by President Yuan Shikai but declined by Sun himself)
Signature (Chinese)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance China
Branch/service Republic of China Army
Years of service1917–1925
RankGeneralissimo/Grand Marshal
Battles/wars
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孫逸仙
Simplified Chinese孙逸仙
Sun Jih-hsin
Traditional Chinese孫日新
Simplified Chinese孙日新
Sun Chung-shan
Traditional Chinese孫中山
Simplified Chinese孙中山
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSūn Zhōngshān
Gwoyeu RomatzyhSun Jongshan
Wade–GilesSun1 Chung1-shan1
IPA[swə́n ʈʂʊ́ŋ.ʂán]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSyūn Jūng sāan
JyutpingSyun1 Zung1 saan1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJSun Tiong-san
Sun Wen
Traditional Chinese孫文
Simplified Chinese孙文
Sun Tsai-chih
(courtesy name)
Traditional Chinese孫載之
Simplified Chinese孙载之
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSūn Zàizhī
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSyūn Joi-jī
JyutpingSyun1 Zoi3-zi1
Sun Te-ming
Traditional Chinese孫德明
Simplified Chinese孙德明
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSūn Démíng
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSyūn Dāk-mìng
JyutpingSyun1 Dak1-ming4

Sun is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of modern China, but his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution in 1911, he quickly resigned as president of the newly founded Republic of China and relinquished it to Yuan Shikai. He soon went to exile in Japan for safety but returned to found a revolutionary government in the South as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. In 1923, he invited representatives of the Communist International to Canton (Guangzhou) to re-organize his party and formed a brittle alliance with the Chinese Communist Party. He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, in the Northern Expedition. He died in Peking (Beijing) of gallbladder cancer on 12 March 1925.[2]

Sun's chief legacy is his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: Mínzú (民族主義, Mínzúzhǔyì) or nationalism (independence from foreign domination), Mínquán (民權主義, Mínquánzhǔyì) or "rights of the people" (sometimes translated as "democracy"), and Mínshēng (民生主義, Mínshēngzhǔyì) or people's livelihood (sometimes translated as "communitarianism" or "welfare").[7][8][9]

Names

 
Silver coin: 1 yuan - Sun Yat Sen, 1927

Sun's genealogical name was Sun Deming (Syūn Dāk-mìhng; 孫德明).[4][10] As a child, his pet name was Tai Tseung (Dai-jeuhng; 帝象).[4] When in school, the teacher gave him the name Sun Wen (Cantonese: Syūn Màhn; 孫文), which was what Sun called himself for most of his life. Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi (Jai-jī; 載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (Yaht-sān; 日新).[11] While at school in Hong Kong he got the art name Yat-sen (Chinese: 逸仙; pinyin: Yìxiān).[12] Sun Zhongshan (孫中山; Cantonese: syūn jūng sāan, romanized Chung Shan), the most popular of his Chinese names in China, is derived from his Japanese name Kikori Nakayama (中山樵), the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki while in hiding in Japan.[4] His birthplace city was renamed Zhongshan in his honour probably shortly after his death in 1925, using this name. Zhongshan is one of the few cities named after people in China.

Early years

Birthplace and early life

Sun Te-ming was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang.[5] His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong.[5] He had a cultural background of Hakka[13][14] and Cantonese. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter.[15] After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.[16][17][18][19]

Education years

At the age of 10, in Hawaii, Sun began seeking schooling.[4] He obtained secondary schooling in Hawaii.[20] and met his childhood friend Lu Haodong.[4] By age 13 in 1878, after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu.[4] Sun Mei financed Sun Yat-sen's education and would later be a major contributor for the overthrow of the Manchus (Qing dynasty).[16][17][18][19]

 
Sun Yat-sen (back row, fourth from right) and his family

During his stay in Honolulu, Sun Yat-sen went to ʻIolani School where he studied English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity.[4] While he was originally unable to speak English, Sun Yat-sen quickly picked up the language and received a prize for academic achievement from King David Kalākaua before graduating in 1882.[21] He then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School) for one semester.[4][22] In 1883 he was sent home to China as his brother was becoming worried that Sun Yat-sen was beginning to embrace Christianity.[4] As Hawaii was being annexed by the United States at the time, Sun obtained American citizenship.[23]

When he returned to China in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Haodong again at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village.[4] They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods.[4] They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong.[4][24][25] After arriving in Hong Kong in November 1883, he studied at the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Eastern Street (now the Diocesan Boys' School),[26][27] and from 15 April 1884 to his graduation in 1886, he was at The Government Central School on Gough Street (now Queen's College).[28][29]

In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr.[4] According to his book "Kidnapped in London", Sun in 1887 heard of the opening of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) and immediately decided to benefit from the "advantages it offered."[30] Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from there in 1892.[4][12] Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated.[31][32][33]

Religious views and Christian baptism

In the early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of the Church of Hawai'i and directed by an Anglican prelate named Alfred Willis, with the language of instruction being English. At the school, a young Sun Wen first came in contact with Christianity. In his work, Schriffin speculated that Christianity was to have a great influence on Sun's future political career.[34]

Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong (on 4 May 1884) by Rev. C. R. Hager[35][36][37] an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States (ABCFM) to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun.[38][39] Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂), founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888,[40] while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement.[39]

Transformation into a revolutionary

The Four Bandits

 
Sun (second from left) and his friends the Four Bandits: Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (middle), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良, standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, circa 1888

During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers who were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.[41] Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.[citation needed]

From The Furen Literary Society to The Revive China Society

In 1891, Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society.[42] The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China.[43][44][45] He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience.[46] After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially from the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society.[42] Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China Society, which Yeung Ku-wan headed as president.[47] They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name "Kuen Hang Club"[48]: 90  (乾亨行).[49]

Heaven and Earth Society and overseas travels to seek financial support

A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui had been around for a long time.[50] The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads.[50] Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.[50]

First Sino-Japanese War

In 1895, China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of responses. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing.[51] Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform.[51] In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic.[51] The Hundred Days' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.[52]

First uprising and exile

The first Guangzhou uprising

 
Plaque in London marking the site of a house at 4 Warwick Court, WC1 where Sun Yat-sen lived while in exile
 
Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China, dated 21 January 1912

In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China Society, on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou.[44] Yeung Ku-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong.[47] However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Sun received financial support mostly from his brother who sold most of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii.[16] Additionally, members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in Kula, Maui.[16][17][18][19][53]

Exile in Japan

While in exile in London (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) in 1896, Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While the events leading up to it are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to smuggle him back to China to execute him for his revolutionary actions.[54] He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Globe, The Times, and the Foreign Office; leaving Sun a hero in the UK.[note 1] James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun.[56] Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, titled "Kidnapped in London".[30]

Sun traveled by way of Canada to Japan to begin his exile there, he arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian opposition to Western imperialism.[57] While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.[58]

During the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War, Sun helped Ponce procure weapons salvaged from the Japanese military and ship the weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would win their independence so that he could use the archipelago as a staging point of another revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged victorious from a bitter 3-year war against the Republic. Therefore, the Filipino dream of independence vanished with Sun's hopes of allying with the Philippines in his revolution in China.[59]

From failed uprisings to the revolution

The Huizhou uprising

On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered the launch of the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong.[60] This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads for help.[61] This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.[62][63]

Getting support from the Siamese Chinese

In 1903, Sun made a secret trip to Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable support to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among Siamese Chinese in Siam. In Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Road, in Bangkok's Chinatown. It was on this street that Sun gave a speech claiming that overseas Chinese were "the Mother of the Revolution". He also met local Chinese merchants Seow Houtseng,[64] who sent financial support to him.

Sun's speech on Yaowarat Street was commemorated by the street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" (Thai: ซอยซุนยัตเซ็น) in his honour.[65]

Getting support from the American Chinese

According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him.[66]

In March 1904, while residing in Kula, Maui, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating that "he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870."[67][68] He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.[68] Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.[69]

On 6 April 1904, on his first attempt to enter the United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in San Francisco. He was detained and faced with possible deportation.[66] Sun, represented by the law firm of Ralston & Siddons based in Washington D.C., filed an appeal with the Commissioner-General of Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, the acting secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor, in a four-page decision contained in the case file, set aside the order of deportation and ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen to land." Sun was then freed to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States.[66]

Unifying forces in the Tongmenghui in Tokyo

 
A letter with Sun's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in Hong Kong

In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people" (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權).[70] One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生).[70]

On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China.[70][71] By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.[70]

Getting support from the Malayan Chinese

 
Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photos
 
The Sun Yat-sen Museum in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, where he planned the Xinhai Revolution.[72]

Sun's notability and popularity extended beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia), where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore, he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock (張永福), Tan Chor Nam (陳楚楠) and Lim Nee Soon (林義順), which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906,[73] though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905.[73] The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan.[73][74] At this point Singapore was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui.[73]

Thus, after founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of The Chong Shing Yit Pao as the alliance's mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas. Later, he initiated the establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia, in order to disseminate revolutionary ideas among the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Chinese Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such reading club, first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay.[75][citation needed]

The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning – 51 Armenian Street, commenced operations in 1912. The library was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese Republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road. But the Armenian Street building is still intact with the plaque at its entrance with Sun Yat Sen's words. With an initial membership of over 400, the library has about 180 members today. Although the United Chinese Library, with 102 years of history, was not the only reading club in Singapore during the time, today it is the only one of its kind remaining.[citation needed]

Uprisings

On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam.[76] The uprising failed after seven days of fighting.[76][77] In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising.[73] In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.[73]

Anti-Sun factionalism

Because of these failures, Sun's leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo, members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials.[73] Tao Chengzhang (陶成章) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia".[73] This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao.[73][78] Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains.[73]

The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps.[73] Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution.[73] However, by 19 July 1910, the Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities.[73] It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh in December 1910.[76]

1911 revolution

 
The Revolutionary Army of the Wuchang uprising fighting in the Battle of Yangxia

To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya.[79] The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Sun's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh, Singapore - at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui - to raise funds for the Huanghuagang Uprising, a.k.a. the Yellow Flower Mound Uprising.[80] The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong.[81] The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula.[79] They raised HK$187,000.[79]

On 27 April 1911, revolutionary Huang Xing led a Second Guangzhou Uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; the bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were identified (86 were found).[82] The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.[82]

On 10 October 1911, a military uprising at Wuchang took place, led again by Huang Xing. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution, also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. [83] Sun had no direct involvement in it as he was in Denver, Colorado at that time, having spent much of the year in the US in search of support from ethnic Chinese there. So it was Huang who was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. On 12 October 1911 when Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he returned to China from the United States, accompanied by his closest foreign advisor, the American "General" Homer Lea, he had met in London, where they unsuccessfully tried to arrange British financing for the future Chinese republic. Sun and Lea sailed for China, arriving there on 21 December 1911.[84]


Republic of China with multiple governments

Provisional government

 
"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) Li Tiefu Oil on Canvas 93×71.7cm

On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking (Nanjing) elected Sun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統).[85] 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic.[86] Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits.

Beiyang government

Yuan Shikai, who controlled the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China, was promised the position of president of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate.[87] On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne.[86] Sun stepped down as president, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912.[87] The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own. Its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing.

Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912.[88] In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai.[89] Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government.

New Nationalist party in 1912, failed Second Revolution and new exile

Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the mergers of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Kuomintang (Chinese nationalist party, commonly abbreviated as "KMT") on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing.[89] The 1912–1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats.[87][89] In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated, almost certainly by a secret order of Yuan, on 20 March 1913.[87] The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913.[90] The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. In August 1913, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan, where he later enlisted financial aid via politician and industrialist Fusanosuke Kuhara.[91]

Warlords chaos

In 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, a socialist-based organization in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic[92] and in the same year received Indian communist M.N. Roy as a guest.[93] At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, both Sun Yat-sen and Xu Shichang were announced as president of the Republic of China.[94]

The alliance with the Communist Party and the set up of the Northern Expedition

Guangzhou militarist government

 
(L-R): Liao Zhongkai, Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924

China had become divided among regional military leaders. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1916 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal.[95] Between 1912 and 1927 three governments were set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912), the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927).[96] These governments in the South were established to rival the Beiyang government in the North.[95] Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang, or "Nationalist Party of China".[89]

KMT–CCP cooperation

 
Sun Yat-sen (seated) and Chiang Kai-shek

By this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Sun and the Soviet Union's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923.[6] Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign imperialism.[97][98][99] Sun also returned the praise, calling Lenin a "great man", and indicated he wished to follow the same path that Lenin had.[100] In 1923, after having been in contact with Lenin and other Moscow communists, Sun sent representatives to study the Red Army and in turn the Soviets sent representatives to help reorganize the KMT at Sun's request.[101]

With the Soviets' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA).[102] Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.

Finance concerns

In 1924 Sun appointed his brother-in-law T. V. Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank.[103] To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT.[104] However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.

Final speeches

 
Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (seated next to him) in Kobe, Japan in 1924

In February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary.[105][106] This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.

On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "national conference" for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers.[107] Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Among the people he met was the Muslim warlord General Ma Fuxiang, who informed Sun that he would welcome his leadership.[108] On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan.[109]

Illness and death

For many years, it was popularly believed that Sun died of liver cancer. On 26 January 1925, Sun underwent an exploratory laparotomy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) to investigate a long-term illness. This was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery, Adrian S. Taylor, who stated that the procedure "revealed extensive involvement of the liver by carcinoma" and that Sun only had about ten days to live. Sun was hospitalized and his condition was treated with radium.[110] Sun survived the initial ten-day period and on 18 February, against the advice of doctors, he was transferred to the KMT headquarters and treated with traditional Chinese medicine. This too was unsuccessful and he died on 12 March at the age of 58.[111] Contemporary reports in The New York Times,[111] Time,[112] and the Chinese newspaper Qun Qiang Bao all reported the cause of death as liver cancer, based on Taylor's observation.[113]

Following this the body then was preserved in mineral oil[114] and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing.[115] He also left a short political will (總理遺囑) penned by Wang Jingwei, which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the Republic of China and Taiwan.[116]

In 1926, construction began on a majestic mausoleum at the foot of Purple Mountain in Nanjing, and this was completed in the spring of 1929. On 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were moved from Beijing and interred in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.

By pure chance, in May 2016, an American pathologist named Rolf F. Barth was visiting the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou when he noticed a faded copy of the original autopsy report on display. The autopsy was performed immediately after Sun's death by James Cash, a pathologist at PUMCH. Based on a tissue sample, Cash concluded that the cause of death was an adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder that had metastasized to the liver. In modern China, liver cancer is far more common than gallbladder cancer and although the incidence rates of either in 1925 are not known, if one assumes that they were similar at that time, then the original diagnosis by Taylor was a logical conclusion. From the time of Sun's death until the appearance of Barth's report[110] in the Chinese Journal of Cancer in September 2016, the true cause of death of Sun Yat-sen was not reported in any English-language publication. Even in Chinese-language sources, it only appeared in one non-medical online report in 2013.[110][117]

Legacy

Power struggle

 
Chinese generals at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in 1928 after the Northern Expedition. From right: Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi.

After Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai-shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek married Soong Mei-ling, a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. Sun's widow, Soong Ching-ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as vice-president (or vice-chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as honorary president shortly before her death in 1981.[citation needed]

Cult of personality

A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God.[118] Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used among Hui Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.[119]

The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), which discharge the functions of the president.[citation needed]

Father of the Nation

 
Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling

Sun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan (Chinese: 國父 孫中山先生, where the one-character space is a traditional homage symbol).[10] His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency.[citation needed]

Forerunner of the revolution

On the mainland, Sun is seen as a Chinese nationalist, proto-socialist, first president of a Republican China and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution (革命先行者).[6] He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005.[120] A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.

In 1956 Mao Zedong said "Let us pay tribute to our great revolutionary forerunner, Dr. Sun Yat-sen!...he bequeathed to us much that is useful in the sphere of political thought."[121][122]

Economic development

Sun Yat-sen spent years in Hawaii as a student in the late 1870s and early 1880s, and was highly impressed with the economic development he saw there. He used the independent Kingdom of Hawaii as a model to develop his vision of a technologically modern and politically independent and actively anti-imperialist China.[123] Sun Yat-sen was an important pioneer of international development, proposing in the 1920s international institutions of the sort that appeared after World War II. He focused on China, with its vast potential and weak base of mostly local entrepreneurs.[124] His key proposal was socialism. He proposed:

The State will take over all the large enterprises; we shall encourage and protect enterprises which may reasonably be entrusted to the people; the nation will possess equality with other nations; every Chinese will be equal to every other Chinese both politically and in his opportunities of economic advancement.[125]

He also proposed "If we use existing foreign capital to build up a future communist society in China, half the work will bring double the results."[126][127][128] and "It is my idea to make capitalism create socialism in China".[129][130]

Sun promoted the ideas of economist Henry George and was influenced by his ideas on land ownership.[131][132]

Family

 
Lu Muzhen, Sun's first wife
 
Kaoru Otsuki, Sun's Japanese teenage wife
 
Fumiko, daughter of Sun and Kaoru

Sun Yat-sen was born to Sun Dacheng (孫達成) and his wife, Lady Yang (楊氏) on 12 November 1866.[133] At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. He had an older brother, Sun Dezhang (孫德彰), and an older sister, Sun Jinxing (孫金星), who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother, Sun Deyou (孫德祐), died at the age of 6. He also had an older sister, Sun Miaoqian (孫妙茜), and a younger sister, Sun Qiuqi (孫秋綺).[32]

At age 20, Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen. She bore a son, Sun Fo, and two daughters, Sun Jinyuan (孫金媛) and Sun Jinwan (孫金婉).[32] Sun Fo was the grandfather of Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman.[134] Sun Yat-sen was also the godfather of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, American author and poet who wrote under the name Cordwainer Smith.

Sun's first concubine, the Hong Kong-born Chen Cuifen, lived in Taiping, Perak (now in Malaysia) for 17 years. The couple adopted a local girl as their daughter. Cuifen subsequently relocated to China, where she died.[135]

During Sun's exile in Japan, he had relationships with two Japanese women: 15-year-old Haru Asada, whom he took as a concubine up to her death in 1902; and another 15-year-old school-girl Kaoru Otsuki, whom Sun married in 1905 and abandoned the next year while she was pregnant.[136] Otsuki later had their daughter Fumiko adopted by the Miyagawa family in Yokohama, who did not discover her parentage until 1951,[136] 26 years after Sun's death.

On 25 October 1915 in Japan, Sun married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters.[32][137] Soong Ching-ling's father was the American-educated Methodist minister Charles Soong, who made a fortune in banking and in printing of Bibles. Although Charles had been a personal friend of Sun, he was enraged when Sun announced his intention to marry Ching-ling because while Sun was a Christian he kept two wives, Lu Muzhen and Kaoru Otsuki. Soong viewed Sun's actions as running directly against their shared religion.

Soong Ching-Ling's sister, Soong Mei-ling, later married Chiang Kai-shek.

Cultural references

Memorials and structures in Asia

 
Aerial perspective of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in central Singapore. Taken in 2016

In most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu (中山路) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat-sen stamps.

Other references to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in Singapore. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street.

In Russia, a village in Mikhaylovsky District of Primorsky Krai was named Sunyatsenskoe in honor of him. There are streets named after him in Astrakhan, Ufa and Aldan. There was a street that was named after Sun in the Russian city of Omsk until 2005 when it was renamed in honor of the recipient of the title Hero of Soviet Union Mikhail Ivanovich Leonov.[138][139][140][141]

In George Town, Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910, during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang, convened the historic "Penang Conference" to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the Kwong Wah Yit Poh; this house, which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-sen Museum (formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base), was visited by president-designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Centre Penang.

As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.[142]

The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall.[74] A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched on 20 November 2010 in Penang.[143]

Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.[144]

A street in Medan, Indonesia is named "Jalan Sun Yat-Sen" in honour of him.[145]

A street named "Tôn Dật Tiên" (Sino-Vietnamese name for Sun Yat-Sen) is located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A street named Sun Yat Sen in Kolkata (Calcutta) at Tiretti Bazar

The "Trail of Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh"[146] was established in 2019, based on the book "Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh".[147]

Gallery

Memorials and structures outside of Asia

 
Sun Yat-Sen monument in Chinatown area of Los Angeles, California
 
Sun Yat-Sen sculpture by Joe Rosenthal at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Ontario

St. John's University in New York City has a facility built in 1973, the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, built to resemble a traditional Chinese building in honor of Sun.[148] Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu.[149] On the island of Maui, there is the little Sun Yat-sen Park at Kamaole. It is located near to where his older brother had a ranch on the slopes of Haleakala in the Kula region.[17][18][19][53]

In Chinatown, Los Angeles, there is a seated statue of him in Central Plaza.[150] In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat-sen by Joe Rosenthal can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and there is another statue in Toronto's downtown Chinatown. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12-foot statue of him on Saint Mary's Square.[151]

In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Sun outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.[152]

 
Sun Yat-Sen plaza in the Chinese Quarter of Montreal, Quebec, Canada

In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi'olani Community College library as part of the "Sun Yat-sen Asian collection".[153] During October and November every year the entire collection is shown.[153] In 1997 the "Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii foundation" was formed online as a virtual library.[153] In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored "Zhongshan".[154]

The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a blue plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896.[citation needed]

A street named Sun Yat-Sen Avenue is located in Markham, Ontario. This is the first such street name outside of Asia.[citation needed]

In popular culture

Opera

 
Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2010

Dr. Sun Yat-sen[155] (中山逸仙; ZhōngShān yì xiān) is a 2011 Chinese-language western-style opera in three acts by the New York-based American composer Huang Ruo who was born in China and is a graduate of Oberlin College's Conservatory as well as the Juilliard School. The libretto was written by Candace Mui-ngam Chong, a recent collaborator with playwright David Henry Hwang.[156] It was performed in Hong Kong in October 2011 and was given its North American premiere on 26 July 2014 at The Santa Fe Opera.

TV series and films

The life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat-sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun.[157] In Space: Above and Beyond, one of the starships of the China Navy is named the Sun Yat-sen.[158]

Performances

In 2010, a theatrical play Yellow Flower on Slopes (斜路黃花) was created and performed.[159] In 2011, there is also a Mandopop group called "Zhongsan Road 100" (中山路100號) known for singing the song "Our Father of the Nation" (我們國父).[160]

Controversy

New Three Principles of the People

At one time CCP general secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed that Sun Yat-sen advocated a movement known as the "New Three Principles of the People" (新三民主義) which consisted of "working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers" (聯俄, 聯共, 扶助工農).[161][162] In 2001 Lily Sun said that the CCP was distorting Sun's legacy. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history.[161] In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate about the revolution.[161]

KMT emblem removal case

In 1981, Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had been removed from the top of his sacrificial hall at the time of her visit, but was later restored. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had been removed from a stone carving.[161]

Founding father of the nation debate

In 1940, the Republic of China (ROC) government had bestowed the title of "father of the nation" on Sun. However, after 1949, as a result of the Chiang regime's arrival in Taiwan with two million soldiers and martial law, his "father of the nation" designation only continued on in Taiwan.[163]

Sun had visited Taiwan briefly on only three occasions - in 1900, 1913 and 1918 - or four, if counting 1924 when his boat had stopped in Keelung Harbor, but he had not disembarked.[163]

In November 2004, the ROC Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat-sen was not the father of Taiwan. Instead, Sun was a foreigner from mainland China.[164] Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng-sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu-ti [zh], both of whom supported the proposal, had their portraits pelted with eggs in protest.[165] At a Sun Yat-sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70-year-old ROC retired soldier committed suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun's birthday 12 November.[164][165]

Works

  • Kidnapped in London (1897)
  • The Outline of National Reconstruction/Chien Kuo Ta Kang (1918)
  • The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction/Jianguo fanglue (1924)
  • The Principle of Nationalism (1953)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Contrary to popular legends, Sun entered the Legation voluntarily, but was prevented from leaving. The Legation planned to execute him, before returning his body to Beijing for ritual beheading. Cantlie, his former teacher, was refused a writ of habeas corpus because of the Legation's diplomatic immunity, but he began a campaign through The Times. The Foreign Office persuaded the Legation to release Sun through diplomatic channels.[55]

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Further reading

  • Bergère, Marie-Claire (2000). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4011-9. online free to borrow
  • Buck, Pearl S., The Man Who Changed China: The Story of Sun Yat-sen (1953) online, popular biography by famous writer
  • Chen, Stephen, and Robert Payne. Sun Yat Sen A Portrait (1946) online
  • Cheng, Chu-yuan ed. Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine In The Modern World (1989)
  • D'Elia, Paschal M. Sun Yat-sen. His Life and Its Meaning, a Critical Biography (1936)
  • Du, Yue. "Sun Yat-sen as Guofu: Competition over Nationalist Party Orthodoxy in the Second Sino-Japanese War." Modern China 45.2 (2019): 201–235.
  • Jansen, Marius B. The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (1967) online
  • Kayloe, Tjio. The Unfinished Revolution: Sun Yat-Sen and the Struggle for Modern China (2017). excerpt
  • Khoo, Salma Nasution. Sun Yat Sen in Penang (Areca Books, 2008).
  • Lee, Lai To; Lee, Hock Guan, eds. (2011). Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345460.
  • Linebarger, Paul M.A. Political Doctrines Of Sun Yat-sen (1937) online free
  • Martin, Bernard. Sun Yat-sen's vision for China (1966)
  • Restarick, Henry B., Sun Yat-sen, Liberator of China. (Yale UP, 1931)
  • Schiffrin, Harold Z. "The Enigma of Sun Yat-sen" in Mary Wright, ed., China in Revolution: The First Phase 1900-1913 (1968) pp 443–476.
  • Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary (1980)
  • Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the Chinese revolution (1968).
  • Shen, Stephen and Robert Payne. Sun Yat-Sen: A Portrait (1946) online free
  • Soong, Irma Tam. "Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i." The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 31 (1997) online 10 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilbur, Clarence Martin. Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot (Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography online
  • Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future," Asian Survey, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904, online historiography

External links

  • . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  • . Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
  • (in English and Chinese)
  • Sun Yat-sen in Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives
  • Yokohama Overseas Chinese School established by Sun Yat-sen
  • (in English and Chinese)
  • A virtual library on Sun in Hawaii including sources for six visits
  • Who is Homer Lea? Sun's best friend. He trained Chinese soldiers and prepared the frame work for the 1911 Chinese Revolution.
  • Works by Sun Yat-sen at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Sun Yat-sen at Internet Archive
  • Funeral procession for Sun Yat-sen in Chinatown, Los Angeles at the Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Political offices
Preceded byas Emperor of the Qing dynasty Head of state of China
as Provisional President of the Republic of China

1912
Succeeded byas Provisional President of the Republic of China
Preceded by
Office created
Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1917–1918
Succeeded by
Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Himself
as Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1918
Succeeded byas Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Preceded byas Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1920–1921
Succeeded by
Himself
as Extraordinary President of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Extraordinary President of Nationalist China
1921–1922
Succeeded by
Himself
as Generalissimo of the Nationalist China
Preceded by
Office created
Generalissimo of the National Government of Nationalist China
1923–1925
Succeeded by
Hu Hanmin
Acting
Party political offices
Preceded byas President of the Kuomintang Premier of the Kuomintang
1913–1914
Succeeded by
Himself
as Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party
Preceded by
Himself
as Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party
Premier of the Kuomintang of China
1919–1925
Succeeded byas Chairman

redirects, here, female, chinese, footballer, footballer, this, chinese, name, family, name, also, known, several, other, names, november, 1866, march, 1925, chinese, statesman, physician, political, philosopher, served, first, provisional, president, republic. Sun Wen redirects here For the female Chinese footballer see Sun Wen footballer In this Chinese name the family name is Sun Sun Yat sen ˈ s ʌ n ˌ j ae t ˈ s ɛ n also known by several other names 12 November 1866 12 March 1925 3 4 5 was a Chinese statesman physician and political philosopher who served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang Nationalist Party of China He is called the Father of the Nation in the Republic of China and the Forerunner of the Revolution in the People s Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution Sun is unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both Mainland China and Taiwan 6 Father of the Republic of ChinaEternal Premier of the Kuomintang 1 Sun Yat sen孫中山Photograph of Sun Yat sen c 1911Provisional President of the Republic of ChinaIn office 1 January 1912 10 March 1912Vice PresidentLi YuanhongPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byYuan ShikaiPremier of the KuomintangIn office 10 October 1919 12 March 1925Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byZhang Renjie as Chairman Personal detailsBornSun Te ming 孫德明 1866 11 12 12 November 1866Cuiheng Village Hsiangshan County Kwangtung Province Qing EmpireDied12 March 1925 1925 03 12 aged 58 Peking Union Medical College Hospital Peking Republic of ChinaCause of deathGallbladder cancer 2 Resting placeSun Yat sen Mausoleum Nanjing Jiangsu ChinaPolitical partyKuomintangOther politicalaffiliationsChinese Revolutionary PartyChinese United LeagueRevive China SocietySpouse s Lu Muzhen m 1885 div 1915 wbr Kaoru Otsuki m 1903 a 1906 wbr Soong Ching ling m 1915 wbr Domestic partner s Chen Cuifen concubine 1892 1925 Haru Asada concubine 1897 1902 ChildrenSun FoSun YanSun WanFumiko MiyagawaParentsSun Da cheng 孫達成 father Madame Yang mother Alma materHong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese MD Diocesan Boys School Queen s CollegeOccupationPolitician writer physicianAwardsGrand Merit Order awarded by President Yuan Shikai but declined by Sun himself Signature Chinese SignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance ChinaBranch service Republic of China ArmyYears of service1917 1925RankGeneralissimo Grand MarshalBattles warsXinhai Revolution Second Revolution Constitutional Protection Movement Guangdong Guangxi War Warlord EraChinese nameTraditional Chinese孫逸仙Simplified Chinese孙逸仙TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun YixianGwoyeu RomatzyhSun YihshianWade GilesSun1 Yi4 hsien1IPA swe n i ɕjɛ n Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun Yaht sinJyutpingSyun1 Jat6 sin1Hong Kong RomanisationSuen Yat sinIPA sy ːn jɐ t si ːn Southern MinHokkien POJSun E k sianSun Jih hsinTraditional Chinese孫日新Simplified Chinese孙日新TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun RixinGwoyeu RomatzyhSun JihhshinWade GilesSun1 Jih4 hsin1IPA swe n ɻɻ ɕi n Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun Yaht sinJyutpingSyun1 Jat6 san1Hong Kong RomanisationSuen Yat sunIPA sy ːn jɐ t sɐ n Southern MinHokkien POJSun E k sinSun Chung shanTraditional Chinese孫中山Simplified Chinese孙中山TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun ZhōngshanGwoyeu RomatzyhSun JongshanWade GilesSun1 Chung1 shan1IPA swe n ʈʂʊ ŋ ʂa n Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun Jung saanJyutpingSyun1 Zung1 saan1Southern MinHokkien POJSun Tiong sanSun WenTraditional Chinese孫文Simplified Chinese孙文TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun WenYue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun MahnJyutpingSyun1 Man4Sun Tsai chih courtesy name Traditional Chinese孫載之Simplified Chinese孙载之TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun ZaizhiYue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun Joi jiJyutpingSyun1 Zoi3 zi1Sun Te mingTraditional Chinese孫德明Simplified Chinese孙德明TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSun DemingYue CantoneseYale RomanizationSyun Dak mingJyutpingSyun1 Dak1 ming4Wikisource has original text related to this article Author Sun Yat sen Sun is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of modern China but his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile After the success of the revolution in 1911 he quickly resigned as president of the newly founded Republic of China and relinquished it to Yuan Shikai He soon went to exile in Japan for safety but returned to found a revolutionary government in the South as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation In 1923 he invited representatives of the Communist International to Canton Guangzhou to re organize his party and formed a brittle alliance with the Chinese Communist Party He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor Chiang Kai shek in the Northern Expedition He died in Peking Beijing of gallbladder cancer on 12 March 1925 2 Sun s chief legacy is his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People Minzu 民族主義 Minzuzhǔyi or nationalism independence from foreign domination Minquan 民權主義 Minquanzhǔyi or rights of the people sometimes translated as democracy and Minsheng 民生主義 Minshengzhǔyi or people s livelihood sometimes translated as communitarianism or welfare 7 8 9 Contents 1 Names 2 Early years 2 1 Birthplace and early life 2 2 Education years 3 Religious views and Christian baptism 4 Transformation into a revolutionary 4 1 The Four Bandits 4 2 From The Furen Literary Society to The Revive China Society 4 3 Heaven and Earth Society and overseas travels to seek financial support 4 4 First Sino Japanese War 5 First uprising and exile 5 1 The first Guangzhou uprising 5 2 Exile in Japan 6 From failed uprisings to the revolution 6 1 The Huizhou uprising 6 2 Getting support from the Siamese Chinese 6 3 Getting support from the American Chinese 6 4 Unifying forces in the Tongmenghui in Tokyo 6 5 Getting support from the Malayan Chinese 6 6 Uprisings 6 7 Anti Sun factionalism 6 8 1911 revolution 7 Republic of China with multiple governments 7 1 Provisional government 7 2 Beiyang government 7 3 New Nationalist party in 1912 failed Second Revolution and new exile 7 4 Warlords chaos 8 The alliance with the Communist Party and the set up of the Northern Expedition 8 1 Guangzhou militarist government 8 2 KMT CCP cooperation 8 3 Finance concerns 8 4 Final speeches 8 5 Illness and death 9 Legacy 9 1 Power struggle 9 2 Cult of personality 9 3 Father of the Nation 9 4 Forerunner of the revolution 9 5 Economic development 10 Family 11 Cultural references 11 1 Memorials and structures in Asia 11 1 1 Gallery 11 2 Memorials and structures outside of Asia 12 In popular culture 12 1 Opera 12 2 TV series and films 12 3 Performances 13 Controversy 13 1 New Three Principles of the People 13 2 KMT emblem removal case 13 3 Founding father of the nation debate 14 Works 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External linksNames EditMain article Names of Sun Yat sen Silver coin 1 yuan Sun Yat Sen 1927 Sun s genealogical name was Sun Deming Syun Dak mihng 孫德明 4 10 As a child his pet name was Tai Tseung Dai jeuhng 帝象 4 When in school the teacher gave him the name Sun Wen Cantonese Syun Mahn 孫文 which was what Sun called himself for most of his life Sun s courtesy name was Zaizhi Jai ji 載之 and his baptized name was Rixin Yaht san 日新 11 While at school in Hong Kong he got the art name Yat sen Chinese 逸仙 pinyin Yixian 12 Sun Zhongshan 孫中山 Cantonese syun jung saan romanized Chung Shan the most popular of his Chinese names in China is derived from his Japanese name Kikori Nakayama 中山樵 the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki while in hiding in Japan 4 His birthplace city was renamed Zhongshan in his honour probably shortly after his death in 1925 using this name Zhongshan is one of the few cities named after people in China Early years EditBirthplace and early life Edit Sun Te ming was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang 5 His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng Xiangshan County now Zhongshan City Guangdong 5 He had a cultural background of Hakka 13 14 and Cantonese His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau and as a journeyman and a porter 15 After finishing primary education he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei 16 17 18 19 Education years Edit At the age of 10 in Hawaii Sun began seeking schooling 4 He obtained secondary schooling in Hawaii 20 and met his childhood friend Lu Haodong 4 By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling Sun went to live with his elder brother Sun Mei 孫眉 in Honolulu 4 Sun Mei financed Sun Yat sen s education and would later be a major contributor for the overthrow of the Manchus Qing dynasty 16 17 18 19 Sun Yat sen back row fourth from right and his family During his stay in Honolulu Sun Yat sen went to ʻIolani School where he studied English British history mathematics science and Christianity 4 While he was originally unable to speak English Sun Yat sen quickly picked up the language and received a prize for academic achievement from King David Kalakaua before graduating in 1882 21 He then attended Oahu College now known as Punahou School for one semester 4 22 In 1883 he was sent home to China as his brother was becoming worried that Sun Yat sen was beginning to embrace Christianity 4 As Hawaii was being annexed by the United States at the time Sun obtained American citizenship 23 When he returned to China in 1883 at age 17 Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Haodong again at Beijidian 北極殿 a temple in Cuiheng Village 4 They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji literally North Pole Emperor God in the temple and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods 4 They broke the statue incurring the wrath of fellow villagers and escaped to Hong Kong 4 24 25 After arriving in Hong Kong in November 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Eastern Street now the Diocesan Boys School 26 27 and from 15 April 1884 to his graduation in 1886 he was at The Government Central School on Gough Street now Queen s College 28 29 In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G Kerr 4 According to his book Kidnapped in London Sun in 1887 heard of the opening of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong and immediately decided to benefit from the advantages it offered 30 Ultimately he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from there in 1892 4 12 Notably of his class of 12 students Sun was one of only two who graduated 31 32 33 Religious views and Christian baptism EditIn the early 1880s Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School which was under the supervision of the Church of Hawai i and directed by an Anglican prelate named Alfred Willis with the language of instruction being English At the school a young Sun Wen first came in contact with Christianity In his work Schriffin speculated that Christianity was to have a great influence on Sun s future political career 34 Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong on 4 May 1884 by Rev C R Hager 35 36 37 an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States ABCFM to his brother s disdain The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun 38 39 Sun attended To Tsai Church 道濟會堂 founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888 40 while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement 39 Transformation into a revolutionary EditThe Four Bandits Edit Sun second from left and his friends the Four Bandits Yeung Hok ling left Chan Siu bak middle Yau Lit right and Guan Jingliang 關景良 standing at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese circa 1888 During the Qing dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers who were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese 41 Sun who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China citation needed From The Furen Literary Society to The Revive China Society Edit In 1891 Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society 42 The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing In 1894 Sun wrote an 8 000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China 43 44 45 He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience 46 After this experience Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society which was committed to revolutionizing China s prosperity Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates especially from the lower social classes The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society 42 Thereafter Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China Society which Yeung Ku wan headed as president 47 They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name Kuen Hang Club 48 90 乾亨行 49 Heaven and Earth Society and overseas travels to seek financial support Edit A Heaven and Earth Society sect known as Tiandihui had been around for a long time 50 The group has also been referred to as the three cooperating organizations as well as the triads 50 Sun Yat sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution 50 First Sino Japanese War Edit In 1895 China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino Japanese War There were two types of responses One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing 51 Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days Reform 51 In another faction Sun Yat sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation state in the form of a republic 51 The Hundred Days reform turned out to be a failure by 1898 52 First uprising and exile EditThe first Guangzhou uprising Edit Plaque in London marking the site of a house at 4 Warwick Court WC1 where Sun Yat sen lived while in exile Letter from Sun Yat sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China dated 21 January 1912 In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China Society on 26 October 1895 the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou 44 Yeung Ku wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong 47 However plans were leaked out and more than 70 members including Lu Haodong were captured by the Qing government The uprising was a failure Sun received financial support mostly from his brother who sold most of his 12 000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii 16 Additionally members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in Kula Maui 16 17 18 19 53 Exile in Japan Edit While in exile in London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1896 Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China While the events leading up to it are unclear Sun Yat sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to smuggle him back to China to execute him for his revolutionary actions 54 He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie The Globe The Times and the Foreign Office leaving Sun a hero in the UK note 1 James Cantlie Sun s former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun 56 Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention titled Kidnapped in London 30 Sun traveled by way of Canada to Japan to begin his exile there he arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan Asian opposition to Western imperialism 57 While in Japan Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic 58 During the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino American War Sun helped Ponce procure weapons salvaged from the Japanese military and ship the weapons to the Philippines By helping the Philippine Republic Sun hoped that the Filipinos would win their independence so that he could use the archipelago as a staging point of another revolution However as the war ended in July 1902 the United States emerged victorious from a bitter 3 year war against the Republic Therefore the Filipino dream of independence vanished with Sun s hopes of allying with the Philippines in his revolution in China 59 From failed uprisings to the revolution EditThe Huizhou uprising Edit On 22 October 1900 Sun ordered the launch of the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong 60 This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising This time Sun appealed to the triads for help 61 This uprising was also a failure Miyazaki who participated in the revolt with Sun wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title 33 year dream 三十三年之夢 in 1902 62 63 Getting support from the Siamese Chinese Edit In 1903 Sun made a secret trip to Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia His loyal followers published newspapers providing invaluable support to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among Siamese Chinese in Siam In Bangkok Sun visited Yaowarat Road in Bangkok s Chinatown It was on this street that Sun gave a speech claiming that overseas Chinese were the Mother of the Revolution He also met local Chinese merchants Seow Houtseng 64 who sent financial support to him Sun s speech on Yaowarat Street was commemorated by the street later being named Sun Yat Sen Street or Soi Sun Yat Sen Thai sxysunytesn in his honour 65 Getting support from the American Chinese Edit According to Lee Yun ping chairman of the Chinese historical society Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him 66 In March 1904 while residing in Kula Maui Sun Yat sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth issued by the Territory of Hawaii stating that he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November A D 1870 67 68 He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 68 Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality moved to China with his family at age 4 and returned to Hawaii 10 years later 69 On 6 April 1904 on his first attempt to enter the United States Sun Yat sen landed in San Francisco He was detained and faced with possible deportation 66 Sun represented by the law firm of Ralston amp Siddons based in Washington D C filed an appeal with the Commissioner General of Immigration on 26 April 1904 On 28 April 1904 the acting secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor in a four page decision contained in the case file set aside the order of deportation and ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to permit the said Sun Yat sen to land Sun was then freed to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States 66 Unifying forces in the Tongmenghui in Tokyo Edit Main article Tongmenghui A letter with Sun s seal commencing the Tongmenghui in Hong Kong In 1904 Sun Yat sen came about with the goal to expel the Tatar barbarians specifically the Manchu to revive Zhonghua to establish a Republic and to distribute land equally among the people 驅除韃虜 恢復中華 創立民國 平均地權 70 One of Sun s major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People These Principles included the principle of nationalism minzu 民族 of democracy minquan 民權 and of welfare minsheng 民生 70 On 20 August 1905 Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group Tongmenghui United League which sponsored uprisings in China 70 71 By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 70 Getting support from the Malayan Chinese Edit Main article Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun s items and photos The Sun Yat sen Museum in George Town Penang Malaysia where he planned the Xinhai Revolution 72 Sun s notability and popularity extended beyond the Greater China region particularly to Nanyang Southeast Asia where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya Malaysia and Singapore While in Singapore he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock 張永福 Tan Chor Nam 陳楚楠 and Lim Nee Soon 林義順 which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906 73 though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905 73 The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan 73 74 At this point Singapore was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui 73 Thus after founding the Tongmenghui Sun advocated the establishment of The Chong Shing Yit Pao as the alliance s mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas Later he initiated the establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia in order to disseminate revolutionary ideas among the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories The United Chinese Library founded on 8 August 1910 was one such reading club first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay 75 citation needed The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning 51 Armenian Street commenced operations in 1912 The library was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese Republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries In 1987 the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road But the Armenian Street building is still intact with the plaque at its entrance with Sun Yat Sen s words With an initial membership of over 400 the library has about 180 members today Although the United Chinese Library with 102 years of history was not the only reading club in Singapore during the time today it is the only one of its kind remaining citation needed Uprisings Edit On 1 December 1907 Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam 76 The uprising failed after seven days of fighting 76 77 In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising 73 In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin lian uprising and Hekou uprising 73 Anti Sun factionalism Edit Because of these failures Sun s leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader In Tokyo members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun s credentials 73 Tao Chengzhang 陶成章 and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called A declaration of Sun Yat sen s criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia 73 This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao 73 78 Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains 73 The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro Sun and anti Sun camps 73 Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution 73 However by 19 July 1910 the Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti Sun activities 73 It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese daily newspaper the Kwong Wah Yit Poh in December 1910 76 1911 revolution Edit Main articles Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution The Revolutionary Army of the Wuchang uprising fighting in the Battle of Yangxia To sponsor more uprisings Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya 79 The high powered Preparatory Meeting of Sun s supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh Singapore at the villa of Teh Lay Seng chairman of Tungmenghui to raise funds for the Huanghuagang Uprising a k a the Yellow Flower Mound Uprising 80 The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng Wong I Ek Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong 81 The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula 79 They raised HK 187 000 79 On 27 April 1911 revolutionary Huang Xing led a Second Guangzhou Uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing The revolt failed and ended in disaster the bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were identified 86 were found 82 The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs 82 On 10 October 1911 a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the Chinese Revolution to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi 83 Sun had no direct involvement in it as he was in Denver Colorado at that time having spent much of the year in the US in search of support from ethnic Chinese there So it was Huang who was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China On 12 October 1911 when Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports he returned to China from the United States accompanied by his closest foreign advisor the American General Homer Lea he had met in London where they unsuccessfully tried to arrange British financing for the future Chinese republic Sun and Lea sailed for China arriving there on 21 December 1911 84 Republic of China with multiple governments EditProvisional government Edit Main article Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1912 Portrait of Sun Yat sen 1921 Li Tiefu Oil on Canvas 93 71 7cm On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking Nanjing elected Sun Yat sen as the provisional president 臨時大總統 85 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic 86 Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive even after a series of failed uprisings His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits Beiyang government Edit Main article Beiyang government Yuan Shikai who controlled the Beiyang Army the military of northern China was promised the position of president of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate 87 On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne 86 Sun stepped down as president and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912 87 The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own Its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing Sun Yat sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912 88 In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai 89 Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan s ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government New Nationalist party in 1912 failed Second Revolution and new exile Edit Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the mergers of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Kuomintang Chinese nationalist party commonly abbreviated as KMT on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing 89 The 1912 1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats 87 89 In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated almost certainly by a secret order of Yuan on 20 March 1913 87 The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan s forces of about 80 000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913 90 The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful In August 1913 Sun Yat sen fled to Japan where he later enlisted financial aid via politician and industrialist Fusanosuke Kuhara 91 Warlords chaos Edit In 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China with himself as Emperor of China Sun took part in the Anti Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International a socialist based organization in Paris asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world s first socialist republic 92 and in the same year received Indian communist M N Roy as a guest 93 At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be In the political mess both Sun Yat sen and Xu Shichang were announced as president of the Republic of China 94 The alliance with the Communist Party and the set up of the Northern Expedition EditFurther information Northern Expedition Guangzhou militarist government Edit L R Liao Zhongkai Chiang Kai shek Sun Yat sen and Soong Ching ling at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 China had become divided among regional military leaders Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1916 to advocate Chinese reunification In 1921 he started a self proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal 95 Between 1912 and 1927 three governments were set up in South China the Provisional government in Nanjing 1912 the Military government in Guangzhou 1921 1925 and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan 1925 1927 96 These governments in the South were established to rival the Beiyang government in the North 95 Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung kuo Kuomintang or Nationalist Party of China 89 KMT CCP cooperation Edit Sun Yat sen seated and Chiang Kai shek By this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy In order to hasten the conquest of China he began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party CCP Sun and the Soviet Union s Adolph Joffe signed the Sun Joffe Manifesto in January 1923 6 Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation and also congratulated him for fighting foreign imperialism 97 98 99 Sun also returned the praise calling Lenin a great man and indicated he wished to follow the same path that Lenin had 100 In 1923 after having been in contact with Lenin and other Moscow communists Sun sent representatives to study the Red Army and in turn the Soviets sent representatives to help reorganize the KMT at Sun s request 101 With the Soviets help Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army NRA 102 Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors This full collaboration was called the First United Front Finance concerns Edit In 1924 Sun appointed his brother in law T V Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank 103 To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT 104 However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him Final speeches Edit Sun seated right and his wife Soong Ching ling seated next to him in Kobe Japan in 1924 In February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary 105 106 This same year he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China On 10 November 1924 Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a national conference for the Chinese people It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers 107 Two days later he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords Among the people he met was the Muslim warlord General Ma Fuxiang who informed Sun that he would welcome his leadership 108 On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan Asianism at Kobe Japan 109 Illness and death Edit For many years it was popularly believed that Sun died of liver cancer On 26 January 1925 Sun underwent an exploratory laparotomy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital PUMCH to investigate a long term illness This was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery Adrian S Taylor who stated that the procedure revealed extensive involvement of the liver by carcinoma and that Sun only had about ten days to live Sun was hospitalized and his condition was treated with radium 110 Sun survived the initial ten day period and on 18 February against the advice of doctors he was transferred to the KMT headquarters and treated with traditional Chinese medicine This too was unsuccessful and he died on 12 March at the age of 58 111 Contemporary reports in The New York Times 111 Time 112 and the Chinese newspaper Qun Qiang Bao all reported the cause of death as liver cancer based on Taylor s observation 113 Following this the body then was preserved in mineral oil 114 and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing 115 He also left a short political will 總理遺囑 penned by Wang Jingwei which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the Republic of China and Taiwan 116 In 1926 construction began on a majestic mausoleum at the foot of Purple Mountain in Nanjing and this was completed in the spring of 1929 On 1 June 1929 Sun s remains were moved from Beijing and interred in the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum By pure chance in May 2016 an American pathologist named Rolf F Barth was visiting the Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou when he noticed a faded copy of the original autopsy report on display The autopsy was performed immediately after Sun s death by James Cash a pathologist at PUMCH Based on a tissue sample Cash concluded that the cause of death was an adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder that had metastasized to the liver In modern China liver cancer is far more common than gallbladder cancer and although the incidence rates of either in 1925 are not known if one assumes that they were similar at that time then the original diagnosis by Taylor was a logical conclusion From the time of Sun s death until the appearance of Barth s report 110 in the Chinese Journal of Cancer in September 2016 the true cause of death of Sun Yat sen was not reported in any English language publication Even in Chinese language sources it only appeared in one non medical online report in 2013 110 117 Legacy EditPower struggle Edit Chinese generals at the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum in 1928 after the Northern Expedition From right Cheng Jin 何成浚 Zhang Zuobao 張作寶 Chen Diaoyuan 陳調元 Chiang Kai shek Woo Tsin hang Yan Xishan Ma Fuxiang Ma Sida 馬四達 and Bai Chongxi After Sun s death a power struggle between his young protege Chiang Kai shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun s ambiguous legacy In 1927 Chiang Kai shek married Soong Mei ling a sister of Sun s widow Soong Ching ling and subsequently he could claim to be a brother in law of Sun When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927 marking the start of the Chinese Civil War each group claimed to be his true heirs a conflict that continued through World War II Sun s widow Soong Ching ling sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as vice president or vice chairwoman of the People s Republic of China and as honorary president shortly before her death in 1981 citation needed Cult of personality Edit A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun s portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God 118 Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used among Hui Muslims to justify Chiang Kai shek s rule over China 119 The Kuomintang s constitution designated Sun as party president After his death the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever The party has since been headed by a director general 1927 1975 and a chairman since 1975 which discharge the functions of the president citation needed Father of the Nation Edit Statue in the Mausoleum Kuomintang flag on the ceiling Sun Yat sen remains unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan In Taiwan he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation Mr Sun Zhongshan Chinese 國父 孫中山先生 where the one character space is a traditional homage symbol 10 His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools from elementary to senior high school and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency citation needed Forerunner of the revolution Edit On the mainland Sun is seen as a Chinese nationalist proto socialist first president of a Republican China and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution 革命先行者 6 He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People s Republic of China In recent years the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party has increasingly invoked Sun partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence Sun s tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan blue visit to mainland China in 2005 120 A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day In 1956 Mao Zedong said Let us pay tribute to our great revolutionary forerunner Dr Sun Yat sen he bequeathed to us much that is useful in the sphere of political thought 121 122 Economic development Edit Sun Yat sen spent years in Hawaii as a student in the late 1870s and early 1880s and was highly impressed with the economic development he saw there He used the independent Kingdom of Hawaii as a model to develop his vision of a technologically modern and politically independent and actively anti imperialist China 123 Sun Yat sen was an important pioneer of international development proposing in the 1920s international institutions of the sort that appeared after World War II He focused on China with its vast potential and weak base of mostly local entrepreneurs 124 His key proposal was socialism He proposed The State will take over all the large enterprises we shall encourage and protect enterprises which may reasonably be entrusted to the people the nation will possess equality with other nations every Chinese will be equal to every other Chinese both politically and in his opportunities of economic advancement 125 He also proposed If we use existing foreign capital to build up a future communist society in China half the work will bring double the results 126 127 128 and It is my idea to make capitalism create socialism in China 129 130 Sun promoted the ideas of economist Henry George and was influenced by his ideas on land ownership 131 132 Family EditMain article Family tree of Sun Yat sen Lu Muzhen Sun s first wife Kaoru Otsuki Sun s Japanese teenage wife Fumiko daughter of Sun and Kaoru Sun Yat sen was born to Sun Dacheng 孫達成 and his wife Lady Yang 楊氏 on 12 November 1866 133 At the time his father was age 53 while his mother was 38 years old He had an older brother Sun Dezhang 孫德彰 and an older sister Sun Jinxing 孫金星 who died at the early age of 4 Another older brother Sun Deyou 孫德祐 died at the age of 6 He also had an older sister Sun Miaoqian 孫妙茜 and a younger sister Sun Qiuqi 孫秋綺 32 At age 20 Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen She bore a son Sun Fo and two daughters Sun Jinyuan 孫金媛 and Sun Jinwan 孫金婉 32 Sun Fo was the grandfather of Leland Sun who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman 134 Sun Yat sen was also the godfather of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger American author and poet who wrote under the name Cordwainer Smith Sun s first concubine the Hong Kong born Chen Cuifen lived in Taiping Perak now in Malaysia for 17 years The couple adopted a local girl as their daughter Cuifen subsequently relocated to China where she died 135 During Sun s exile in Japan he had relationships with two Japanese women 15 year old Haru Asada whom he took as a concubine up to her death in 1902 and another 15 year old school girl Kaoru Otsuki whom Sun married in 1905 and abandoned the next year while she was pregnant 136 Otsuki later had their daughter Fumiko adopted by the Miyagawa family in Yokohama who did not discover her parentage until 1951 136 26 years after Sun s death On 25 October 1915 in Japan Sun married Soong Ching ling one of the Soong sisters 32 137 Soong Ching ling s father was the American educated Methodist minister Charles Soong who made a fortune in banking and in printing of Bibles Although Charles had been a personal friend of Sun he was enraged when Sun announced his intention to marry Ching ling because while Sun was a Christian he kept two wives Lu Muzhen and Kaoru Otsuki Soong viewed Sun s actions as running directly against their shared religion Soong Ching Ling s sister Soong Mei ling later married Chiang Kai shek Cultural references EditMemorials and structures in Asia Edit Aerial perspective of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in central Singapore Taken in 2016 In most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu 中山路 to celebrate his memory There are also numerous parks schools and geographical features named after him Xiangshan Sun s hometown in Guangdong was renamed Zhongshan in his honor and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing There are also a series of Sun Yat sen stamps Other references to Sun include the Sun Yat sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat sen University in Kaohsiung Other structures include Sun Yat sen Mausoleum Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall subway station Sun Yat sen house in Nanjing Dr Sun Yat sen Museum in Hong Kong Chung Shan Building Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in Singapore Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat sen expressway Two ships are also named after him the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen The old Chinatown in Calcutta now known as Kolkata India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat sen street In Russia a village in Mikhaylovsky District of Primorsky Krai was named Sunyatsenskoe in honor of him There are streets named after him in Astrakhan Ufa and Aldan There was a street that was named after Sun in the Russian city of Omsk until 2005 when it was renamed in honor of the recipient of the title Hero of Soviet Union Mikhail Ivanovich Leonov 138 139 140 141 In George Town Penang Malaysia the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910 during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang convened the historic Penang Conference to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the Kwong Wah Yit Poh this house which has been preserved as the Sun Yat sen Museum formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base was visited by president designate Hu Jintao in 2002 The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat sen Memorial Centre Penang As dedication the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun s birthday on 12 November 142 The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall 74 A Sun Yat sen heritage trail was also launched on 20 November 2010 in Penang 143 Sun s US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011 144 A street in Medan Indonesia is named Jalan Sun Yat Sen in honour of him 145 A street named Ton Dật Tien Sino Vietnamese name for Sun Yat Sen is located in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam A street named Sun Yat Sen in Kolkata Calcutta at Tiretti BazarThe Trail of Dr Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh 146 was established in 2019 based on the book Road to Revolution Dr Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh 147 Gallery Edit Mausoleum of Sun Yat sen Nanjing Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Guangzhou Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Taipei Sun Yat sen Memorial Centre George Town Penang Malaysia A marker on the Sun Yat sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong IslandMemorials and structures outside of Asia Edit Sun Yat Sen monument in Chinatown area of Los Angeles California Sun Yat Sen sculpture by Joe Rosenthal at Riverdale Park in Toronto Ontario St John s University in New York City has a facility built in 1973 the Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall built to resemble a traditional Chinese building in honor of Sun 148 Dr Sun Yat Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia There is the Dr Sun Yat sen Memorial Park in Chinatown Honolulu 149 On the island of Maui there is the little Sun Yat sen Park at Kamaole It is located near to where his older brother had a ranch on the slopes of Haleakala in the Kula region 17 18 19 53 In Chinatown Los Angeles there is a seated statue of him in Central Plaza 150 In Sacramento California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento Another statue of Sun Yat sen by Joe Rosenthal can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto Ontario Canada and there is another statue in Toronto s downtown Chinatown There is also the Moscow Sun Yat sen University In Chinatown San Francisco there is a 12 foot statue of him on Saint Mary s Square 151 In late 2011 the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China unveiled in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony a memorial statue of Sun outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne s Chinatown on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends 152 Sun Yat Sen plaza in the Chinese Quarter of Montreal Quebec Canada In 1993 Lily Sun one of Sun Yat sen s granddaughters donated books photographs artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi olani Community College library as part of the Sun Yat sen Asian collection 153 During October and November every year the entire collection is shown 153 In 1997 the Dr Sun Yat sen Hawaii foundation was formed online as a virtual library 153 In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored Zhongshan 154 The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine and is situated on the site of Sun s lodgings in London in 1896 8 Grays Inn Place There is also a blue plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels Cottered Hertfordshire the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896 citation needed A street named Sun Yat Sen Avenue is located in Markham Ontario This is the first such street name outside of Asia citation needed In popular culture EditOpera Edit Sun Yat sen tribute in Tiananmen Square 2010 Dr Sun Yat sen 155 中山逸仙 ZhōngShan yi xian is a 2011 Chinese language western style opera in three acts by the New York based American composer Huang Ruo who was born in China and is a graduate of Oberlin College s Conservatory as well as the Juilliard School The libretto was written by Candace Mui ngam Chong a recent collaborator with playwright David Henry Hwang 156 It was performed in Hong Kong in October 2011 and was given its North American premiere on 26 July 2014 at The Santa Fe Opera TV series and films Edit The life of Sun is portrayed in various films mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat sen In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911 Winston Chao played Sun 157 In Space Above and Beyond one of the starships of the China Navy is named the Sun Yat sen 158 Performances Edit In 2010 a theatrical play Yellow Flower on Slopes 斜路黃花 was created and performed 159 In 2011 there is also a Mandopop group called Zhongsan Road 100 中山路100號 known for singing the song Our Father of the Nation 我們國父 160 Controversy EditNew Three Principles of the People Edit At one time CCP general secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed that Sun Yat sen advocated a movement known as the New Three Principles of the People 新三民主義 which consisted of working with the soviets working with the communists and helping the farmers 聯俄 聯共 扶助工農 161 162 In 2001 Lily Sun said that the CCP was distorting Sun s legacy She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history 161 In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US 10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate about the revolution 161 KMT emblem removal case Edit In 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat sen mausoleum in Nanjing People s Republic of China The emblem of the KMT had been removed from the top of his sacrificial hall at the time of her visit but was later restored On another visit in May 2011 she was surprised to find the four characters General Rules of Meetings 會議通則 a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert s Rules of Order had been removed from a stone carving 161 Founding father of the nation debate Edit In 1940 the Republic of China ROC government had bestowed the title of father of the nation on Sun However after 1949 as a result of the Chiang regime s arrival in Taiwan with two million soldiers and martial law his father of the nation designation only continued on in Taiwan 163 Sun had visited Taiwan briefly on only three occasions in 1900 1913 and 1918 or four if counting 1924 when his boat had stopped in Keelung Harbor but he had not disembarked 163 In November 2004 the ROC Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat sen was not the father of Taiwan Instead Sun was a foreigner from mainland China 164 Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu ti zh both of whom supported the proposal had their portraits pelted with eggs in protest 165 At a Sun Yat sen statue in Kaohsiung a 70 year old ROC retired soldier committed suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun s birthday 12 November 164 165 Works EditKidnapped in London 1897 The Outline of National Reconstruction Chien Kuo Ta Kang 1918 The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction Jianguo fanglue 1924 The Principle of Nationalism 1953 See also Edit China portal Taiwan portal Biography portalChiang Kai shek History of the Republic of China Politics of the Republic of China Sun Yat sen Museum Penang United States Constitution and worldwide influence Zhongshan suit Kuomintang Three Principles of the PeopleNotes Edit Contrary to popular legends Sun entered the Legation voluntarily but was prevented from leaving The Legation planned to execute him before returning his body to Beijing for ritual beheading Cantlie his former teacher was refused a writ of habeas corpus because of the Legation s diplomatic immunity but he began a campaign through The Times The Foreign Office persuaded the Legation to release Sun through diplomatic channels 55 References Edit 中國國民黨大事記 中國國民黨全球資訊網 KMT Global Info Web in Chinese Taiwan Archived from the original on 2 August 2009 Retrieved 26 July 2009 a b Barth Rolf F Chen Jie 2 September 2016 What did Sun Yat sen really die of A re assessment of his illness and the cause of his death Chinese Journal of Cancer 35 1 81 doi 10 1186 s40880 016 0144 9 PMC 5009495 PMID 27586157 Steinberg Jessica 10 February 2021 China s century old support for Zionism surfaces in letter The Times of Israel Retrieved 11 August 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Singtao daily Saturday edition 23 October 2010 特別策劃 section A18 Sun Yat sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition 民國之父 a b c Chronology of Dr Sun Yat sen National Dr Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 12 March 2014 a b c Tung William L 1968 1968 The political institutions of modern China Springer publishing ISBN 9789024705528 p 92 P106 Three Principles of the People Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 May 2017 Schoppa Keith R 2000 2000 The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History Columbia university press ISBN 0231500378 ISBN 9780231500371 pp 73 165 186 Sun Yat sen 3 August 1924 三民主義 民生主義 第一講 Three Principles of the People People s living Lecture 1 國父全集 Complete collection of the National Father s scripts 中山學術資料庫系統 in Traditional Chinese pp 0129 0145 Retrieved 30 December 2019 我們國民黨提倡民生主義 已經有了二十多年 不講社會主義 祇講民生主義 社會主義和民生主義的範圍是甚麼關係呢 近來美國有一位馬克思的信徒威廉氏 深究馬克思的主義 見得自己同門互相紛爭 一定是馬克思學說還有不充分的地方 所以他便發表意見 說馬克思以物質為歷史的重心是不對的 社會問題才是歷史的重心 而社會問題中又以生存為重心 那才是合理 民生問題就是生存問題 a b Wang Ermin 王爾敏 April 2011 思想創造時代 孫中山與中華民國 Showwe Information Co Ltd p 274 ISBN 978 986 221 707 8 Wang Shounan 王壽南 2007 Sun Zhong san Commercial Press Taiwan p 23 ISBN 978 957 05 2156 6 a b 游梓翔 2006 領袖的聲音 兩岸領導人政治語藝批評 1906 2006 Wu Nan Book Inc p 82 ISBN 978 957 11 4268 5 门杰丹 4 December 2003 浓浓乡情系中原 访孙中山先生孙女孙穗芳博士 Central Plains Nostalgia Interview with Dr Sun Suifang granddaughter of Sun Yat sen China News in Chinese Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Translate this Chinese article to English Bohr P Richard 2009 Did the Hakka Save China Ethnicity Identity and Minority Status in China s Modern Transformation Headwaters 26 3 16 Sun Yat sen Stanford University Press 1998 p 24 ISBN 978 0 8047 4011 1 a b c d Kubota Gary 20 August 2017 Students from China study Sun Yat sen on Maui Star Advertiser Honolulu Retrieved 21 August 2017 a b c d KHON web staff 3 June 2013 Chinese government officials attend Sun Mei statue unveiling on Maui KHON2 Honolulu Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 Retrieved 21 August 2017 a b c d Sun Yat sen Memorial Park Hawaii Guide Retrieved 21 August 2017 a b c d Sun Yet Sen Park County of Maui Retrieved 21 August 2017 permanent dead link Gonschor Lorenz 2 January 2017 Revisiting the Hawaiian Influence on the Political Thought of Sun Yat sen The Journal of Pacific History 52 1 52 67 doi 10 1080 00223344 2017 1319128 ISSN 0022 3344 S2CID 157738017 Dr Sun Yat Sen class of 1882 ʻIolani School website Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Brannon John 16 August 2007 Chinatown park statue honor Sun Yat sen Honolulu Star Bulletin Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 Retrieved 17 August 2007 Sun graduated from Iolani School in 1882 then attended Oahu College now known as Punahou School for one semester Mair Victor H Sanping Sanping Wood Frances 2013 Chinese Lives The people who made a civilization London Thames amp Hudson p 200 ISBN 9780500251928 基督教與近代中國革命起源 以孫中山為例 Big5 chinanews com 89 Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 Retrieved 26 September 2011 歷史與空間 基督教與近代中國革命的起源 以孫中山為例 香港文匯報 Paper wenweipo com 2 April 2011 Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 Retrieved 26 September 2011 Central and Western Heritage Trail Archived from the original on 9 July 2021 Retrieved 6 July 2021 The Diocesan Home and Orphanage 孫中山史蹟徑 17 November 2017 Retrieved 6 July 2021 中山史蹟徑一日遊 Lcsd gov hk Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 Retrieved 26 September 2011 The Government Central School 孫中山史蹟徑 14 January 2018 Retrieved 6 July 2021 a b Yat sen Sun Chapter I The Imbroglio Kidnapped in London HK university 2002 2002 Growing with Hong Kong the 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10 1186 s40880 016 0144 9 ISSN 1944 446X PMC 5009495 PMID 27586157 a b Dr Sun Yat sen Dies in Peking The New York Times 12 March 1925 Retrieved 28 December 2017 Lost Leader Time 23 March 1925 Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 Retrieved 3 August 2008 A year ago his death was prematurely announced but it was not until last January that he was taken to the Rockefeller Hospital at Peking and declared to be in the advanced stages of cancer of the liver Sharman L 1968 1934 Sun Yat sen His life and times Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 305 306 310 Bullock M B 2011 The oil prince s legacy Rockefeller philanthropy in China Redwood City CA Stanford University Press p 81 ISBN 978 0 8047 7688 2 Leinwand Gerald 9 September 2002 1927 High Tide of the 1920s Basic Books p 101 ISBN 978 1 56858 245 0 Retrieved 29 December 2017 國父遺囑 Founding Father s Will Vincent s Calligraphy Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 Retrieved 14 May 2016 Clinical record copies from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital decrypt the real cause of death of Sun Yat sen Nanfang Daily in Chinese 11 November 2013 Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 28 December 2017 Uradyn Erden Bulag 2002 Dilemmas The Mongols at China s edge history and the politics of national unity Rowman amp Littlefield p 51 ISBN 0 7425 1144 8 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Stephane A Dudoignon Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi 2006 Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world transmission transformation communication Taylor amp Francis p 134 375 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Rosecrance Richard N Stein Arthur A 2006 2006 No more states globalization national self determination and terrorism Rowman amp Littlefield publishing ISBN 0 7425 3944 X 9780742539440 pg 269 Selected Works of Mao Tse Tung Volume 5 Volume 5 2014 p 333 Dimitrakis Panagiotis 2017 The Secret War for China Espionage Revolution and the Rise of Mao Bloomsbury Publishing p 4 Lorenz Gonschor Revisiting the Hawaiian Influence on the Political Thought of Sun Yat sen Journal of Pacific History 52 1 2017 52 67 Eric Helleiner Sun Yat sen as a Pioneer of International Development History of Political Economy 50 S1 2018 76 93 Stephen Shen and Robert Payne Sun Yat Sen A Portrait 1946 p 182 Unger Jonathan 2015 Using the Past to Serve the Present Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China Routledge p 248 Godley Michael R 1987 Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 18 18 109 125 doi 10 2307 2158585 JSTOR 2158585 S2CID 155947428 The Far East in the Modern World Dryden Press 1975 p 384 Westad Odd Arne 2012 Restless Empire China and the World Since 1750 Random House p 155 France Malone Derek 2011 Political Dissent A Global Reader Modern Sources Lexington Books p 175 Sun Yat sen Stanford University Press 1998 p 168 Peng Chun 2018 Rural Land Takings Law in Modern China Origin and Evolution Cambridge University Press p 135 孫中山學術研究資訊網 國父的家世與求學 Dr Sun Yat sen s family background and schooling sun yatsen gov tw sun yatsen gov tw in Chinese 16 November 2005 Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 Retrieved 2 October 2011 Sun Yat sen s descendant wants to see unified China News xinhuanet com 11 September 2011 Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 Retrieved 2 October 2011 Antong Cafe The Oldest Coffee Mill in Malaysia Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 Retrieved 12 January 2018 a b Correspondent Our Japan Revolution www asiasentinel com Retrieved 31 January 2022 Isaac F Marcosson Turbulent Years 1938 p 249 Rossiya Astrahanskaya oblast Astrahan ulica Sun Yat Sena mapdata ru Retrieved 11 October 2020 Rossiya Bashkortostan Ufa ulica Sun Yat Sena mapdata ru Retrieved 11 October 2020 Rossiya Yakutiya Aldanskij ulus Aldan ulica Sun yat Sena mapdata ru Retrieved 11 October 2020 YuBILEJNYE PEREIMENOVANIYa omsknews ru 16 May 2005 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Guy Nancy 2005 2005 Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 02973 9 pg 67 Sun Yet Sen Penang Base News 17 Sunyatsenpenang com 19 November 2010 Retrieved 2 October 2011 dead link Sun Yat sen s US birth certificate to be shown Taipei Times 2 October 2011 p 3 Retrieved 8 October 2011 Google Maps Retrieved 6 December 2015 Kaur Manjit 2 January 2020 On the trail of Sun Yat Sen and comrades The Star Chan Sue Meng 2013 Road to Revolution Dr Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh Singapore Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall ISBN 9789810782092 Queens Campus www youvisit com Archived from the original on 18 May 2017 Retrieved 23 June 2017 City to Dedicate Statue and Rename Park to Honor Dr Sun Yat Sen The City and County of Honolulu 12 November 2007 Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 Retrieved 9 April 2010 Sun Yat sen Retrieved 6 December 2015 St Mary s Square in San Francisco Chinatown The largest chinatown outside of Asia Retrieved 6 December 2015 Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne www cysm org Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2012 a b c Char Asian Pacific Study Room Library kcc hawaii edu 23 June 2009 Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 Retrieved 26 September 2011 Mars Exploration Rover Mission Press Release Images Spirit Marsrover nasa gov Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 Retrieved 2 October 2011 Opera Dr Sun Yat sen to stage in Hong Kong News xinhuanet com 7 September 2011 Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 Retrieved 8 July 2013 Gerard Raymond Between East and West An Interview with David Henry Hwang on slantmagazine com 28 October 2011 Commemoration of 1911 Revolution mounting in China News xinhuanet com Archived from the original on 26 November 2013 Retrieved 2 October 2011 Space Above and Beyond s01e22 Episode Script SS www springfieldspringfield co uk Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 斜路黃花 向革命者致意 in Traditional Chinese Takungpao com Retrieved 12 October 2011 dead link 元智大學管理學院 in Traditional Chinese Cm yzu edu tw Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 Retrieved 26 September 2011 a b c d Kenneth Tan 3 October 2011 Granddaughter of Sun Yat Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy Shanghaiist Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 Retrieved 8 October 2011 国父孙女轰中共扭曲三民主义愚民 多维新闻网 in Chinese China dwnews com 1 October 2011 Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 Retrieved 8 October 2011 a b Is Sun Yat sen the founding father Taipei Times Archived from the original on 29 December 2019 Retrieved 9 November 2022 a b 人民网 孙中山遭辱骂 台独 想搞 台湾国父 People s Daily Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 Retrieved 12 October 2011 a b Chiu Hei yuan 5 October 2011 History should be based on facts Taipei Times p 8 Further reading EditBergere Marie Claire 2000 Sun Yat sen Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 4011 9 online free to borrow Buck Pearl S The Man Who Changed China The Story of Sun Yat sen 1953 online popular biography by famous writer Chen Stephen and Robert Payne Sun Yat Sen A Portrait 1946 online Cheng Chu yuan ed Sun Yat sen s Doctrine In The Modern World 1989 D Elia Paschal M Sun Yat sen His Life and Its Meaning a Critical Biography 1936 Du Yue Sun Yat sen as Guofu Competition over Nationalist Party Orthodoxy in the Second Sino Japanese War Modern China 45 2 2019 201 235 Jansen Marius B The Japanese and Sun Yat sen 1967 online Kayloe Tjio The Unfinished Revolution Sun Yat Sen and the Struggle for Modern China 2017 excerpt Khoo Salma Nasution Sun Yat Sen in Penang Areca Books 2008 Lee Lai To Lee Hock Guan eds 2011 Sun Yat Sen Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 9789814345460 Linebarger Paul M A Political Doctrines Of Sun Yat sen 1937 online free Martin Bernard Sun Yat sen s vision for China 1966 Restarick Henry B Sun Yat sen Liberator of China Yale UP 1931 Schiffrin Harold Z The Enigma of Sun Yat sen in Mary Wright ed China in Revolution The First Phase 1900 1913 1968 pp 443 476 Schiffrin Harold Z Sun Yat sen Reluctant Revolutionary 1980 Schiffrin Harold Z Sun Yat sen and the origins of the Chinese revolution 1968 Shen Stephen and Robert Payne Sun Yat Sen A Portrait 1946 online free Soong Irma Tam Sun Yat sen s Christian Schooling in Hawai i The Hawaiian Journal of History vol 31 1997 online Archived 10 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Wilbur Clarence Martin Sun Yat sen frustrated patriot Columbia University Press 1976 a major scholarly biography online Yu George T The 1911 Revolution Past Present and Future Asian Survey 31 10 1991 pp 895 904 online historiographyExternal links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Sun Yat sen Sun Yat Sen Nanyang memorial hall Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 Retrieved 7 May 2015 Doctor Sun Yat Sen memorial hall Archived from the original on 29 August 2005 Retrieved 1 July 2005 ROC Government Biography in English and Chinese Sun Yat sen in Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Libraries Digital Initiatives Contemporary views of Sun among overseas Chinese Yokohama Overseas Chinese School established by Sun Yat sen National Dr Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Official Website in English and Chinese Homer Lea Research Center Dr Sun Yat Sen Foundation of Hawaii A virtual library on Sun in Hawaii including sources for six visits Who is Homer Lea Sun s best friend He trained Chinese soldiers and prepared the frame work for the 1911 Chinese Revolution Works by Sun Yat sen at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sun Yat sen at Internet Archive Funeral procession for Sun Yat sen in Chinatown Los Angeles at the Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive Collection 1429 UCLA Library Special Collections Charles E Young Research Library University of California Los Angeles Political officesPreceded byThe Xuantong Emperor Puyi as Emperor of the Qing dynasty Head of state of Chinaas Provisional President of the Republic of China1912 Succeeded byYuan Shih kaias Provisional President of the Republic of ChinaPreceded byOffice created Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China1917 1918 Succeeded byGoverning Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist ChinaPreceded byHimselfas Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China1918 Succeeded byCen Chunxuanas Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist ChinaPreceded byCen Chunxuanas Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China1920 1921 Succeeded byHimselfas Extraordinary President of Nationalist ChinaPreceded byGeneralissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China Extraordinary President of Nationalist China1921 1922 Succeeded byHimselfas Generalissimo of the Nationalist ChinaPreceded byOffice created Generalissimo of the National Government of Nationalist China1923 1925 Succeeded byHu HanminActingParty political officesPreceded bySong Jiaorenas President of the Kuomintang Premier of the Kuomintang1913 1914 Succeeded byHimselfas Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary PartyPreceded byHimselfas Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party Premier of the Kuomintang of China1919 1925 Succeeded byZhang Renjieas Chairman Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sun Yat sen amp oldid 1135377346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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