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Guinea

March 23, 2023

"Guinée" redirects here. For the concept in the African diasporic religion, see Haitian Vodou.
Not to be confused with Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Guinea-Bissau, Papua New Guinea, or Western New Guinea.
For the region, see Guinea (region). For other uses, see Guinea (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 11°N 10°W / 11°N 10°W / 11; -10

Guinea (/ˈɡɪni/ (listen) GHIN-ee),[a] officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Cote d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. It is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry after its capital Conakry, to distinguish it from other territories in the eponymous region such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea.[8][9][10][11] It has a population of 13.5 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi).[12]

Republic of Guinea
République de Guinée (French)
𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 (Pular)
Gine ka Fasojamana (Bambara)
Motto: "Travail, Justice, Solidarité" (French)
"Work, Justice, Solidarity"
Anthem: Liberté (French)
"Freedom"
Guinea in dark green
Location of Guinea (dark blue)

– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union (light blue)

Capital
and largest city
Conakry
9°31′N 13°42′W / 9.517°N 13.700°W / 9.517; -13.700
Official languagesFrench
Vernacular
languages
List
Ethnic groups
([1])
Religion
(2014)[2]
Demonym(s)Guinean
GovernmentUnitary republic under a military junta
Mamady Doumbouya
Bernard Gomou
LegislatureNational Council of the Transition[3]
Independence 
(was the colony of French Guinea since 1891)
• from France
2 October 1958
• Republic
2 October 1958
• 4th constitution
2 October 1958
• Second Republic Day
3 April 1984
5 September 2021
Area
• Total
245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi) (77th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2022 estimate
13,237,832[4] (75th)
• Density
40.9/km2 (105.9/sq mi) (164th)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
 $33.7  billion[5] (142nd)
• Per capita
$2,993[5] (166th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
$14.8  billion[5] (140th)
• Per capita
$1,346[5] (161st)
Gini (2012)33.7[6]
medium
HDI (2021) 0.465[7]
low · 182nd
CurrencyGuinean franc (GNF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+224
ISO 3166 codeGN
Internet TLD.gn

Formerly French Guinea, it achieved independence in 1958.[13] It has a history of military coups d'état.[14][15][16] After decades of authoritarian rule, in 2010 it held its first democratic election.[16][17][18] As it continued to hold multi-party elections, the country continued to face ethnic conflicts, corruption, and abuses by military and police.[18][19] In 2011, the United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children (including female genital mutilation) were ongoing human rights issues.[20] In 2021, a military faction overthrew president Alpha Condé and suspended the constitution.[14][15][16]

Muslims represent 85% of the population.[8][21][22] The country is divided into four geographic regions: Maritime Guinea on the Atlantic coast, the Fouta Djallon or Middle Guinea highlands, the Upper Guinea savanna region in the northeast, and the Guinée forestière region of tropical forests. French, the official language of Guinea, is a language of communication in schools, in government administration, and the media. More than 24 indigenous languages are spoken and the largest are Susu, Pular, and Maninka, which dominate respectively in Maritime Guinea, Fouta Djallon, and Upper Guinea, while Guinée forestière is ethnolinguistically diverse. Guinea's economy is mostly dependent on agriculture and mineral production.[23] It is the world's second largest producer of bauxite, and has deposits of diamonds and gold.[24] The country was at the core of the 2014 Ebola outbreak.

Name

Further information: Guinea (region) § Etymology

Guinea is named after the Guinea region which lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus, a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River, in contrast to the "tawny" Zenaga Berbers above it, whom they called Azenegues or Moors.

History

Main article: History of Guinea

The land that is now Guinea belonged to a series of African empires until France colonized it in the 1890s, and made it part of French West Africa. Guinea declared its independence from France on 2 October 1958. From independence until the presidential election of 2010, Guinea was governed by a number of autocratic rulers.[25][26][27]

West African empires and kingdoms

Main articles: Imamate of Futa Jallon and Wassoulou Empire

What is now Guinea was on the fringes of some West African empires. The earliest, the Ghana Empire, grew on trade and ultimately fell after repeated incursions of the Almoravids. It was in this period that Islam first arrived in the region by way of North African traders.

The Sosso Empire (12th to 13th centuries) flourished in the resulting void, and the Mali Empire came to prominence when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, in c. 1235. The Mali Empire was ruled by Mansa (Emperors), including Kankou Moussa who made a hajj to Mecca in 1324. After his reign, the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately supplanted by its vassal states in the 15th century.

The Songhai Empire expanded its power from about 1460 and eventually surpassed the Mali Empire in both territory and wealth. It continued to prosper until a civil war, over succession, followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582. The empire fell to invaders from Morocco at the Battle of Tondibi 3 years later. The Moroccans proved unable to rule the kingdom effectively and it split into smaller kingdoms.

After the fall of some of the West African empires, various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea. Fulani Muslims migrated to Futa Jallon in Central Guinea, and established an Islamic state from 1727 to 1896, with a written constitution and alternate rulers. The Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire (1878–1898) was led by Samori Toure in the predominantly Malinké area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It moved to Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French.

Colony

European traders competed for the cape trade from the 17th century onward and made inroads earlier.[28][29] Slaves were exported to work elsewhere. The traders used the regional slave practices.

Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Samori Touré, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, which gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas.

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone, the Portuguese for their Guinea colony (now Guinea-Bissau), and Liberia. Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general resident in Dakar. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea.

 
President Ahmed Sékou Touré was supported by Communist states, and in 1961, visited Yugoslavia.

In 1958, the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria. The French Fifth Republic gave the colonies the choice of autonomy in a new French Community or immediate independence, in the referendum of 28 September 1958. Unlike most other colonies, Guinea voted overwhelmingly for independence. It was led by Ahmed Sékou Touré whose Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in 1957 territorial elections. The French withdrew, and on 2 October 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic, with Sékou Touré as president.

The Washington Post observed the "brutal" French tearing down all that they considered their contributions to Guinea: "In reaction, and as a warning to other French-speaking territories, the French pulled out of Guinea over a two-month period, taking everything they could with them. They unscrewed lightbulbs, removed plans for sewage pipelines in Conakry, the capital, and even burned medicines rather than leave them for the Guineans."[30]

Post-colonial (1958–)

See also: Opération Persil

Subsequently, Guinea aligned itself with the Soviet Union and adopted socialist policies. It then moved towards a Chinese model of socialism. It continued to receive investment from capitalist countries, such as the United States. By 1960, Touré had declared PDG the country's only legal political party, and for the next 24 years, the government and PDG were one. Touré was re-elected unopposed to 4 7-year terms as president, and every 5 years voters were presented with a single list of PDG candidates for the National Assembly. Advocating a hybrid African Socialism domestically and Pan-Africanism abroad, Touré became a polarising leader, with his government becoming intolerant of dissent, imprisoning thousands, and stifling the press.

Throughout the 1960s, the Guinean government nationalised land, removed French-appointed and traditional chiefs from power, and had strained ties with the French government and French companies. Touré's government relied on the Soviet Union and China for infrastructure aid and development, and much of this was used for political and not economic purposes, such as the building of stadiums to hold political rallies.

 
Monument to commemorate the 1970 military victory over the Portuguese raid. The key objective not accomplished by the Portuguese raid was the capture of Ahmed Sékou Touré.

On 22 November 1970, Portuguese forces from neighbouring Portuguese Guinea staged Operation Green Sea, a raid on Conakry by several hundred exiled Guinean opposition forces. Among their goals, the Portuguese military wanted to kill or capture Sekou Touré due to his support of PAIGC, an independence movement and rebel group that had carried out attacks inside Portuguese Guinea from their bases in Guinea.[31] After some fighting, the Portuguese-backed forces retreated, having freed several dozen Portuguese prisoners of war that were being held by PAIGC in Conakry, and without having ousted Touré. In the years after the raid, purges were carried out by the Touré government, and at least 50 thousand people were killed. Others were imprisoned and faced torture. Some foreigners were forced to leave the country, after having had their Guinean spouse arrested and their children placed into state custody.

Guinea was elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council 1972–73.

In 1977, a declining economy, mass killings, a stifling political atmosphere, and a ban on all private economic transactions led to the Market Women's Revolt, a series of anti-government riots started by women working in Conakry's Madina Market. This prompted Touré to make major reforms. Touré vacillated from supporting the Soviet Union to supporting the United States. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw some economic reforms, while Touré's centralized control of the state remained. In the relationship with France, after the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing as French president, trade increased and the 2 countries exchanged diplomatic visits.

Sékou Touré died on 26 March 1984, after a heart operation in the United States, and was replaced by Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who was to serve as interim president, pending new elections. PDG was due to elect a new leader on 3 April 1984. Under the constitution, that person would have been the only candidate for president. Hours before that meeting, Colonels Lansana Conté and Diarra Traoré seized power in a bloodless coup. Conté assumed the role of president, with Traoré serving as prime minister, until December.

 
U.S. President Jimmy Carter welcoming Ahmed Sékou Touré outside the White House, Washington, D.C., 1979

Conté denounced the previous regime's record on human rights, releasing 250 political prisoners and encouraging approximately 200 thousand more to return from exile. He made explicit the turn away from socialism.

In 1992, Conté announced a return to civilian rule, with a presidential poll in 1993, followed by elections to parliament in 1995 (in which his party—the Party of Unity and Progress—won 71 of 114 seats.) In September 2001, the opposition leader Alpha Condé was imprisoned for endangering state security and pardoned 8 months later. Subsequently, he spent time in exile in France.

In 2001, Conté organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term, and in 2003, began his third term after elections were boycotted by the opposition. In January 2005, Conté survived a suspected assassination attempt while making a public appearance in the capital of Conakry. His opponents claimed that he was a "tired dictator",[32] whose departure was inevitable, whereas his supporters believed that he was winning a battle with dissidents. According to Foreign Policy, Guinea was in danger of becoming a failed state.[33]

In 2000, Guinea suffered from the instability which had blighted the rest of West Africa, as rebels crossed the borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone. It seemed that the country was headed for civil war.[34] Conté blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea's natural resources, and these claims were denied.[35] In 2003, Guinea agreed to plans with her neighbours to tackle the insurgents. The 2007 Guinean general strike resulted in the appointment of a new prime minister.[36]

Conté remained in power until his death on 23 December 2008.[37] Several hours after his death, Moussa Dadis Camara seized control in a coup, declaring himself head of a military junta.[38] Protests against the coup became violent, and 157 people were killed when, on 28 September 2009, the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people gathered to protest Camara's attempt to become president.[39] The soldiers went on a rampage of rape, mutilation, and murder, which caused some foreign governments to withdraw their support for the new regime.[40]

On 3 December 2009, an aide shot Camara during a dispute over the rampage in September. Camara went to Morocco for medical care.[40][41] Vice-president (and defense minister) Sékouba Konaté flew from Lebanon to run the country.[42] After meeting in Ouagadougou on 13 and 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté and Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of 12 principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within 6 months.[43] The presidential election of 27 June[44][45] brought allegations of fraud, and a second election was held on 7 November.[46] Voter turnout was "high", and the elections went "relatively smoothly".[47] Alpha Condé, leader of the opposition party Rally of the Guinean People (RGP), won the election, promising to reform the security sector and review mining contracts.[48]

In February 2013, political violence erupted after street protests over transparency of upcoming May elections. The protests were fueled by the opposition coalition's decision to step down from the elections, in protest of the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections.[49] 9 people were killed during the protests, and around 220 were injured. Some deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live ammunition on protesters.[50][51] The violence led to ethnic clashes between the Malinke and Fula, who supported and opposed President Condé, respectively.[52] On 26 March 2013, the opposition party backed out of negotiations with the government over the election, saying that the government had not respected them, and had broken all agreements.[53]

 
The 2019–2020 Guinean protests against the rule of Alpha Condé

On 25 March 2014, the World Health Organization stated that Guinea's Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea. This initial outbreak had 86 cases, including 59 deaths. By 28 May, there were 281 cases, with 186 deaths.[54] It is believed that the first case was Emile Ouamouno, a 2-year-old boy in the village of Meliandou. He fell ill on 2 December 2013 and died on 6 December.[55][56] On 18 September 2014, 8 members of an Ebola education health care team were murdered by villagers in the town of Womey.[57] As of 1 November 2015, there had been 3,810 cases and 2,536 deaths in Guinea.[58]

The 2019–2020 Guinean protests were a series of violent protests and mass civil unrest against the rule of Alpha Conde that broke out on October 14, 2019, against constitutional changes. More than 800 were killed in clashes.[59] After the 2020 Guinean presidential election, Alpha Condé's election to a third term was challenged by the opposition, who accused him of fraud. Condé claimed a constitutional referendum from March 2020 allowed him to run despite the 2-term limit.[60]

On 5 September 2021, after hours of gunfire near the presidential palace, Lieutenant Colonel Mamady Doumbouya seized control of state television and declared that President Alpha Conde's government had been dissolved and the nation's borders closed.[61] By the evening, the putschists declared control of all Conakry and the country's armed forces. According to Guinée Matin, by 6 September the military fully controlled the state administration and started to replace the civil administration with its military counterpart.[62][63] The United Nations, European Union, African Union, ECOWAS (which suspended Guinea's membership) and La Francophonie denounced the coup, and called for President Condé's unconditional release. Similar responses came from some neighboring and Western countries (including the United States),[64][65][66] and from China (which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminum ore, facilitated by its connections to President Condé).[66] Despite these, On 1 October 2021, Mamady Doumbouya was sworn in as interim President.[67]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Guinea

Guinea shares a border with Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the east, Sierra Leone to the southwest and Liberia to the south. The nation forms a crescent as it curves from its southeast region to the north and west, to its northwest border with Guinea-Bissau and southwestern coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The sources of the Niger River, the Gambia River, and the Senegal River are all found in the Guinea Highlands.[68][69][70] At 245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi), Guinea is roughly the size of the United Kingdom. There are 320 km (200 mi) of coastline and a total land border of 3,400 km (2,100 mi). It lies mostly between latitudes 7° and 13°N, and longitudes 7° and 15°W, with a smaller area that is west of 15°.

 
Map of Köppen climate classification

Guinea is divided into 4 regions: Maritime Guinea, also known as Lower Guinea or the Basse-Coté lowlands, populated mainly by the Susu ethnic group; the cooler, more mountainous Fouta Djallon that run roughly north–south through the middle of the country, populated by Fulas; the Sahelian Haute-Guinea to the northeast, populated by Malinké; and the forested jungle regions in the southeast, with several ethnic groups. Guinea's mountains are the source for the Niger, the Gambia, and Senegal Rivers, and rivers flowing to the sea on the west side of the range in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. The highest point in Guinea is Mount Nimba at 1,752 m (5,748 ft). While the Guinean and Ivorian sides of the Nimba Massif are a UNESCO Strict Nature Reserve, the portion of the so-called Guinean Backbone continues into Liberia, where it has been mined for decades; the damage is evident in the Nzérékoré Region at 7°32′17″N 8°29′50″W / 7.53806°N 8.49722°W / 7.53806; -8.49722.

Guinea is home to 5 ecoregions: Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.[71] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.9/10, ranking it 114th globally out of 172 countries.[72]

Wildlife

Main article: Wildlife of Guinea

The southern part of Guinea lies within the Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity hotspot, while the north-east is characterized by dry savanna woodlands. Declining populations of some animals are restricted to uninhabited distant parts of parks and reserves.

Species found in Guinea include the following:

Regions and prefectures

Main article: Administrative divisions of Guinea

The Republic of Guinea covers 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi) of West Africa, about 10 degrees north of the equator. It is divided into 4 natural regions with distinct human, geographic, and climatic characteristics:

  • Maritime Guinea (La Guinée Maritime) covers 18% of the country.
  • Middle Guinea (La Moyenne-Guinée) covers 20% of the country.
  • Upper Guinea (La Haute-Guinée) covers 38% of the country.
  • Forested Guinea (Guinée forestière) covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous.
 
Fouta Djallon highlands in central Guinea

Guinea is divided into 8 administrative regions which are subdivided into 33 prefectures. The capital Conakry with a population of 1,675,069 ranks as a special zone.

Region Capital Population
(2014 census by National Institute of Statistics)
Conakry Region Conakry 1,675,069
Nzérékoré Region Nzérékoré 1,591,716
Kindia Region Kindia 1,573,690
Boké Region Boké 1,092,291
Labé Region Labé 1,001,392
Mamou Region Mamou 737,062
Kankan Region Kankan 1,979,038
Faranah Region Faranah 949,589

Politics

Further information: Politics of Guinea

Guinea is a republic. The president is directly elected by the people and is the head of state and the head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body of the country, and its members are directly elected by the people. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court of Guinea, the highest and final court of appeal in the country.[73]

The National Assembly of Guinea, the country's legislative body, did not meet from 2008 to 2013, when it was dissolved after the military coup in December. Elections have been postponed multiple times since 2007. In April 2012, President Condé postponed the elections indefinitely, citing the need to ensure that they were "transparent and democratic".[74] The 2013 Guinean legislative election was held on 24 September.[75] President Alpha Condé's party, the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Guinea, with 53 out of 114 seats. The opposition parties won a total of 53 seats, and opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent.

The president of Guinea is normally elected by popular vote for a 5-year term; the winning candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president. The president governs Guinea, assisted by a council of 25 civilian ministers, appointed by him. The government administers the country through 8 regions, 33 prefectures, over 100 subprefectures, and districts (known as communes in Conakry and other cities and villages, or quartiers in the interior). District-level leaders are elected; the president appoints officials to all other levels of the centralized administration. Former President Alpha Condé derived support from Guinea's second-largest ethnic group, the Malinke.[76] Guinea's opposition was backed by the Fula ethnic group,[77] who account for around 33.4% of the population.[78]

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Guinea
 
President Alpha Condé with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 28 September 2017

Guinea is a member of the African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank, Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, and the United Nations.

According to a February 2009 U.S. Department of State statement, Guinea's foreign relations, including those with its West African neighbours, had improved steadily since 1985.[79] The Department's October 2018 statement indicated that—although "the U.S. condemned" Guinea's "2008 military coup d'etat,"—the U.S. had "close relations" with Guinea before the coup, and after "Guinea's presidential elections in 2010, the United States re-established strong diplomatic relations with the government." The statement indicated support for the "legislative elections in 2013 and a second presidential election in 2015," as signs of "democratic reform."[80] A March 2021 report by the U.S. State Department blasted extensive human rights violations by the government, security forces and businesses in Guinea. The report cited extensive international criticism of the recent national elections, which yielded "President Alpha Conde's re-election (despite disputed results)... following a controversial March referendum amending the constitution and allowing him to run for a third term."[81] The Department condemned the 2021 coup, warning that "violence and any extra-constitutional measures will only erode Guinea's prospects for peace, stability, and prosperity, [and] could limit the ability of the United States and Guinea's other international partners to support the country...," While not explicitly calling for President Condé's return to power, the U.S. called for "national dialogue to address concerns sustainably and transparently to enable a peaceful and democratic way forward for Guinea..."[82][83]

The United Nations promptly denounced the 2021 coup, and some of Guinea's allies condemned the coup. The African Union and West Africa's regional bloc (ECOWAS), both threatened sanctions—while some analysts expect the threats to be of limited effect because Guinea is not a member of the West African currency union, and is not a landlocked country.[83] ECOWAS promptly suspended Guinea's membership, and demanded the unconditional release of President Condé, while sending envoys to Conakry to attempt a "constitutional" resolution of the situation.[64][65] Uncharacteristically responding to another nation's internal affairs, China (which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminium ore, facilitated by connections to ousted President Condé) openly opposed the coup.[66]

Military

Main article: Military of Guinea

Guinea's armed forces are divided into 5 branches—army, navy, air force, the paramilitary National Gendarmerie and the Republican Guard—whose chiefs report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who is subordinate to the Minister of Defence. In addition, regime security forces include the National Police Force (Sûreté Nationale). The Gendarmerie, responsible for internal security, has a strength of several thousand.

The army, with about 15,000 personnel, is by far the largest branch of the armed forces and is mainly responsible for protecting the state borders, the security of administered territories, and defending Guinea's national interests. Air force personnel total about 700. Its equipment includes several Russian-supplied fighter planes and transports. The navy has about 900 personnel and operates several small patrol craft and barges.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Guinea

Homosexuality is illegal in Guinea.[84] The prime minister declared in 2010 that he does not consider sexual orientation a legitimate human right.[20]

Guinea has one of the world's highest rates of female genital mutilation (FGM, sometimes referred to as 'female circumcision') according to Anastasia Gage, an associate professor at Tulane University, and Ronan van Rossem, an associate professor at Ghent University.[85] Female genital mutilation in Guinea had been performed on more than 98% of women as of 2009.[86] In Guinea "almost all cultures, religions, and ethnicities" practice female genital mutilation.[86] The 2005 Demographic and Health Survey reported that 96% of women have gone through the operation.[20]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Guinea
 
Malinke fisher women on the Niger River, Niandankoro, Kankan Region, in eastern Guinea
 
Kissidougou market

Agriculture

The agriculture sector at some point employed approximately 75% of the country. The rice is cultivated in the flooded zones between streams and rivers. The local production of rice is not sufficient to feed the country, so rice is imported from Asia. The sector cultivates coffee beans, pineapples, peaches, nectarines, mangoes, oranges, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, pepper, and other types of produce. Guinea is one of the emerging regional producers of apples and pears. There are plantations of grapes, pomegranates, and more recent years have seen the development of strawberry plantations, based on the vertical hydroponic system.[87]

Natural resources

Guinea has 25% or more of the world's known bauxite reserves. It has diamonds, gold, and other metals. Bauxite and alumina are the most major exports. Other industries include processing plants for beer, juices, soft drinks and tobacco. Agriculture employs 75% of the nation's labour force. Under French rule, and at the beginning of independence, Guinea was an exporter of bananas, pineapples, coffee, peanuts, and palm oil. Soil, water, and climatic conditions provide opportunities for irrigated farming and agro industry.

Mining

Main article: Mining industry of Guinea
 
A proportional representation of Guinea exports, 2019

Guinea possesses over 25 billion tonnes (metric tons) of bauxite – and perhaps up to one half of the world's reserves. Its mineral wealth includes more than 4-billion tonnes of high-grade iron ore, and diamond and gold deposits, and uranium. Possibilities for investment and commercial activities exist in all these areas, and Guinea's "poorly developed infrastructure and rampant corruption continue to present obstacles to large-scale investment projects".[88]

Joint venture bauxite mining and alumina operations in north-west Guinea historically provide about 80% of Guinea's Foreign exchange reserves. Bauxite is refined into alumina, which is later smelted into aluminium. The Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) exports about 14 million tonnes of high-grade bauxite annually. CBG is a joint venture, 49% owned by the Guinean government and 51% by an international consortium known as Halco Mining Inc., itself a joint venture controlled by aluminium producer Alcoa (AA), global miner Rio Tinto Group and Dadco Investments.[89] CBG has exclusive rights to bauxite reserves and resources in north-western Guinea, through 2038.[90] In 2008, protesters upset about poor electrical services blocked the tracks CBG uses. Guinea includes a proviso in its agreements with international oil companies, requiring its partners to generate power for nearby communities.[91]

 
Children engaged in manual labour in order to support their families.

The Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), a joint venture between the government of Guinea and RUSAL, produces some 2.5 million tonnes annually, nearly all of which is exported to Russia and Eastern Europe. Dian Dian, a Guinean/Ukrainian joint bauxite venture, has a projected production rate of 1,000,000 t (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) per year, and is not expected to begin operation for several years. The Alumina Compagnie de Guinée (ACG) which took over the former Friguia Consortium produced about 2.4 million tonnes in 2004, as raw material for its alumina refinery. The refinery exports about 750,000 tonnes of alumina. Both Global Alumina and Alcoa-Alcan have signed conventions with the government of Guinea to build large alumina refineries, with a combined capacity of about 4 million tonnes per year.

The Simandou mine is an iron ore reserve.[92] In March 2010, Anglo-Australian corporation Rio Tinto Group and its biggest shareholder, Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chinalco), signed a preliminary agreement to develop Rio Tinto's iron ore project.[93] In 2017, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), Britain's anti-fraud regulator, launched an official investigation into Rio Tinto's business and mining practices in Guinea.[94]

Tigui Camara, a former model, is the first woman in Guinea to own a mining company which is partially run as a social enterprise.[95]

Oil

In 2006, Guinea signed a production sharing agreement with Hyperdynamics Corporation of Houston to explore an offshore tract, and was then in partnership with Dana Petroleum PLC (Aberdeen, United Kingdom). The initial well, the Sabu-1, was scheduled to begin drilling in October 2011, at a site in approximately 700 metres of water. The Sabu-1 targeted a 4-way anticline prospect with upper Cretaceous sands, and was anticipated to be drilled to a total depth of 3,600 meters.[96]

Following the completion of exploratory drilling in 2012, the Sabu-1 well was not deemed commercially viable.[97] In November 2012, Hyperdynamics subsidiary SCS reached an agreement for a sale of 40% of the concession to Tullow Oil, bringing ownership shares in the Guinea offshore tract to 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, and 23% Dana Petroleum.[98] Hyperdynamics will have until September 2016, under the current agreement, to begin drilling its next selected site, the Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect.[99][100]

Tourism

 
The "Voile de la Mariée" (Bride's Veil) waterfall in Kindia

Among the attractions in Guinea are the waterfalls found mostly in the Basse Guinee (Lower Guinea) and Moyenne Guinee (Middle Guinea) regions. The Soumba cascade at the foot of Mount Kakoulima in Kindia, Voile de la Mariée (Bride's Veil) in Dubreka, the Kinkon cascades that are about 80 m (260 ft) high on the Kokoula River in the prefecture of Pita, the Kambadaga falls that can reach 100 m (330 ft) during the rainy season on the same river, the Ditinn & Mitty waterfalls in Dalaba, and the Fetoré waterfalls and the stone bridge in the region of Labe are among water-related tourist sites.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Guinea

Conakry International Airport is the largest airport in the country, with flights to other cities in Africa and to Europe.

Built between 1904 and 1910, a railway once linked Conakry to Kankan via Kouroussa ceased operating in 1995[101] and had been dismantled altogether by 2007 with rails mostly stolen and/or sold for scrap. Plans had at 1 time been mooted for the passenger line to be rehabilitated as part of an iron-ore development master plan and while the start of work was announced in 2010, corruption charges led the whole master plan to be paused and the line was rebuilt as a 105 km mineral railway, paralleling the older route as far as the mines of Kalia.[102] There is a state run mineral railway linking the bauxite mines of Sangarédi to the port of Kamsar (137 km) and a 1960s narrow-gauge line operated by Russian aluminium producer RusAl to the mines at Fria (143 km).

As part of the plans to restart iron ore mining at Simandou blocks 1 and 2, the new development consortium pledged in 2019 to fund the construction of a new heavy-duty standard gauge railway to Matakong on the Atlantic coast where they would invest some US$20 billion in developing a deepwater port.[103] The 650 km route is longer than an alternative heading south to the port of Buchanan, Liberia, which was considered as an alternative in an October 2019 feasibility study.[104] However, the Matakong route would be entirely within Guinea and tied to an agricultural development corridor for citizens along the route.

Some vehicles in Guinea are more than 20 years old, and cabs are any 4-door vehicle which the owner has designated as being for hire. Locals, nearly entirely without vehicles of their own, rely upon these taxis (which charge per seat) and small buses to take them around town and across the country. Horses and donkeys pull carts, primarily to transport construction materials.

Demography

Population in Guinea[105][106]
Year Million
1950 3.0
2000 8.8
2021 13.5
Main article: Demography of Guinea

The population of Guinea is estimated at 13.5 million. Conakry, the capital and most populous city, is a hub of economy, commerce, education, and culture. In 2014, the total fertility rate (TFR) of Guinea was estimated at 4.93 children born per woman.[107]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Guinea
According to the 2014 Census[108]
Rank Name Region Pop.
 
Conakry
 
Nzérékoré 		1 Conakry Conakry 1,660,973
2 Nzérékoré Nzérékoré 195,027
3 Kankan Kankan 190,722
4 Manéah Kindia 167,354
5 Dubréka Kindia 157,017
6 Kindia Kindia 138,695
7 Siguiri Kankan 127,492
8 Kissidougou Faranah 99,931
9 Labé Labé 92,654
10 Kamsar Boké 83,428

The official language of Guinea is French. Pular was spoken by 33.9% of the population in 2018 as their first or native language, followed by Mandingo, with 29.4%. The third most spoken native language is the Susu, spoken by 21.2% of the population in 2018 as their first language. Other languages spoken in Guinea as Guineans native language totalled 16% of the population in 2018, including Kissi and Kpelle.[1]

The population of Guinea comprises about 24 ethnic groups. The Mandinka, also known as Mandingo or Malinké, comprise 29.4%[109] of the population and are mostly found in eastern Guinea concentrated around the Kankan and Kissidougou prefectures.[12] The Fulas or Fulani,[77] comprise 33.4%[109] of the population and are mostly found in the Futa Djallon region. The Soussou, comprising 21.2% of the population, are predominantly in western areas around the capital Conakry, Forécariah, and Kindia. Smaller ethnic groups make up the remaining 16%[109] of the population, including Kpelle, Kissi, Zialo, Toma and others.[12] Approximately 10,000 non-Africans live in Guinea, predominantly Lebanese, French, and other Europeans.[110]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Guinea
Guinea religious sects[111]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 85%
Christianity
 
 8%
Traditional African religion
 
 7%

The population of Guinea is approximately 85% Muslim and 8% Christian, with 7% adhering to indigenous religious beliefs.[111] Some, both Muslim and Christian, have incorporated indigenous African beliefs into their outlook.[111]

The majority of Guinean Muslims are adherent to Sunni Islam, of the Maliki school of jurisprudence, influenced by Sufism.[112] Christian groups include Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Evangelical groups. Jehovah's Witnesses are active in the country and recognized by the Government. There is a Baháʼí Faith community. There are numbers of Hindus, Buddhists, and traditional Chinese religious groups among the expatriate community.[113]

There were 3 days of ethno-religious fighting in the city of Nzerekore in July 2013.[76][114] Fighting between ethnic Kpelle who are Christian or animist, and ethnic Konianke who are Muslims and close to the larger Malinke ethnic group, left at least 54 dead.[114] The dead included people who were killed with machetes and burned alive.[114] The violence ended after the Guinea military imposed a curfew, and President Conde made a televised appeal for calm.[114]

Education

Main article: Education in Guinea
 
Schoolgirls in Conakry

In 2010 it was estimated that 41% of adults were literate (52% of males and 30% of females).[115] Primary education is compulsory for 6 years.[116] In 1999, primary school attendance was 40%. Children, particularly girls, are kept out of school to assist their parents with domestic work or agriculture,[117] or to be married: Guinea has "one of the highest rates" of child marriage in the world.[118]

Health

Further information: Health in Guinea

Ebola

Further information: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa

In 2014, an outbreak of the Ebola virus occurred in Guinea. In response, the health ministry banned the sale and consumption of bats, thought to be carriers of the disease. The virus eventually spread from rural areas to Conakry,[119] and by June 2014 had spread to neighbouring countries - Sierra Leone and Liberia. In August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia to help contain the spread of the virus, as more new cases of the disease were being reported in those countries than in Guinea.

The outbreak began in December in a village called Meliandou, southeastern Guinea, near the borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone. The first known case involved a 2-year-old child who died, after fever and vomiting and passing black stool, on 6 December. The child's mother died a week later, then a sister and a grandmother, all with symptoms that included fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Then, by way of care-giving visits or attendance at funerals, the outbreak spread to other villages.

"Unsafe burials" is a source of the transmission of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the inability to engage with local communities hindered the ability of health workers to trace the origins and strains of the virus.[120]

While WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 29 March 2016,[121] the Ebola Situation Report released on 30 March confirmed 5 more cases in the preceding 2 weeks, with viral sequencing relating 1 of the cases to the November 2014 outbreak.[122]

The Ebola epidemic affected the treatment of other diseases in Guinea. Healthcare visits by the population declined due to fear of infection and to mistrust in the health-care system, and the system's ability to provide routine health-care and HIV/AIDS treatments decreased due to the Ebola outbreak.[123]

Ebola re-emerged in Guinea in January–February 2021.[124]

Maternal and child healthcare

The 2021 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea is 576.[125] This is compared with 680 in 2010, 859.9 in 2008 and 964.7 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 146 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 29. In Guinea the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 26.[126] Guinea has the second highest prevalence of female genital mutilation in the world.[127][128]

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV/AIDS in Guinea

An estimated 170,000 adults and children were infected at the end of 2004.[129][130] Surveillance surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 show higher rates of HIV in urban areas than in rural areas. Prevalence was highest in Conakry (5%) and in the cities of the Forest Guinea region (7%) bordering Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.[131]

HIV is spread primarily through multiple-partner heterosexual intercourse. Men and women are at nearly equal risk for HIV, with people aged 15 to 24 most vulnerable. Surveillance figures from 2001 to 2002 show the rates among commercial sex workers (42%), active military personnel (6.6%), truck drivers and bush taxi drivers (7.3%), miners (4.7%), and adults with tuberculosis (8.6%).[131]

Several factors were attributed to what fuel the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea. They include unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, illiteracy, endemic poverty, unstable borders, refugee migration, lack of civic responsibility, and scarce medical care and public services.[131]

Malnutrition

A 2012 study reported malnutrition rates with levels ranging from 34% to 40% by region, and acute malnutrition rates above 10% in Upper Guinea's mining zones. The survey showed that 139,200 children underwent acute malnutrition, 609,696 underwent chronic malnutrition and further 1,592,892 have anemia. Degradation of care practices, limited access to medical services, inadequate hygiene practices and a lack of food diversity were said to explain these levels.[132]

Malaria

Malaria is transmitted year-round, with peak transmission from July through October.[133] It is a cause of disability in Guinea.[134]

COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea

The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Guinea on 13 March 2020.[135] By the end of 2020 the total number of confirmed cases was 13,722. Of these, 13,141 had recovered, 500 were active, and 81 people had died.[136]

Culture

 
A market stall selling vegetables in Dinguiraye Prefecture, Guinea

Sports

Football is the "most popular sport" in the country of Guinea,[137] alongside basketball.[138]

Football operations are run by the Guinean Football Federation.[139] The association administers the national football team, and the national league.[137] It was founded in 1960 and affiliated with FIFA since 1962[140] and with the Confederation of African Football since 1963.[141]

The Guinea national football team, nicknamed Syli nationale (National Elephants), have played international football since 1962.[137] Their first opponent was East Germany.[137] They have yet to reach World Cup finals, and were runners-up to Morocco in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1976.[137]

Guinée Championnat National is the top division of Guinean football. Since it was established in 1965, 3 teams have dominated in winning the Guinée Coupe Nationale.[142] Horoya AC has at least 16 titles and is the 2017–2018 champion. Hafia FC (known as Conakry II in 1960s) has at least 15 titles, having dominated in 1960s and 70s. AS Kaloum Star (known as Conakry I in the 1960s) has at least 13 titles. All 3 teams are based in the capital, Conakry.

Hafia FC won the African Cup of Champions Clubs 3 times, in 1972, 1975 and 1977, while Horoya AC won the 1978 African Cup Winners' Cup.[143]

Polygamy

Further information: Polygamy in Guinea

Polygamy is generally prohibited by law in Guinea, and there are exceptions.[144] In 2020, it was estimated that about 26% of marriages were polygamous (29% Muslim and 10% Christian).[145]

Cuisine

Further information: Cuisine of Guinea

Guinean cuisine varies by region with rice as a staple. Cassava is consumed.[146] Part of West African cuisine, the foods of Guinea include yétissé, peanut sauce , okra sauce and tapalapa bread. In rural areas, food is eaten from a "large serving dish" and eaten by hand outside of homes.[147]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ French: Guinée, Pular: 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, romanized: Gine, Wolof: Gine, N'Ko: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, Bambara: Gine

External links

March 23, 2023
guinea, guinée, redirects, here, concept, african, diasporic, religion, haitian, vodou, confused, with, equatorial, french, guiana, bissau, papua, western, region, region, other, uses, disambiguation, coordinates, listen, ghin, officially, republic, french, ré. Guinee redirects here For the concept in the African diasporic religion see Haitian Vodou Not to be confused with Equatorial Guinea French Guiana Guinea Bissau Papua New Guinea or Western New Guinea For the region see Guinea region For other uses see Guinea disambiguation Coordinates 11 N 10 W 11 N 10 W 11 10 Guinea ˈ ɡ ɪ n i listen GHIN ee a officially the Republic of Guinea French Republique de Guinee is a coastal country in West Africa It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west Guinea Bissau to the northwest Senegal to the north Mali to the northeast Cote d Ivoire to the southeast and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south It is sometimes referred to as Guinea Conakry after its capital Conakry to distinguish it from other territories in the eponymous region such as Guinea Bissau and Equatorial Guinea 8 9 10 11 It has a population of 13 5 million and an area of 245 857 square kilometres 94 926 sq mi 12 Republic of GuineaRepublique de Guinee French 𞤈𞤫𞤲 𞤣𞤢 𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 Pular Gine ka Fasojamana Bambara Flag Coat of armsMotto Travail Justice Solidarite French Work Justice Solidarity Anthem Liberte French Freedom source source Guinea in dark greenLocation of Guinea dark blue in Africa light blue amp dark grey in the African Union light blue Capitaland largest cityConakry9 31 N 13 42 W 9 517 N 13 700 W 9 517 13 700Official languagesFrenchVernacularlanguagesList FrenchArabicEnglishFulaMalinke N ko SusuKissiKoroKpelleTemneTomaBadyaraBagaBambaraBassariDanDyulaLandomaLimbaManinkaManoPularSuaWameyYalunkaZialoEthnic groups 1 33 4 Fula29 4 Mandinka21 2 Susu7 8 Kpelle6 2 Kissi2 0 othersReligion 2014 2 89 1 Islam6 8 Christianity1 6 Folk religions2 5 OtherDemonym s GuineanGovernmentUnitary republic under a military junta Interim President and CNRD ChairmanMamady Doumbouya Prime MinisterBernard GomouLegislatureNational Council of the Transition 3 Independence was the colony of French Guinea since 1891 from France2 October 1958 Republic2 October 1958 4th constitution2 October 1958 Second Republic Day3 April 1984 2021 Guinean coup d etat5 September 2021Area Total245 857 km2 94 926 sq mi 77th Water negligiblePopulation 2022 estimate13 237 832 4 75th Density40 9 km2 105 9 sq mi 164th GDP PPP 2022 estimate Total 33 7 billion 5 142nd Per capita 2 993 5 166th GDP nominal 2022 estimate Total 14 8 billion 5 140th Per capita 1 346 5 161st Gini 2012 33 7 6 mediumHDI 2021 0 465 7 low 182ndCurrencyGuinean franc GNF Time zoneUTC GMT Driving siderightCalling code 224ISO 3166 codeGNInternet TLD gnFormerly French Guinea it achieved independence in 1958 13 It has a history of military coups d etat 14 15 16 After decades of authoritarian rule in 2010 it held its first democratic election 16 17 18 As it continued to hold multi party elections the country continued to face ethnic conflicts corruption and abuses by military and police 18 19 In 2011 the United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children including female genital mutilation were ongoing human rights issues 20 In 2021 a military faction overthrew president Alpha Conde and suspended the constitution 14 15 16 Muslims represent 85 of the population 8 21 22 The country is divided into four geographic regions Maritime Guinea on the Atlantic coast the Fouta Djallon or Middle Guinea highlands the Upper Guinea savanna region in the northeast and the Guinee forestiere region of tropical forests French the official language of Guinea is a language of communication in schools in government administration and the media More than 24 indigenous languages are spoken and the largest are Susu Pular and Maninka which dominate respectively in Maritime Guinea Fouta Djallon and Upper Guinea while Guinee forestiere is ethnolinguistically diverse Guinea s economy is mostly dependent on agriculture and mineral production 23 It is the world s second largest producer of bauxite and has deposits of diamonds and gold 24 The country was at the core of the 2014 Ebola outbreak Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 West African empires and kingdoms 2 2 Colony 2 3 Post colonial 1958 3 Geography 3 1 Wildlife 3 2 Regions and prefectures 4 Politics 4 1 Foreign relations 4 2 Military 4 3 Human rights 5 Economy 5 1 Agriculture 5 2 Natural resources 5 3 Mining 5 4 Oil 5 5 Tourism 6 Transport 7 Demography 7 1 Religion 7 2 Education 7 3 Health 7 3 1 Ebola 7 3 2 Maternal and child healthcare 7 3 3 HIV AIDS 7 3 4 Malnutrition 7 3 5 Malaria 7 3 6 COVID 19 pandemic 8 Culture 8 1 Sports 8 2 Polygamy 8 3 Cuisine 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Notes 11 External linksName EditFurther information Guinea region Etymology Guinea is named after the Guinea region which lies along the Gulf of Guinea It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guine which emerged in the mid 15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River in contrast to the tawny Zenaga Berbers above it whom they called Azenegues or Moors History EditMain article History of Guinea This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Guinea news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The land that is now Guinea belonged to a series of African empires until France colonized it in the 1890s and made it part of French West Africa Guinea declared its independence from France on 2 October 1958 From independence until the presidential election of 2010 Guinea was governed by a number of autocratic rulers 25 26 27 West African empires and kingdoms Edit Main articles Imamate of Futa Jallon and Wassoulou Empire What is now Guinea was on the fringes of some West African empires The earliest the Ghana Empire grew on trade and ultimately fell after repeated incursions of the Almoravids It was in this period that Islam first arrived in the region by way of North African traders The Sosso Empire 12th to 13th centuries flourished in the resulting void and the Mali Empire came to prominence when Soundiata Keita defeated the Sosso ruler Soumangourou Kante at the Battle of Kirina in c 1235 The Mali Empire was ruled by Mansa Emperors including Kankou Moussa who made a hajj to Mecca in 1324 After his reign the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately supplanted by its vassal states in the 15th century The Songhai Empire expanded its power from about 1460 and eventually surpassed the Mali Empire in both territory and wealth It continued to prosper until a civil war over succession followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582 The empire fell to invaders from Morocco at the Battle of Tondibi 3 years later The Moroccans proved unable to rule the kingdom effectively and it split into smaller kingdoms After the fall of some of the West African empires various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea Fulani Muslims migrated to Futa Jallon in Central Guinea and established an Islamic state from 1727 to 1896 with a written constitution and alternate rulers The Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire 1878 1898 was led by Samori Toure in the predominantly Malinke area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali Wassoulou It moved to Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French Colony Edit European traders competed for the cape trade from the 17th century onward and made inroads earlier 28 29 Slaves were exported to work elsewhere The traders used the regional slave practices Guinea s colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid 19th century French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Samori Toure Mansa or Emperor of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinke descent which gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas France negotiated Guinea s present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone the Portuguese for their Guinea colony now Guinea Bissau and Liberia Under the French the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa administered by a governor general resident in Dakar Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies including Guinea President Ahmed Sekou Toure was supported by Communist states and in 1961 visited Yugoslavia In 1958 the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies especially Indochina and Algeria The French Fifth Republic gave the colonies the choice of autonomy in a new French Community or immediate independence in the referendum of 28 September 1958 Unlike most other colonies Guinea voted overwhelmingly for independence It was led by Ahmed Sekou Toure whose Democratic Party of Guinea African Democratic Rally PDG had won 56 of 60 seats in 1957 territorial elections The French withdrew and on 2 October 1958 Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic with Sekou Toure as president The Washington Post observed the brutal French tearing down all that they considered their contributions to Guinea In reaction and as a warning to other French speaking territories the French pulled out of Guinea over a two month period taking everything they could with them They unscrewed lightbulbs removed plans for sewage pipelines in Conakry the capital and even burned medicines rather than leave them for the Guineans 30 Post colonial 1958 Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Guinea news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Operation Persil Subsequently Guinea aligned itself with the Soviet Union and adopted socialist policies It then moved towards a Chinese model of socialism It continued to receive investment from capitalist countries such as the United States By 1960 Toure had declared PDG the country s only legal political party and for the next 24 years the government and PDG were one Toure was re elected unopposed to 4 7 year terms as president and every 5 years voters were presented with a single list of PDG candidates for the National Assembly Advocating a hybrid African Socialism domestically and Pan Africanism abroad Toure became a polarising leader with his government becoming intolerant of dissent imprisoning thousands and stifling the press Throughout the 1960s the Guinean government nationalised land removed French appointed and traditional chiefs from power and had strained ties with the French government and French companies Toure s government relied on the Soviet Union and China for infrastructure aid and development and much of this was used for political and not economic purposes such as the building of stadiums to hold political rallies Monument to commemorate the 1970 military victory over the Portuguese raid The key objective not accomplished by the Portuguese raid was the capture of Ahmed Sekou Toure On 22 November 1970 Portuguese forces from neighbouring Portuguese Guinea staged Operation Green Sea a raid on Conakry by several hundred exiled Guinean opposition forces Among their goals the Portuguese military wanted to kill or capture Sekou Toure due to his support of PAIGC an independence movement and rebel group that had carried out attacks inside Portuguese Guinea from their bases in Guinea 31 After some fighting the Portuguese backed forces retreated having freed several dozen Portuguese prisoners of war that were being held by PAIGC in Conakry and without having ousted Toure In the years after the raid purges were carried out by the Toure government and at least 50 thousand people were killed Others were imprisoned and faced torture Some foreigners were forced to leave the country after having had their Guinean spouse arrested and their children placed into state custody Guinea was elected as a non permanent member of the UN Security Council 1972 73 In 1977 a declining economy mass killings a stifling political atmosphere and a ban on all private economic transactions led to the Market Women s Revolt a series of anti government riots started by women working in Conakry s Madina Market This prompted Toure to make major reforms Toure vacillated from supporting the Soviet Union to supporting the United States The late 1970s and early 1980s saw some economic reforms while Toure s centralized control of the state remained In the relationship with France after the election of Valery Giscard d Estaing as French president trade increased and the 2 countries exchanged diplomatic visits Sekou Toure died on 26 March 1984 after a heart operation in the United States and was replaced by Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui who was to serve as interim president pending new elections PDG was due to elect a new leader on 3 April 1984 Under the constitution that person would have been the only candidate for president Hours before that meeting Colonels Lansana Conte and Diarra Traore seized power in a bloodless coup Conte assumed the role of president with Traore serving as prime minister until December U S President Jimmy Carter welcoming Ahmed Sekou Toure outside the White House Washington D C 1979 Conte denounced the previous regime s record on human rights releasing 250 political prisoners and encouraging approximately 200 thousand more to return from exile He made explicit the turn away from socialism In 1992 Conte announced a return to civilian rule with a presidential poll in 1993 followed by elections to parliament in 1995 in which his party the Party of Unity and Progress won 71 of 114 seats In September 2001 the opposition leader Alpha Conde was imprisoned for endangering state security and pardoned 8 months later Subsequently he spent time in exile in France In 2001 Conte organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term and in 2003 began his third term after elections were boycotted by the opposition In January 2005 Conte survived a suspected assassination attempt while making a public appearance in the capital of Conakry His opponents claimed that he was a tired dictator 32 whose departure was inevitable whereas his supporters believed that he was winning a battle with dissidents According to Foreign Policy Guinea was in danger of becoming a failed state 33 In 2000 Guinea suffered from the instability which had blighted the rest of West Africa as rebels crossed the borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone It seemed that the country was headed for civil war 34 Conte blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea s natural resources and these claims were denied 35 In 2003 Guinea agreed to plans with her neighbours to tackle the insurgents The 2007 Guinean general strike resulted in the appointment of a new prime minister 36 Conte remained in power until his death on 23 December 2008 37 Several hours after his death Moussa Dadis Camara seized control in a coup declaring himself head of a military junta 38 Protests against the coup became violent and 157 people were killed when on 28 September 2009 the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people gathered to protest Camara s attempt to become president 39 The soldiers went on a rampage of rape mutilation and murder which caused some foreign governments to withdraw their support for the new regime 40 On 3 December 2009 an aide shot Camara during a dispute over the rampage in September Camara went to Morocco for medical care 40 41 Vice president and defense minister Sekouba Konate flew from Lebanon to run the country 42 After meeting in Ouagadougou on 13 and 14 January 2010 Camara Konate and Blaise Compaore President of Burkina Faso produced a formal statement of 12 principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within 6 months 43 The presidential election of 27 June 44 45 brought allegations of fraud and a second election was held on 7 November 46 Voter turnout was high and the elections went relatively smoothly 47 Alpha Conde leader of the opposition party Rally of the Guinean People RGP won the election promising to reform the security sector and review mining contracts 48 In February 2013 political violence erupted after street protests over transparency of upcoming May elections The protests were fueled by the opposition coalition s decision to step down from the elections in protest of the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections 49 9 people were killed during the protests and around 220 were injured Some deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live ammunition on protesters 50 51 The violence led to ethnic clashes between the Malinke and Fula who supported and opposed President Conde respectively 52 On 26 March 2013 the opposition party backed out of negotiations with the government over the election saying that the government had not respected them and had broken all agreements 53 The 2019 2020 Guinean protests against the rule of Alpha Conde On 25 March 2014 the World Health Organization stated that Guinea s Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea This initial outbreak had 86 cases including 59 deaths By 28 May there were 281 cases with 186 deaths 54 It is believed that the first case was Emile Ouamouno a 2 year old boy in the village of Meliandou He fell ill on 2 December 2013 and died on 6 December 55 56 On 18 September 2014 8 members of an Ebola education health care team were murdered by villagers in the town of Womey 57 As of 1 November 2015 there had been 3 810 cases and 2 536 deaths in Guinea 58 The 2019 2020 Guinean protests were a series of violent protests and mass civil unrest against the rule of Alpha Conde that broke out on October 14 2019 against constitutional changes More than 800 were killed in clashes 59 After the 2020 Guinean presidential election Alpha Conde s election to a third term was challenged by the opposition who accused him of fraud Conde claimed a constitutional referendum from March 2020 allowed him to run despite the 2 term limit 60 On 5 September 2021 after hours of gunfire near the presidential palace Lieutenant Colonel Mamady Doumbouya seized control of state television and declared that President Alpha Conde s government had been dissolved and the nation s borders closed 61 By the evening the putschists declared control of all Conakry and the country s armed forces According to Guinee Matin by 6 September the military fully controlled the state administration and started to replace the civil administration with its military counterpart 62 63 The United Nations European Union African Union ECOWAS which suspended Guinea s membership and La Francophonie denounced the coup and called for President Conde s unconditional release Similar responses came from some neighboring and Western countries including the United States 64 65 66 and from China which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminum ore facilitated by its connections to President Conde 66 Despite these On 1 October 2021 Mamady Doumbouya was sworn in as interim President 67 Geography EditMain article Geography of Guinea A map showing Guinea s cities and administrative divisions Guinea shares a border with Guinea Bissau to the northwest Senegal to the north Mali to the northeast Ivory Coast to the east Sierra Leone to the southwest and Liberia to the south The nation forms a crescent as it curves from its southeast region to the north and west to its northwest border with Guinea Bissau and southwestern coast on the Atlantic Ocean The sources of the Niger River the Gambia River and the Senegal River are all found in the Guinea Highlands 68 69 70 At 245 857 km2 94 926 sq mi Guinea is roughly the size of the United Kingdom There are 320 km 200 mi of coastline and a total land border of 3 400 km 2 100 mi It lies mostly between latitudes 7 and 13 N and longitudes 7 and 15 W with a smaller area that is west of 15 Map of Koppen climate classification Guinea is divided into 4 regions Maritime Guinea also known as Lower Guinea or the Basse Cote lowlands populated mainly by the Susu ethnic group the cooler more mountainous Fouta Djallon that run roughly north south through the middle of the country populated by Fulas the Sahelian Haute Guinea to the northeast populated by Malinke and the forested jungle regions in the southeast with several ethnic groups Guinea s mountains are the source for the Niger the Gambia and Senegal Rivers and rivers flowing to the sea on the west side of the range in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast The highest point in Guinea is Mount Nimba at 1 752 m 5 748 ft While the Guinean and Ivorian sides of the Nimba Massif are a UNESCO Strict Nature Reserve the portion of the so called Guinean Backbone continues into Liberia where it has been mined for decades the damage is evident in the Nzerekore Region at 7 32 17 N 8 29 50 W 7 53806 N 8 49722 W 7 53806 8 49722 Guinea is home to 5 ecoregions Guinean montane forests Western Guinean lowland forests Guinean forest savanna mosaic West Sudanian savanna and Guinean mangroves 71 It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4 9 10 ranking it 114th globally out of 172 countries 72 Wildlife Edit Main article Wildlife of Guinea Badiar National Park The southern part of Guinea lies within the Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity hotspot while the north east is characterized by dry savanna woodlands Declining populations of some animals are restricted to uninhabited distant parts of parks and reserves Species found in Guinea include the following Amphibians Hemisus guineensis Phrynobatrachus guineensis Reptiles Acanthodactylus guineensis Mochlus guineensis Arachnids Malloneta guineensis Dictyna guineensis Insects Zorotypus guineensis Euchromia guineensis Birds Melaniparus guineensisRegions and prefectures Edit Main article Administrative divisions of Guinea Regions of Guinea The Republic of Guinea covers 245 857 square kilometres 94 926 sq mi of West Africa about 10 degrees north of the equator It is divided into 4 natural regions with distinct human geographic and climatic characteristics Maritime Guinea La Guinee Maritime covers 18 of the country Middle Guinea La Moyenne Guinee covers 20 of the country Upper Guinea La Haute Guinee covers 38 of the country Forested Guinea Guinee forestiere covers 23 of the country and is both forested and mountainous Fouta Djallon highlands in central Guinea Guinea is divided into 8 administrative regions which are subdivided into 33 prefectures The capital Conakry with a population of 1 675 069 ranks as a special zone Region Capital Population 2014 census by National Institute of Statistics Conakry Region Conakry 1 675 069Nzerekore Region Nzerekore 1 591 716Kindia Region Kindia 1 573 690Boke Region Boke 1 092 291Labe Region Labe 1 001 392Mamou Region Mamou 737 062Kankan Region Kankan 1 979 038Faranah Region Faranah 949 589Politics EditFurther information Politics of Guinea Guinea is a republic The president is directly elected by the people and is the head of state and the head of government The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body of the country and its members are directly elected by the people The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court of Guinea the highest and final court of appeal in the country 73 The National Assembly of Guinea the country s legislative body did not meet from 2008 to 2013 when it was dissolved after the military coup in December Elections have been postponed multiple times since 2007 In April 2012 President Conde postponed the elections indefinitely citing the need to ensure that they were transparent and democratic 74 The 2013 Guinean legislative election was held on 24 September 75 President Alpha Conde s party the Rally of the Guinean People RPG won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Guinea with 53 out of 114 seats The opposition parties won a total of 53 seats and opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent The president of Guinea is normally elected by popular vote for a 5 year term the winning candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president The president governs Guinea assisted by a council of 25 civilian ministers appointed by him The government administers the country through 8 regions 33 prefectures over 100 subprefectures and districts known as communes in Conakry and other cities and villages or quartiers in the interior District level leaders are elected the president appoints officials to all other levels of the centralized administration Former President Alpha Conde derived support from Guinea s second largest ethnic group the Malinke 76 Guinea s opposition was backed by the Fula ethnic group 77 who account for around 33 4 of the population 78 Foreign relations Edit Further information Foreign relations of Guinea President Alpha Conde with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 28 September 2017 Guinea is a member of the African Union Agency for the French Speaking Community African Development Bank Economic Community of West African States World Bank Islamic Development Bank IMF and the United Nations According to a February 2009 U S Department of State statement Guinea s foreign relations including those with its West African neighbours had improved steadily since 1985 79 The Department s October 2018 statement indicated that although the U S condemned Guinea s 2008 military coup d etat the U S had close relations with Guinea before the coup and after Guinea s presidential elections in 2010 the United States re established strong diplomatic relations with the government The statement indicated support for the legislative elections in 2013 and a second presidential election in 2015 as signs of democratic reform 80 A March 2021 report by the U S State Department blasted extensive human rights violations by the government security forces and businesses in Guinea The report cited extensive international criticism of the recent national elections which yielded President Alpha Conde s re election despite disputed results following a controversial March referendum amending the constitution and allowing him to run for a third term 81 The Department condemned the 2021 coup warning that violence and any extra constitutional measures will only erode Guinea s prospects for peace stability and prosperity and could limit the ability of the United States and Guinea s other international partners to support the country While not explicitly calling for President Conde s return to power the U S called for national dialogue to address concerns sustainably and transparently to enable a peaceful and democratic way forward for Guinea 82 83 The United Nations promptly denounced the 2021 coup and some of Guinea s allies condemned the coup The African Union and West Africa s regional bloc ECOWAS both threatened sanctions while some analysts expect the threats to be of limited effect because Guinea is not a member of the West African currency union and is not a landlocked country 83 ECOWAS promptly suspended Guinea s membership and demanded the unconditional release of President Conde while sending envoys to Conakry to attempt a constitutional resolution of the situation 64 65 Uncharacteristically responding to another nation s internal affairs China which relies on Guinea for half of its aluminium ore facilitated by connections to ousted President Conde openly opposed the coup 66 Military Edit Main article Military of Guinea Guinea s armed forces are divided into 5 branches army navy air force the paramilitary National Gendarmerie and the Republican Guard whose chiefs report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who is subordinate to the Minister of Defence In addition regime security forces include the National Police Force Surete Nationale The Gendarmerie responsible for internal security has a strength of several thousand The army with about 15 000 personnel is by far the largest branch of the armed forces and is mainly responsible for protecting the state borders the security of administered territories and defending Guinea s national interests Air force personnel total about 700 Its equipment includes several Russian supplied fighter planes and transports The navy has about 900 personnel and operates several small patrol craft and barges Human rights Edit Main article Human rights in Guinea Homosexuality is illegal in Guinea 84 The prime minister declared in 2010 that he does not consider sexual orientation a legitimate human right 20 Guinea has one of the world s highest rates of female genital mutilation FGM sometimes referred to as female circumcision according to Anastasia Gage an associate professor at Tulane University and Ronan van Rossem an associate professor at Ghent University 85 Female genital mutilation in Guinea had been performed on more than 98 of women as of 2009 update 86 In Guinea almost all cultures religions and ethnicities practice female genital mutilation 86 The 2005 Demographic and Health Survey reported that 96 of women have gone through the operation 20 Economy EditMain article Economy of Guinea Malinke fisher women on the Niger River Niandankoro Kankan Region in eastern Guinea Kissidougou market Agriculture Edit The agriculture sector at some point employed approximately 75 of the country The rice is cultivated in the flooded zones between streams and rivers The local production of rice is not sufficient to feed the country so rice is imported from Asia The sector cultivates coffee beans pineapples peaches nectarines mangoes oranges bananas potatoes tomatoes cucumbers pepper and other types of produce Guinea is one of the emerging regional producers of apples and pears There are plantations of grapes pomegranates and more recent years have seen the development of strawberry plantations based on the vertical hydroponic system 87 Natural resources Edit Guinea has 25 or more of the world s known bauxite reserves It has diamonds gold and other metals Bauxite and alumina are the most major exports Other industries include processing plants for beer juices soft drinks and tobacco Agriculture employs 75 of the nation s labour force Under French rule and at the beginning of independence Guinea was an exporter of bananas pineapples coffee peanuts and palm oil Soil water and climatic conditions provide opportunities for irrigated farming and agro industry Mining Edit Main article Mining industry of Guinea A proportional representation of Guinea exports 2019 Guinea possesses over 25 billion tonnes metric tons of bauxite and perhaps up to one half of the world s reserves Its mineral wealth includes more than 4 billion tonnes of high grade iron ore and diamond and gold deposits and uranium Possibilities for investment and commercial activities exist in all these areas and Guinea s poorly developed infrastructure and rampant corruption continue to present obstacles to large scale investment projects 88 Joint venture bauxite mining and alumina operations in north west Guinea historically provide about 80 of Guinea s Foreign exchange reserves Bauxite is refined into alumina which is later smelted into aluminium The Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee CBG exports about 14 million tonnes of high grade bauxite annually CBG is a joint venture 49 owned by the Guinean government and 51 by an international consortium known as Halco Mining Inc itself a joint venture controlled by aluminium producer Alcoa AA global miner Rio Tinto Group and Dadco Investments 89 CBG has exclusive rights to bauxite reserves and resources in north western Guinea through 2038 90 In 2008 protesters upset about poor electrical services blocked the tracks CBG uses Guinea includes a proviso in its agreements with international oil companies requiring its partners to generate power for nearby communities 91 Children engaged in manual labour in order to support their families The Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia CBK a joint venture between the government of Guinea and RUSAL produces some 2 5 million tonnes annually nearly all of which is exported to Russia and Eastern Europe Dian Dian a Guinean Ukrainian joint bauxite venture has a projected production rate of 1 000 000 t 1 102 311 short tons 984 207 long tons per year and is not expected to begin operation for several years The Alumina Compagnie de Guinee ACG which took over the former Friguia Consortium produced about 2 4 million tonnes in 2004 as raw material for its alumina refinery The refinery exports about 750 000 tonnes of alumina Both Global Alumina and Alcoa Alcan have signed conventions with the government of Guinea to build large alumina refineries with a combined capacity of about 4 million tonnes per year The Simandou mine is an iron ore reserve 92 In March 2010 Anglo Australian corporation Rio Tinto Group and its biggest shareholder Aluminum Corporation of China Limited Chinalco signed a preliminary agreement to develop Rio Tinto s iron ore project 93 In 2017 the Serious Fraud Office SFO Britain s anti fraud regulator launched an official investigation into Rio Tinto s business and mining practices in Guinea 94 Tigui Camara a former model is the first woman in Guinea to own a mining company which is partially run as a social enterprise 95 Oil Edit In 2006 Guinea signed a production sharing agreement with Hyperdynamics Corporation of Houston to explore an offshore tract and was then in partnership with Dana Petroleum PLC Aberdeen United Kingdom The initial well the Sabu 1 was scheduled to begin drilling in October 2011 at a site in approximately 700 metres of water The Sabu 1 targeted a 4 way anticline prospect with upper Cretaceous sands and was anticipated to be drilled to a total depth of 3 600 meters 96 Following the completion of exploratory drilling in 2012 the Sabu 1 well was not deemed commercially viable 97 In November 2012 Hyperdynamics subsidiary SCS reached an agreement for a sale of 40 of the concession to Tullow Oil bringing ownership shares in the Guinea offshore tract to 37 Hyperdynamics 40 Tullow Oil and 23 Dana Petroleum 98 Hyperdynamics will have until September 2016 under the current agreement to begin drilling its next selected site the Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect 99 100 Tourism Edit The Voile de la Mariee Bride s Veil waterfall in Kindia Among the attractions in Guinea are the waterfalls found mostly in the Basse Guinee Lower Guinea and Moyenne Guinee Middle Guinea regions The Soumba cascade at the foot of Mount Kakoulima in Kindia Voile de la Mariee Bride s Veil in Dubreka the Kinkon cascades that are about 80 m 260 ft high on the Kokoula River in the prefecture of Pita the Kambadaga falls that can reach 100 m 330 ft during the rainy season on the same river the Ditinn amp Mitty waterfalls in Dalaba and the Fetore waterfalls and the stone bridge in the region of Labe are among water related tourist sites Transport EditMain article Transport in Guinea Conakry International Airport is the largest airport in the country with flights to other cities in Africa and to Europe Built between 1904 and 1910 a railway once linked Conakry to Kankan via Kouroussa ceased operating in 1995 101 and had been dismantled altogether by 2007 with rails mostly stolen and or sold for scrap Plans had at 1 time been mooted for the passenger line to be rehabilitated as part of an iron ore development master plan and while the start of work was announced in 2010 corruption charges led the whole master plan to be paused and the line was rebuilt as a 105 km mineral railway paralleling the older route as far as the mines of Kalia 102 There is a state run mineral railway linking the bauxite mines of Sangaredi to the port of Kamsar 137 km and a 1960s narrow gauge line operated by Russian aluminium producer RusAl to the mines at Fria 143 km As part of the plans to restart iron ore mining at Simandou blocks 1 and 2 the new development consortium pledged in 2019 to fund the construction of a new heavy duty standard gauge railway to Matakong on the Atlantic coast where they would invest some US 20 billion in developing a deepwater port 103 The 650 km route is longer than an alternative heading south to the port of Buchanan Liberia which was considered as an alternative in an October 2019 feasibility study 104 However the Matakong route would be entirely within Guinea and tied to an agricultural development corridor for citizens along the route Some vehicles in Guinea are more than 20 years old and cabs are any 4 door vehicle which the owner has designated as being for hire Locals nearly entirely without vehicles of their own rely upon these taxis which charge per seat and small buses to take them around town and across the country Horses and donkeys pull carts primarily to transport construction materials Demography EditPopulation in Guinea 105 106 Year Million1950 3 02000 8 82021 13 5Main article Demography of Guinea The population of Guinea is estimated at 13 5 million Conakry the capital and most populous city is a hub of economy commerce education and culture In 2014 the total fertility rate TFR of Guinea was estimated at 4 93 children born per woman 107 Largest cities or towns in Guinea According to the 2014 Census 108 Rank Name Region Pop Conakry Nzerekore 1 Conakry Conakry 1 660 9732 Nzerekore Nzerekore 195 0273 Kankan Kankan 190 7224 Maneah Kindia 167 3545 Dubreka Kindia 157 0176 Kindia Kindia 138 6957 Siguiri Kankan 127 4928 Kissidougou Faranah 99 9319 Labe Labe 92 65410 Kamsar Boke 83 428 The official language of Guinea is French Pular was spoken by 33 9 of the population in 2018 as their first or native language followed by Mandingo with 29 4 The third most spoken native language is the Susu spoken by 21 2 of the population in 2018 as their first language Other languages spoken in Guinea as Guineans native language totalled 16 of the population in 2018 including Kissi and Kpelle 1 The population of Guinea comprises about 24 ethnic groups The Mandinka also known as Mandingo or Malinke comprise 29 4 109 of the population and are mostly found in eastern Guinea concentrated around the Kankan and Kissidougou prefectures 12 The Fulas or Fulani 77 comprise 33 4 109 of the population and are mostly found in the Futa Djallon region The Soussou comprising 21 2 of the population are predominantly in western areas around the capital Conakry Forecariah and Kindia Smaller ethnic groups make up the remaining 16 109 of the population including Kpelle Kissi Zialo Toma and others 12 Approximately 10 000 non Africans live in Guinea predominantly Lebanese French and other Europeans 110 Religion Edit Further information Religion in Guinea Guinea religious sects 111 Religion PercentIslam 85 Christianity 8 Traditional African religion 7 The population of Guinea is approximately 85 Muslim and 8 Christian with 7 adhering to indigenous religious beliefs 111 Some both Muslim and Christian have incorporated indigenous African beliefs into their outlook 111 The majority of Guinean Muslims are adherent to Sunni Islam of the Maliki school of jurisprudence influenced by Sufism 112 Christian groups include Roman Catholics Anglicans Baptists Seventh day Adventists and Evangelical groups Jehovah s Witnesses are active in the country and recognized by the Government There is a Bahaʼi Faith community There are numbers of Hindus Buddhists and traditional Chinese religious groups among the expatriate community 113 There were 3 days of ethno religious fighting in the city of Nzerekore in July 2013 76 114 Fighting between ethnic Kpelle who are Christian or animist and ethnic Konianke who are Muslims and close to the larger Malinke ethnic group left at least 54 dead 114 The dead included people who were killed with machetes and burned alive 114 The violence ended after the Guinea military imposed a curfew and President Conde made a televised appeal for calm 114 Education Edit Main article Education in Guinea Schoolgirls in Conakry In 2010 it was estimated that 41 of adults were literate 52 of males and 30 of females 115 Primary education is compulsory for 6 years 116 In 1999 primary school attendance was 40 Children particularly girls are kept out of school to assist their parents with domestic work or agriculture 117 or to be married Guinea has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world 118 Health Edit Further information Health in Guinea Ebola Edit Further information Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa In 2014 an outbreak of the Ebola virus occurred in Guinea In response the health ministry banned the sale and consumption of bats thought to be carriers of the disease The virus eventually spread from rural areas to Conakry 119 and by June 2014 had spread to neighbouring countries Sierra Leone and Liberia In August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia to help contain the spread of the virus as more new cases of the disease were being reported in those countries than in Guinea The outbreak began in December in a village called Meliandou southeastern Guinea near the borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone The first known case involved a 2 year old child who died after fever and vomiting and passing black stool on 6 December The child s mother died a week later then a sister and a grandmother all with symptoms that included fever vomiting and diarrhoea Then by way of care giving visits or attendance at funerals the outbreak spread to other villages Unsafe burials is a source of the transmission of the disease The World Health Organization WHO reported that the inability to engage with local communities hindered the ability of health workers to trace the origins and strains of the virus 120 While WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC on 29 March 2016 121 the Ebola Situation Report released on 30 March confirmed 5 more cases in the preceding 2 weeks with viral sequencing relating 1 of the cases to the November 2014 outbreak 122 The Ebola epidemic affected the treatment of other diseases in Guinea Healthcare visits by the population declined due to fear of infection and to mistrust in the health care system and the system s ability to provide routine health care and HIV AIDS treatments decreased due to the Ebola outbreak 123 Ebola re emerged in Guinea in January February 2021 124 Maternal and child healthcare Edit The 2021 maternal mortality rate per 100 000 births for Guinea is 576 125 This is compared with 680 in 2010 859 9 in 2008 and 964 7 in 1990 The under 5 mortality rate per 1 000 births is 146 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5 s mortality is 29 In Guinea the number of midwives per 1 000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 26 126 Guinea has the second highest prevalence of female genital mutilation in the world 127 128 HIV AIDS Edit Main article HIV AIDS in Guinea An estimated 170 000 adults and children were infected at the end of 2004 129 130 Surveillance surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 show higher rates of HIV in urban areas than in rural areas Prevalence was highest in Conakry 5 and in the cities of the Forest Guinea region 7 bordering Cote d Ivoire Liberia and Sierra Leone 131 HIV is spread primarily through multiple partner heterosexual intercourse Men and women are at nearly equal risk for HIV with people aged 15 to 24 most vulnerable Surveillance figures from 2001 to 2002 show the rates among commercial sex workers 42 active military personnel 6 6 truck drivers and bush taxi drivers 7 3 miners 4 7 and adults with tuberculosis 8 6 131 Several factors were attributed to what fuel the HIV AIDS epidemic in Guinea They include unprotected sex multiple sexual partners illiteracy endemic poverty unstable borders refugee migration lack of civic responsibility and scarce medical care and public services 131 Malnutrition Edit A 2012 study reported malnutrition rates with levels ranging from 34 to 40 by region and acute malnutrition rates above 10 in Upper Guinea s mining zones The survey showed that 139 200 children underwent acute malnutrition 609 696 underwent chronic malnutrition and further 1 592 892 have anemia Degradation of care practices limited access to medical services inadequate hygiene practices and a lack of food diversity were said to explain these levels 132 Malaria Edit Malaria is transmitted year round with peak transmission from July through October 133 It is a cause of disability in Guinea 134 COVID 19 pandemic Edit Main article COVID 19 pandemic in Guinea The first case of COVID 19 was reported in Guinea on 13 March 2020 135 By the end of 2020 the total number of confirmed cases was 13 722 Of these 13 141 had recovered 500 were active and 81 people had died 136 Culture Edit A market stall selling vegetables in Dinguiraye Prefecture Guinea Sports Edit Football is the most popular sport in the country of Guinea 137 alongside basketball 138 Football operations are run by the Guinean Football Federation 139 The association administers the national football team and the national league 137 It was founded in 1960 and affiliated with FIFA since 1962 140 and with the Confederation of African Football since 1963 141 The Guinea national football team nicknamed Syli nationale National Elephants have played international football since 1962 137 Their first opponent was East Germany 137 They have yet to reach World Cup finals and were runners up to Morocco in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1976 137 Guinee Championnat National is the top division of Guinean football Since it was established in 1965 3 teams have dominated in winning the Guinee Coupe Nationale 142 Horoya AC has at least 16 titles and is the 2017 2018 champion Hafia FC known as Conakry II in 1960s has at least 15 titles having dominated in 1960s and 70s AS Kaloum Star known as Conakry I in the 1960s has at least 13 titles All 3 teams are based in the capital Conakry Hafia FC won the African Cup of Champions Clubs 3 times in 1972 1975 and 1977 while Horoya AC won the 1978 African Cup Winners Cup 143 Polygamy Edit Further information Polygamy in Guinea Polygamy is generally prohibited by law in Guinea and there are exceptions 144 In 2020 it was estimated that about 26 of marriages were polygamous 29 Muslim and 10 Christian 145 Cuisine Edit Further information Cuisine of Guinea Guinean cuisine varies by region with rice as a staple Cassava is consumed 146 Part of West African cuisine the foods of Guinea include yetisse peanut sauce okra sauce and tapalapa bread In rural areas food is eaten from a large serving dish and eaten by hand outside of homes 147 See also Edit Guinea portal Africa portalOutline of Guinea Index of 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nutrition sante basee sur la methodologie SMART 2011 2012 PDF World Food Programme 2012 Retrieved 12 May 2014 permanent dead link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 August 2014 Retrieved 24 August 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 August 2014 Retrieved 24 August 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link EU employee tests positive for coronavirus in Guinea s first case Reuters 13 March 2020 COVID 19 and W Africa 1 994 new cases 31 new deaths in 24 hours APA 31 December 2020 Retrieved 2 January 2021 a b c d e Falola Toyin Jean Jacques Daniel 14 December 2015 Africa An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society 3 volumes An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society ABC CLIO pp 568 569 ISBN 9781598846669 Retrieved 5 November 2016 Guinea Post Report United States Department of State 1985 p 9 Retrieved 8 September 2021 At a glance Guinea Football boosts girls education UNICEF Archived from the original on 24 December 2018 Retrieved 3 December 2013 Associations Guinea FIFA Archived from the original on 10 October 2018 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Member Associations Federation Guineenne de Football FGF Confederation of African Football Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Guinea List of champions Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Kuhn Gabriel 15 March 2011 Soccer vs the State Tackling Football and Radical Politics PM Press p 33 ISBN 9781604865240 permanent dead link Articles 315 319 Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Civil Code of the Republic of Guinea Code Civil de la Republique de Guinee Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions Recipes amp Cookbooks Friends of Guinea Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Eating in the Embassy Guinean Embassy Brings West African Food To Washington WAMU Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Notes Edit French Guinee Pular 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 romanized Gine Wolof Gine N Ko ߖߌ ߣߍ Bambara GineExternal links EditGuinea at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website in French Guinea The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Guinea from UCB Libraries GovPubs Guinea at Curlie Guinea profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Guinea Geographic data related to Guinea at OpenStreetMap Guinea 2008 Summary Trade Statistics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guinea amp oldid 1144398389, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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