List of domesticated animals

This page gives a list of domesticated animals,^[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and morphological changes from their wild ancestors, while others have changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, but there is not always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, so there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Zooarchaeology has identified three classes of animal domesticates:

1. Pets (dogs, cats, ferrets, hamsters, etc.)
2. Livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc.)
3. Beasts of burden (horses, camels, donkeys, etc.)^[2]

Domesticated animals

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purposes	Image	Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Domestic dog (Canis familiaris)^[3]	Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (Canis lupus ssp.)^[4]	13,000 BCE^[5]^[6]	China,^[7]^[8]^[9] Europe^[6] in different places in Asia	meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets		Tame (with exceptions),^[10] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well	Domestic and feral dogs both very common,^[10] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare	1c Carnivora
Domestic goat (Capra hircus)	Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)	10,000 BCE^[11]^[12]^[13]	Iran	milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common	1b Bovidae
Domestic pig (Sus domesticus)	Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus),^[14] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis)^[15]	9000 BCE^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]	China, Western Asia	meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets		Some physical changes	Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries)^[3]	Possibly the Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini)	9000 BCE to 8500 BCE^[20]^[21]	Anatolia, Iran	meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets		Some physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
European cattle or taurine cattle (Bos taurus)^[3]^[22]^[23]	Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)†	8000 BCE^[24]^[25]	China,^[26] Western Asia	meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets		Some physical changes	Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common	1b Bovidae
Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (Bos indicus)^[3]	Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus)†	8000 BCE	Indian Subcontinent	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct	1b Bovidae
Domestic cat or house cat (Felis catus)^[3]	North African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica)^[27]	8000–7500 BCE^[27]	the Near East	meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common	1c Carnivora
Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)	Bangladesh red junglefowl (Gallus gallus murghi) with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii)	6000 BCE^[28]	India and Southeast Asia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets		Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes	Very common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)	Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii)	5000 BCE	Peru	meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Domestic donkey, domestic ass or burro (Equus asinus)	African wild ass (Equus africanus), including subspecies Nubian (E. a. africanus) and Somali wild ass (E. a. somaliensis)^[29]	5000 BCE^[30]^[31]	Nubia	meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered	1e Other mammals
Gayal (Bos frontalis)^[3]	Gayal (Bos frontalis) with significant introgression from other Bos species^[32]	5000 BCE^[33]	Southeast Asia, Northeast India	meat, milk, horns, dung		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)	Common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)	4000 BCE	China	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild	2a Anseriformes
Domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)^[3]	Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee)	4000 BCE	India, China, the Philippines	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show		Mainly unchanged from the wild animal	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America^[34]^[35]	1b Bovidae
Dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius)^[36]	Unknown	4000 BCE	Arabia, the Horn of Africa	meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) including subspecies German (A. m. mellifera), Italian (A. m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (A. m. caucasia), Greek (A. m. cecropia), Saharan (A. m. sahariensis) and Egyptian honey bees (A. m. lamarckii)	-	4000 BCE (the modern era for A. m. mellifera, the 1880s for A. m. ligustica, uncertain for A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasia, A. m. cecropia, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. lamarckii)	Europe (including Germany, Italy, Greece, Slovenia and the United Kingdom), Georgia, North Africa	honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research		Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention^[37]	Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details	6a Hymenoptera
Domestic horse (Equus caballus)	Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (Equus ferus), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (E. f. ferus)†^[38]	3500 BCE^[39]	Kazakhstan	milk, meat, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration	Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common	1e Other mammals
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus)	Banteng (Bos javanicus) ^[40]	3500 BCE^[40]	Bali, Indonesia	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori)	Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina)	3000 BCE	China	silk, animal feed, pets		Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	6b Other insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica)	Rock dove (Columba livia)	3000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin	meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets		Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds	Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant	2c Columbiformes
Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus)	Greylag goose (Anser anser) and swan goose (A. cygnoides)	3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides^[41]	Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides)	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2a Anseriformes
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens)^[3]	Wild yak (Bos mutus)	2500 BCE	Tibet, Nepal	meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)	Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus)	2500 BCE	Central Asia (Afghanistan)	meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama)^[3]	Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis)^[42]	2400 BCE^[43]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Lama pacos)^[3]	Vicuña (Lama vicugna mensalis)^[42]	2400 BCE^[43]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris domesticus)	West African helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeatus)	2400 BCE^[44]	West Africa	meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets		Mainly unaltered from the wild population	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†^[45]	Culpeo or Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)	date uncertain^[46]	Argentina, Chile	hunting, guarding, warmth, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Extinct in captivity, but common in the wild	1c Carnivora
Domestic ferret (Mustela furo)	European polecat (Mustela putorius)	1500 BCE^[47]	North Africa	hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare	1c Carnivora
Domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica)	Wild Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata sylvestris)	700–600 BCE^[43]	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Common in captivity, feral populations rare	2a Anseriformes
Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (Streptopelia risoria)	African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)	500 BCE	North Africa	meat, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in both captivity and feral populations	2c Columbiformes
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus)	South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)	180 CE^[43]	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)	Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)	300 CE to 400 CE	China	racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	5a Cyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)	Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)^[48]	600 CE^[49]	Europe	meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range	1e Other mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	the 11th century CE	Japan	ornamental, show, pets		Tame, considerable physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild	5a Cyprinidae
Japanese quail (C. japonica) or Domesticated quail	Common quail (C. coturnix)	the 11~12th century CE	Japan	meat, eggs, research, pets		considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica)	Wild canary (Serinus canaria canaria)	the 15th century CE	the Canary Islands, Europe	coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2d Passeriformes
Society finch or Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica)	White-rumped munia or striated finch (Lonchura striata swinhoei) with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (Euodice malabarica)	unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE^[50]	Japan	pets, show, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; common in the wild	2d Passeriformes
Fancy mouse a.k.a. laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domestica)	Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)	1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe)^[51]	China	animal feed, racing, research, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Fancy rat a.k.a. laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica)	Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)	the 19th century CE^[52]	the United Kingdom	animal feed, research, show, pets		Tame, some physical and psychological changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Domestic mink (Neogale vison domesticus)^[53]	American mink (Neogale vison)	the 19th century CE	North America	fur, hunting, pest control, pets		Some physical and psychological changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1c Carnivora
Domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes amicus)	American red fox (Vulpes vulpes fulva)^[54]^[55]^[56]	the 1800s and the 1950s	Prince Edward Island; introduced to the Soviet Union (Russia)	fur, pelts, research, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common	1c Carnivora
Domesticated hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris, A. algirus, Hemiechinus auritus and H. collaris)	Four-toed (Atelerix albiventris), Algerian (A. algirus), long-eared (Hemiechinus auritus), and Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)	the 1980s	Central and Eastern Africa	pets		Slight physical changes	Common in the wild, somewhat rare in captivity	1e Other mammals

Tame, partially domesticated, and widely captive-bred animals

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what precisely constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also some species that are extensively commercially used by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Many animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild-type animals due to their extensive interactions with humans, albeit not to the point that they are regarded as distinct forms (therefore, no separate wild ancestors are noted) or would be unable to survive if reintroduced to the wild.

Species and subspecies	Date	Location of origin	Purpose	Image	Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) including subspecies Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus), Indian (E. m. indicus), Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), Bornean (E. m. borneensis) and formerly Syrian elephants (E. m. asurus)†^[57]^[58]^[59]	2000 BCE (uncertain for E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis and E. m. asurus)†	India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Nepal, Borneo, China, Indochina, formerly Iran	dung, working, hunting, fighting, racing, transportation, mount, patrol, worship, show		Individuals taken from the wild and tamed on a wide scale	Syrian subspecies extinct in the wild and in captivity; other subspecies somewhat common in captivity, but endangered in the wild^[60]^[61]	1e Other mammals
Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus domesticus)	3000 BCE	Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia),^[62] China, Mongolia	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, transportation, mount, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (S. camelus) and Somali ostriches (S. molybdophanes)	date uncertain	Africa, Mesopotamia	meat, eggs, feathers, sacrifices				2f Palaeognathae
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)	2320–2150 BCE	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices			Small captive population, but nearly extinct in the wild	1b Bovidae
Caracal (Caracal caracal)^[63]	date uncertain, possibly 200 BCE	Egypt, India, Southern Africa	hunting, pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) including subspecies Southeast African (A. j. jubatus), Northeast African (A. j. soemmeringii) and Asiatic cheetahs (A. j. venaticus)^[64]^[65]	1500 BCE	Egypt, India, the Middle East, South Africa	hunting, tourism, pets				1c Carnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)†	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices		Historically farmed	Extinct in the wild and in captivity	1b Bovidae
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)	pre-modern China (date uncertain)	China	pest control, ornamental, pets				2a Anseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, eggs, feathers, guarding, ornamental, pets			Common in the wild and in captivity, feral populations very common	2a Anseriformes
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)^[66]	5000 BCE	China	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Common genet (Genetta genetta)^[67]	date uncertain	Africa	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) including subspecies Chinese (A. c. cerana), Indian (A. c. indica) and Japanese honey bees (A. c. japonica)	date uncertain	South Asia, Thailand, Japan, China	honey, wax, pollination				6a Hymenoptera
European fallow (Dama dama) and Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)^[68]	1000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin, the Levant	meat, hides, antlers, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)^[69]^[70]	800 BCE	Europe, Asia	bloodletting, surgery, therapy, research, saliva, pets		Captive-bred		7b Annelida
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)	700–500 BCE^[43]	Chile, Peru, Mexico	dye			Very common in the wild	6b Other insects
Indian (Pavo cristatus) and green peafowl (P. muticus)	500 BCE (uncertain for P. muticus)	India, Java	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pest control, pets			Fairly common in the wild	2b Galliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa)	kept in ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain	Greece	pets, talking bird				2d Passeriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) including subspecies African (P. k. krameri) and Indian rose-ringed parakeets (P. k. manillensis)	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	West Africa, India	pets, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour changes		2e Psittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)^[71]^[72] including subspecies Caspian (C. e. maral), Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Scottish red deer (C. e. scoticus)	~1 CE	China, Russia, Europe (including the United Kingdom), Iran	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets		Captive-bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman snail (Helix pomatia)	100 CE	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida)	180 CE	Mexico, the Amazon Basin	honey, wax, propolis, pollination, pets				6a Hymenoptera
White (Cacatua alba), sulphur-crested (C. galerita), Salmon-crested (Cacatua moluccensis), blue-eyed (C. ophthalmica), and Red-vented cockatoos (C. haematuropygia); long-billed (C. tenuirostris), western (C. pastinator), little (C. sanguinea) and Tanimbar corellas (C. goffiniana)	the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) (C. alba)	China, Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea	pets, show		Captive-bred		2e Psittaciformes
Great (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Japanese cormorants (P. capillatus)	960 CE	China, Japan	fishing				2g Other birds
Mute swan (Cygnus olor)	1000-1500 CE	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pets				2a Anseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus)	the 12th century CE	Southwestern Asia, China, Japan	meat, animal feed, fighting, pets			Somewhat common in captivity, very common in the wild	6b Other insects
Common quail (Coturnix coturnix)	1100–1900 CE	Eurasia	meat, eggs, research, pets				2b Galliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	1200–1500 CE	Europe, Asia	meat, eggs, pets				5a Cyprinidae
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)	the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE)	China	pets		Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Java sparrows from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable	Threatened in the wild	2d Passeriformes
Siamese fighting fish or betta (Betta splendens); Spotted betta (B. picta)	the 19th century CE (uncertain for B. picta)	Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo	fighting, show, pets		Very significant physical and slight behavioral changes	Common in captivity	5b Other fish
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi)	date uncertain	the United States, Sonora	meat, eggs, feathers, pets		Captive-bred, plumage changes		2b Galliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)	date uncertain	Europe	pets, singing		Captive-bred		2d Passeriformes
Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii)	date uncertain	India	pest control, fighting, pets				1c Carnivora
Gambian pouched (Cricetomys gambianus) and Emin's pouched rats (C. emini)	at least 1997,^[73] but possibly the early 1990s (uncertain for C. emini)	Sub-Saharan Africa	meat, landmine detection, tuberculosis detection, pest control, pets				1d Rodentia
Golden (Chrysolophus pictus) and Lady Amherst's pheasants (C. amherstiae)	date uncertain	China	ornamental, pest control, pets				2b Galliformes
Common (Phasianus colchicus) and green pheasants (P. versicolor)	date uncertain	Asia, Japan	meat, eggs, ornamental, pest control, pets				2b Galliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon)^[74]	date uncertain	China, Taiwan, Japan	meat, hides, antlers, tourism, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (Taurotragus oryx) and Giant eland (T. derbianus)	date uncertain	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns				1b Bovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)^[75]	date uncertain	the southeastern United States	meat, hides, teeth, blood, pets		Captive-bred	Once uncommon in the wild; captive breeding has led to the species both recovering across and repopulating much of its range.	3d Other reptiles
Eurasian elk or moose (Alces alces)^[76] including subspecies Alaskan moose (A. a. gigas)	date uncertain	Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska	meat, milk, hides, antlers, working, draft, mount, transportation, research, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	the 1850s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes, some breeds are physically larger	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)	the 1870s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis)	date uncertain	North America, Russia, China	meat, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets		Captive-bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European mink (Mustela lutreola)	the 1800s	Europe, Russia	fur				1c Carnivora
Coypu or nutria (Myocastor coypus)	the late 19th to the early 20th century CE	Argentina	meat, fur, aquatic weed control, pets		Captive-bred		1d Rodentia
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata);^[77] Cauca (P. caucana), sailfin (P. latipinna), shortfin (P. mexicana), liberty (P. salvatoris), common (P. sphenops), and Yucatán mollies (P. velifera); Endler's livebearer (P. wingei)	date uncertain	Barbados, Brazil, El Salvador, Guyana, Mexico, Venezuela	bait, pest control, research, pets				5b Other fish
Lesser fruit fly, vinegar fly or pomace fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	the 1910s	Australia, South Africa	research, animal feed		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)	the 1920s	China	research, biotechnology, pets				1d Rodentia
Rosy-faced (Agapornis roseicollis), yellow-collared (A. personatus), Fischer's (A. fischeri), black-cheeked (A. nigrigenis), black-winged (A. taranta), and red-headed lovebirds (A. pullarius)	the 1920s (uncertain for A. personatus, A. fischeri, A. nigrigenis, A. taranta and A. pullarius)	Africa, Madagascar	pets		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes in rosy-faced lovebird		2e Psittaciformes
Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae; various species and subspecies)	the 1920s	northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia	pest control, pets				5b Other fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)	the 1930s	Syria, Turkey	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)	the 20th century CE	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)	the 1930s	the Andes	fur, research, pets				1d Rodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla)	the 1930s	the Andes	fur		Raised in captivity	Critically endangered in the wild	1d Rodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna)	the 1930s	North America, Eurasia, Africa	research, animal feed				6c Other arthropods
African (Xenopus laevis) and western clawed frogs (X. tropicalis)	the 1950s (uncertain for X. tropicalis)	Southern Africa, West Africa	research, pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos)	the 1950s	the United States	pets, research		Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Ball (Python regius), Borneo (P. breitensteini), Sumatran short-tailed (P. curtus) and Brongersma's short-tailed pythons (P. brongersmai)	the 1960s (uncertain for P. breitensteini, P. curtus and P. brongersmai)	Africa, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia	pets		Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Burmese python (Python bivittatus) including subspecies dwarf Burmese python (P. b. progschai)^[78]^[79]	date uncertain	Myanmar, Thailand, Bali, Java, Sulawesi	meat, skins, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Campbell's dwarf (Phodopus campbelli), winter white dwarf (P. sungorus) and Roborovski dwarf hamsters (P. roborovskii)	the 1960s	Mongolia, Russia, China	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum); tiger (A. tigrinum) and barred tiger salamanders (A. mavortium)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for A. tigrinum and A. mavortium)	Mexico, the United States	research, pets		Slight physical changes	A. mexicanum Critically endangered in the wild; A. tigrinum and A. mavortium less threatened	4b Other amphibians
Common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for E. m. afghanicus)	Pakistan, Afghanistan	pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity	3b Lacertilia
American bison (Bison bison) including subspecies wood bison (B. b. athabascae)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for B. b. athabascae)	North America	meat, leather, hides, fiber, horns, guarding, pets				1b Bovidae
Companion parrots (Psittaciformes; various species and subspecies)^[80]^[81]	the 1980s and 1990s	Australia, Africa, Asia, North America, Central America, South America, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji	pets, show, talking bird, ornamental, guarding, education, therapy		Captive-bred, plumage colour changes in some species (e.g. grey parrot, turquoise-fronted amazon, green-cheeked parakeet and others)		2e Psittaciformes
Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae spp.)	the mid- to late 20th century CE	Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela	pets		Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity		4a Anura
Common (Lampropeltis getula), grey-banded (L. alterna), and Thayer's kingsnakes (L. mexicana thayeri); Milk snake (L. triangulum)	date uncertain	Arizona, Florida, Mexico, California	pets				3a Serpentes
Corn (Pantherophis gutttatus) and western rat snakes (P. obsoletus)	the 1960s (uncertain for P. obsoletus)	the United States	pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild	3a Serpentes
Madagascar hissing (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and wide-horned hissing cockroaches (G. oblongonota)	the 1960s (uncertain for G. oblongonota)	Madagascar	pets		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and related species	the 1970s	Australia	pets		Slight physical changes		3b Lacertilia
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)^[82]	the 1970s	China	meat, algae control				5a Cyprinidae
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)^[83]	the 1980s	Australia	pest control, pets				1e Other mammals
Buff-tailed (Bombus terrestris) and common eastern bumblebees (B. impatiens)	the 1980s (uncertain for B. impatiens)	Europe (including the United Kingdom), North America	wax, pollination				6a Hymenoptera
Greater (Rhea americana) and Darwin's rheas (R. pennata)^[84]	the 1990s (uncertain for R. pennata)	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets				2f Palaeognathae
Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae)	the 1990s	Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets				2f Palaeognathae
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis)	date uncertain	Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns				1b Bovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus)	the 1990s	the Chilean Andes	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus); Persian (M. persicus), Libyan (M. libycus), Shaw's (M. shawi), Tristram's (M. tristrami) and Sundevall's jirds (M. crassus)	the 1990s (uncertain for M. persicus, M. libycus, M. shawi, M. tristrami and M. crassus)	Mongolia, Algeria, Iran, Libya, Turkey, Egypt	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Green (Iguana iguana) and Lesser Antillean iguanas (I. delicatissima)	the 1990s (uncertain for I. delicatissima)	South America, the Lesser Antilles	meat, leather, pets		Captive-bred		3b Lacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) including subspecies diamond python (M. s. spilota); eastern (M. s. mcdowelli), Murray Darling (M. s. metcalfei), Torresian (M. s. variegata) and jungle carpet pythons (M. s. cheynei)	date uncertain	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets		Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Southern green tree (Morelia viridis), southwestern carpet (M. imbricata), rough-scaled (M. carinata) and Bredl's pythons (M. bredli)	the mid-1990s (uncertain for M. carinata and M. bredli)	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets		Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Red-tailed black (Calyptorhynchus banksii), yellow-tailed black (C. funereus) and glossy black cockatoos (C. lathami)	the late 1990s (uncertain for C. funereus and C. lathami)	Australia	pets, education		Captive-bred		2e Psittaciformes
Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae)	the late 1990s	Australia	pets, show				2d Passeriformes
Australian green (Ranoidea caerulea), orange-eyed (R. chloris), leaf green (R. phyllochroa), mountain stream (R. barringtonensis), magnificent (R. splendida), Blue Mountains (R. citropa) and dainty green tree frogs (R. gracilenta); growling grass frog (R. raniformis)	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for R. chloris, R. phyllochroa, R. barringtonensis, R. splendida, R. citropa, R. gracilenta and R. raniformis)	Australia	research, pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Argentine (Ceratophrys ornata), Brazilian (C. aurita), Venezuelan (C. calcarata), Surinam (C. cornuta), Caatinga (C. joazeirensis), Pacific (C. stolzmanni) and Cranwell's horned frogs (C. cranwelli)	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for C. aurita, C. calcarata, C. cornuta, C. joazeirensis, C. stolzmanni and C. cranwelli)	Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador	pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Crucian (Carassius carassius), Japanese white crucian (C. cuvieri) and Prussian carp (C. gibelio); ginbuna (C. langdorfii)^[85]	the 2000s (uncertain for C. cuvieri, C. gibelio and C. langdorfii)	England, Russia, Japan	meat, research, pets				5a Cyprinidae
King quail (Synoicus chinensis)	date uncertain	Asia, Australia	pets				2b Galliformes
Common (Corvus corax), white-necked (C. albicollis) and Australian ravens (C. coronoides); carrion (C. corone), hooded (C. cornix), American (C. brachyrhynchos), pied (C. albus) and house crows (C. splendens); rook (C. frugilegus)^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]	date uncertain	Europe, Africa, India, Australia, North America	pest control, research, show, pets				2d Passeriformes
Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster)^[93]	date uncertain	India	fishing				2g Other birds
Southern (Chauna torquata) and northern screamers (C. chavaria)	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2a Anseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)^[94]	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2a Anseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata)	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2g Other birds
Golden (Aquila chrysaetos),^[95]eastern imperial (A. heliaca), Spanish imperial (A. adalberti), wedge-tailed (A. audax), steppe (A. nipalensis), tawny (A. rapax), Bonelli's (A. fasciata) and Verreaux's eagles (A. verreauxii); African hawk-eagle (A. spilogaster)	date uncertain	Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)^[96]^[97] and white-tailed eagles (H. albicilla); African fish eagle (H. vocifer); white-bellied sea (H. leucogaster) and Steller's sea eagles (H. pelagicus)	date uncertain	North America, Europe, Russia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi)^[98]	date uncertain	the United States	falconry, pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Northern (Accipiter gentilis),^[99] crested (A. trivirgatus) and African goshawks (A. tachiro); Cooper's (A. cooperii) and sharp-shinned hawks (A. striatus); Eurasian (A. nisus), Ovambo (A. ovampensis), collared (A. cirrocephalus), Japanese (A. gularis) and black sparrowhawks (A. melanoleucus); besra (A. virgatus); shikra (A. badius)	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, Africa, North America	falconry, pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)^[100] including subspecies Western Siberian (B. b. sibiricus), Eastern Siberian (B. b. yenisseensis) and Turkmenian eagle-owls (B. b. omissus)	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, Turkmenistan	pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)^[101]	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	pest control, show, pets				2g Other birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)	date uncertain	Peru	meat, eggs, pest control				2g Other birds
Celebes warty pig (Sus celebensis)^[102]	date uncertain	Sulawesi	meat, tusks, pets		Historically farmed		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus),^[103]	the 2000s	Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales	lawn mowing, research, tourism, pets				1e Other mammals
Red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)^[104]	date uncertain	Australia	meat, leather, tourism, pets				1e Other animals
Tiger (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern (D. viverrinus), western (D. geoffroii) and northern quolls (D. hallucatus)^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]	date uncertain	Australia	pest control, pets				1e Other mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)^[109]	date uncertain	Bangladesh	fishing, pets				1c Carnivora
Beech marten (Martes foina)^[110]^[111] and sable (M. zibellina)	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	fur, pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Fisher or Pennant's marten (Pekania pennanti)	date uncertain	North America	fur, pest control, research, pets				1c Carnivora
Least (Mustela nivalis), Siberian (M. sibirica)^[112] and yellow-bellied weasels (M. kathiah); European polecat (M. putorius)^[113]^[114]	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Lesser grison (Galictis cuja)	date uncertain	South America	hunting, pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)	date uncertain	Argentina, Chile	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Common raccoon (Procyon lotor)^[115]	date uncertain	North America	pest control, show, pets				1c Carnivora
Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)^[116]	date uncertain	North America, Central America	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Mountain paca (Cuniculus taczanowskii)	date uncertain	Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador	meat, pets				1d Rodentia
Malayan (Hystrix brachyura),^[117]Sunda (H. javanica), Indian crested (H. indica), African crested (H. cristata), Cape (H. africaeaustralis) and Philippine porcupines (H. pumila)	date uncertain	Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Africa	meat, quills, pets				1d Rodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)	date uncertain	the Eurasian steppe	pets				1d Rodentia
Lesser Egyptian (Gerbillus gerbillus), greater Egyptian (G. pyramidum), pale (G. perpallidus) and pleasant gerbils (G. amoenus)	date uncertain	Egypt, Libya	pets				1d Rodentia
Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus)^[118]	date uncertain	Europe	pest control, pets				1d Rodentia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra)^[119]	date uncertain	China	venom, skins, pets		Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) including subspecies Adelaide (P. e. adelaidae) and yellow rosellas (P. e. flaveolus)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2e Psittaciformes
Western (Platycercus icterotis), green (P. caledonicus), pale-headed (P. adscitus) and northern rosellas (P. venustus)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2e Psittaciformes
Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) including subspecies golden-mantled rosella (P. e. elecica)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2e Psittaciformes
Hispaniolan (Trachemys decorata), Colombian (T. callirostris), Cuban (T. decussata), D'Orbigny's (T. dorbigni), Nicaraguan (T. emolli), ornate (T. ornata), Jamaican (T. terrapen) and Meso-American sliders (T. venusta)	date uncertain	Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica	pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Pond slider (Trachemys scripta) including subspecies yellow-bellied (T. s. scripta), red-eared (T. s. elegans) and Cumberland sliders (T. s. troostii)	date uncertain	the south-central and southeastern United States	meat, pets		Easy to tame	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	3c Testudines
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)^[120]	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Chinese pond (Mauremys reevesii) and yellow pond turtles (M. mutica)^[121]	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)^[122]	date uncertain	Florida	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Keeled box (Cuora mouhotii)^[123] and Golden coin turtles (C. trifasciata)	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri)	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa)^[124]	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Saltwater (Crocodylus porosus), Nile (C. niloticus), West African (C. suchus), mugger (C. palustris), American (C. acutus), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), freshwater (C. johnsoni), Siamese (C. siamensis), Philippine (C. mindorensis) and New Guinea crocodiles (C. novaeguineae)^[125]^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129]^[130]	date uncertain	Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Africa, Iran, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Australia, Papua New Guinea	meat, hides, teeth, blood, fat, guarding, tourism, show, pets		Captive-bred		3d Other reptiles
Crimson (Neochmia phaeton) and red-browed finches (N. temporalis)	date uncertain	New Guinea, Australia	pets, show				2d Passeriformes
Star finch (Bathilda ruficauda)	date uncertain	Australia	pets, show				2d Passeriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)	date uncertain	Hungary, the United Kingdom	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Red-legged (Alectoris rufa), chukar (A. chukar), Philby's (A. philbyi), Arabian (A. melanocephala) and Barbary partridges (A. barbara)	date uncertain	France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen, Oman	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus)	date uncertain	China, India	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)	date uncertain	Nepal	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets				2b Galliformes
Scaled (Callipepla squamata), elegant (C. douglasii), Gambel's (C. gambelii) and California quails (C. californica)^[131]	date uncertain	Mexico, Utah, California	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)	date uncertain	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum)	date uncertain	Ethiopia	meat, pest control, pets				2b Galliformes
Harlequin (Coturnix delegorguei), rain (C. coromandelica) and stubble quails (C. pectoralis)	date uncertain	Africa, India, Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2b Galliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)^[132]	date uncertain	Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore	nests				2g Other birds
Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, various species and subspecies)^[133]	date uncertain	North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea	research, venom, pets		Captive-bred	Common in captivity, becoming rare in the wild	6c Other arthropods
Crested (Correlophus ciliatus) and suras geckos (C. sarasinorum)	date uncertain	New Caledonia	pets		Captive-bred	Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in the wild	3b Lacertilia
Roan (Hippotragus equinus)^[134] and sable antelopes (H. niger)^[135]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, horns				1b Bovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros),^[136] nyala (T. angasii),^[137] and Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets				1b Bovidae
Blue (Connochaetes taurinus)^[138] and black wildebeest (C. gnou)^[139]	date uncertain	South Africa, Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns, pets				1b Bovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus) including subspecies blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)^[140]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns				1b Bovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets		Historically farmed		1b Bovidae
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	pets, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2d Passeriformes
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets				1b Bovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)^[141]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets				1b Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)^[142]	date uncertain	North Africa	meat, horns				1b Bovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)^[143]^[144]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, leather, horns				1b Bovidae
Collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu)^[145]	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)^[146]	date uncertain	China	meat, antlers				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus)^[147] and mule deer (O. hemionus)	date uncertain	Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, Montana, Canada, Colombia	meat, hides, antlers, pets				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf (Moschus berezovskii), alpine (M. chrysogaster), white-bellied (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)^[148]^[149]^[150]	date uncertain	China, India, Russia	meat, hides, tusks, musk				1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)^[151]^[152]^[153]^[154]	date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria	hunting, guarding, waste management, tourism, show, pets				1c Carnivora
Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)^[155]	date uncertain	North Africa	pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Grey (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and island foxes (U. littoralis)^[156]	date uncertain	the eastern United States, the Channel Islands, California	pelts, pest control, pets				1c Carnivora
Meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta)^[157]^[158]	date uncertain	South Africa	pest control, research, education, therapy, tourism, show, pets				1c Carnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus)	date uncertain	West Africa	pets, pest control		Captive-bred		1c Carnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii)	date uncertain	Thailand, Indonesia	meat, pets				5b Other fish
Giant (Osphronemus goramy),^[159]^[160] giant red tail (O. laticlavius) and elephant ear gouramis (O. exodon)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, weed control, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Red-bellied (Pygocentrus nattereri), piraya (P. piraya) and black spot piranha (P. cariba)	date uncertain	South America	meat, teeth, research, pets			Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	5b Other fish
Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), Pacific bluefin (T. orientalis), southern bluefin (T. maccoyii), yellowfin (T. albacares) and bigeye tunas (T. obesus); albacore or longfin tuna (T. alalunga)^[161]^[162]	date uncertain	Europe, East Asia, Australia, Hawaii, North America	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European sea (Acipenser sturio), white (A. transmontanus), shortnose (A. brevirostrum), Persian (A. persicus), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and starry sturgeons (A. stellatus)^[163]^[164]^[165]^[166]	date uncertain	Europe, Alaska, California, Canada, Iran, Russia, Albania, the Aegean Sea	meat, eggs, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Malabar (Epinephelus malabaricus), giant (E. lanceolatus), greasy (E. tauvina), areolate (E. areolatus), dusky (E. marginatus), wavy-lined (E. undulosus), six-bar (E. sexfasciatus) and orange-spotted groupers (E. coioides)^[167]^[168]^[169]	date uncertain	Asia, Australia, Fiji, South Africa, Italy, the Indo-Pacific	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); Chinook (O. tshawytscha) and Masu salmon (O. masou)	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta)	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom), Alaska, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer),^[170] Japanese lates (L. japonicus) and Nile perch (L. niloticus)^[171]	date uncertain	the United Kingdom, Poland, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Japan, Africa	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	date uncertain	the United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)^[172]	date uncertain	the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Northern pike (Esox lucius)^[173]	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, research, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Alligator (Atractosteus spatula), Cuban (A. tristoechus) and tropical gars (A. tropicus)^[174]^[175]^[176]	date uncertain	North America, Cuba, Costa Rica	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	date uncertain	China	meat, weed control				5a Cyprinidae
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)	date uncertain	China	meat, pest control, medicine				5a Cyprinidae
Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)	date uncertain	China	meat				5a Cyprinidae
Giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis)^[177]	date uncertain	Vietnam	meat, pets				5a Cyprinidae
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas)^[178]^[179]	date uncertain	the Amazon Basin	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Wels catfish (Silurus glanis)^[180]	date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and Mekong giant catfish (P. gigas)^[181]	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)^[182]	date uncertain	California, Colorado	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Green (Etroplus suratensis)^[183] and orange chromides (E. maculatus); Canara pearlspot (E. canarensis)	date uncertain	India	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)^[184]	date uncertain	the Gulf of Mexico	meat, research		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Greater (Seriola dumerili), Japanese (S. quinqueradiata) and yellowtail amberjacks (S. lalandi); longfin yellowtail (S. rivoliana)^[185]^[186]	date uncertain	the Mediterranean Sea, Japan, Chile, Hawaii	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Southern (Paralichthys lethostigma) and olive flounders (P. olivaceus)^[187]	the 1980s (uncertain for P. lethostigma)	the United States, Japan, China, Korea	meat		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European eel (Anguilla anguilla)	date uncertain	Europe, North America	meat		Captive-bred^[188]		5b Other fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) and Indian stingless bee (T. iridipennis)	date uncertain	Australia, India	honey, wax, propolis, pollination				6a Hymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia)	date uncertain	Central America, South America	animal feed, pets		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Mealworm (Tenebrio molitar) and superworm (Zophobas morio)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, animal feed, research		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)	date uncertain	the United States	research		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)^[189]	date uncertain	the United States	meat, animal feed, pollination, decomposing		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Waxworms (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella)	date uncertain	Europe?	meat, bait, animal feed, research		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)^[190]	date uncertain	North America	meat, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Flame jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum)^[191]	date uncertain	China	meat, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		7c Other animals
Common (Octopus vulgaris), common Sydney (O. tetricus), big blue (O. cyanea), Mexican four-eyed (O. maya), California two-spot (O. bimaculoides), Gould's (O. mimus), long arm (O. minor), Caribbean reef (O. briareus), Caribbean dwarf (O. mercatoris) and East Pacific red octopuses (O. rubescens)^[192]^[193]^[194]^[195]^[196]^[197]	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America, Western Australia, Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea	meat, ink, research, pets		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, shells		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Giant Ghana African snail (Achatina achatina)^[198]	date uncertain	Ghana, Kenya	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Giant East African (Lissachatina fulica)^[199] and African land snails (L. albopicta)	date uncertain	East Africa	meat, shells, slime, education, pets		Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Pacific (Eptatretus stoutii) and inshore hagfishes (E. burgeri)^[200]^[201]	date uncertain	the United States, South Korea, Japan	meat, skins, slime		Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	date uncertain	Asia	meat, pets		Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Flower crab (Portunus armatus)^[202]^[203]	date uncertain	Australia	meat		Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
European (Homarus gammarus) and American lobsters (H. americanus)^[204]^[205]^[206]	date uncertain	Europe, the United States	meat		Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), northern leopard (L. pipiens), pig (L. grylio), and northern green frogs (L. clamitans melanota)	date uncertain	North America	meat, education, research, pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Pool (Pelophylax lessonae) and marsh frogs (P. ridibundus)^[207]	date uncertain	Europe	meat, pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)	date uncertain	Java	meat		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus)	date uncertain	China, Thailand	meat, pets		Captive-bred		4a Anura
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)	the 14th century CE	Europe	meat, pets		Captured in the wild or captive-bred	Extended in the wild and in captivity	7a Mollusca
New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)	the 1970s	New Zealand	meat, pets		Captured in the wild and captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Purple dye murex (Bolinus brandaris)	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	the central and western Mediterranean Sea	Tyrian purple, meat		Historically captive-bred	No longer farmed	7a Mollusca
Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	the 19th century CE^[citation needed]	North America	pelts, pest control, pets		Tame when captive-bred, significant physical changes^[citation needed]	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1c Carnivora

Taxonomical groupings

The categories used in the Taxon group column are:

• 1a: Artiodactyla except Bovidae, 1b: Bovidae, 1c: Carnivora, 1d: Rodentia, 1e: Other mammals
• 2a: Anseriformes, 2b: Galliformes, 2c: Columbiformes, 2d: Passeriformes, 2e: Psittaciformes, 2f: Palaeognathae , 2g: Other birds
• 3a: Serpentes, 3b: Lacertilia, 3c: Testudines, 3d: Other reptiles
• 4a: Anura, 4b: Other amphibians
• 5a: Cyprinidae, 5b: Other fish
• 6a: Hymenoptera, 6b: Other insects, 6c: Other arthropods
• 7a: Mollusca, 7b: Annelida, 7c: Other animals

See also

• List of domesticated plants
• List of domesticated fungi and microorganisms

References

1. . Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
2. Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.
3. Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. Bibcode:2004JArSc..31..645G. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
4. Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.
5. Sablin, Mikhail V.; Khlopachev, Gennady A. (2002). "The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
6. Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H. -P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K. -P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. hdl:10261/88173. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
7. Ding, Z.-L.; Oskarsson, M.; Ardalan, A.; Angleby, H.; Dahlgren, L.-G.; Tepeli, C.; Kirkness, E.; Savolainen, P.; Zhang, Y.-P. (May 2012). "Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA". Heredity. 108 (5): 507–514. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.114. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3330686. PMID 22108628.
8. Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhai, Weiwei; Yang, He-Chuan; Wang, Lu; Zhong, Li; Liu, Yan-Hu; Fan, Ruo-Xi; Yin, Ting-Ting; Zhu, Chun-Ling; Poyarkov, Andrei D.; Irwin, David M. (January 2016). "Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world". Cell Research. 26 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1038/cr.2015.147. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 4816135. PMID 26667385.
9. Crapon de Caprona, Marie-Dominique; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs". ISRN Evolutionary Biology. 2013: 1–8. doi:10.5402/2013/621836. S2CID 56914841.
10. Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1.^{[page needed]}
11. Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 52: S221–S235. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.
12. Vigne, Jean-Denis (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.
13. . Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
14. "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
15. "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
16. Giuffra, E.; Kijas, J. M.; Amarger, V.; Carlborg, O.; Jeon, J. T.; Andersson, L. (2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.
17. Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina; Willerslev, Eske; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Andersson, Leif; Cooper, Alan (2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.
18. Frantz, Laurent A F.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Madsen, Ole; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Cagan, Alex; Bosse, Mirte; Paudel, Yogesh; Crooijmans, Richard P M A.; Larson, Greger; Groenen, Martien A M. (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–1148. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.
19. "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". Radio Pet Lady Network. October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
20. Zeder, Melinda A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–11604. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511597Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.
21. Holt, Ben (13 April 2017). Animal Heroes: True Stories of Extraordinary Creatures. Summersdale Publishers Limited. ISBN 9781786851369.
22. Cailey Rizzo. "Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain". www.travelandleisure.com.
23. Govan, Fiona (26 October 2016). "Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia". www.thelocal.es.
24. Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (1998). "Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.
25. Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France . Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French).
26. "Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
27. Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185.
28. West, Barbara; Zhou, Ben-Xiong (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–218. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012.
29. "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
30. Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.
31. Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)
32. Wu1, Dong-Dong; Ding, Xiang-Dong; Wang, Sheng; Wójcik, Jan M.; Zhang, Yi; Tokarska, Małgorzata; Li, Yan; Wang, Ming-Shan; Faruque, Omar; Nielsen, Rasmus; Zhang, Qin; Zhang, Ya-Ping (July 2018). "Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (7): 1139–1145. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y. PMID 29784979. S2CID 29154258. Retrieved 10 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
33. Mondal, Mohan; Baruah, K K; Rajkhowa, C (1 January 2014). "Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride". Livestock Research for Rural Development. 26 (1): 6. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
34. Cockrill, W. R. (1977). (PDF). Rome: Animal Production and Health Series No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013.
35. Long, J. L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Collingwood, Australia: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643099166.
36. "This is why people drink camel urine". Metro. June 11, 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
37. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
38. "The Genetic History of Horses". Genes to Genomes. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
39. Outram, Alan K.; Stear, Natalie A.; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse
40. Mohamad, Kusdiantoro; Olsson, Mia; van Tol, Helena T. A.; Mikko, Sofia; Vlamings, Bart H.; Andersson, Göran; Rodríguez-Martínez, Heriberto; Purwantara, Bambang; Paling, Robert W. (2009-05-13). "On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5490. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5490M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005490. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2677627. PMID 19436739.
41. Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.
42. A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [1]
43. D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
44. . www.thecozynest.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
45. Petrigh, Romina S.; Fugassa, Martín H. (13 December 2013). (PDF). Quaternary International. 317: 14–18. Bibcode:2013QuInt.317...14P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
46. Martial, L., (2005). Mision al Cabo de Hornos, la expedición científica francesa en la Romanche Julio de 1882 a setiembre de 1883. Ushuaia: Zaguier & Urruty Publications . pp. 225
47. Glover, James. . PetPeoplesPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
48. "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
49. "American Livestock Breeds Conservancy News". www.albc-usa.org.
50. Svanberg, Ingvar (2008). "Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)". Der Zoologische Garten. 77 (5–6): 334–344. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003.
51. Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. AFRMA.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.
52. Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association.
53. Decuypere. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF).
54. "Century-old photos from P.E.I. debunk famous study on how foxes were tamed, says scientist". CBC News. December 13, 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
55. "Famous Fox Domestication Experiment Challenged". The Scientist. December 4, 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
56. "A discovery at a small P.E.I. museum is challenging decades-old scientific research about domesticated foxes". SaltWire Network. January 31, 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
57. Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. (2002). "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". In I. Baker; M. Kashio (eds.). In Giants on our hands. Proc. Int. Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant (PDF). pp. 129–148.
58. Crawley, Jennie AH; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; et al. (2019). "Investigating changes within the handling system of the largest semi-captive population of Asian elephants". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0209701. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1409701C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209701. PMC 6354975. PMID 30703121.
59. Locke, Piers (2011). "The ethnography of captive elephant management in Nepal: a synopsis" (PDF). Gajah. 34 (1): 32–40.
60. . National Geographic Society. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017.
61. "What should we do about the 15,000 Asian elephants still in captivity?". 31 August 2016.
62. Roed, K. H.; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.
63. www.netboot.ch, Programmierung: Netboot Internet Solutions. "CatSG: Caracal". www.catsg.org.
64. "Ancient people in India and the Middle East tamed cheetahs and trained them to ride horses". The Vintage News. March 10, 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
65. "Cheetah cub petting is simply a selfie opportunity". Independent Online (South Africa). July 25, 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
66. Vigne, J.D.; Evin, A.; Cucchi, T.; Dai, L.; Yu, C.; Hu, S.; Soulages, N.; Wang, W.; Sun, Z.; Gao, J.; Dobney, K.; Yuan, J. (2016). "Earliest "Domestic" Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147295. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147295V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147295. PMC 4723238. PMID 26799955.
67. . Rewilding Foundation. August 31, 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
68. "The Story of the Fallow Deer: An Exotic Aspect of British Globalisation". Environmental History. November 13, 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
69. "People Are Keeping Parasitic Leeches as Pets, And Letting Them Drink Their Blood". ScienceAlert. July 21, 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
70. "Leech saliva drug could cut heart attacks by a third". The Daily Telegraph. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
71. . Deer Industry New Zealand. October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
72. "Deer Milk Is Apparently a Real Thing (in New Zealand)". Modern Farmer. June 27, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
73. . APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
74. "How to (safely) enjoy Japan's famed deer park". CNN. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
75. . National Geographic. April 7, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
76. "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". On Pasture. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
77. Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Kok Fang; Gan, Damien K.Y.; Chen, Fan; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Lim, Tit Meng; Phang, Violet P.E. (2002). "Genetic Diversity Within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855.
78. "Gucci owner gets teeth into snakeskin market with python farm". The Guardian. January 25, 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
79. "Kering and IUCN Boa & Python Specialist Group announce first report on captive breeding". IUCN. March 31, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
80. Engebretson, M. (2006). "The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review" (PDF). Animal Welfare. 15 (#3): 263–276. doi:10.1017/S0962728600030475. S2CID 38251688.
81. "Therapy Birds: Emotional Support Animal? Or Merely A Pet?". Pet Central. July 17, 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
82. . Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
83. "Cute native sugar gliders offer pest control solution for southern NSW farmers". ABC News. August 20, 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
84. "Lesser Rheas on a farm in Argentina. | Download Scientific Diagram". Retrieved 2020-03-29.
85. Nanjo, A.; Shibata, T.; Saito, M.; Yoshii, K.; Tanaka, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Fukuda, H.; Sakamoto, T.; Kato, G.; Sano, M. (2017). "Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) as a model species". Journal of Fish Diseases. 40 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1111/jfd.12500. PMID 27150547.
86. "Hooded Crows as Pets: Keeping the World's Most Intelligent Bird". 12 May 2015.
87. Woolfson, Esther (22 April 2013). "Crazy for crows". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
88. "Crows as Pets: The African Pied Crow, a Most Intelligent Bird". 6 May 2013.
89. . CNN iReport. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
90. "Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow)". Animal Diversity Web.
91. "Corvus frugilegus (rook)". Animal Diversity Web.
92. "I never knew a crow could be so attached to human beings". The Times of India. April 26, 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
93. Stonor, CR (1948). "Fishing with the Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) in Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47 (4): 746–747.
94. "Anhima cornuta (horned screamer)". Animal Diversity Web.
95. "Eagles vs drones: French army trains birds of prey for combat". The Irish Times. November 18, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
96. "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". GearJunkie. February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
97. "Bald eagles deployed to defend beachgoers from 'scary' seagull attacks". The Daily Telegraph. April 18, 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
98. "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
99. "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington and Stockton Times. 18 February 2011.
100. "Overdue recognition: owl issued library card after solving university's gull woes". The Guardian. Press Association. 29 July 2015.
101. "Strix aluco (tawny owl)". Animal Diversity Web.
102. Brumm, Adam (2022). "Pigs as Pets: Early Human Relations with the Sulawesi Warty Pig (Sus celebensis)". Animals. 13 (1): 48. doi:10.3390/ani13010048. PMC 9817959. PMID 36611658.
103. "Gardeners buy wallabies as lawnmowers". The Daily Telegraph. May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
104. "Forget cattle, kangaroos are the future of farming". Stuff. November 8, 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.

February 15, 2024