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Cuban crocodile

March 20, 2023

The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) is a small-medium species of crocodile endemic to Cuba. Typical length is 2.1–2.3 m (6.9–7.5 ft) and typical weight 70–80 kg (150–180 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh more than 215 kg (474 lb). Despite its smaller size, it is a highly aggressive animal, and potentially dangerous to humans.

Cuban crocodile
Temporal range: Pleistocene–Present, 2.6–0 Ma[1]
↓
At Zapata Swamp, Matanzas Province, Cuba
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Crocodylidae
Genus: Crocodylus
Species:
C. rhombifer
Binomial name
Crocodylus rhombifer
Cuvier, 1807
Cuban crocodile range
Synonyms
  • Crocodylus pristinus Leidy
  • Crocodylus antillensis Varona

The Cuban crocodile is of interest to biologists, for its unique physical and behavioral traits. Long- and strong-legged, it is the most terrestrial of extant crocodiles. Its preferred habitat comprises freshwater environments such as marshes and rivers. There, the adults feed on fish, turtles and small mammals, while the young eat invertebrates and smaller fish. Mating occurs between May and July. Captive animals have displayed cooperative hunting behavior, and can be taught tricks, suggesting intelligence.

The Cuban crocodile is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Once spread across the Caribbean, its range has dwindled to including only the Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud, due to hunting by humans. Captive breeding projects are in place to help the species recover. The species fossil record reveals it had at one point a greater range, with fossil remains being found in The Bahamas,[4] Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic), and the Cayman Islands.[5]

Taxonomy

The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas,[6] although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered.[7] Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.[6]

Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data,[8] as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.[6]

Crocodylinae

Voay†

Crocodylus
Asia+Australia

Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile  

Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile

Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile

Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile  

Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile  

Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile  

Africa+New World

Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile

Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile  

New World

Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile

Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile  

Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile

Crocodylus acutus American crocodile  

Characteristics

 
Cuban crocodile

The Cuban crocodile has numerous characteristics that set it apart from other crocodilians, such as its brighter adult colors, rougher, more 'pebbled' scales, and long, strong legs. This is a small to mid-sized crocodilian. Typical adults were found to have measured 2.1 to 2.3 m (6 ft 11 in – 7 ft 7 in) in length and to have weighed 70–80 kg (150–180 lb).[9] Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh 215 kg (474 lb) or more.[10] Three individuals measuring 1.87 to 2.46 m (6 ft 2 in – 8 ft 1 in) and weighing 30–65 kg (66–143 lb) had a bite force of 1,392–3,127 N (313–703 lbf).[11]

Distribution and habitat

Today, the Cuban crocodile can only be found in Cuba's Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud, where it is highly endangered. It formerly ranged elsewhere in the Caribbean; fossils of this species have been found in the Cayman Islands,[12] The Bahamas[13][14] and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic).[15]

The Cuban crocodile appears to favor freshwater habitat such as swamps, marshes, and rivers and rarely swims in saltwater.[16]

Biology and behavior

This species has been observed to display peculiar behavior not observed in other crocodilians. A colony of this species has exhibited what is strongly suspected to be pack-hunting behavior, which may explain the predation of prehistoric megafauna that coexisted with this species, such as giant Caribbean sloths and giant West Indian tortoises. The behavior has prompted much interest in the species, usually kept singly (especially so after such reports).[17] This species is also the most terrestrial of the crocodiles, with reduced webbing between digits on the hind feet and no webbing on the front feet. C. rhombifer exhibits highly intelligent behaviour unusual for crocodilians.[18]

Hunting and diet

Small fish, arthropods, and crustaceans make up the diet of young Cuban crocodiles. Adults of the species feed mostly upon small mammals, fish, and turtles. They have blunt rear teeth, which aid in crushing the shells of their turtle prey. Cuban crocodiles also demonstrate the jumping feeding technique seen in other crocodilians, such as the American alligator. By thrusting with their powerful tails, they can leap from the water and snatch small animals from overhanging branches.[19] The Cuban crocodile, while not a particularly large species, is often regarded as the most aggressive New World crocodile[20] and is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile in areas where the two species coexist.[21] Data regarding attacks on humans are limited, but occurrences are likely rare given the species' very small distribution area and separation from human populations. Despite its reported aggression, there is only a single known fatal human attack by this species: an elderly man who was attacked and killed in 1995 while spearfishing in the Zapata Swamp.[22][23]

 
Specimen at Zoo Miami

Reproduction

The mating season of the Cuban crocodile is between the months of May and July.[24] This is thought to be related to environmental changes, such as rainfall and temperature.[25] In the wild, crocodiles will nest in wet marshes; where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material.[25] In captivity, crocodiles will create mounds. During the nesting period, the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30–40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58–70 days.[24] Hatching can occur from late August to early September. Due to the predation of humans, raccoons, and other animals, many eggs will not hatch. At birth, hatchlings are approximately 2–3 inches in length, and are 1/4th of a pound in weight.[25] As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile's offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest. In conservation, the eggs are kept in incubators that provide a constant environment of 32 degrees Celsius in order to produce males.[25] Cuban crocodiles are an aggressive species and are known to have performed acts of cannibalism. This is a contributing cause for the majority of offspring not surviving to the juvenile stage. In 2012, two Cuban crocodile hatchlings were born in conservation at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.[26] This was the first time in 25 years that the Cuban crocodile had been successfully bred at this zoo.[26]

Conservation

The Cuban crocodile is a critically endangered species, listed on CITES appendix 1. Its restricted habitat and range make it very vulnerable. Humans have hunted this species to near extinction. Much research remains to be done on the remaining wild populations. The species is represented in captivity in Europe, the United States,[27][28] and in at least one zoo in India,[29][30][31] where breeding projects are taking place. Problems in the past with hybridisation have occurred, especially with the American crocodile, which limits the pure gene pool of this species.[19][32]

Two famous Cuban crocodiles reside in the Skansen Aquarium in Sweden. The crocodiles, named Castro and Hillary, were previously owned by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, before giving them away to the cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov in 1978. When Shatalov could no longer take care of the crocodiles, they were given to the Moscow Zoo, which in turn gifted them to the Skansen aquarium in 1981. The crocodile couple has produced numerous children since 1984.[33][34] One of the crocodiles was involved in an attack on a human in 2019 who held his arm over the enclosure during a crayfish party. The man survived but his arm was critically injured and had to be amputated.[33][35]

References

  1. ^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
  2. ^ McMahan, W., Targarona, R., Soberon, R. & Alonso Tabet, M. (2022). "Crocodylus rhombifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T5670A130856048. Retrieved 14 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ "THE CUBAN CROCODILE (CROCODYLUS RHOMBIFER)FROM LATE QUATERNARY FOSSIL DEPOSITS IN THE BAHAMAS AND CAYMAN ISLANDS" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier 1807 (Cuban crocodile)". PBDB.
  6. ^ a b c Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
  7. ^ Oaks, Jamie R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution. 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. S2CID 7254442.
  8. ^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
  9. ^ Larsson, Hans-Ove (2007). "Breeding the Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer at Skansen Aquarium". International Zoo Yearbook. 28: 110–113. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03263.x.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  11. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2012). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLoS One. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
  12. ^ Morgan, Gary; Franz, Richard; Ronald Crombie (1993). "The Cuban Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer, from Late Quaternary Fossil Deposits on Grand Cayman" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 29 (3–4): 153–164.
  13. ^ Franz, Richard; Morgan, G; Albury, N; Buckner, S (1995). "Fossil skeleton of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from a blue hole on Abaco, Bahamas". Caribbean Journal of Science. 31 (1–2): 149–152.
  14. ^ Steadman, D. W.; et al. (2007-12-11). "Exceptionally well preserved late Quaternary plant and vertebrate fossils from a blue hole on Abaco, The Bahamas". PNAS. 104 (50): 19897–19902. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10419897S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709572104. PMC 2148394. PMID 18077421.
  15. ^ Gary S. Morgan; Nancy A. Albury; Renato Rímoli; Phillip Lehman; Alfred L. Rosenberger; Siobhán B. Cooke (2018). "The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary underwater cave deposits in the Dominican Republic". American Museum Novitates (3916): 1–56. doi:10.1206/3916.1. hdl:2246/6920. S2CID 92375498.
  16. ^ "Cuban crocodile". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  17. ^ Alexander, Marc (2006-01-01). "Last of the Cuban crocodile?". Americas (English Edition). Organization of American States. ISSN 0379-0940. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  18. ^ ""Smart Reptiles"". Dragons Alive. BBC, Animal Planet. Crocodiles are known to respond to various sounds but the way these Cuban crocs react to training illustrates a different level of intelligence.
  19. ^ a b "Crocodilian Species - Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer)". crocodilian.com. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  20. ^ "Mark O'Shea - the Official Website".
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  22. ^ . iucncsg.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  23. ^ CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: Cuban crocodile, 2 June 1995. Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia.
  24. ^ a b Kristen, P. (2001). Crocodylus Rhombifer. Retrieved from Animal Diversity Web : .http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Crocodylus_rhombifer/
  25. ^ a b c d Ramos Taragon, R. S. (2010). Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer). In S. M. C.Stevenson, Crocodiles Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (pp. 114-118). Crocodile Specialist Group : Darwin .
  26. ^ a b Press., A. (2012, July 20). After decades, Cuban Crocodiles Born At D.C Zoo. Retrieved from CBS Baltimore: http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2012/07/20/after-decades-cuban-crocodiles-born-at-dc-zoo/
  27. ^ "Cuban Crocodile | Saint Louis Zoo". www.stlzoo.org. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  28. ^ "Endangered Cuban crocodiles released into the wild". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  29. ^ "Crocodiles are affected by low frequency vibrations". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  30. ^ "Endangered Crocodile Dies From Shock and Stress Due to Loud Bass Music · Guardian Liberty Voice". Guardian Liberty Voice. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  31. ^ Staff Reporter (2019-04-05). "Croc death sparks concerns over noise levels from resort". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  32. ^ Weaver, J. P.; Rodriguez, D.; Venegas-Anaya, M.; Cedeño-Vázquez, J. R.; Forstner, M. R. J.; Densmore, L. D. III (2008). "Genetic characterization of captive Cuban crocodiles (Crocodylus rhombifer) and evidence of hybridization with the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 309A (10): 649–660. doi:10.1002/jez.471. PMID 18646197.
  33. ^ a b Amy Woodyatt (21 August 2019). "Fidel Castro's crocodile bites man at aquarium party". CNN. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
  34. ^ "Kubakrokodil". Skansen-Akvariet (in Swedish). 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
  35. ^ "Krokodilen bet av Lars arm" (in Swedish).

External links

  • Crocodilian Online on the Cuban Crocodile [1]
  • Cuban Crocodile Fact Sheet

March 20, 2023
cuban, crocodile, crocodylus, rhombifer, small, medium, species, crocodile, endemic, cuba, typical, length, typical, weight, large, males, reach, much, length, weigh, more, than, despite, smaller, size, highly, aggressive, animal, potentially, dangerous, human. The Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer is a small medium species of crocodile endemic to Cuba Typical length is 2 1 2 3 m 6 9 7 5 ft and typical weight 70 80 kg 150 180 lb Large males can reach as much as 3 5 m 11 ft in length and weigh more than 215 kg 474 lb Despite its smaller size it is a highly aggressive animal and potentially dangerous to humans Cuban crocodileTemporal range Pleistocene Present 2 6 0 Ma 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N At Zapata Swamp Matanzas Province CubaConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 3 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder CrocodiliaFamily CrocodylidaeGenus CrocodylusSpecies C rhombiferBinomial nameCrocodylus rhombiferCuvier 1807Cuban crocodile rangeSynonymsCrocodylus pristinus Leidy Crocodylus antillensis VaronaThe Cuban crocodile is of interest to biologists for its unique physical and behavioral traits Long and strong legged it is the most terrestrial of extant crocodiles Its preferred habitat comprises freshwater environments such as marshes and rivers There the adults feed on fish turtles and small mammals while the young eat invertebrates and smaller fish Mating occurs between May and July Captive animals have displayed cooperative hunting behavior and can be taught tricks suggesting intelligence The Cuban crocodile is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Once spread across the Caribbean its range has dwindled to including only the Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud due to hunting by humans Captive breeding projects are in place to help the species recover The species fossil record reveals it had at one point a greater range with fossil remains being found in The Bahamas 4 Hispaniola in the Dominican Republic and the Cayman Islands 5 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Characteristics 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Biology and behavior 4 1 Hunting and diet 5 Reproduction 6 Conservation 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy EditThe genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas 6 although an Australia Asia origin has also been considered 7 Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative the extinct Voay of Madagascar around 25 million years ago near the Oligocene Miocene boundary 6 Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee amp Yates simultaneously using morphological molecular DNA sequencing and stratigraphic fossil age data 8 as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay 6 Crocodylinae Voay Crocodylus Crocodylus anthropophagus Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni Crocodylus palaeindicus Crocodylus Tirari Desert Asia Australia Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodileCrocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodileCrocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile Africa New World Crocodylus checchiai Crocodylus falconensis Crocodylus suchus West African crocodileCrocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile New World Crocodylus moreletii Morelet s crocodileCrocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodileCrocodylus acutus American crocodile Characteristics Edit Cuban crocodile The Cuban crocodile has numerous characteristics that set it apart from other crocodilians such as its brighter adult colors rougher more pebbled scales and long strong legs This is a small to mid sized crocodilian Typical adults were found to have measured 2 1 to 2 3 m 6 ft 11 in 7 ft 7 in in length and to have weighed 70 80 kg 150 180 lb 9 Large males can reach as much as 3 5 m 11 ft in length and weigh 215 kg 474 lb or more 10 Three individuals measuring 1 87 to 2 46 m 6 ft 2 in 8 ft 1 in and weighing 30 65 kg 66 143 lb had a bite force of 1 392 3 127 N 313 703 lbf 11 Distribution and habitat EditToday the Cuban crocodile can only be found in Cuba s Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud where it is highly endangered It formerly ranged elsewhere in the Caribbean fossils of this species have been found in the Cayman Islands 12 The Bahamas 13 14 and Hispaniola the Dominican Republic 15 The Cuban crocodile appears to favor freshwater habitat such as swamps marshes and rivers and rarely swims in saltwater 16 Biology and behavior EditThis species has been observed to display peculiar behavior not observed in other crocodilians A colony of this species has exhibited what is strongly suspected to be pack hunting behavior which may explain the predation of prehistoric megafauna that coexisted with this species such as giant Caribbean sloths and giant West Indian tortoises The behavior has prompted much interest in the species usually kept singly especially so after such reports 17 This species is also the most terrestrial of the crocodiles with reduced webbing between digits on the hind feet and no webbing on the front feet C rhombifer exhibits highly intelligent behaviour unusual for crocodilians 18 Hunting and diet Edit Small fish arthropods and crustaceans make up the diet of young Cuban crocodiles Adults of the species feed mostly upon small mammals fish and turtles They have blunt rear teeth which aid in crushing the shells of their turtle prey Cuban crocodiles also demonstrate the jumping feeding technique seen in other crocodilians such as the American alligator By thrusting with their powerful tails they can leap from the water and snatch small animals from overhanging branches 19 The Cuban crocodile while not a particularly large species is often regarded as the most aggressive New World crocodile 20 and is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile in areas where the two species coexist 21 Data regarding attacks on humans are limited but occurrences are likely rare given the species very small distribution area and separation from human populations Despite its reported aggression there is only a single known fatal human attack by this species an elderly man who was attacked and killed in 1995 while spearfishing in the Zapata Swamp 22 23 Specimen at Zoo MiamiReproduction EditThe mating season of the Cuban crocodile is between the months of May and July 24 This is thought to be related to environmental changes such as rainfall and temperature 25 In the wild crocodiles will nest in wet marshes where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material 25 In captivity crocodiles will create mounds During the nesting period the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30 40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58 70 days 24 Hatching can occur from late August to early September Due to the predation of humans raccoons and other animals many eggs will not hatch At birth hatchlings are approximately 2 3 inches in length and are 1 4th of a pound in weight 25 As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile s offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest In conservation the eggs are kept in incubators that provide a constant environment of 32 degrees Celsius in order to produce males 25 Cuban crocodiles are an aggressive species and are known to have performed acts of cannibalism This is a contributing cause for the majority of offspring not surviving to the juvenile stage In 2012 two Cuban crocodile hatchlings were born in conservation at the National Zoo in Washington D C 26 This was the first time in 25 years that the Cuban crocodile had been successfully bred at this zoo 26 Conservation EditThe Cuban crocodile is a critically endangered species listed on CITES appendix 1 Its restricted habitat and range make it very vulnerable Humans have hunted this species to near extinction Much research remains to be done on the remaining wild populations The species is represented in captivity in Europe the United States 27 28 and in at least one zoo in India 29 30 31 where breeding projects are taking place Problems in the past with hybridisation have occurred especially with the American crocodile which limits the pure gene pool of this species 19 32 Two famous Cuban crocodiles reside in the Skansen Aquarium in Sweden The crocodiles named Castro and Hillary were previously owned by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro before giving them away to the cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov in 1978 When Shatalov could no longer take care of the crocodiles they were given to the Moscow Zoo which in turn gifted them to the Skansen aquarium in 1981 The crocodile couple has produced numerous children since 1984 33 34 One of the crocodiles was involved in an attack on a human in 2019 who held his arm over the enclosure during a crayfish party The man survived but his arm was critically injured and had to be amputated 33 35 References Edit Rio Jonathan P Mannion Philip D 6 September 2021 Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long standing gharial problem PeerJ 9 e12094 doi 10 7717 peerj 12094 PMC 8428266 PMID 34567843 McMahan W Targarona R Soberon R amp Alonso Tabet M 2022 Crocodylus rhombifer IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T5670A130856048 Retrieved 14 December 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 THE CUBAN CROCODILE CROCODYLUS RHOMBIFER FROM LATE QUATERNARY FOSSIL DEPOSITS IN THE BAHAMAS AND CAYMAN ISLANDS PDF Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier 1807 Cuban crocodile PBDB a b c Hekkala E Gatesy J Narechania A Meredith R Russello M Aardema M L Jensen E Montanari S Brochu C Norell M Amato G 2021 04 27 Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene horned crocodile of Madagascar Voay robustus Communications Biology 4 1 505 doi 10 1038 s42003 021 02017 0 ISSN 2399 3642 PMC 8079395 PMID 33907305 Oaks Jamie R 2011 A time calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles Evolution 65 11 3285 3297 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01373 x PMID 22023592 S2CID 7254442 Michael S Y Lee Adam M Yates 27 June 2018 Tip dating and homoplasy reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285 1881 doi 10 1098 rspb 2018 1071 PMC 6030529 PMID 30051855 Larsson Hans Ove 2007 Breeding the Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer at Skansen Aquarium International Zoo Yearbook 28 110 113 doi 10 1111 j 1748 1090 1989 tb03263 x FLOG history Archived from the original on 2012 09 20 Retrieved 2012 10 17 Erickson G M Gignac P M Steppan S J Lappin A K Vliet K A Brueggen J A Inouye B D Kledzik D amp Webb G J W 2012 Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite force and tooth pressure experimentation PLoS One 7 3 e31781 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 731781E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0031781 PMC 3303775 PMID 22431965 Morgan Gary Franz Richard Ronald Crombie 1993 The Cuban Crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer from Late Quaternary Fossil Deposits on Grand Cayman PDF Caribbean Journal of Science 29 3 4 153 164 Franz Richard Morgan G Albury N Buckner S 1995 Fossil skeleton of a Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer from a blue hole on Abaco Bahamas Caribbean Journal of Science 31 1 2 149 152 Steadman D W et al 2007 12 11 Exceptionally well preserved late Quaternary plant and vertebrate fossils from a blue hole on Abaco The Bahamas PNAS 104 50 19897 19902 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10419897S doi 10 1073 pnas 0709572104 PMC 2148394 PMID 18077421 Gary S Morgan Nancy A Albury Renato Rimoli Phillip Lehman Alfred L Rosenberger Siobhan B Cooke 2018 The Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer from Late Quaternary underwater cave deposits in the Dominican Republic American Museum Novitates 3916 1 56 doi 10 1206 3916 1 hdl 2246 6920 S2CID 92375498 Cuban crocodile Smithsonian s National Zoo 2016 04 25 Retrieved 2019 04 07 Alexander Marc 2006 01 01 Last of the Cuban crocodile Americas English Edition Organization of American States ISSN 0379 0940 Retrieved 2010 07 09 Smart Reptiles Dragons Alive BBC Animal Planet Crocodiles are known to respond to various sounds but the way these Cuban crocs react to training illustrates a different level of intelligence a b Crocodilian Species Cuban Crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer crocodilian com Retrieved 2019 04 07 Mark O Shea the Official Website Crocodile Specialist Group Crocodylus rhombifer Archived from the original on 2012 03 26 Retrieved 2011 08 30 Crocodile Specialist Group Crocodylus rhombifer Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan iucncsg org 2010 Archived from the original on 2012 03 26 Retrieved 2019 04 07 CrocBITE Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database Cuban crocodile 2 June 1995 Charles Darwin University Northern Territory Australia a b Kristen P 2001 Crocodylus Rhombifer Retrieved from Animal Diversity Web http animaldiversity ummz umich edu accounts Crocodylus rhombifer a b c d Ramos Taragon R S 2010 Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer In S M C Stevenson Crocodiles Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan pp 114 118 Crocodile Specialist Group Darwin a b Press A 2012 July 20 After decades Cuban Crocodiles Born At D C Zoo Retrieved from CBS Baltimore http baltimore cbslocal com 2012 07 20 after decades cuban crocodiles born at dc zoo Cuban Crocodile Saint Louis Zoo www stlzoo org Retrieved 2019 04 07 Endangered Cuban crocodiles released into the wild phys org Retrieved 2019 04 07 Crocodiles are affected by low frequency vibrations www downtoearth org in Retrieved 2019 04 07 Endangered Crocodile Dies From Shock and Stress Due to Loud Bass Music Guardian Liberty Voice Guardian Liberty Voice 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2019 04 07 Staff Reporter 2019 04 05 Croc death sparks concerns over noise levels from resort The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2019 04 07 Weaver J P Rodriguez D Venegas Anaya M Cedeno Vazquez J R Forstner M R J Densmore L D III 2008 Genetic characterization of captive Cuban crocodiles Crocodylus rhombifer and evidence of hybridization with the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological Genetics and Physiology 309A 10 649 660 doi 10 1002 jez 471 PMID 18646197 a b Amy Woodyatt 21 August 2019 Fidel Castro s crocodile bites man at aquarium party CNN Retrieved 2019 08 24 Kubakrokodil Skansen Akvariet in Swedish 2017 04 04 Retrieved 2019 08 24 Krokodilen bet av Lars arm in Swedish External links Edit Cuba portalCrocodilian Online on the Cuban Crocodile 1 Cuban Crocodile Fact Sheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cuban crocodile amp oldid 1145322757, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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