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Philippine crocodile

January 24, 2023

The Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis), also known as the Mindoro crocodile, the Philippine freshwater crocodile, the bukarot[4] in Ilocano, and more generally as a buwaya in most Filipino lowland cultures,[4] is one of two species of crocodiles found in the Philippines; the other is the larger saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).[5][6] The Philippine crocodile, the species endemic only to the country, went from data deficient to critically endangered in 2008 from exploitation and unsustainable fishing methods,[7] such as dynamite fishing.[8] Conservation methods are being taken by the Dutch/Filipino Mabuwaya foundation,[9] the Crocodile Conservation Society and the Zoological Institute of HerpaWorld in Mindoro island. It is strictly prohibited to kill a crocodile in the country, and it is punishable by law.

Philippine crocodile
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Present, 0.1–0 Ma[1]
↓
An adult basking on the island of Palawan, Philippines
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Crocodylidae
Genus: Crocodylus
Species:
C. mindorensis
Binomial name
Crocodylus mindorensis
Schmidt, 1935
Range of the Philippine crocodile in blue

Taxonomy

Until 1989, it was considered a subspecies of the New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae).[10] They are now recognized as closely related but separate species.[11]

Evolution

The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas,[12] although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered.[13] Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.[12]

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data,[14] as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.[12]

Crocodylinae

Voay†

Crocodylus
Asia+Australia

Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile  

Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile

Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile

Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile  

Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile  

Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile  

Africa+New World

Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile

Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile  

New World

Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile

Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile  

Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile

Crocodylus acutus American crocodile  

Characteristics

The Philippine crocodile is a crocodilian endemic to the Philippines. It is a relatively small, freshwater crocodile. It has a relatively broad snout and thick bony plates on its back (heavy dorsal armor). This is a fairly small species, reaching breeding maturity at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and 15 kg (33 lb) in both sexes. One mature specimen measured 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) in total length and 69 kg (152 lb) in weight.[15] Adults rarely exceed 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) and 90 kg (200 lb), and only the largest males attain record maximum size of up to 3.5 m (11 ft), perhaps reaching the maximum weight of 210 kg (460 lb) in exceptional individuals.[16] Females are slightly smaller than males. Philippine crocodiles are golden-brown in color, which darkens as they mature.

Distribution and habitat

The Philippine crocodile has been extirpated in Samar, Jolo, Negros, Masbate, and Busuanga. Populations still survive in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park within the Luzon rainforest, San Mariano, Isabela, Dalupiri island in the Babuyan Islands, Abra (province) in Luzon and the Ligawasan Marsh, Lake Sebu in South Cotabato, Pulangi River in Bukidnon, Paghungawan Marsh in Siargao Island, and possibly in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao.[10][17][18] The Philippine crocodile wildlife populations that reside in these locations live geographically isolated from each other, which ultimately impacts their population level differentiation and decreases genetic diversity.[19] It was historically found in parts of Visayas and until the numbers were drastically cut by, mainly, habitat destruction. These Crocodiles eat ailing fish in a significantly higher proportion than healthy fish, thus improving the common health of the fish stock. By preying on the most common fish, they balance the fish population; any species which suddenly becomes dominant is put back in its proper proportion. Crocodile droppings are nutritious for the fish and contain critically important chemicals.

Conservation status

 
A Philippine crocodile swimming stealthily

Crocodylus mindorensis is considered to be the most severely threatened crocodile species in the world, listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.[2] A population estimate of 100 non-hatchling individuals underlines the critical status of the species.[20] Although this species was once found over the whole of the Philippines, it is now critically endangered. In addition, very little is known about the natural history or ecology of the species, or its relationship with Crocodylus porosus, whose range it overlaps. More surveys are required to determine the present range. Initial population reduction was through commercial exploitation, although the current threat is mainly from removal of suitable habitat for agricultural purposes to satisfy a rapidly expanding human population. Governmental support for any conservation measures is limited, and the crocodiles are often killed by the local populace. Long-term captive breeding and release (through PWRCC, Silliman University, and international breeding centres) is judged to be the best course to take at present, although a management program is imperative for the remainder of the wild population (most of which reside in only one protected area). In 1992, fewer than 1000 animals were estimated to remain in the wild. In 1995, that estimate was revised to be no more than 100 nonhatchlings (hatchlings are rarely counted in surveys because their survival rate is so low). One of the threats to the diminishing population of Philippine crocodile is because it is misunderstood. In mainstream Filipino society, crocodiles are considered dangerous man-eaters and compared to corrupt government officials and law enforcers. They are respected by the indigenous community: in research conducted among permanent residents of Lake Panlabuhan, a tributary of the famous Agusan Marsh, the acceptance of the crocodiles among these residents is very high and their risk perception is very low. However, the crocodile have an image problem with outsiders. To many, they are viewed as man-eaters. In reality, the crocodile is small and will not attack people unless provoked.

Since October 2021, C. mindorensis has been classified as Critically Depleted by the IUCN.[21]

The killing of crocodiles seems to be the major cause of the decreasing number of this species. In northeast Luzon, a community-based conservation approach developed under the Crocodile Rehabilitation Observance and Conservation (CROC) project was adopted with the aim of reaching sustainable co-habitation of crocodiles and local people.[20]

 
A juvenile

In 2007, a specialist group was founded by several people within the Philippines, involved in crocodilian conservation. The Crocodile Conservation Society Philippines and the Zoological Institute of HerpaWorld are working on conservation breeding and release programs. C. mindorensis was considered locally extinct in part of its former range in northern Luzon until a live specimen was caught in San Mariano, Isabela, in 1999. That individual, nicknamed 'Isabela' by its captors, was given to the care of the Crocodile Rehabilitation Observance and Conservation until it was released in August 2007. The specimen was 1.6 m long at the time of its release.[22]

The Philippine crocodile became nationally protected by law in 2001 with the enactment of Republic Act 9147 known as the Wildlife Act. It is punishable to kill a crocodile, with a maximum penalty of ₱100,000 (equivalent to about $2,500).[10] The Philippine Senate introduced resolution no. 790 on May 31, 2012, to further strengthen and augment existing laws for the protection of the Philippine crocodile and the saltwater crocodile.[23]

Media

This crocodile was featured in National Geographic's Dangerous Encounters hosted by crocodile specialist Dr. Brady Barr. In one of the episodes, Barr sought to be the first person to see all species of crocodiles in the world. Fortunately, he was able to see a Philippine crocodile that was about two weeks old.[24]

The hatching of a Philippine crocodile was recorded in GMA News Born to Be Wild. They also recorded that tropical fire ants, an invasive species, eat unhatched endangered bukarot eggs. The media team saved a nest from a fire ant attack. Also recorded were adult Philippine crocodiles.[25]

Mythology, folklore and cultural significance

The ancient Tagalog people believed that the soul of a deceased person is carried from the middle world into either Maca (place where good spirits go) or Kasanaan (place were evil spirits go) through the aid of a buwaya, a crocodile monster with lethargic skin and a tomb attached to its back, covered with its skin.[26] Although considered sacred, the buwayas are also feared as they may also attack living people, encasing them inside its tomb, and descend to the afterlife to bring the person to either Maca or Kasanaan, effectively bringing only the soul to the lands of the dead as the body has already died. Despite the extremes of the buwaya, it is so sacred to the ancient Tagalogs to the point that killing one (with a tomb or none) is punishable by death.[26]

In Philippine Media, the Philippine Crocodile often associated with corruption in the government, specifically the Senate and the House of Representatives. [27]

References

  1. ^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
  2. ^ a b van Weerd, M.; C. Pomaro, C.; de Leon, J.; Antolin, R.; Mercado, V. (2016). "Crocodylus mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5672A3048281. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5672A3048281.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b "Crocodile Surveys - iucncsg.org"
  5. ^ "Only in the Philippines - Endemic Animals in the Philippines" 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. TxtMania.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  6. ^ Ross, Charles A. "Crocodile Status in Ligawasan Marsh". Philippine Crocodile. Retrieved on 2012-07-12.
  7. ^ "Crocodilian Species - Philippine Crocodile (Crocdylus mindorensis)". Crocodilian Species List. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  8. ^ "Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines". BP.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  9. ^ "Philippine Crocodile Comeback" 2007-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. cepf.net. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  10. ^ a b c Van Weerd, Merlijn "Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)". Crocodile Specialist Group.
  11. ^ Britton, Adam (2009-01-01). "New Guinea Crocodile". Crocodilians: Natural History & Conservation. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  12. ^ a b c Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395.
  13. ^ Oaks, Jamie R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution. 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. S2CID 7254442.
  14. ^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071.
  15. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2012). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLoS One. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
  16. ^ Michael Vincent F. Cruz, Alfonso G. Biñan, Jr. and Pedro G. Mendoza"].[1]. [2] IUCNSSC Crocodile Specialist Group.
  17. ^ "Info" (PDF). www.iucncsg.org. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  18. ^ "Manila Proceedings.indd" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  19. ^ Tabora. (2012). Detection of Crocodylus mindorensis x Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylidae) hybrids in a Philippine crocodile systematics analysis. ZOOTAXA, 3560, 1–31.
  20. ^ a b van Weerd, Merlijn; van der Ploeg, Jan (2004-01-01). "A new future for the Philippine crocodile, Crocodylus mindorensis". Sylvatrop. 13: 31–50.
  21. ^ van Weerd, M.; Gatan-Balbas, M. (2021). "Crocodylus mindorensis (Green Status assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T5672A567220213. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  22. ^ Burgonio, TJ (2007-08-25). . Breaking News: Regions. Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-02. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  23. ^ (2012-05-31). "Senate P.S.R. 790". Senate of the Philippines 15th Congress. Retrieved on 2012-07-16.
  24. ^ National Geographic Channel Videos - Adventure Shows, Natural History & More channel. National Geographic. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  25. ^ "Born to Be Wild: Actual hatching of a Philippine crocodile". YouTube. 2017-08-14. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  26. ^ a b "PHILIPPINES: The Monster Islands • THE ASWANG PROJECT". Aswangproject.com. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  27. ^ Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (2021-06-23). "Crocodiles are not hated creatures, symbols of corruption centuries ago. Here's why". Interaksyon. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

Further reading

  • Philippine Crocodile: WhoZoo
  • Crocodilian Species-Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)

External links

  1. ^ Weerd, Mabuwaya Foundation, Merlijn van. "Mabuwaya - Home". www.mabuwaya.org. Retrieved 2016-03-16.

January 24, 2023
philippine, crocodile, crocodylus, mindorensis, also, known, mindoro, crocodile, philippine, freshwater, crocodile, bukarot, ilocano, more, generally, buwaya, most, filipino, lowland, cultures, species, crocodiles, found, philippines, other, larger, saltwater,. The Philippine crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis also known as the Mindoro crocodile the Philippine freshwater crocodile the bukarot 4 in Ilocano and more generally as a buwaya in most Filipino lowland cultures 4 is one of two species of crocodiles found in the Philippines the other is the larger saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus 5 6 The Philippine crocodile the species endemic only to the country went from data deficient to critically endangered in 2008 from exploitation and unsustainable fishing methods 7 such as dynamite fishing 8 Conservation methods are being taken by the Dutch Filipino Mabuwaya foundation 9 the Crocodile Conservation Society and the Zoological Institute of HerpaWorld in Mindoro island It is strictly prohibited to kill a crocodile in the country and it is punishable by law Philippine crocodileTemporal range Late Pleistocene Present 0 1 0 Ma 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N An adult basking on the island of Palawan PhilippinesConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 3 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder CrocodiliaFamily CrocodylidaeGenus CrocodylusSpecies C mindorensisBinomial nameCrocodylus mindorensisSchmidt 1935Range of the Philippine crocodile in blue Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Evolution 1 2 Phylogeny 2 Characteristics 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Conservation status 4 1 Media 5 Mythology folklore and cultural significance 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksTaxonomy EditUntil 1989 it was considered a subspecies of the New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus novaeguineae 10 They are now recognized as closely related but separate species 11 Evolution Edit The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas 12 although an Australia Asia origin has also been considered 13 Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative the extinct Voay of Madagascar around 25 million years ago near the Oligocene Miocene boundary 12 Phylogeny Edit Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee amp Yates simultaneously using morphological molecular DNA sequencing and stratigraphic fossil age data 14 as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay 12 Crocodylinae Voay Crocodylus Crocodylus anthropophagus Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni Crocodylus palaeindicus Crocodylus Tirari Desert Asia Australia Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodileCrocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodileCrocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile Africa New World Crocodylus checchiai Crocodylus falconensis Crocodylus suchus West African crocodileCrocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile New World Crocodylus moreletii Morelet s crocodileCrocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodileCrocodylus acutus American crocodile Characteristics EditThe Philippine crocodile is a crocodilian endemic to the Philippines It is a relatively small freshwater crocodile It has a relatively broad snout and thick bony plates on its back heavy dorsal armor This is a fairly small species reaching breeding maturity at 1 5 m 4 ft 11 in and 15 kg 33 lb in both sexes One mature specimen measured 2 44 m 8 ft 0 in in total length and 69 kg 152 lb in weight 15 Adults rarely exceed 2 7 m 8 ft 10 in and 90 kg 200 lb and only the largest males attain record maximum size of up to 3 5 m 11 ft perhaps reaching the maximum weight of 210 kg 460 lb in exceptional individuals 16 Females are slightly smaller than males Philippine crocodiles are golden brown in color which darkens as they mature Distribution and habitat EditThe Philippine crocodile has been extirpated in Samar Jolo Negros Masbate and Busuanga Populations still survive in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park within the Luzon rainforest San Mariano Isabela Dalupiri island in the Babuyan Islands Abra province in Luzon and the Ligawasan Marsh Lake Sebu in South Cotabato Pulangi River in Bukidnon Paghungawan Marsh in Siargao Island and possibly in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao 10 17 18 The Philippine crocodile wildlife populations that reside in these locations live geographically isolated from each other which ultimately impacts their population level differentiation and decreases genetic diversity 19 It was historically found in parts of Visayas and until the numbers were drastically cut by mainly habitat destruction These Crocodiles eat ailing fish in a significantly higher proportion than healthy fish thus improving the common health of the fish stock By preying on the most common fish they balance the fish population any species which suddenly becomes dominant is put back in its proper proportion Crocodile droppings are nutritious for the fish and contain critically important chemicals Conservation status Edit A Philippine crocodile swimming stealthily Crocodylus mindorensis is considered to be the most severely threatened crocodile species in the world listed as critically endangered by the IUCN 2 A population estimate of 100 non hatchling individuals underlines the critical status of the species 20 Although this species was once found over the whole of the Philippines it is now critically endangered In addition very little is known about the natural history or ecology of the species or its relationship with Crocodylus porosus whose range it overlaps More surveys are required to determine the present range Initial population reduction was through commercial exploitation although the current threat is mainly from removal of suitable habitat for agricultural purposes to satisfy a rapidly expanding human population Governmental support for any conservation measures is limited and the crocodiles are often killed by the local populace Long term captive breeding and release through PWRCC Silliman University and international breeding centres is judged to be the best course to take at present although a management program is imperative for the remainder of the wild population most of which reside in only one protected area In 1992 fewer than 1000 animals were estimated to remain in the wild In 1995 that estimate was revised to be no more than 100 nonhatchlings hatchlings are rarely counted in surveys because their survival rate is so low One of the threats to the diminishing population of Philippine crocodile is because it is misunderstood In mainstream Filipino society crocodiles are considered dangerous man eaters and compared to corrupt government officials and law enforcers They are respected by the indigenous community in research conducted among permanent residents of Lake Panlabuhan a tributary of the famous Agusan Marsh the acceptance of the crocodiles among these residents is very high and their risk perception is very low However the crocodile have an image problem with outsiders To many they are viewed as man eaters In reality the crocodile is small and will not attack people unless provoked Since October 2021 C mindorensis has been classified as Critically Depleted by the IUCN 21 The killing of crocodiles seems to be the major cause of the decreasing number of this species In northeast Luzon a community based conservation approach developed under the Crocodile Rehabilitation Observance and Conservation CROC project was adopted with the aim of reaching sustainable co habitation of crocodiles and local people 20 A juvenile In 2007 a specialist group was founded by several people within the Philippines involved in crocodilian conservation The Crocodile Conservation Society Philippines and the Zoological Institute of HerpaWorld are working on conservation breeding and release programs C mindorensis was considered locally extinct in part of its former range in northern Luzon until a live specimen was caught in San Mariano Isabela in 1999 That individual nicknamed Isabela by its captors was given to the care of the Crocodile Rehabilitation Observance and Conservation until it was released in August 2007 The specimen was 1 6 m long at the time of its release 22 The Philippine crocodile became nationally protected by law in 2001 with the enactment of Republic Act 9147 known as the Wildlife Act It is punishable to kill a crocodile with a maximum penalty of 100 000 equivalent to about 2 500 10 The Philippine Senate introduced resolution no 790 on May 31 2012 to further strengthen and augment existing laws for the protection of the Philippine crocodile and the saltwater crocodile 23 Media Edit This crocodile was featured in National Geographic s Dangerous Encounters hosted by crocodile specialist Dr Brady Barr In one of the episodes Barr sought to be the first person to see all species of crocodiles in the world Fortunately he was able to see a Philippine crocodile that was about two weeks old 24 The hatching of a Philippine crocodile was recorded in GMA News Born to Be Wild They also recorded that tropical fire ants an invasive species eat unhatched endangered bukarot eggs The media team saved a nest from a fire ant attack Also recorded were adult Philippine crocodiles 25 Mythology folklore and cultural significance EditThe ancient Tagalog people believed that the soul of a deceased person is carried from the middle world into either Maca place where good spirits go or Kasanaan place were evil spirits go through the aid of a buwaya a crocodile monster with lethargic skin and a tomb attached to its back covered with its skin 26 Although considered sacred the buwayas are also feared as they may also attack living people encasing them inside its tomb and descend to the afterlife to bring the person to either Maca or Kasanaan effectively bringing only the soul to the lands of the dead as the body has already died Despite the extremes of the buwaya it is so sacred to the ancient Tagalogs to the point that killing one with a tomb or none is punishable by death 26 In Philippine Media the Philippine Crocodile often associated with corruption in the government specifically the Senate and the House of Representatives 27 References Edit Rio Jonathan P Mannion Philip D 6 September 2021 Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long standing gharial problem PeerJ 9 e12094 doi 10 7717 peerj 12094 PMC 8428266 PMID 34567843 a b van Weerd M C Pomaro C de Leon J Antolin R Mercado V 2016 Crocodylus mindorensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T5672A3048281 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T5672A3048281 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b Crocodile Surveys iucncsg org Only in the Philippines Endemic Animals in the Philippines Archived 2017 08 06 at the Wayback Machine TxtMania com Retrieved on 2007 10 22 Ross Charles A Crocodile Status in Ligawasan Marsh Philippine Crocodile Retrieved on 2012 07 12 Crocodilian Species Philippine Crocodile Crocdylus mindorensis Crocodilian Species List Retrieved on 2007 10 22 Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines BP com Retrieved on 2007 10 22 Philippine Crocodile Comeback Archived 2007 11 10 at the Wayback Machine cepf net Retrieved on 2007 10 22 a b c Van Weerd Merlijn Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Crocodile Specialist Group Britton Adam 2009 01 01 New Guinea Crocodile Crocodilians Natural History amp Conservation Florida Museum of Natural History Retrieved 2013 10 22 a b c Hekkala E Gatesy J Narechania A Meredith R Russello M Aardema M L Jensen E Montanari S Brochu C Norell M Amato G 2021 04 27 Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene horned crocodile of Madagascar Voay robustus Communications Biology 4 1 1 11 doi 10 1038 s42003 021 02017 0 ISSN 2399 3642 PMC 8079395 Oaks Jamie R 2011 A time calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles Evolution 65 11 3285 3297 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01373 x PMID 22023592 S2CID 7254442 Michael S Y Lee Adam M Yates 27 June 2018 Tip dating and homoplasy reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285 1881 doi 10 1098 rspb 2018 1071 Erickson G M Gignac P M Steppan S J Lappin A K Vliet K A Brueggen J A Inouye B D Kledzik D amp Webb G J W 2012 Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite force and tooth pressure experimentation PLoS One 7 3 e31781 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 731781E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0031781 PMC 3303775 PMID 22431965 Michael Vincent F Cruz Alfonso G Binan Jr and Pedro G Mendoza 1 2 IUCNSSC Crocodile Specialist Group Info PDF www iucncsg org Retrieved 2020 01 02 Manila Proceedings indd PDF Retrieved 2020 01 02 Tabora 2012 Detection of Crocodylus mindorensis x Crocodylus porosus Crocodylidae hybrids in a Philippine crocodile systematics analysis ZOOTAXA 3560 1 31 a b van Weerd Merlijn van der Ploeg Jan 2004 01 01 A new future for the Philippine crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Sylvatrop 13 31 50 van Weerd M Gatan Balbas M 2021 Crocodylus mindorensis Green Status assessment IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T5672A567220213 Retrieved 15 January 2022 Burgonio TJ 2007 08 25 Isabela the croc to be freed in wilds Breaking News Regions Inquirer net Archived from the original on 2007 09 02 Retrieved 2007 09 02 2012 05 31 Senate P S R 790 Senate of the Philippines 15th Congress Retrieved on 2012 07 16 National Geographic Channel Videos Adventure Shows Natural History amp More channel National Geographic Retrieved on 2007 10 22 Born to Be Wild Actual hatching of a Philippine crocodile YouTube 2017 08 14 Archived from the original on 2021 12 19 Retrieved 2020 01 02 a b PHILIPPINES The Monster Islands THE ASWANG PROJECT Aswangproject com Retrieved 2020 01 02 Madarang Catalina Ricci S 2021 06 23 Crocodiles are not hated creatures symbols of corruption centuries ago Here s why Interaksyon Retrieved 2022 05 16 Further reading EditPhilippine Crocodile WhoZoo Crocodilian Species Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Crocodylus mindorensis HerpaWorld External links EditMabuwaya Foundation 1 Philippine crocodile at the Encyclopedia of Life Weerd Mabuwaya Foundation Merlijn van Mabuwaya Home www mabuwaya org Retrieved 2016 03 16 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philippine crocodile amp oldid 1121459177, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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