fbpx
Wikipedia

Cyprinidae

February 02, 2023

Not to be confused with Cyprididae, a family of freshwater ostracods.

Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family. It includes the carps, the true minnows, and relatives like the barbs and barbels. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest vertebrate animal family in general with about 3,000 species, of which only 1,270 remain extant, divided into about 370 genera.[1][2] Cyprinids range from about 12 mm in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis).[3] By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes.[1][2][4] The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').

Cyprinidae
Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene
The common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Superfamily: Cyprinoidea
Family: Cyprinidae
Type genus
Cyprinus
Subfamilies

and see text

Biology and ecology

Cyprinids are stomachless fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves.

Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut.

 
Giant barbs (Catlocarpio siamensis) are the largest members of this family.

Cyprinids are native to North America, Africa, and Eurasia. The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight.[5] Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus).[6][7] The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length.[8] Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica, reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest.[9]

All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.

Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex.[10]

Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances.

Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase, eat algae and biofilms, while others, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

Relationship with humans

 
Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes, 1950–2009, as reported by the FAO[11]

Food

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.[12]

Sport

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

As pest control

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida.

As a pest species

Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult.[13][14]

In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin, they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment.

Cyprinus carpio is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80-90 per cent of fish biomass.[15]

In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment,[16][17][18] in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.[19]

Aquarium fish

Numerous cyprinids have become important in the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was much fancied by Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In the latter country, from the 18th century onwards, the common carp was bred into the ornamental variety known as koi – or more accurately nishikigoi (錦鯉), as koi (鯉) simply means "common carp" in Japanese.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines, and true barbs.[20] Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria.[citation needed]

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish (Danio rerio). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.[21]

Threatened families

Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.[22][23][24]

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.[23]

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.[23]

The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "barbs" do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps (Cyprinus) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.[22][25][26]

The tench (Tinca tinca), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris, Hemigrammocypris, and Yaoshanicus. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred.[24]

A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae.[27] The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and Leuciscinae are monophyletic.

Subfamilies and genera

 
Rainbow shark, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum, a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish
 
Blue danio, Danio kerri: Danioninae
 
Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix: Xenocyprinae, alternatively Hypophthalmichthyinae
 
Rohu, Labeo rohita, of the disputed Labeoninae
 
The tench, Tinca tinca, is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a subfamily of its own.

The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies:[28]

 
Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
 
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
 
Sailfin shiner, Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
 
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow related to some North American daces

Subfamily Leuciscinae

Subfamily Tincinae

 
Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
 
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae

Incertae sedis

 
Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.

With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:[40]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living Cyprinoidei[40][41] with clade names from van der Laan 2017.[42]
Psilorhynchidae

Psilorhynchus

Cyprinidae

Probarbinae

Labeoninae

Parapsilorhynchini

Labeonini

Garrini

Torinae

Smiliogastrinae

Cyprininae

Cyprinini

Rohteichthyini

Acrossocheilini

Spinibarbini

Schizothoracini

Schizopygopsini

Barbini

Leuciscidae
Danioninae

?Paedocypridini

?Sundadanionini

Rasborini

Danionini

Chedrini

Leptobarbinae

Leptobarbus

Xenocyprinae

Squaliobarbini

Opsariichthyini

Oxygastrini

Hypophthalmichthyini

Xenocypridini

Tincinae

Tinca

Acheilognathinae

Gobioninae

Hemibarbus-Squalidus clade

Sarcocheilichthyini

Gobionini

Tanichthyinae

Tanichthys

Leuciscinae

Phoxinini

Laviniini

Plagiopterini

Leuciscini

Pogonichthyini

Subfamily Probarbinae

Subfamily Labeoninae

Subfamily Torinae

Subfamily Smiliogastrinae

Subfamily Cyprininae [incl. Barbinae]

Subfamily Danioninae

Subfamily Leptobarbinae

 
Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
 
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
 
Sailfin shiner, Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
 
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow related to some North American daces
 
Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
 
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae

Subfamily Xenocypridinae [incl. Cultrinae & Squaliobarbinae]

Subfamily Tincinae

Subfamily Acheilognathinae (bitterlings)

Subfamily Gobioninae

Subfamily Tanichthyinae

Subfamily Leuciscinae [incl. Alburninae]

Incertae sedis

 
Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Cyprinidae" in FishBase. July 2015 version.
  2. ^ a b Eschmeyer, W.N.; Fong, J.D. (2015). "Species by family/subfamily". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Science. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^ "Fishbase-Catlocarpio-siamensis".
  4. ^ Nelson, Joseph (2006). Fishes of the World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  5. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Catlocarpio siamensis" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  6. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Tor putitora" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Luciobarbus esocinus" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  8. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Ptychocheilus lucius" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Paedocypris progenetica" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  10. ^ Morgado-Santos, Miguel; Carona, Sara; Vicente, Luís; Collares-Pereira, Maria João (2017). "First empirical evidence of naturally occurring androgenesis in vertebrates". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (5): 170200. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470200M. doi:10.1098/rsos.170200. PMC 5451830. PMID 28573029.
  11. ^ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database
  12. ^ MacMahon, Alexander Francis Magri (1946). Fishlore: British Freshwater Fishes. Pelican Books. Vol. 161. Penguin Books. pp. 149–152.
  13. ^ Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (3 August 2005). . Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  14. ^ Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2006). . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
  15. ^ Peterson, Douglas; Pearson, James; Simpson, William (2022-05-30). "Effects of common carp on water quality and submerged vegetation: results from a short-term mesocosm experiment in an artificial wetland". Marine and Freshwater Research. 73 (7): 973–994. doi:10.1071/mf22008. ISSN 1323-1650. S2CID 249222934.
  16. ^ Mankad, Aditi; Zhang, Airong; Carter, Lucy; Curnock, Matthew (March 2022). "A path analysis of carp biocontrol: effect of attitudes, norms, and emotion on acceptance". Biological Invasions. 24 (3): 709–723. doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02679-1. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 244518717.
  17. ^ Kilvert, Nick; Thomas, Kerrin (1 May 2016). . ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Carp herpesvirus". Managing Water Ecosystems - CSIRO. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  19. ^ Mintram, Kate S.; Oosterhout, Cock; Lighten, Jackie (2020-10-14). Knutie, Sarah (ed.). "Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish". Journal of Applied Ecology. Wiley. 58: 148–157. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13762. ISSN 0021-8901.
  20. ^ Riehl, R.; Baensch, H. (1996). Aquarium Atlas Volume 1. Voyageur Press. p. 410.
  21. ^ Helfman, Gene S.; Collette, Bruce B.; Facey, Douglas E. (1997). The diversity of fishes. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8. OCLC 299475257.
  22. ^ a b De Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis; Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007). "Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation". Animal Biology. 57: 39–48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069.
  23. ^ a b c He, Shunping; Mayden, Richard L.; Wang, Xuzheng; Wang, Wei; Tang, Kevin L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Chen, Yiyu (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (3): 818–29. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001. PMID 18203625. (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-11.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ a b He, Shunping; Gu, Xun; Mayden, Richard L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Conway, Kevin W.; Chen, Yiyu (2008). "Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (1): 419–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012. PMID 18053751. (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-29.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Howes, G.I. (1991). "Systematics and biogeography: an overview". In Winfield, I.J.; Nelson, J.S. (eds.). Biology of Cyprinids. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. pp. 1–33.
  26. ^ IUCN (2009). . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  27. ^ Tao, Wenjing; Mayden, Richard L.; He, Shunping (March 2013). . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 603–616. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.024. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23044401. Archived from the original on 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  28. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  29. ^ a b c d Pethiyagoda, R.; Meegaskumbura, M.; Maduwage, K. (2012). "A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to Puntius (Pisces: Cyprinidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 23 (1): 69–95. ISSN 0936-9902.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Kottelat, M. (2013). (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement No. 27): 1–663. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
  31. ^ Pethiyagoda, R (2013). "Haludaria, a replacement generic name for Dravidia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3646 (2): 199. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.9. PMID 26213759.
  32. ^ a b Chang, Meemann; et al. (2008). "Extraordinarily thick-boned fish linked to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibetan Plateau)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13246–13251. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513246C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805982105. PMC 2533176. PMID 18757732.
  33. ^ a b Borkenhagen, K (2014). "A new genus and species of cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Arabian Peninsula, and its phylogenetic and zoogeographic affinities". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 97 (10): 1179–1195. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0315-y. S2CID 14947417.
  34. ^ a b Britz, Ralf; Kottelat, Maurice; Tan, Heok (1 December 2011). "Fangfangia spinicleithralis, a new genus and species of miniature cyprinid fish from the peat swamp forests of Borneo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 22 (4): 327–335.
  35. ^ a b Zhao, H.-T.; Sullivan, J.P.; Zhang, Y.-G.; Peng, Z.-G. (2014). "Paraqianlabeo lineatus, a new genus and species of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from South China". Zootaxa. 3841 (2): 257–270. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3841.2.5. PMID 25082039.
  36. ^ Zhang, E; Zhou, W (2012). "Sinigarra napoense, a new genus and species of labeonin fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Guangxi Province, South China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3586: 17–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.4. S2CID 2027617.
  37. ^ a b Huang, Y.; Yang, J.; Chen, X. (2014). "Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)". Zootaxa. 3793 (3): 379–386. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6. PMID 24870177.
  38. ^ Nguyen, V.H.; Nguyen, H.D.; Nguyen, T.D.P. (2016). "Vinalabeo, a new generic name for Vinalabeo tonkinensis (Cyprinidae, Teleostei)". Journal of Science of Hnue, Natural Sciences. 61 (9): 140–144. doi:10.18173/2354-1059.2016-0066.
  39. ^ a b c d Bianco, P.G.; Ketmaier, V. (2014). "A revision of the Rutilus complex from Mediterranean Europe with description of a new genus, Sarmarutilus, and a new species, Rutilus stoumboudae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3841 (3): 379–402. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.4. hdl:11573/589382. PMID 25082046.
  40. ^ a b Betancur-Rodriguez, Ricardo; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology (4 ed.). 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  41. ^ Lei Yang; Tetsuya Sado; M. Vincent Hirt; Emmanuel Pasco-Viel; M. Arunachalam; Junbing Li; Xuzhen Wang; Jörg Freyhof; Kenji Saitoh; Andrew M. Simons; Masaki Miya; Shunping He; Richard L. Mayden (2015). . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 85 (February 2015): 97–116. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014. PMID 25698355. Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  42. ^ van der Laan, Richard (December 2017). Freshwater fish list (PDF) (23rd ed.). p. 997. ISSN 2468-9157.
  43. ^ a b Zheng, Lan‐Ping; Chen, Xiao‐Yong; Yang, Jun‐Xing (2019). "Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of Bangana sensu lato (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 57 (4): 884–891. doi:10.1111/jzs.12294. S2CID 190878336.
  44. ^ Zhang, E; Zhou, W (2012). "Sinigarra napoense, a new genus and species of labeonin fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Guangxi Province, South China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3586: 17–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.4. S2CID 2027617.
  45. ^ Pethiyagoda, R (2013). "Haludaria, a replacement generic name for Dravidia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3646 (2): 199. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.9. PMID 26213759.
  46. ^ Yang J, He S, Freyhof J, Witte K, Liu H (2006). "The phylogenetic relationships of the Gobioninae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences". Hydrobiologia. 553: 255–66. doi:10.1007/s10750-005-1301-3. S2CID 28572859.

External links

  Media related to Cyprinidae at Wikimedia Commons   Data related to Cyprinidae at Wikispecies

February 02, 2023
cyprinidae, confused, with, cyprididae, family, freshwater, ostracods, family, freshwater, fish, commonly, called, carp, minnow, family, includes, carps, true, minnows, relatives, like, barbs, barbels, largest, most, diverse, fish, family, largest, vertebrate,. Not to be confused with Cyprididae a family of freshwater ostracods Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family It includes the carps the true minnows and relatives like the barbs and barbels Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest vertebrate animal family in general with about 3 000 species of which only 1 270 remain extant divided into about 370 genera 1 2 Cyprinids range from about 12 mm in size to the 3 m 9 8 ft giant barb Catlocarpio siamensis 3 By genus and species count the family makes up more than two thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes 1 2 4 The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprinos kyprῖnos carp CyprinidaeTemporal range Eocene Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NThe common carp Cyprinus carpioScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder CypriniformesSuperfamily CyprinoideaFamily CyprinidaeType genusCyprinusLinnaeus 1758SubfamiliesAcheilognathinae Cyprininae Danioninae Gobioninae Labeoninae disputed Leptobarbinae Leuciscinae Probarbinae Smiliogastrinae Tanichthyinae Tincinae Torinae Xenocyprinaeand see text Contents 1 Biology and ecology 2 Relationship with humans 2 1 Food 2 2 Sport 2 3 As pest control 2 4 As a pest species 2 5 Aquarium fish 2 6 Threatened families 3 Systematics 4 Subfamilies and genera 4 1 Subfamily Acheilognathinae 4 2 Subfamily Alburninae 4 3 Subfamily Barbinae 4 4 Subfamily Cultrinae 4 5 Subfamily Cyprininae 4 6 Subfamily Danioninae 4 7 Subfamily Gobioninae 4 8 Subfamily Labeoninae 4 9 Subfamily Leptobarbinae 4 10 Subfamily Leuciscinae 4 11 Subfamily Tincinae 4 12 Subfamily Squaliobarbinae 4 13 Subfamily Xenocyprinae 4 14 Incertae sedis 5 Phylogeny 5 1 Incertae sedis 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBiology and ecology EditCyprinids are stomachless fish with toothless jaws Even so food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves Hearing is a well developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut Giant barbs Catlocarpio siamensis are the largest members of this family Cyprinids are native to North America Africa and Eurasia The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb Catlocarpio siamensis which may grow up to 3 m 9 8 ft in length and 300 kg 660 lb in weight 5 Other very large species that can surpass 2 m 6 6 ft are the golden mahseer Tor putitora and mangar Luciobarbus esocinus 6 7 The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius which can reach up to 1 8 m 5 9 ft in length 8 Conversely many species are smaller than 5 cm 2 in The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica reaching 10 3 mm 0 41 in at the longest 9 All fish in this family are egg layers and most do not guard their eggs however a few species build nests and or guard the eggs The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs where the young develop until able to fend for themselves Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex 10 Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach however some species like the asp are predators that specialize in fish Many species such as the ide and the common rudd prey on small fish when individuals become large enough Even small species such as the moderlieschen are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances Some cyprinids such as the grass carp are specialized herbivores others such as the common nase eat algae and biofilms while others such as the black carp specialize in snails and some such as the silver carp are specialized filter feeders For this reason cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails Unlike most fish species cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes Here they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae reducing its abundance Relationship with humans Edit Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes 1950 2009 as reported by the FAO 11 Food Edit Cyprinids are highly important food fish they are fished and farmed across Eurasia In land locked countries in particular cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast flowing rivers In Eastern Europe they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times Nonetheless in certain places they remain popular for food as well as recreational fishing for ornamental use and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason 12 Sport Edit Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing due to their dominance in biomass and numbers and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength As pest control Edit Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food sport or biological control for some pest species The common carp Cyprinus carpio and the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella are the most important of these for example in Florida As a pest species Edit Carp in particular can stir up sediment reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult 13 14 In America and Australia such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment Cyprinus carpio is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments amenity and the agricultural economy devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s In the major river system of eastern Australia the Murray Darling Basin they constitute 80 90 per cent of fish biomass 15 In 2016 the federal government announced A 15 2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 carp virus as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead Despite initial favourable assessment 16 17 18 in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish 19 Aquarium fish Edit Numerous cyprinids have become important in the aquarium and fishpond hobbies most famously the goldfish which was bred in China from the Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio First imported into Europe around 1728 it was much fancied by Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and after it arrived there in 1502 also in Japan In the latter country from the 18th century onwards the common carp was bred into the ornamental variety known as koi or more accurately nishikigoi 錦鯉 as koi 鯉 simply means common carp in Japanese Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins rasborines and true barbs 20 Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds particularly in Southeast Asia and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria citation needed One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish Danio rerio It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates in particular fish 21 Threatened families Edit Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels some are already entirely extinct In particular the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid 20th century most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico Systematics EditThe massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases Some distinct lineages obviously exist for example the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae regardless of their exact delimitation are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate A large number of genera are incertae sedis too equivocal in their traits and or too little studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty 22 23 24 Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche or have coevolved for millions of years These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids Other rasborines are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family 23 The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage The sometimes seen grouping of the large headed carps Hypophthalmichthyinae with Xenocypris though seems quite in error More likely the latter are part of the Cultrinae 23 The entirely paraphyletic Barbinae and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae forming a close knit group whose internal relationships are still little known The small African barbs do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto indeed they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps Cyprinus as these are from Garra which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily However as noted above how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved therefore such a radical move though reasonable is probably premature 22 25 26 The tench Tinca tinca a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers is unusual It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed it always stood apart A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris Hemigrammocypris and Yaoshanicus They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east central Asia perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene when their divergence presumably occurred 24 A DNA based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae 27 The subfamilies Acheilognathinae Gobioninae and Leuciscinae are monophyletic Subfamilies and genera Edit Rainbow shark Epalzeorhynchos frenatum a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish Acheilognathus longipinnis Acheilognathinae Blue danio Danio kerri Danioninae Pseudogobio esocinus Gobioninae Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Xenocyprinae alternatively Hypophthalmichthyinae Rohu Labeo rohita of the disputed Labeoninae The tench Tinca tinca is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a subfamily of its own The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies 28 Subfamily Acheilognathinae Edit Acanthorhodeus Khanka spiny bitterling Acheilognathus bitterlings Rhodeus bitterlings Tanakia bitterlings Subfamily Alburninae Edit Alburnoides Alburnus bleaks Aspiolucius pike asp MetziaSubfamily Barbinae Edit Acrossocheilus Anchicyclocheilus Aulopyge Dalmatian barbelgudgeon Balantiocheilos Barbus typical barbels and barbs Carasobarbus Clypeobarbus Dawkinsia 29 Desmopuntius 30 Diptychus Enteromius Haludaria 31 Hsianwenia 32 Kalimantania Luciobarbus Mesopotamichthys Neobarynotus Oliotius 30 Oreichthys Pethia 29 Pseudobarbus redfins Puntigrus 30 Puntius spotted barbs Sahyadria Schizopyge snowtrouts Schizothorax snowtrouts Sinocyclocheilus golden line fish Striuntius 30 SystomusSubfamily Cultrinae Edit Anabarilius Chanodichthys Culter Cultrichthys Hainania Hemiculter sharpbellies Ischikauia Megalobrama Parabramis white Amur bream Paralaubuca Pseudohemiculter Pseudolaubuca Sinibrama ToxabramisSubfamily Cyprininae Edit Arabibarbus 33 Barboides Barbonymus tinfoil barbs Capoeta khramulyas Carassioides Carassius Crucian carps and goldfish Cyprinus typical carps Eechathalakenda GymnocyprisSubfamily Danioninae Edit Amblypharyngodon carplets Aspidoparia Barilius Betadevario Boraras rasboras Cabdio Chelaethiops Chela Danio danios Danionella Devario Esomus flying barbs Engraulicypris Fangfangia 34 Horadandia Inlecypris Laubuka Leptocypris Luciosoma Malayochela Microdevario Microrasbora Nematabramis Neobola Opsaridium Opsarius Paedocypris Pectenocypris Raiamas Rasbora Rasboroides Rasbosoma dwarf scissortail rasbora Rastrineobola silver cyprinid Salmostoma razorbelly minnows Securicula Sundadanio Trigonopoma Trigonostigma Subfamily Gobioninae Edit Abbottina false gudgeons Belligobio Biwia Coreius Coreoleuciscus Gnathopogon Gobio typical gudgeons Gobiobotia Gobiocypris Hemibarbus steeds Huigobio Ladislavia Mesogobio Microphysogobio Paracanthobrama Paraleucogobio Parasqualidus Platysmacheilus Pseudogobio Pseudopungtungia Pseudorasbora Pungtungia Rhinogobio Romanogobio Sarcocheilichthys Saurogobio Squalidus XenophysogobioSubfamily Labeoninae Edit Bangana Brevibora Cirrhinus mud carps Cophecheilus Crossocheilus Discocheilus Discogobio Discolabeo Garra Henicorhynchus Horalabiosa Hongshuia Labeo labeos Labeobarbus yellowfish Labiobarbus Longanalus Osteochilichthys Osteochilus Paraqianlabeo 35 Parasinilabeo Placocheilus Protolabeo Pseudocrossocheilus Pseudogyrinocheilus Ptychidio Qianlabeo Rectoris Semilabeo Sinigarra 36 Sinilabeo Sinocrossocheilus Stenorynchoacrum 37 Tariqilabeo Vinagarra Vinalabeo 38 Subfamily Leptobarbinae Edit Leptobarbus Flame chub Hemitremia flammea one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae Ide Leuciscus idus one of the Eurasian daces Sailfin shiner Notropis hypselopterus a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae Rhynchocypris oxycephalus a minnow related to some North American daces Sarmarutilus rubilio a European roach Subfamily Leuciscinae Edit Abramis common bream Acanthobrama bleaks Achondrostoma Anaecypris Acrocheilus chiselmouth Agosia longfin dace Algansea Mexican chubs Aztecula Aztec chub Ballerus breams Blicca silver bream Campostoma stonerollers Chondrostoma typical nases Chrosomus typical daces Clinostomus redside daces Codoma ornate shiner Coreoleuciscus Korean splendid dace Couesius lake chub Cyprinella satinfin shiners Delminichthys Dionda desert minnows Eremichthys desert dace Ericymba longjaw minnows Erimystax slender chubs Evarra Mexican daces Exoglossum cutlips minnows Gila western chubs Hemitremia flame chub Hesperoleucus California roach Hybognathus silvery minnows Hybopsis bigeye chubs Iberochondrostoma Iberocypris Iotichthys least chub Kottelatia Ladigesocypris Lavinia hitch Lepidomeda spinedaces Leucalburnus Leucaspius moderlieschen Leuciscus Eurasian daces Leucos 39 Luxilus highscale shiners Lythrurus finescale shiners Macrhybopsis blacktail chubs Margariscus pearl daces Meda pikedace Moapa moapa dace Mylocheilus peamouth Mylopharodon hardhead Nocomis hornyhead chubs Notemigonus golden shiner Notropis eastern shiners Opsopoeodus pugnose minnow Oregonichthys Oregon chubs Orthodon Sacramento blackfish Pachychilon Parachondrostoma Pararhinichthys cheat minnow Pelasgus Pelecus sabre carp Petroleuciscus Ponto Caspian chubs and daces Phenacobius suckermouth minnows Phoxinellus Phoxinus Eurasian minnows and daces Pimephales bluntnose minnows Plagopterus woundfin Platygobio flathead chub Pogonichthys splittails Protochondrostoma South European nase Pseudochondrostoma Pseudophoxinus Pteronotropis flagfin shiners Ptychocheilus pikeminnows Relictus relict dace Rhinichthys riffle daces loach minnows including Tiaroga Rhynchocypris Eurasian minnows Richardsonius redside shiners Rutilus roaches Sarmarutilus 39 Scardinius rudds Semotilus creek chubs Siphateles Snyderichthys spinedaces Squalius European chubs Stypodon stumptooth minnow Tampichthys Telestes Tribolodon Tropidophoxinellus Vimba Vimbas Yuriria Subfamily Tincinae Edit Tanichthys Tinca Trigonostigma somphongsi a rasbora a relative of the blue danio above Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus Squaliobarbinae Subfamily Squaliobarbinae Edit Ctenopharyngodon grass carp Mylopharyngodon black carp Squaliobarbus Subfamily Xenocyprinae Edit Distoechodon Hypophthalmichthys bighead carps Plagiognathops Pseudobrama Xenocypris Incertae sedis Edit Hemigrammocypris rasborella of uncertain relationship Possibly related to Aphyocypris Aaptosyax giant salmon carp Acanthalburnus bleaks Acanthogobio Acapoeta Albulichthys Amblyrhynchichthys Ancherythroculter Aphyocypris Araiocypris Aspiorhynchus Atrilinea Barbichthys Barbodes Barbopsis Somalian blind barb Caecobarbus Congo blind barb Caecocypris Candidia Capoetobrama Catlocarpio Chagunius Chuanchia Coptostomabarbus Cosmochilus Cyclocheilichthys Cyprinion Diplocheilichthys Discherodontus Eirmotus Elopichthys Epalzeorhynchos Folifer Gibelion catla some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla Gymnodanio Gymnodiptychus Hampala Hemiculterella Hemigrammocypris close to Aphyocypris Herzensteinia Hypselobarbus Hypsibarbus Laocypris Lepidopygopsis Linichthys Lobocheilos Longiculter Luciobrama Luciocyprinus Macrochirichthys long pectoral fin minnow Megarasbora Mekongina Metzia Mystacoleucus Naziritor Zhobi mahseers Neolissochilus mahseers Nipponocypris Ochetobius Onychostoma Opsariichthys Oreoleuciscus Osteobrama Oxygaster Oxygymnocypris Parachela Paracrossochilus Parapsilorhynchus Parasikukia Paraspinibarbus Parator Parazacco Percocypris Phreatichthys Somalian cavefish Placogobio Platypharodon Pogobrama Poropuntius Probarbus Procypris Prolabeo Prolabeops Pseudaspius Ptychobarbus Puntioplites Rasborichthys Rohtee Vatani rohtee Rohteichthys Sanagia Sawbwa Sawbwa barb Scaphiodonichthys Scaphognathops Scardinius rudds Schismatorhynchos Schizocypris snowtrouts Schizopygopsis snowtrouts Semiplotus Sikukia Spinibarbus Thryssocypris Thynnichthys Tor mahseers Troglocyclocheilus Tropidophoxinellus Typhlobarbus Typhlogarra Iraq blind barb Xenobarbus Xenocyprioides Zacco With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered for example 40 Phylogeny EditPhylogeny of living Cyprinoidei 40 41 with clade names from van der Laan 2017 42 Psilorhynchidae PsilorhynchusCyprinidae ProbarbinaeLabeoninae ParapsilorhynchiniLabeoniniGarriniTorinaeSmiliogastrinaeCyprininae CyprininiRohteichthyiniAcrossocheiliniSpinibarbiniSchizothoraciniSchizopygopsiniBarbiniLeuciscidae Danioninae Paedocypridini SundadanioniniRasboriniDanioniniChedriniLeptobarbinae LeptobarbusXenocyprinae SqualiobarbiniOpsariichthyiniOxygastriniHypophthalmichthyiniXenocypridiniTincinae TincaAcheilognathinaeGobioninae Hemibarbus Squalidus cladeSarcocheilichthyiniGobioniniTanichthyinae TanichthysLeuciscinae PhoxininiLaviniiniPlagiopteriniLeucisciniPogonichthyiniSubfamily Probarbinae Catlocarpio ProbarbusSubfamily Labeoninae Tribe Parapsilorhynchini Diplocheilichthys Neorohita Parapsilorhynchus Longanalus Protolabeo Sinilabeo Tribe Labeonini Bangana Cirrhinus mud carps Decourus 43 Gymnostomus Incisilabeo Labeo labeos Speolabeo Schismatorhynchos Tribe Garrini Garra Paracrossocheilus Tariqilabeo Osteochilus clade Barbichthys Crossocheilus Epalzeorhynchos Henicorhynchus Labiobarbus Lobocheilos Osteochilus Thynnichthys Semilabeo clade Ageneiogarra Altigena 43 Cophecheilus Discogobio Hongshuia Linichthys Mekongina Paraqianlabeo 35 Parasinilabeo Placocheilus Prolixicheilus Pseudocrossocheilus Pseudogyrinocheilus Ptychidio Qianlabeo Rectoris Semilabeo Sinigarra 44 Sinocrossocheilus Stenorynchoacrum 37 Subfamily Torinae Acapoeta Arabibarbus 33 Barbopsis Somalian blind barb Carasobarbus Hypselobarbus Labeobarbus yellowfish Lepidopygopsis Mesopotamichthys Naziritor Zhobi mahseers Neolissochilus mahseers Osteochilichthys Pterocapoeta Sanagia Tor mahseers Pterocapoeta Subfamily Smiliogastrinae Barbodes Barboides Caecobarbus Congo blind barb Chagunius Clypeobarbus Coptostomabarbus Dawkinsia 29 Desmopuntius 30 Eechathalakenda Enteromius Haludaria 45 Hampala Oliotius 30 Oreichthys Osteobrama Pethia 29 Prolabeo Prolabeops Pseudobarbus redfins Puntigrus 30 Puntius spotted barbs Rohtee Vatani rohtee Sahyadria Striuntius 30 Systomus Xenobarbus Subfamily Cyprininae incl Barbinae Tribe Cyprinini Aaptosyax giant salmon carp Carassioides Carassius Crucian carps and goldfish Cyprinus typical carps Luciocyprinus Paraspinibarbus Parator Procypris Pseudosinocyclocheilus Sinibarbus Sinocyclocheilus golden line fish Typhlobarbus Tribe Rohteichthyini Albulichthys Amblyrhynchichthys Anematichthys Balantiocheilos Barbonymus tinfoil barbs Cosmochilus Cyclocheilichthys Cyclocheilos Discherodontus Eirmotus Hypsibarbus Kalimantania Laocypris Mystacoleucus Parasikukia Poropuntius Puntioplites Rohteichthys Sawbwa Sawbwa barb Scaphognathops Sikukia Troglocyclocheilus Tribe Acrossocheilini Acrossocheilus Folifer Onychostoma Tribe Spinibarbini Spinibarbus Spinibarbichthys Tribe Schizothoracini Aspiorhynchus Percocypris Schizopyge snowtrouts Schizothorax snowtrouts Tribe Schizopygopsini Chuanchia Diptychus Gymnocypris Gymnodiptychus Oreinus Oxygymnocypris Platypharodon Ptychobarbus Schizopygopsis snowtrouts Tribe Barbini Aulopyge Dalmatian barbelgudgeon Barbus typical barbels and barbs Hsianwenia 32 Caecocypris Capoeta khramulyas Cyprinion Kantaka Luciobarbus Scaphiodonichthys Schizocypris snowtrouts Semiplotus Subfamily Danioninae Tribe Paedocypridini Paedocypris Tribe Sundadanionini Fangfangia 34 Sundadanio Tribe Rasborini Amblypharyngodon carplets Boraras rasboras Brevibora Horadandia Kottelatia Pectenocypris Rasbora Rasboroides Rasbosoma dwarf scissortail rasbora Trigonopoma Trigonostigma Tribe Danionini Betadevario Brachydanio Celestichthys Chela Danio danios Danionella Devario Inlecypris Laubuka Microdevario Microrasbora Tribe Chedrini Barilius Bengala Cabdio Aspidoparia Chelaethiops Engraulicypris Esomus flying barbs Leptocypris Luciosoma Malayochela Nematabramis Neobola Opsaridium Opsarius Raiamas Rastrineobola silver cyprinid Salmostoma razorbelly minnows Securicula Thryssocypris Subfamily Leptobarbinae Leptobarbus Flame chub Hemitremia flammea one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae Ide Leuciscus idus one of the Eurasian daces Sailfin shiner Notropis hypselopterus a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae Rhynchocypris oxycephalus a minnow related to some North American daces Sarmarutilus rubilio a European roach Trigonostigma somphongsi a rasbora a relative of the blue danio above Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus Squaliobarbinae Subfamily Xenocypridinae incl Cultrinae amp Squaliobarbinae Tribe Squaliobarbini Squaliobarbus Tribe Opsariichthyini Candidia Nipponocypris Opsariichthys Parazacco Xenocyprioides Tribe Oxygastrini Aphyocypris Araiocypris Gymnodanio Hemigrammocypris Macrochirichthys long pectoral fin minnow Metzia Oxygaster Parachela Paralaubuca Rasborichthys Tribe Hypophthalmichthyini Atrilinea Ctenopharyngodon grass carp Elopichthys Hypophthalmichthys bighead carps Luciobrama Mylopharyngodon black carp Ochetobius Tribe Xenocypridini Subtribe Xenocypridina Distoechodon Plagiognathops Pseudobrama Xenocypris Subtribe Cultrina Anabarilius Chanodichthys Culter Ischikauia Longiculter Megalobrama Parabramis white Amur bream Pogobrama Sinibrama Hemiculter clade Hainania Hemiculter sharpbellies Pseudohemiculter Pseudolaubuca Toxabramis Subfamily Tincinae TincaSubfamily Acheilognathinae bitterlings Acanthorhodeus Khanka spiny bitterling Acheilognathus Paratanakia Pseudorhodeus Rhodeus TanakiaSubfamily Gobioninae Hemibarbus Squalidus clade Belligobio Hemibarbus steeds Squalidus Tribe Gobionini 46 Subtribe Gobiobotiina Gobiobotia Xenophysogobio Subtribe Gobionina Gobio typical gudgeons Mesogobio Romanogobio Acanthogobio Subtribe Armatogobionina Abbottina false gudgeons Biwia Huigobio Microphysogobio Platysmacheilus Pseudogobio Saurogobio Tribe Sarcocheilichthyini Coreius Coreoleuciscus Korean splendid dace Gnathopogon Gobiocypris Ladislavia Paracanthobrama Paraleucogobio Parasqualidus Pseudopungtungia Pseudorasbora Pungtungia Rhinogobio Sarcocheilichthys Subfamily Tanichthyinae TanichthysSubfamily Leuciscinae incl Alburninae Tribe Phoxinini Oreoleuciscus Phoxinus Eurasian minnows and daces Pseudaspius Tribe Laviniini Subtribe Chrosomina Chrosomus typical daces Subtribe Laviniina Eremichthys desert dace Gila western chubs Hesperoleucus California roach Klamathella Lavinia hitch Mylopharodon hardhead Orthodon Sacramento blackfish Ptychocheilus pikeminnows Relictus relict dace Siphateles Tribe Leuciscini Pachychilon clade Pachychilon Alburnoides clade Alburnoides Primitive Leuciscine clade Delminichthys Leucalburnus Notemigonus golden shiner Pelasgus Subtribe Leuciscina Aspiolucius pike asp Leuciscus Eurasian daces Pelecus sabre carp Subtribe Abramina Abramis common bream Acanthobrama bleaks Capoetobrama Mirogrex Vimba Vimbas Subtribe Chondrostomina Achondrostoma Alburnus bleaks Anaecypris Chondrostoma typical nases Iberochondrostoma Leucaspius moderlieschen Leucos 39 Parachondrostoma Petroleuciscus Ponto Caspian chubs and daces Phoxinellus Protochondrostoma South European nase Pseudochondrostoma Pseudophoxinus Rutilus roaches Sarmarutilus 39 Scardinius rudds Squalius European chubs Telestes Tropidophoxinellus Tribe Plagiopterini Couesius lake chub Hemitremia flame chub Lepidomeda spinedaces Margariscus pearl daces Meda pikedace Plagopterus woundfin Rhynchocypris Eurasian minnows Semotilus creek chubs Stypodon stumptooth minnow Tribe Pogonichthyini Subtribe Pogonichthyina Clinostomus redside daces Iotichthys least chub Mylocheilus peamouth Pogonichthys splittails Richardsonius redside shiners Subtribe Exoglossina Exoglossum cutlips minnows Oregonichthys Oregon chubs Pararhinichthys cheat minnow Rhinichthys riffle daces loach minnows Tiaroga Subtribe Campostomina Campostoma stonerollers Nocomis hornyhead chubs Subtribe Hybognathina Agosia longfin dace Alburnops Algansea Mexican chubs Aztecula Aztec chub Ballerus breams Blicca silver bream Codoma ornate shiner Cyprinella satinfin shiners Dionda desert minnows Ericymba longjaw minnows Erimonax Erimystax slender chubs Evarra Mexican daces Graodus Hudsonius Hybognathus silvery minnows Hybopsis bigeye chubs Iberocypris Ladigesocypris Luxilus highscale shiners Lythrurus finescale shiners Macrhybopsis blacktail chubs Miniellus Moapa moapa dace Notropis eastern shiners Opsopoeodus pugnose minnow Phenacobius suckermouth minnows Pimephales bluntnose minnows Platygobio flathead chub Pteronotropis flagfin shiners Snyderichthys spinedaces Tampichthys Tribolodon Yuriria Incertae sedis Edit Hemigrammocypris rasborella of uncertain relationship Possibly related to Aphyocypris Acanthalburnus bleaks Acrocheilus chiselmouth Ancherythroculter Anchicyclocheilus Gibelion catla some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla Cultrichthys Discocheilus Discolabeo Hemiculterella Herzensteinia Horalabiosa Megarasbora Neobarynotus Paracrossochilus Phreatichthys Somalian cavefish Placogobio Scardinius rudds Tropidophoxinellus Typhlogarra Iraq blind barb ZaccoSee also EditList of fish familiesReferences Edit a b Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2015 Cyprinidae in FishBase July 2015 version a b Eschmeyer W N Fong J D 2015 Species by family subfamily Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Science Retrieved 2 July 2015 Fishbase Catlocarpio siamensis Nelson Joseph 2006 Fishes of the World Chichester John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 25031 7 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2015 Catlocarpio siamensis in FishBase March 2015 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2017 Tor putitora in FishBase March 2017 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2017 Luciobarbus esocinus in FishBase March 2017 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2015 Ptychocheilus lucius in FishBase March 2015 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2015 Paedocypris progenetica in FishBase March 2015 version Morgado Santos Miguel Carona Sara Vicente Luis Collares Pereira Maria Joao 2017 First empirical evidence of naturally occurring androgenesis in vertebrates Royal Society Open Science 4 5 170200 Bibcode 2017RSOS 470200M doi 10 1098 rsos 170200 PMC 5451830 PMID 28573029 Based on data sourced from the FishStat database MacMahon Alexander Francis Magri 1946 Fishlore British Freshwater Fishes Pelican Books Vol 161 Penguin Books pp 149 152 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 3 August 2005 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758 Archived from the original on 18 August 2007 Retrieved 3 May 2007 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 2006 Exotic Freshwater Fishes Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 Retrieved 5 March 2007 Peterson Douglas Pearson James Simpson William 2022 05 30 Effects of common carp on water quality and submerged vegetation results from a short term mesocosm experiment in an artificial wetland Marine and Freshwater Research 73 7 973 994 doi 10 1071 mf22008 ISSN 1323 1650 S2CID 249222934 Mankad Aditi Zhang Airong Carter Lucy Curnock Matthew March 2022 A path analysis of carp biocontrol effect of attitudes norms and emotion on acceptance Biological Invasions 24 3 709 723 doi 10 1007 s10530 021 02679 1 ISSN 1387 3547 S2CID 244518717 Kilvert Nick Thomas Kerrin 1 May 2016 Herpes virus to be used in fight against carp in Murray River Christopher Pyne says ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 Carp herpesvirus Managing Water Ecosystems CSIRO 2018 04 26 Retrieved 2020 11 09 Mintram Kate S Oosterhout Cock Lighten Jackie 2020 10 14 Knutie Sarah ed Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish Journal of Applied Ecology Wiley 58 148 157 doi 10 1111 1365 2664 13762 ISSN 0021 8901 Riehl R Baensch H 1996 Aquarium Atlas Volume 1 Voyageur Press p 410 Helfman Gene S Collette Bruce B Facey Douglas E 1997 The diversity of fishes Malden Mass Blackwell Science p 228 ISBN 978 0 86542 256 8 OCLC 299475257 a b De Graaf Martin Megens Hendrik Jan Samallo Johannis Sibbing Ferdinand A 2007 Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana s Ethiopia small Barbus species Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation Animal Biology 57 39 48 doi 10 1163 157075607780002069 a b c He Shunping Mayden Richard L Wang Xuzheng Wang Wei Tang Kevin L Chen Wei Jen Chen Yiyu 2008 Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae Actinopterygii Cypriniformes as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein coding gene Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 3 818 29 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 06 001 PMID 18203625 Archived PDF from the original on 2011 08 11 permanent dead link a b He Shunping Gu Xun Mayden Richard L Chen Wei Jen Conway Kevin W Chen Yiyu 2008 Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus Ostariophysi Cypriniformes Evidence from the mitochondrial genome PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 1 419 25 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 10 012 PMID 18053751 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 07 29 permanent dead link Howes G I 1991 Systematics and biogeography an overview In Winfield I J Nelson J S eds Biology of Cyprinids London Chapman and Hall Ltd pp 1 33 IUCN 2009 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 Retrieved 20 September 2009 Tao Wenjing Mayden Richard L He Shunping March 2013 Remarkable phylogenetic resolution of the most complex clade of Cyprinidae Teleostei Cypriniformes A proof of concept of homology assessment and partitioning sequence data integrated with mixed model Bayesian analyses Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66 3 603 616 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2012 09 024 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 23044401 Archived from the original on 2020 06 08 Retrieved 2019 12 07 J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley pp 181 186 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 a b c d Pethiyagoda R Meegaskumbura M Maduwage K 2012 A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to Puntius Pisces Cyprinidae Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 23 1 69 95 ISSN 0936 9902 a b c d e f g h Kottelat M 2013 The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters Mangroves and Estuaries PDF The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No 27 1 663 Archived from the original PDF on 2 December 2013 Pethiyagoda R 2013 Haludaria a replacement generic name for Dravidia Teleostei Cyprinidae PDF Zootaxa 3646 2 199 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3646 2 9 PMID 26213759 a b Chang Meemann et al 2008 Extraordinarily thick boned fish linked to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin northern Tibetan Plateau Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 36 13246 13251 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10513246C doi 10 1073 pnas 0805982105 PMC 2533176 PMID 18757732 a b Borkenhagen K 2014 A new genus and species of cyprinid fish Actinopterygii Cyprinidae from the Arabian Peninsula and its phylogenetic and zoogeographic affinities Environmental Biology of Fishes 97 10 1179 1195 doi 10 1007 s10641 014 0315 y S2CID 14947417 a b Britz Ralf Kottelat Maurice Tan Heok 1 December 2011 Fangfangia spinicleithralis a new genus and species of miniature cyprinid fish from the peat swamp forests of Borneo Teleostei Cyprinidae Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 22 4 327 335 a b Zhao H T Sullivan J P Zhang Y G Peng Z G 2014 Paraqianlabeo lineatus a new genus and species of labeonine fishes Teleostei Cyprinidae from South China Zootaxa 3841 2 257 270 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3841 2 5 PMID 25082039 Zhang E Zhou W 2012 Sinigarra napoense a new genus and species of labeonin fishes Teleostei Cyprinidae from Guangxi Province South China PDF Zootaxa 3586 17 25 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3586 1 4 S2CID 2027617 a b Huang Y Yang J Chen X 2014 Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi China Teleostei Cyprinidae Zootaxa 3793 3 379 386 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3793 3 6 PMID 24870177 Nguyen V H Nguyen H D Nguyen T D P 2016 Vinalabeo a new generic name for Vinalabeo tonkinensis Cyprinidae Teleostei Journal of Science of Hnue Natural Sciences 61 9 140 144 doi 10 18173 2354 1059 2016 0066 a b c d Bianco P G Ketmaier V 2014 A revision of the Rutilus complex from Mediterranean Europe with description of a new genus Sarmarutilus and a new species Rutilus stoumboudae Teleostei Cyprinidae PDF Zootaxa 3841 3 379 402 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3841 3 4 hdl 11573 589382 PMID 25082046 a b Betancur Rodriguez Ricardo Edward O Wiley Gloria Arratia Arturo Acero Nicolas Bailly Masaki Miya Guillaume Lecointre Guillermo Orti 2017 Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 ed 17 162 162 doi 10 1186 s12862 017 0958 3 PMC 5501477 PMID 28683774 Lei Yang Tetsuya Sado M Vincent Hirt Emmanuel Pasco Viel M Arunachalam Junbing Li Xuzhen Wang Jorg Freyhof Kenji Saitoh Andrew M Simons Masaki Miya Shunping He Richard L Mayden 2015 Phylogeny and Polyploidy Resolving the Classification of Cyprinine Fishes Teleostei Cypriniformes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 85 February 2015 97 116 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 01 014 PMID 25698355 Archived from the original on 2021 03 06 Retrieved 2019 12 07 van der Laan Richard December 2017 Freshwater fish list PDF 23rd ed p 997 ISSN 2468 9157 a b Zheng Lan Ping Chen Xiao Yong Yang Jun Xing 2019 Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of Bangana sensu lato Teleostei Cyprinidae Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 57 4 884 891 doi 10 1111 jzs 12294 S2CID 190878336 Zhang E Zhou W 2012 Sinigarra napoense a new genus and species of labeonin fishes Teleostei Cyprinidae from Guangxi Province South China PDF Zootaxa 3586 17 25 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3586 1 4 S2CID 2027617 Pethiyagoda R 2013 Haludaria a replacement generic name for Dravidia Teleostei Cyprinidae PDF Zootaxa 3646 2 199 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3646 2 9 PMID 26213759 Yang J He S Freyhof J Witte K Liu H 2006 The phylogenetic relationships of the Gobioninae Teleostei Cyprinidae inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences Hydrobiologia 553 255 66 doi 10 1007 s10750 005 1301 3 S2CID 28572859 External links Edit Media related to Cyprinidae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Cyprinidae at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cyprinidae amp oldid 1136116814, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.