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Nile perch

February 16, 2024

The Nile perch (Lates niloticus), also known as the African snook, Goliath perch, African barramundi, Goliath barramundi, Giant lates or the Victoria perch, is a species of freshwater fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. It is widespread throughout much of the Afrotropical realm, being native to the Congo, Nile, Senegal, Niger and Lake Chad, Volta, Lake Turkana, and other river basins. It also occurs in the brackish waters of Lake Maryut in Egypt. The Nile perch is a fish of substantial economic and food-security importance in East Africa.[2] Originally described as Labrus niloticus, among the marine wrasses, the species has also been referred to as Centropomus niloticus. Common names include African snook, Victoria perch (a misleading trade name, as the species is not native to Lake Victoria, though they have been introduced there), and many local names in various African languages, such as the Luo name mbuta or mputa. In Tanzania, it is called sangara, sankara, or chenku. In Francophone African countries, it is known as capitaine. Its name in the Hausa language is giwan ruwa, meaning "water elephant".

Nile perch
Lates niloticus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Latidae
Genus: Lates
Species:
L. niloticus
Binomial name
Lates niloticus
Synonyms
  • Labrus niloticus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Centropomus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Lates niloticus macrolepidota Pellegrin, 1922
  • Lates albertianus Worthington, 1929
  • Lates niloticus albertianus Worthington, 1929
  • Lates nilotus rudolfianus Worthington, 1929

Description edit

L. niloticus is silver in color with a blue tinge. It has distinctive dark-black eyes, with a bright-yellow outer ring. One of the largest freshwater fishes, it reaches a maximum length of nearly 2 m (6 ft 7 in), weighing up to 200 kg (440 lb).[3] Mature fish typically range from 1.21–1.37 m (4 ft 0 in – 4 ft 6 in), although many fish are caught before they can grow this large.[4]

 

Adult Nile perch occupy all habitats of a lake with sufficient oxygen concentrations, while juveniles are restricted to shallow or nearshore environments. A fierce predator that dominates its surroundings, the Nile perch feeds on fish (including its own species), crustaceans, molluscs, and insects; the juveniles also feed on zooplankton.[5] Nile perch use schooling as a mechanism to protect themselves from other predators.[6][7]

Invasive species edit

Nile perch have been introduced to many other lakes in Africa, including Lake Victoria and the artificial Lake Nasser. The World Conservation Union's Invasive Species Specialist Group considers L. niloticus one of the world's 100 worst invasive species.[8]

The state of Queensland in Australia levies heavy fines on anyone found in possession of a living Nile perch, since it competes directly with the native barramundi, which is similar and grows to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long, while the Nile perch grows to 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) long.[9]

The species is of great commercial importance as a food fish. The Nile perch is also popular with sport anglers, as it attacks artificial fishing lures, and it is also raised in aquaculture.[10]

Lake Victoria introduction edit

See also: Fishing on Lake Victoria
 
Nile perch can grow to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and 200 kg (440 lb).[11]

The introduction of this species to Lake Victoria is one of the most cited examples of the negative effects alien species can have on ecosystems.[12]

The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa in the 1950s,[13][14] and has since been fished commercially. In 2003, Nile perch sales to the EU reached 169 million euros. Sport-fishing in the region of Uganda and Tanzania provided additional income from tourism.

Its introduction was ecologically disruptive and is attributed with causing the extinction or near-extinction of several hundred native species, with some populations fluctuating with commercial fishing and the actual Nile perch stocks. The Nile perch initially fed on native cichlids, but with decreasing availability of this prey, it now consumes mainly small shrimp and minnows.

The alteration of the native ecosystem had disruptive socioeconomic effects on local communities bordering the lake. Many local people have been displaced from their traditional occupations in the fishing trade and brought them into the cash economy, or before the establishment of export-oriented fisheries, turned them into economic refugees. At least initially, nets strong enough to hold adult Nile perch could not be manufactured locally and had to be imported for a high price.[15]

The introduction of Nile perch has also had additional ecological effects on shore. Native cichlids were traditionally sun-dried, but because Nile perch have a high fat content (higher than cichlids), they need to be smoked to avoid spoiling. This has led to an increased demand for firewood in a region already hard-hit by deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification.

The Academy Award-nominated documentary Darwin's Nightmare by Hubert Sauper (a French-Austrian-Belgian production, 2004) deals with the damage that has been caused by Nile perch introduction, including the import of weapons and ammunition in cargo planes from Europe, which are then used to export Nile perch, further exacerbating conflict and misery in the surrounding regions.[16]

Regardless of whether it is considered positive or negative,[17] the trophic web of Lake Victoria appears to have been drastically impoverished by the introduction of this novel near-top-level predator. While the ecosystem seems to be moving towards a new equilibrium, neither its former state nor the state of fisheries on Lake Victoria can ever easily be brought back.[18][19][20]

Threats edit

Despite being a successful invasive species, the fish faces threats. Being a species of megafauna, the most obvious threats to the species are overfishing and the use of illegal fishing gear, as well as invasive water hyacinths. Prey depletion is also a factor, as it decreases the size of the fish and makes it vulnerable to larger predators, such as crocodiles.[citation needed]

Export edit

In 2021, The Uganda Fish Processors and Exporters Association called on the parliament to ban the local consumption of the species so as to protect its export.[21]

Religion edit

Nile perch were involved with the worship of Neith.[22] As a result nile perch were sometimes mummified.[22] A deposit of several thousand mummified perch was excavated in an area to the west of Esna where there was a temple to Neith.[23] Mummified perch have also been found at Gurob near a temple to Neith while perch statuettes have been found at Sais again in the context of a temple to Neith.[23]

See also edit

  • Nile tilapia — a similar-named but different fish that is much smaller and mostly feeds on plant matter

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ Azeroual, A.; Entsua-Mensah, M.; Getahun, A.; Lalèyè, P.; Moelants, T. & Ntakimazi, G. (2018) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Lates niloticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T181839A125152154. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181839A7746967.en. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  2. ^ Chrétien, Emmanuelle; Chapman, Lauren J. (2016). "Tropical fish in a warming world: thermal tolerance of Nile perchLates niloticus(L.) in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda". Conservation Physiology. 4 (1): cow062. doi:10.1093/conphys/cow062. ISSN 2051-1434. PMC 5156894. PMID 27990290.
  3. ^ Kaufman, Les (1992). "Catastrophic Change in Species-Rich Freshwater Ecosystems: The lessons of Lake Victoria". BioScience. 42 (11): 846–858. doi:10.2307/1312084. JSTOR 1312084.
  4. ^ Wood (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  5. ^ "Lates niloticus (Victoria perch)". Animal Diversity Web.
  6. ^ "Lates niloticus (Nile perch)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  7. ^ "Nile perch (Lates niloticus) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  8. ^ PRINGLE, ROBERT M. (2011). "NILE PERCH" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. pp. 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  9. ^ Society, National Geographic. "Invasive Species". www.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  10. ^ "Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  11. ^ "Nile perch". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  12. ^ "Impact of an Invasive Species". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  13. ^ Pringle, Robert M. (2005). "The origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria". BioScience. 55 (9): 780–787. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 13720490.
  14. ^ Pringle, Robert M. (2005). "The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: local responses and adaptations". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 75 (4): 510–538. doi:10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.510. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 3556959. S2CID 7566999.
  15. ^ "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES: THE NILE PERCH". fao.org. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  16. ^ "Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: a review". www.fao.org. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  17. ^ Ben-Yami, M. (1996). "Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of the expansion of Nile Perch in Lake Victoria". In Meyer, R. M.; et al. (eds.). Fisheries Resource Utilization and Policy. Proc. World Fisheries Congress. Theme 2. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publ.Co. pp. 95–110. ISBN 1-886106-28-2.
  18. ^ Pringle, M. Robert (2005). "The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria". BioScience. 55 (9): 780–787. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 13720490.
  19. ^ Kitchell, F.James (1997). "The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: Interactions Between Predation and Fisheries". Ecological Applications. 7 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0653:TNPILV]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 2269528.
  20. ^ Pringle, M.Robert (2005). "The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: Local Responses and Adaptations". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 75 (4): 510–538. doi:10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.510. JSTOR 3556959. S2CID 7566999.
  21. ^ "Fish exporters seek ban on local consumption of Nile Perch". The Independent Uganda. October 22, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  22. ^ a b Gautier, Achilles (2005). "Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt)". archaeofauna. 14: 139–170. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  23. ^ a b Baetens, Gert (2013). "The mummified fish of Esna: a case study in animal worship". Goettinger Miszellen: Beitraege zur aegyptologischen Diskussion: 17–23. Retrieved December 25, 2023.

Further reading edit

  • Beuving, J. J. 2010. "Playing pool along the shores of Lake Victoria. Fishermen, careers and capital accumulation in the Ugandan Nile perch business" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 80 (2): 224–248.
  • Beuving, J. J. 2013. "Chequered Fortunes in Global Exports: The Sociogenesis of African Entrepreneurship in the Nile Perch Business at Lake Victoria, Uganda" doi:10.1057/ejdr.2013.28
  • Pringle, R.M. 2005. "The origins of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria." BioScience 55:780-787. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP2.0.CO;2]
  • Pringle, R.M. 2005. "The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: local responses and adaptations." Africa 75:510-538. doi:10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.510
  • Masciarelli, Alex. "The rise and fall of the Nile Perch." March 15, 2007. [1]
  • Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: a review. J. Eric Reynolds and D.F. Greboval, CIFA Technical paper 17, FAO 1988, ISBN 92-5-102742-0 (online version)
  • M.L. Bianchini (1995). Species introductions in the aquatic environment: changes in biodiversity and economics of exploitation. Proc. World Fish. Congress (Athens, 1992), 3: 213–222.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lates niloticus.
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2004). "Lates niloticus" in FishBase. October 2004 version.
  • "Lates niloticus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved December 20, 2004.
  • Lipton, David. "Lates niloticus: Information". Animal Diversity Web. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2003.
  • Snoeks, Jos. "Ecology of Lates niloticus". Global Invasive Species Database. Updated 22 September 2004.
  • IUCN. "". Press release, 11 May 2001.
  • Species Profile - Nile Perch (Lates niloticus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.

February 16, 2024
nile, perch, lates, niloticus, also, known, african, snook, goliath, perch, african, barramundi, goliath, barramundi, giant, lates, victoria, perch, species, freshwater, fish, family, latidae, order, perciformes, widespread, throughout, much, afrotropical, rea. The Nile perch Lates niloticus also known as the African snook Goliath perch African barramundi Goliath barramundi Giant lates or the Victoria perch is a species of freshwater fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes It is widespread throughout much of the Afrotropical realm being native to the Congo Nile Senegal Niger and Lake Chad Volta Lake Turkana and other river basins It also occurs in the brackish waters of Lake Maryut in Egypt The Nile perch is a fish of substantial economic and food security importance in East Africa 2 Originally described as Labrus niloticus among the marine wrasses the species has also been referred to as Centropomus niloticus Common names include African snook Victoria perch a misleading trade name as the species is not native to Lake Victoria though they have been introduced there and many local names in various African languages such as the Luo name mbuta or mputa In Tanzania it is called sangara sankara or chenku In Francophone African countries it is known as capitaine Its name in the Hausa language is giwan ruwa meaning water elephant Nile perchLates niloticusConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder PerciformesFamily LatidaeGenus LatesSpecies L niloticusBinomial nameLates niloticus Linnaeus 1758 SynonymsLabrus niloticus Linnaeus 1758 Centropomus niloticus Linnaeus 1758 Lates niloticus macrolepidota Pellegrin 1922 Lates albertianus Worthington 1929 Lates niloticus albertianus Worthington 1929 Lates nilotus rudolfianus Worthington 1929 Contents 1 Description 2 Invasive species 2 1 Lake Victoria introduction 3 Threats 4 Export 5 Religion 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription editL niloticus is silver in color with a blue tinge It has distinctive dark black eyes with a bright yellow outer ring One of the largest freshwater fishes it reaches a maximum length of nearly 2 m 6 ft 7 in weighing up to 200 kg 440 lb 3 Mature fish typically range from 1 21 1 37 m 4 ft 0 in 4 ft 6 in although many fish are caught before they can grow this large 4 nbsp Adult Nile perch occupy all habitats of a lake with sufficient oxygen concentrations while juveniles are restricted to shallow or nearshore environments A fierce predator that dominates its surroundings the Nile perch feeds on fish including its own species crustaceans molluscs and insects the juveniles also feed on zooplankton 5 Nile perch use schooling as a mechanism to protect themselves from other predators 6 7 Invasive species editNile perch have been introduced to many other lakes in Africa including Lake Victoria and the artificial Lake Nasser The World Conservation Union s Invasive Species Specialist Group considers L niloticus one of the world s 100 worst invasive species 8 The state of Queensland in Australia levies heavy fines on anyone found in possession of a living Nile perch since it competes directly with the native barramundi which is similar and grows to 1 5 m 4 ft 11 in long while the Nile perch grows to 2 0 m 6 ft 7 in long 9 The species is of great commercial importance as a food fish The Nile perch is also popular with sport anglers as it attacks artificial fishing lures and it is also raised in aquaculture 10 Lake Victoria introduction edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Fishing on Lake Victoria nbsp Nile perch can grow to 2 m 6 ft 7 in and 200 kg 440 lb 11 The introduction of this species to Lake Victoria is one of the most cited examples of the negative effects alien species can have on ecosystems 12 The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa in the 1950s 13 14 and has since been fished commercially In 2003 Nile perch sales to the EU reached 169 million euros Sport fishing in the region of Uganda and Tanzania provided additional income from tourism Its introduction was ecologically disruptive and is attributed with causing the extinction or near extinction of several hundred native species with some populations fluctuating with commercial fishing and the actual Nile perch stocks The Nile perch initially fed on native cichlids but with decreasing availability of this prey it now consumes mainly small shrimp and minnows The alteration of the native ecosystem had disruptive socioeconomic effects on local communities bordering the lake Many local people have been displaced from their traditional occupations in the fishing trade and brought them into the cash economy or before the establishment of export oriented fisheries turned them into economic refugees At least initially nets strong enough to hold adult Nile perch could not be manufactured locally and had to be imported for a high price 15 The introduction of Nile perch has also had additional ecological effects on shore Native cichlids were traditionally sun dried but because Nile perch have a high fat content higher than cichlids they need to be smoked to avoid spoiling This has led to an increased demand for firewood in a region already hard hit by deforestation soil erosion and desertification The Academy Award nominated documentary Darwin s Nightmare by Hubert Sauper a French Austrian Belgian production 2004 deals with the damage that has been caused by Nile perch introduction including the import of weapons and ammunition in cargo planes from Europe which are then used to export Nile perch further exacerbating conflict and misery in the surrounding regions 16 Regardless of whether it is considered positive or negative 17 the trophic web of Lake Victoria appears to have been drastically impoverished by the introduction of this novel near top level predator While the ecosystem seems to be moving towards a new equilibrium neither its former state nor the state of fisheries on Lake Victoria can ever easily be brought back 18 19 20 Threats editDespite being a successful invasive species the fish faces threats Being a species of megafauna the most obvious threats to the species are overfishing and the use of illegal fishing gear as well as invasive water hyacinths Prey depletion is also a factor as it decreases the size of the fish and makes it vulnerable to larger predators such as crocodiles citation needed Export editIn 2021 The Uganda Fish Processors and Exporters Association called on the parliament to ban the local consumption of the species so as to protect its export 21 Religion editNile perch were involved with the worship of Neith 22 As a result nile perch were sometimes mummified 22 A deposit of several thousand mummified perch was excavated in an area to the west of Esna where there was a temple to Neith 23 Mummified perch have also been found at Gurob near a temple to Neith while perch statuettes have been found at Sais again in the context of a temple to Neith 23 See also editNile tilapia a similar named but different fish that is much smaller and mostly feeds on plant matterNotes editReferences edit Azeroual A Entsua Mensah M Getahun A Laleye P Moelants T amp Ntakimazi G 2018 errata version of 2018 assessment Lates niloticus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T181839A125152154 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2010 3 RLTS T181839A7746967 en Retrieved February 22 2020 date doi mismatch Chretien Emmanuelle Chapman Lauren J 2016 Tropical fish in a warming world thermal tolerance of Nile perchLates niloticus L in Lake Nabugabo Uganda Conservation Physiology 4 1 cow062 doi 10 1093 conphys cow062 ISSN 2051 1434 PMC 5156894 PMID 27990290 Kaufman Les 1992 Catastrophic Change in Species Rich Freshwater Ecosystems The lessons of Lake Victoria BioScience 42 11 846 858 doi 10 2307 1312084 JSTOR 1312084 Wood 1983 The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats Sterling Pub Co Inc ISBN 978 0 85112 235 9 Lates niloticus Victoria perch Animal Diversity Web Lates niloticus Nile perch www cabi org Retrieved June 2 2021 Nile perch Lates niloticus Species Profile nas er usgs gov Retrieved June 2 2021 PRINGLE ROBERT M 2011 NILE PERCH PDF Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions pp 1 5 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Society National Geographic Invasive Species www nationalgeographic org Retrieved June 2 2021 Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project Columbia University www columbia edu Retrieved June 2 2021 Nile perch Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved June 27 2011 Impact of an Invasive Species education nationalgeographic org Retrieved June 7 2023 Pringle Robert M 2005 The origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria BioScience 55 9 780 787 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2005 055 0780 TOOTNP 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 13720490 Pringle Robert M 2005 The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria local responses and adaptations Africa Journal of the International African Institute 75 4 510 538 doi 10 3366 afr 2005 75 4 510 ISSN 0001 9720 JSTOR 3556959 S2CID 7566999 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES THE NILE PERCH fao org Retrieved August 17 2019 Socio economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria a review www fao org Retrieved June 2 2021 Ben Yami M 1996 Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of the expansion of Nile Perch in Lake Victoria In Meyer R M et al eds Fisheries Resource Utilization and Policy Proc World Fisheries Congress Theme 2 New Delhi Oxford amp IBH Publ Co pp 95 110 ISBN 1 886106 28 2 Pringle M Robert 2005 The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria BioScience 55 9 780 787 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2005 055 0780 TOOTNP 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 13720490 Kitchell F James 1997 The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria Interactions Between Predation and Fisheries Ecological Applications 7 2 653 664 doi 10 1890 1051 0761 1997 007 0653 TNPILV 2 0 CO 2 JSTOR 2269528 Pringle M Robert 2005 The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria Local Responses and Adaptations Africa Journal of the International African Institute 75 4 510 538 doi 10 3366 afr 2005 75 4 510 JSTOR 3556959 S2CID 7566999 Fish exporters seek ban on local consumption of Nile Perch The Independent Uganda October 22 2021 Retrieved January 24 2023 a b Gautier Achilles 2005 Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab Upper Egypt archaeofauna 14 139 170 Retrieved December 25 2023 a b Baetens Gert 2013 The mummified fish of Esna a case study in animal worship Goettinger Miszellen Beitraege zur aegyptologischen Diskussion 17 23 Retrieved December 25 2023 Further reading editBeuving J J 2010 Playing pool along the shores of Lake Victoria Fishermen careers and capital accumulation in the Ugandan Nile perch business Africa Journal of the International African Institute 80 2 224 248 Beuving J J 2013 Chequered Fortunes in Global Exports The Sociogenesis of African Entrepreneurship in the Nile Perch Business at Lake Victoria Uganda doi 10 1057 ejdr 2013 28 Pringle R M 2005 The origins of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria BioScience 55 780 787 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2005 055 0780 TOOTNP2 0 CO 2 Pringle R M 2005 The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria local responses and adaptations Africa 75 510 538 doi 10 3366 afr 2005 75 4 510 Masciarelli Alex The rise and fall of the Nile Perch March 15 2007 1 Socio economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria a review J Eric Reynolds and D F Greboval CIFA Technical paper 17 FAO 1988 ISBN 92 5 102742 0 online version M L Bianchini 1995 Species introductions in the aquatic environment changes in biodiversity and economics of exploitation Proc World Fish Congress Athens 1992 3 213 222 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lates niloticus Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2004 Lates niloticus in FishBase October 2004 version Lates niloticus Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved December 20 2004 Lipton David Lates niloticus Information Animal Diversity Web Ann Arbor University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 2003 Snoeks Jos Ecology of Lates niloticus Global Invasive Species Database Updated 22 September 2004 IUCN Alien Species Invade the Planet Press release 11 May 2001 Species Profile Nile Perch Lates niloticus National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nile perch amp oldid 1191741610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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