The glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami), is the smallest member of the subfamily Calyptorhynchinae found in eastern Australia. Adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm (19.5 in) in length. They are sexually dimorphic. Males are blackish brown, except for their prominent red tail bands; the females are dark brownish with some yellow spotting. Three subspecies are recognised.
The glossy black cockatoo was first described by Dutch naturalist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1807. The scientific name honours the English ornithologist John Latham.
The glossy black cockatoo's closest relative is the red-tailed black cockatoo; the two species form the genus Calyptorhynchus.[2] They are distinguished from the other black cockatoos of the genus Zanda by different tail colour and head pattern, significant sexual dimorphism, and differences in two juvenile call types, a squeaking begging call and a vocalization when swallowing food.[2][3]
Subspeciesedit
The three subspecies were proposed by Schoddeet al. in 1993,[4] although parrot expert Joseph Forshaw has reservations due to their extremely minimal differences.[5]
C. l. lathami: (rare) The eastern subspecies found between southeastern Queensland and Mallacoota in Victoria, with isolated pockets in Eungella in central Queensland and the Riverina and Pilliga forest.[6] It is associated with casuarina woodland.
C. l. halmaturinus: (endangered) The Kangaroo Island subspecies[7] has been listed by the Australian Government as endangered. Restricted to the northern and western parts of the island, the population was as low as 158 individuals at one point but recovered to about 370 in 2019.[7] It feeds on the drooping she-oak (Allocasuarina verticillata) and the sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx)[8] In particular, the bird specialises in the most recent season's cones of Allocasuarina verticillata over older cones of that species and Allocasuarina littoralis. It holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue.[9] In early 2020, during the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, bushfire warnings were issued for the entirety of Kangaroo Island,[10] giving rise to warnings from scientists that the continued viability of this subspecies in the wild might be doomed as its drooping she-oak food supply undergoes destruction by the fires.[11][12] As of 6 January 2020, at least 170,000 hectares (one third of the island's area) had burnt.[13] Occasional respites in the weather offer at least temporary relief from the bushfires; a full assessment of the status of the Kangaroo Island subspecies and its supporting ecosystem will take place after the ongoing bushfire crisis has passed.[14] Reliable funding for the successful program to protect this subspecies – primarily from predation by the common brush tail possum[15] – ended several years ago.[16]
Descriptionedit
A pair of glossy black cockatoos
Like the related red-tailed black cockatoo, this species is sexually dimorphic. The male glossy black cockatoo is predominantly black with a chocolate-brown head and striking caudal red patches. The female is a duller dark brown, with flecks of yellow in the tail and collar. The female's tail is barred whereas the male's tail is patched. An adult will grow to be about 46–50 cm (18–19.5 in) in length. The birds are found in open forest and woodlands, and usually feed on seeds of the she-oak (Casuarina spp.)
Glossy black cockatoos
Conservation statusedit
Rush Creek, south-east Queensland, AustraliaMale, Kobble Creek, south-east QueenslandFemale, Kobble Creek
Like most species of parrots, the glossy black cockatoo is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export, and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal.[17][18]
The eastern subspecies of the glossy black cockatoo (C. l. lathami) is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.[19] Under this act, an "Action Statement" for the recovery and future management of this species has not been prepared.[20]
On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the subspecies C. l. lathami is listed as vulnerable.[21]
^Courtney, J (1996). "The juvenile food-begging calls, food-swallowing vocalisation and begging postures in Australian Cockatoos". Australian Bird Watcher. 16: 236–49.
^ abSchodde R, Mason IJ & Wood JT. (1993). Geographical differentiation in the Glossy Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami (Temminck), and its history. Emu93: 156-166
^Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (2002): Australian Parrots (3rd ed). Press, Willoughby, Australia. ISBN0-9581212-0-6
^Blakers M, Davies SJJF, Reilly PN (1984) The Atlas of Australian Birds.RAOU and Melbourne University press, Melbourne.
^ ab"Glossy black cockatoo". www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au. Natural Resources Kangaroo Island. Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board. 27 June 2017. from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^Joseph L (1982) The Glossy Black Cockatoo on Kangaroo Island Emu82 46-49
^Crowley, GM; Garnett S (2001). "Food value and tree selection by Glossy Black-Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus lathami". Austral Ecology. 26 (1): 116–26. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01093.x.
^"Kangaroo Island bushfire emergency sees tourist lodges ravaged as firefighters battle 'unstoppable' blaze". www.abc.net.au. 2 January 2020. from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^Roper, Erika [@_erikaroper] (3 January 2020). "This is likely to be the end for the Endangered Kangaroo Island subspecies of the Glossy #BlackCockatoos. These cockies are dependent on Kangaroo Island's Drooping Sheoak trees for food. There are only ~300 birds left with nowhere to go. Wildlife can't evacuate. #AustraliaBurning" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 January 2020 – via Twitter.(Other source information is linked in the Twitter thread)
^"Bushfires take a devastating toll on Kangaroo Island's unique wildlife". www.smh.com.au. 6 January 2020. from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
^"Kangaroo Island fires continue as locals count cost of damage to infrastructure, animals". ABC (Australia). 7 January 2020.
^Roper, Erika [@_erikaroper] (5 January 2020). "A Glossy #BlackCockatoos update from @daniteixeira___, who studied the Kangaroo Island population for her PhD. Thanks to the weather change the fires were not as severe as expected, so some habitat remains. Lots of work to do to restore the island" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 January 2020 – via Twitter.
^Hill, Tony (9 December 2015). "Glossy black cockatoo numbers increase on Kangaroo Island thanks to recovery program". www.abc.net.au. from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
^Teixeira, Daniella [@daniteixeira___] (5 January 2020). "We know that protecting nests from possum predation is the most important thing to keep doing each year. Nest predation is almost 100% on unprotected nests. Nest protection takes a massive amount of manual labor, maintaining iron collars and pruning canopys" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 January 2020 – via Twitter. (Final tweet in a 3-tweet thread.)
^. CITES. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria July 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
^Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria September 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN978-1-74208-039-0.
Flegg, Jim. Birds of Australia: Photographic Field Guide Sydney: Reed New Holland, 2002. (ISBN1-876334-78-9)
Garnett, S. (1993) Threatened and Extinct Birds Of Australia. RAOU. National Library, Canberra. ISSN 0812-8014
External linksedit
World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profiles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calyptorhynchus lathami.
Wikispecies has information related to Calyptorhynchus lathami.
February 15, 2024
glossy, black, cockatoo, glossy, black, cockatoo, calyptorhynchus, lathami, smallest, member, subfamily, calyptorhynchinae, found, eastern, australia, adult, glossy, black, cockatoos, reach, length, they, sexually, dimorphic, males, blackish, brown, except, th. The glossy black cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami is the smallest member of the subfamily Calyptorhynchinae found in eastern Australia Adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm 19 5 in in length They are sexually dimorphic Males are blackish brown except for their prominent red tail bands the females are dark brownish with some yellow spotting Three subspecies are recognised Glossy black cockatooC l halmaturinus on Kangaroo IslandConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PsittaciformesFamily CacatuidaeGenus CalyptorhynchusSpecies C lathamiBinomial nameCalyptorhynchus lathami Temminck 1807 SubspeciesC C l lathamiC C l erebusC C l halmaturinusGlossy black cockatoo range in red Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Subspecies 2 Description 3 Conservation status 3 1 State of Victoria Australia 3 2 State of Queensland Australia 4 References 4 1 Cited texts 5 External linksTaxonomy editThe glossy black cockatoo was first described by Dutch naturalist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1807 The scientific name honours the English ornithologist John Latham The glossy black cockatoo s closest relative is the red tailed black cockatoo the two species form the genus Calyptorhynchus 2 They are distinguished from the other black cockatoos of the genus Zanda by different tail colour and head pattern significant sexual dimorphism and differences in two juvenile call types a squeaking begging call and a vocalization when swallowing food 2 3 Subspecies edit The three subspecies were proposed by Schodde et al in 1993 4 although parrot expert Joseph Forshaw has reservations due to their extremely minimal differences 5 C l lathami rare The eastern subspecies found between southeastern Queensland and Mallacoota in Victoria with isolated pockets in Eungella in central Queensland and the Riverina and Pilliga forest 6 It is associated with casuarina woodland C l erebus Occurs in central Queensland from Eungella near Mackay south to Gympie 4 C l halmaturinus endangered The Kangaroo Island subspecies 7 has been listed by the Australian Government as endangered Restricted to the northern and western parts of the island the population was as low as 158 individuals at one point but recovered to about 370 in 2019 7 It feeds on the drooping she oak Allocasuarina verticillata and the sugar gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx 8 In particular the bird specialises in the most recent season s cones of Allocasuarina verticillata over older cones of that species and Allocasuarina littoralis It holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue 9 In early 2020 during the 2019 2020 Australian bushfire season bushfire warnings were issued for the entirety of Kangaroo Island 10 giving rise to warnings from scientists that the continued viability of this subspecies in the wild might be doomed as its drooping she oak food supply undergoes destruction by the fires 11 12 As of 6 January 2020 at least 170 000 hectares one third of the island s area had burnt 13 Occasional respites in the weather offer at least temporary relief from the bushfires a full assessment of the status of the Kangaroo Island subspecies and its supporting ecosystem will take place after the ongoing bushfire crisis has passed 14 Reliable funding for the successful program to protect this subspecies primarily from predation by the common brush tail possum 15 ended several years ago 16 Description edit nbsp A pair of glossy black cockatoosLike the related red tailed black cockatoo this species is sexually dimorphic The male glossy black cockatoo is predominantly black with a chocolate brown head and striking caudal red patches The female is a duller dark brown with flecks of yellow in the tail and collar The female s tail is barred whereas the male s tail is patched An adult will grow to be about 46 50 cm 18 19 5 in in length The birds are found in open forest and woodlands and usually feed on seeds of the she oak Casuarina spp nbsp Glossy black cockatoosConservation status edit source source source source Rush Creek south east Queensland Australia nbsp Male Kobble Creek south east Queensland nbsp Female Kobble CreekLike most species of parrots the glossy black cockatoo is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species which makes the import export and trade of listed wild caught animals illegal 17 18 Glossy black cockatoos generally are not listed as threatened on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 however the Kangaroo Island subspecies C l halmaturinis was added to the list as endangered State of Victoria Australia edit The eastern subspecies of the glossy black cockatoo C l lathami is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 19 Under this act an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not been prepared 20 On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria the subspecies C l lathami is listed as vulnerable 21 State of Queensland Australia edit C l lathami is listed as vulnerable by the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency References edit BirdLife International 2022 Calyptorhynchus lathami IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T22684749A211747693 Retrieved 22 July 2022 a b Forshaw p 89 Courtney J 1996 The juvenile food begging calls food swallowing vocalisation and begging postures in Australian Cockatoos Australian Bird Watcher 16 236 49 a b Schodde R Mason IJ amp Wood JT 1993 Geographical differentiation in the Glossy Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Temminck and its history Emu 93 156 166 Forshaw Joseph M amp Cooper William T 2002 Australian Parrots 3rd ed Press Willoughby Australia ISBN 0 9581212 0 6 Blakers M Davies SJJF Reilly PN 1984 The Atlas of Australian Birds RAOU and Melbourne University press Melbourne a b Glossy black cockatoo www naturalresources sa gov au Natural Resources Kangaroo Island Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board 27 June 2017 Archived from the original on 7 April 2019 Retrieved 10 January 2020 Joseph L 1982 The Glossy Black Cockatoo on Kangaroo Island Emu 82 46 49 Crowley GM Garnett S 2001 Food value and tree selection by Glossy Black Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus lathami Austral Ecology 26 1 116 26 doi 10 1046 j 1442 9993 2001 01093 x Kangaroo Island bushfire emergency sees tourist lodges ravaged as firefighters battle unstoppable blaze www abc net au 2 January 2020 Archived from the original on 3 January 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Roper Erika erikaroper 3 January 2020 This is likely to be the end for the Endangered Kangaroo Island subspecies of the Glossy BlackCockatoos These cockies are dependent on Kangaroo Island s Drooping Sheoak trees for food There are only 300 birds left with nowhere to go Wildlife can t evacuate AustraliaBurning Tweet Retrieved 4 January 2020 via Twitter Other source information is linked in the Twitter thread Bushfires take a devastating toll on Kangaroo Island s unique wildlife www smh com au 6 January 2020 Archived from the original on 5 January 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Kangaroo Island fires continue as locals count cost of damage to infrastructure animals ABC Australia 7 January 2020 Roper Erika erikaroper 5 January 2020 A Glossy BlackCockatoos update from daniteixeira who studied the Kangaroo Island population for her PhD Thanks to the weather change the fires were not as severe as expected so some habitat remains Lots of work to do to restore the island Tweet Retrieved 5 January 2020 via Twitter Hill Tony 9 December 2015 Glossy black cockatoo numbers increase on Kangaroo Island thanks to recovery program www abc net au Archived from the original on 5 January 2020 Retrieved 11 January 2020 Teixeira Daniella daniteixeira 5 January 2020 We know that protecting nests from possum predation is the most important thing to keep doing each year Nest predation is almost 100 on unprotected nests Nest protection takes a massive amount of manual labor maintaining iron collars and pruning canopys Tweet Retrieved 5 January 2020 via Twitter Final tweet in a 3 tweet thread Appendices I II and III CITES 22 May 2009 Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Cameron p 169 Department of Sustainability and Environment Victoria Archived July 18 2005 at the Wayback Machine Department of Sustainability and Environment Victoria Archived September 11 2006 at the Wayback Machine Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment 2007 Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria 2007 East Melbourne Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment p 15 ISBN 978 1 74208 039 0 Cited texts edit Cameron Matt 2008 Cockatoos 1st ed Collingwood Victoria CSIRO Publishing ISBN 978 0 643 09232 7 Forshaw Joseph M William T Cooper 2002 Australian Parrots 3rd ed Robina Alexander Editions ISBN 0 9581212 0 6 Flegg Jim Birds of Australia Photographic Field Guide Sydney Reed New Holland 2002 ISBN 1 876334 78 9 Garnett S 1993 Threatened and Extinct Birds Of Australia RAOU National Library Canberra ISSN 0812 8014External links editWorld Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia Species Profiles nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calyptorhynchus lathami nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Calyptorhynchus lathami Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glossy black cockatoo amp oldid 1194260551, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
