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Bigeye tuna

February 15, 2024

The bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) is a species of true tuna of the genus Thunnus, belonging to the wider mackerel family Scombridae. In Hawaiian, it is one of two species known as ʻahi, the other being the yellowfin tuna.[4] Bigeye tuna are found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate oceans, but not in the Mediterranean Sea.

Bigeye tuna
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scombriformes
Family: Scombridae
Genus: Thunnus
Subgenus: Thunnus
Species:
T. obesus
Binomial name
Thunnus obesus
(Lowe, 1839)
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)
  • Thynnus obesus Lowe, 1839
  • Germogus obesus (Lowe, 1839)
  • Neothunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)
  • Parathunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)
  • Thynnus sibi Temminck & Schlegel, 1844
  • Germo sibi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
  • Orcynus sibi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
  • Parathunnus sibi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
  • Thunnus sibi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
  • Thunnus mebachi Kishinouye, 1915
  • Parathunnus mebachi (Kishinouye, 1915)

Description edit

Bigeye tuna can grow up to 2.5 m (98 in; 8.2 ft) in length. Maximum weight of individuals probably exceeds 180 kg (400 lb), with the all-tackle angling record standing at 178 kg (392 lb). They are large, deep-bodied, streamlined fish with large heads and eyes. The pectoral fins are very long, reaching back beyond the start of the second dorsal fin in juveniles and the space between the first and second dorsal fin in adults. They have 13 or 14 dorsal spines.

Physiology edit

Bigeye tuna have a unique physiology which allows them to forage in deeper colder waters and tolerate oxygen-poor waters. Bigeye tuna are reported to tolerate ambient oxygen levels of 1.0 mL/L and routinely reach depths where ambient oxygen content is below 1.5 mL/L,[5] largely due to the presence of blood with a high oxygen affinity.[6] Vascular counter-current heat exchangers maintain body temperatures above ambient water temperature. These heat exchangers are engaged to conserve heat in deeper colder waters and are disengaged to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters, providing short-latency, physiological thermoregulation.[7] The eyes of bigeye tuna are well developed and with a large spherical lens allowing their vision to function well in low light conditions.[5]

Life history edit

Conventional tagging data and counts of growth increments in otoliths (ear bones) of bigeye tuna have recorded a maximum age of 16 years.[8] Recorded lengths at which sexual maturity is attained varies geographically with a length at which 50% of fishes sampled are mature of 135 cm in the eastern Pacific Ocean and 102–105 cm in the western Pacific Ocean.[8][9] This translates to an age of maturity of 2 – 4 years. Differences in methods of studies may contribute to this variability. Spawning takes place across most months of the year in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, becoming seasonal at higher latitudes when sea surface temperatures are above 24 °C. In the northwestern tropical Atlantic spawning occurs in June and July, and in January and February in the Gulf of Guinea, which is the only known Atlantic nursery area.

Behavior edit

Vertical movement edit

Bigeye tuna undertake a distinct diel shift in vertical behaviour, generally descending at dawn to deeper, cooler waters and returning to shallower, warmer waters at dusk. During the day they can undertake vertical movements into waters of 300–500 m depth that can be as much as 20 °C cooler than surface waters.[10][11][12] Individuals undertake thermoregulatory behaviour whilst at depth, periodically returning from deeper, cooler waters to shallower, warmer waters to re-warm.[10][11] Across the Pacific Ocean the depths at which bigeye tuna spend the majority of their time during the day vary: in the eastern Pacific the majority of time is spent at 200–350 m; around Hawaii the majority of time is spent at 300–400 m and in the Coral Sea the majority of time is spent at 300–500 m. These suggest that bigeye tuna (or their prey) are tracking an optimum temperature (10-15 °C) which is shallower in the eastern Pacific Ocean than in the western Pacific Ocean.[13] The diel shift in the vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna has been suggested to be associated with the diel migration of their prey.[14] This is supported by the identification of a number of diurnally migrating species from the stomachs of bigeye tuna [15] and observations of close associations between bigeye tuna and the sound scattering layer both during the day and at night.[16]

Typical vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna shifts when fish associate with seamounts, buoys and fish aggregating devices, with individuals remaining in surface waters. Association with objects has been observed to occur over periods of approximately 10–30 days.[17] This associative behaviour of bigeye tuna (and also other species of tuna) is taken advantage of by fisheries with approximately 27% of all catches of tunas by purse seine vessels in the western and central Pacific Ocean derived from fish aggregating devices.[18]

Migration edit

Results from tagging studies show that bigeye tuna are capable of traversing ocean basins, but can also show a high degree of site fidelity to some regions.[13][19][20][21][22] One study suggested an annual migration influenced by water temperature, specifically that near the surface. Central Pacific bigeye migrate from subtropical waters in September to tropical waters in March. The fish also briefly travel outside these thermal ranges. Other data indicate similar Pacific-wide variations.[23]

Diet edit

Bigeye tuna primarily feed on epipelagic and mesopelagic fish, crustaceans and cephalopods.[15][24]

Commercial fishery edit

 
Bigeye tuna caught with three-pole one-line rig

Globally, approximately 450,500 metric tonnes of bigeye tuna were caught by commercial vessels in 2012.[25] Commercial fisheries for bigeye tuna are regionally managed within the Pacific Ocean by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) [26] and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC).[27] In the Indian Ocean catches are managed by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) [28] and in the Atlantic Ocean by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT).[29] Regular stock assessments are carried out for bigeye tuna by each of the regional fisheries management organisations with bigeye tuna currently regarded as overfished in the western and central Pacific Ocean [30] and eastern Pacific Ocean,[31] close to or being overfished in the Atlantic Ocean [32] and not overfished in the Indian Ocean.[33] The majority of commercial catches across the Pacific Ocean is by purse seine fleets, while catches are dominated by longline fleets in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Various conservation measures have been introduced by the regional fisheries management organisations which apply to particular sized vessels and fleets and include measures such as spatial and temporal closures, trip duration limits, observer requirements and limits on catches [34][35][36][37]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Landed by rod and reel
  •  
    On ice

Threats edit

The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.[38]

Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine phytoplankton.[38]

Conservation edit

Most seafood sustainability guides encourage consumption of other types of tuna. In 2010, Greenpeace International added bigeye tuna to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."[39]

References edit

  1. ^ Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; et al. (2011). "Thunnus obesus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T21859A9329255. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21859A9329255.en.
  2. ^ "Thunnus obesus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Thunnus obesus" in FishBase. February 2018 version.
  4. ^ [1] March 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Lowe, T. E. (2000). "Blood oxygen-binding characteristics of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), a high-energy-demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen". Marine Biology. 136 (6): 1087–1098. doi:10.1007/s002270000255. S2CID 84769358.
  7. ^ Holland, Kim N. (1992). "Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)". Nature. 358 (6385): 410–412. Bibcode:1992Natur.358..410H. doi:10.1038/358410a0. PMID 1641023. S2CID 4344226.
  8. ^ a b Farley, Jessica H.; Clear, Naomi P.; Leroy, Bruno; Davis, Tim L. O.; McPherson, Geoff (2006). "CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research". Csiro.au. 57 (7): 713–724. doi:10.1071/MF05255.
  9. ^ Schaefer, Kurt M.; Fuller, Daniel W.; Miyabe, Naozumi (2005). (PDF) (Bulletin). 23 (1). La Jolla, California: Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission: 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2014-10-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ a b Schaefer, Kurt M. (2010). "Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained from archival tag data". Marine Biology. 157 (12): 2625–2642. doi:10.1007/s00227-010-1524-3. S2CID 85941049.
  11. ^ a b Arrizabalaga, H. (2008). "Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop-up satellite archival tags". Fisheries Oceanography. 17 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00464.x.
  12. ^ Howell, Evan A. (2010). "Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean". Progress in Oceanography. 86 (1–2): 81–93. Bibcode:2010PrOce..86...81H. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.013.
  13. ^ a b Evans, Karen (2008). "Behaviour and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and their influence on longline fishery catches in the western Coral Sea". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 65 (11): 2427–2443. doi:10.1139/F08-148.
  14. ^ Dagorn, L. (2000). "Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry". Marine Biology. 136 (2): 361–371. doi:10.1007/s002270050694. S2CID 84674342.
  15. ^ a b Young, Jock W. (2010). "Feeding ecology and niche segregation in oceanic top predators off eastern Australia". Marine Biology. 157 (11): 2347–2368. doi:10.1007/s00227-010-1500-y. S2CID 85067043.
  16. ^ Josse, Erwan (1998). "Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys". Hydrobiologia. 371/372: 61–69. doi:10.1023/A:1017065709190. S2CID 42568333.
  17. ^ Musyl, Michael K. (2003). "Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data". Fisheries Oceanography. 12 (3): 152–169. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00229.x.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  19. ^ Sibert, John R. (2003). "Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data". Fisheries Oceanography. 12 (3): 141–151. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00228.x.
  20. ^ Hampton, John; Gunn, John (1998). "CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research". Csiro.au. 49 (6): 475–489. doi:10.1071/mf97210.
  21. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ Schaefer, Kurt (2015). "Movements, dispersion, and mixing of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) tagged and released in the equatorial Central Pacific Ocean, with conventional and archival tags" (PDF). Fisheries Research. 161: 336–355. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.08.018.
  23. ^ Hyder, Patrick; Bigelow, Keith; Brainard, Russell; Seki, Michael; Firing, June; Flament, Pierre. "Migration and Abundance of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), and Other Pelagic Species, Inferred from Catch Rates and Their Relation to Variations in the Ocean Environment" (PDF). Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  24. ^ Potier, M.; F. Marsac; V. Lucas; R. Sabatie; J-P Hallier; F. Menard (2004). "Feeding partitioning among tuna taken in surface and mid--water layers: the case of yellowfin and bigeye in the western tropical indian ocean". Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 3 (1): 51–62.
  25. ^ . fao.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  26. ^ "Home - WCPFC". wcpfc.int.
  27. ^ "Inter-American-Tropical-Tuna-Commission". iattc.org.
  28. ^ "IOTC - Indian Ocean Tuna Commission / Commission des Thons de l'Océan Indien". iotc.org.
  29. ^ "ICCAT". iccat.int.
  30. ^ "Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean Rev 1 (25 July 2014)". wcpfc.int.
  31. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ "Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean for 2012". iotc.org.
  34. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2014-10-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ "Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs)". iotc.org.
  37. ^ "Conservation and Management Measure for bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean". wcpfc.int.
  38. ^ a b Roxy, Mathew Koll; Modi, Aditi; Murtugudde, Raghu; Valsala, Vinu; Panickal, Swapna; Prasanna Kumar, S.; Ravichandran, M.; Vichi, Marcello; Lévy, Marina (2016-01-28). "A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (2): 2015GL066979. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43..826R. doi:10.1002/2015GL066979. ISSN 1944-8007.
  39. ^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list February 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunnus obesus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Thunnus obesus.
  • National Marine Fisheries Service, 'Atlantic Bigeye Tuna'
  • Atlantic bigeye tuna NOAA FishWatch
  • Pacific bigeye tuna NOAA FishWatch
  • ScienceDaily (Dec. 3, 2007), 'Turning A Blind Eye To Bigeye Tuna'
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Thunnus obesus" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  • Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN 0-00-216987-8
  • Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
  • Richard W. Brill1, Keith A. Bigelow, Michael K. Musyl, Kerstin A. Fritsches, Eric J. Warrant, 'BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS OBESUS) BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO STOCK ASSESSMENTS AND FISHERY BIOLOGY'. ICCAT, 2005

February 15, 2024
bigeye, tuna, bigeye, tuna, thunnus, obesus, species, true, tuna, genus, thunnus, belonging, wider, mackerel, family, scombridae, hawaiian, species, known, ʻahi, other, being, yellowfin, tuna, found, open, waters, tropical, temperate, oceans, mediterranean, co. The bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus is a species of true tuna of the genus Thunnus belonging to the wider mackerel family Scombridae In Hawaiian it is one of two species known as ʻahi the other being the yellowfin tuna 4 Bigeye tuna are found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate oceans but not in the Mediterranean Sea Bigeye tunaConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder ScombriformesFamily ScombridaeGenus ThunnusSubgenus ThunnusSpecies T obesusBinomial nameThunnus obesus Lowe 1839 Synonyms 2 3 Thunnus obesus Lowe 1839 Thynnus obesus Lowe 1839 Germogus obesus Lowe 1839 Neothunnus obesus Lowe 1839 Parathunnus obesus Lowe 1839 Thynnus sibi Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Germo sibi Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Orcynus sibi Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Parathunnus sibi Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Thunnus sibi Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Thunnus mebachi Kishinouye 1915 Parathunnus mebachi Kishinouye 1915 Contents 1 Description 2 Physiology 3 Life history 4 Behavior 4 1 Vertical movement 4 2 Migration 4 3 Diet 5 Commercial fishery 6 Gallery 7 Threats 8 Conservation 9 References 10 External linksDescription editBigeye tuna can grow up to 2 5 m 98 in 8 2 ft in length Maximum weight of individuals probably exceeds 180 kg 400 lb with the all tackle angling record standing at 178 kg 392 lb They are large deep bodied streamlined fish with large heads and eyes The pectoral fins are very long reaching back beyond the start of the second dorsal fin in juveniles and the space between the first and second dorsal fin in adults They have 13 or 14 dorsal spines Physiology editBigeye tuna have a unique physiology which allows them to forage in deeper colder waters and tolerate oxygen poor waters Bigeye tuna are reported to tolerate ambient oxygen levels of 1 0 mL L and routinely reach depths where ambient oxygen content is below 1 5 mL L 5 largely due to the presence of blood with a high oxygen affinity 6 Vascular counter current heat exchangers maintain body temperatures above ambient water temperature These heat exchangers are engaged to conserve heat in deeper colder waters and are disengaged to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters providing short latency physiological thermoregulation 7 The eyes of bigeye tuna are well developed and with a large spherical lens allowing their vision to function well in low light conditions 5 Life history editConventional tagging data and counts of growth increments in otoliths ear bones of bigeye tuna have recorded a maximum age of 16 years 8 Recorded lengths at which sexual maturity is attained varies geographically with a length at which 50 of fishes sampled are mature of 135 cm in the eastern Pacific Ocean and 102 105 cm in the western Pacific Ocean 8 9 This translates to an age of maturity of 2 4 years Differences in methods of studies may contribute to this variability Spawning takes place across most months of the year in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean becoming seasonal at higher latitudes when sea surface temperatures are above 24 C In the northwestern tropical Atlantic spawning occurs in June and July and in January and February in the Gulf of Guinea which is the only known Atlantic nursery area Behavior editVertical movement edit Bigeye tuna undertake a distinct diel shift in vertical behaviour generally descending at dawn to deeper cooler waters and returning to shallower warmer waters at dusk During the day they can undertake vertical movements into waters of 300 500 m depth that can be as much as 20 C cooler than surface waters 10 11 12 Individuals undertake thermoregulatory behaviour whilst at depth periodically returning from deeper cooler waters to shallower warmer waters to re warm 10 11 Across the Pacific Ocean the depths at which bigeye tuna spend the majority of their time during the day vary in the eastern Pacific the majority of time is spent at 200 350 m around Hawaii the majority of time is spent at 300 400 m and in the Coral Sea the majority of time is spent at 300 500 m These suggest that bigeye tuna or their prey are tracking an optimum temperature 10 15 C which is shallower in the eastern Pacific Ocean than in the western Pacific Ocean 13 The diel shift in the vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna has been suggested to be associated with the diel migration of their prey 14 This is supported by the identification of a number of diurnally migrating species from the stomachs of bigeye tuna 15 and observations of close associations between bigeye tuna and the sound scattering layer both during the day and at night 16 Typical vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna shifts when fish associate with seamounts buoys and fish aggregating devices with individuals remaining in surface waters Association with objects has been observed to occur over periods of approximately 10 30 days 17 This associative behaviour of bigeye tuna and also other species of tuna is taken advantage of by fisheries with approximately 27 of all catches of tunas by purse seine vessels in the western and central Pacific Ocean derived from fish aggregating devices 18 Migration edit Results from tagging studies show that bigeye tuna are capable of traversing ocean basins but can also show a high degree of site fidelity to some regions 13 19 20 21 22 One study suggested an annual migration influenced by water temperature specifically that near the surface Central Pacific bigeye migrate from subtropical waters in September to tropical waters in March The fish also briefly travel outside these thermal ranges Other data indicate similar Pacific wide variations 23 Diet edit Bigeye tuna primarily feed on epipelagic and mesopelagic fish crustaceans and cephalopods 15 24 Commercial fishery edit nbsp Bigeye tuna caught with three pole one line rigGlobally approximately 450 500 metric tonnes of bigeye tuna were caught by commercial vessels in 2012 25 Commercial fisheries for bigeye tuna are regionally managed within the Pacific Ocean by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission WCPFC 26 and the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission IATTC 27 In the Indian Ocean catches are managed by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IOTC 28 and in the Atlantic Ocean by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCAT 29 Regular stock assessments are carried out for bigeye tuna by each of the regional fisheries management organisations with bigeye tuna currently regarded as overfished in the western and central Pacific Ocean 30 and eastern Pacific Ocean 31 close to or being overfished in the Atlantic Ocean 32 and not overfished in the Indian Ocean 33 The majority of commercial catches across the Pacific Ocean is by purse seine fleets while catches are dominated by longline fleets in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans Various conservation measures have been introduced by the regional fisheries management organisations which apply to particular sized vessels and fleets and include measures such as spatial and temporal closures trip duration limits observer requirements and limits on catches 34 35 36 37 Gallery edit nbsp Landed by rod and reel nbsp On iceThreats editThe bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century mostly due to increased industrial fisheries with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species 38 Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine phytoplankton 38 Conservation editMost seafood sustainability guides encourage consumption of other types of tuna In 2010 Greenpeace International added bigeye tuna to its seafood red list The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries 39 References edit Collette B Acero A Amorim A F et al 2011 Thunnus obesus The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011 e T21859A9329255 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2011 2 RLTS T21859A9329255 en Thunnus obesus Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 9 December 2012 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2018 Thunnus obesus in FishBase February 2018 version 1 Archived March 31 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2015 06 05 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Lowe T E 2000 Blood oxygen binding characteristics of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus a high energy demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen Marine Biology 136 6 1087 1098 doi 10 1007 s002270000255 S2CID 84769358 Holland Kim N 1992 Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus Nature 358 6385 410 412 Bibcode 1992Natur 358 410H doi 10 1038 358410a0 PMID 1641023 S2CID 4344226 a b Farley Jessica H Clear Naomi P Leroy Bruno Davis Tim L O McPherson Geoff 2006 CSIRO PUBLISHING Marine amp Freshwater Research Csiro au 57 7 713 724 doi 10 1071 MF05255 Schaefer Kurt M Fuller Daniel W Miyabe Naozumi 2005 Reproductive Biology of Bigeye Tuna Thunnus Obesus in the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean PDF Bulletin 23 1 La Jolla California Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission 7 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 12 22 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Schaefer Kurt M 2010 Vertical movements behavior and habitat of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean ascertained from archival tag data Marine Biology 157 12 2625 2642 doi 10 1007 s00227 010 1524 3 S2CID 85941049 a b Arrizabalaga H 2008 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop up satellite archival tags Fisheries Oceanography 17 2 74 83 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2419 2008 00464 x Howell Evan A 2010 Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean Progress in Oceanography 86 1 2 81 93 Bibcode 2010PrOce 86 81H doi 10 1016 j pocean 2010 04 013 a b Evans Karen 2008 Behaviour and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus and their influence on longline fishery catches in the western Coral Sea Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65 11 2427 2443 doi 10 1139 F08 148 Dagorn L 2000 Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in the open ocean determined using ultrasonic telemetry Marine Biology 136 2 361 371 doi 10 1007 s002270050694 S2CID 84674342 a b Young Jock W 2010 Feeding ecology and niche segregation in oceanic top predators off eastern Australia Marine Biology 157 11 2347 2368 doi 10 1007 s00227 010 1500 y S2CID 85067043 Josse Erwan 1998 Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys Hydrobiologia 371 372 61 69 doi 10 1023 A 1017065709190 S2CID 42568333 Musyl Michael K 2003 Vertical movements of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus associated with islands buoys and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data Fisheries Oceanography 12 3 152 169 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2419 2003 00229 x Cambridge Journals Online Aquatic Living Resources Abstract A critique of the ecosystem impacts of drifting and anchored FADs use by purse seine tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Archived from the original on 2014 10 10 Retrieved 2013 10 31 Sibert John R 2003 Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data Fisheries Oceanography 12 3 141 151 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2419 2003 00228 x Hampton John Gunn John 1998 CSIRO PUBLISHING Marine amp Freshwater Research Csiro au 49 6 475 489 doi 10 1071 mf97210 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Schaefer Kurt 2015 Movements dispersion and mixing of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus tagged and released in the equatorial Central Pacific Ocean with conventional and archival tags PDF Fisheries Research 161 336 355 doi 10 1016 j fishres 2014 08 018 Hyder Patrick Bigelow Keith Brainard Russell Seki Michael Firing June Flament Pierre Migration and Abundance of Bigeye Tuna Thunnus obesus and Other Pelagic Species Inferred from Catch Rates and Their Relation to Variations in the Ocean Environment PDF Retrieved August 26 2016 Potier M F Marsac V Lucas R Sabatie J P Hallier F Menard 2004 Feeding partitioning among tuna taken in surface and mid water layers the case of yellowfin and bigeye in the western tropical indian ocean Western Indian Ocean J Mar Sci 3 1 51 62 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department FAO yearbook Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2012 FAO annuaire Statistiques des peches et de l aquaculture 2012 FAO anuario Estadisticas de pesca y acuicultura 2012 fao org Archived from the original on 2017 10 27 Retrieved 2014 10 07 Home WCPFC wcpfc int Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission iattc org IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Commission des Thons de l Ocean Indien iotc org ICCAT iccat int Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean Rev 1 25 July 2014 wcpfc int Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 14 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 07 27 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean for 2012 iotc org Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 14 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 07 15 Retrieved 2014 10 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Conservation and Management Measures CMMs iotc org Conservation and Management Measure for bigeye yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean wcpfc int a b Roxy Mathew Koll Modi Aditi Murtugudde Raghu Valsala Vinu Panickal Swapna Prasanna Kumar S Ravichandran M Vichi Marcello Levy Marina 2016 01 28 A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean PDF Geophysical Research Letters 43 2 2015GL066979 Bibcode 2016GeoRL 43 826R doi 10 1002 2015GL066979 ISSN 1944 8007 Greenpeace International Seafood Red list Archived February 5 2010 at the Wayback MachineExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunnus obesus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Thunnus obesus National Marine Fisheries Service Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Atlantic bigeye tuna NOAA FishWatch Pacific bigeye tuna NOAA FishWatch ScienceDaily Dec 3 2007 Turning A Blind Eye To Bigeye Tuna Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2006 Thunnus obesus in FishBase January 2006 version Tony Ayling amp Geoffrey Cox Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand William Collins Publishers Ltd Auckland New Zealand 1982 ISBN 0 00 216987 8 Clover Charles 2004 The End of the Line How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat Ebury Press London ISBN 0 09 189780 7 Richard W Brill1 Keith A Bigelow Michael K Musyl Kerstin A Fritsches Eric J Warrant BIGEYE TUNA THUNNUS OBESUS BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO STOCK ASSESSMENTS AND FISHERY BIOLOGY ICCAT 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bigeye tuna amp oldid 1184123209, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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