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Keeled box turtle

The keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii; syn. Pyxidea mouhotii) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is endemic to Asia.

Keeled box turtle
C. m. mouhotii
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Geoemydidae
Genus: Cuora
Species:
C. mouhotii
Binomial name
Cuora mouhotii
Gray, 1862
Synonyms[2]
C. m. mouhotii
  • Cyclemys mouhotii
    Gray, 1862
  • Pyxidea mouhotii
    — Gray, 1863
  • Emys mouhotii
    Strauch, 1865
  • Cyclemys mouhoti [sic]
    Boulenger, 1890 (ex errore)
  • Pyxidea mouhoti
    M.A. Smith, 1931
  • Emys mouhoti
    Bourret, 1941
  • Pyxidea mouboti [sic]
    H.M. Smith & James, 1958
    (ex errore)
  • Geoemyda mouhoti
    — McDowell, 1964
  • Cyclemys mouheti [sic]
    Tikader & R.C. Sharma, 1985 (ex errore)
  • Geoemyda mouhotii
    — Artner, 1995
  • Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii
    — Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998
  • Pyxidea mouhotti [sic]
    Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999
    (ex errore)
  • Cuora mouhotii mouhotii
    — Artner, 2003
C. m. obsti
  • Pyxidea mouhotii obsti
    Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998
  • Pyxidea mouhotti [sic] obsti
    Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999
    (ex errore)
  • Cuora mouhotii obsti
    — Artner, 2003

Geographic range edit

C. mouhotii occurs in Burma, China, India, Laos, and Vietnam,[3] and also in Bhutan and Thailand.[4]

Common names edit

Other common names for C. mouhotii include keel-backed terrapin, jagged-shelled turtle,[3] and Mouhot's turtle.[5]

Etymology edit

The specific name, mouhotii, is in honor of Alexandre Henri Mouhot, a French naturalist and explorer.[5]

The subspecific name, obsti, is in honor of Fritz Jürgen Obst (1939–2018), a German herpetologist.[5]

Taxonomy edit

C. mouhotii is sometimes treated as the sole species of the monotypic genus Pyxidea.[3][6][7] Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA has provided evidence that the species is part of the "Cuora group", a monophyletic group of Asian box turtles, and the name Pyxidea should probably be synonymized with Cuora, making the keeled box turtle part of that genus.[8] Other phylogenetic studies of Cuora support this conclusion.[9] In addition, its morphology is not distinct enough from that of Cuora species to keep it separate, and it is known to hybridize with Cuora galbinifrons.[9]

Subspecies edit

There are two subspecies which are recognized as being valid.[3][4][10]

  • Cuora mouhotii mouhotii (Gray, 1862)
  • Cuora mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Cuora.

Hybridization edit

The southern Vietnamese population of Cuora mouhotii lives alongside Cuora picturata. Since Cuora mouhotii is known to hybridize with the closest living relatives of Cuora picturata (Cuora galbinifrons and Cuora bourreti ) there is a possibility of hybridization in the wild between these two populations.[11]

Description edit

The keeled box turtle's upper shell (carapace) has three large, raised ridges and is serrated on the back end. The lower shell (plastron) is different variations of brown in color, ranging from light brown to dark brown. The upper jaw is strong, while the snout is short and curved. The feet are only partially webbed, which suggest a terrestrial lifestyle as opposed to an aquatic one.

Male and female keeled box turtles can be distinguished by the color of their eyes as well as their nails. A male generally has longer and thicker nails than a female, and eyes that are either black or brown. A female generally has shorter, thinner nails, and eyes that are orange or red.[12]

Biology edit

The biology of C. mouhotii is not well known.[13]

In one survey, males and females had an average straight carapace length around 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in).

The breeding season is in May through September. The average clutch size was four eggs, which are smooth, white, and about 4.4 cm (1.7 in) long. On average they typically lay two clutches in a breeding season. Like many other turtles the keeled box turtle does not care for its young. Females have been noted to dig nests with their rear legs and cover the clutches with soil, and also to lay eggs under fallen leaves.[13]

The male keeled box turtle is very aggressive during the act of mating. In some instances the male turtle will chase and injure a female. The male will often persist until the female allows its advances.

Diet edit

The keeled box turtle is herbivorous, and eats a wide variety of vegetation in the natural environment, with a preference for wild fallen fruits. It will also occasionally eat worms, snails, and other meat.[13]

Habitat edit

The keeled box turtle is a terrestrial species, and can be frequently found in small caves and rock crevices. It can also be found in forests, in deep layers of leaves.

Conservation status edit

C. mouhotii is listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[3]

The population of the keeled box turtle has been on a steep decline in some areas, particularly Vietnam. This can be attributed to people capturing it for food and pets, as well as Vietnam legally exporting large numbers. Although there are other possible reasons behind this population decline, deforestation and hunting have proven to be a major threat to this turtle especially.

Threats include habitat destruction and degradation during deforestation. In parts of its range it is threatened by overexploitation as it is collected from the wild, especially for food.[14] It is also used in traditional medicine.[15] It is consumed locally and traded internationally for the food market and the pet trade.[14]

In China the species is bred in captivity on a small scale for the pet trade.[14]

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  2. ^ Fritz U, Havaš P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2) 149-368.
  3. ^ a b c d e Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (2000). "Cuora mouhotii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 20 October 2013.
  4. ^ a b Cuora mouhotii. The Reptile Database.
  5. ^ a b c Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Cuora mouhotii, p. 183; C. m. obsti, p. 193).
  6. ^ Pyxidea mouhotii. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  7. ^ Zhang L, et al. (2008). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the keeled box turtle Pyxidea mouhotii and phylogenetic analysis of major turtle groups". Journal of Genetics and Genomics 35 (1): 33–40.
  8. ^ Honda M, et al. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Asian box turtles of the genus Cuora sensu lato (Reptilia: Bataguridae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences". Zoological Science 19: 1305-1312.
  9. ^ a b Stuart BL, Parham JF (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons)". 4 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (1): 164–777.
  10. ^ Fritz U, et al. (1998). "Eine neue Unterart der Dreikiel-Scharnierschildkröte, Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862) ". Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 50: 33-43. (in German, with an abstract in English).
  11. ^ Ly, Tri; Huy Duc Hoang; Stewart, Bryan L. (2013). "Occurrence of the endangered keeled box turtle, Cuora mouhotii, in Southern Vietnam." bioone.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2744/CCB-0964.1>.
  12. ^ "Keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii )". Keeled box turtle videos, photos and facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/keeled-box-turtle/cuora-mouhotii/ 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine>."
  13. ^ a b c Ji-Chao W, et al. (2011). "Reproduction and nesting of the endangered keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) on Hainan Island, China". 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10 (2): 159–164.
  14. ^ a b c Inclusion of Pyxidea mouhotii in Appendix II in accordance with Article II 2(a) of the Convention, and satisfying Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2a, Criteria A and Bi). 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Proposal 28. CITES. Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Santiago, Chile, 3–15 November 2002.
  15. ^ da Nóbrega Alves RR, et al. (2008). "Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications". Biodiversity and Conservation 17 (8): 2037–2049.

Further reading edit

  • Bernhardt K (1995). "Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray 1862)". J. AG Schildkr. Panzerechsen 95 (2): 7–18. (in German).
  • Boulenger GA (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I-III. (Cyclemys mouhotii, pp. 132–133).
  • Boulenger GA (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Cyclemys mouhoti, p. 31).
  • Das I (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Pyxidea mouhotii, p. 131).
  • Günther ACLG (1864). The Reptiles of British India. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (Pyxidea mouhotii, p. 16 + Plate IV, figure D).
  • Smith MA (1931). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I.—Loricata, Testudines. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxviii + 185 pp. + Plates I-II. (Cyclemys mouhoti, pp. 78–80, Figure 14).

External links edit

  • Gray JE (1862). "Notice of a new Species of Cyclemys from the Lao Mountains, in Siam". Journal of Natural History, Third Series 10: 157. (Cyclemys mouhotii, new species).
  • Gray JE (1863). "Observations on the Box Tortoises, with the Descriptions of Three New Asiatic Species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863: 173-179.
  • Parham JF, et al. (2001). Animal Conservation 4 (4): 357–367.[dead link]
  • Photo gallery: Pyxidea. World Chelonian Trust.

keeled, turtle, keeled, turtle, cuora, mouhotii, pyxidea, mouhotii, species, turtle, family, geoemydidae, species, endemic, asia, mouhotiiconservation, statusendangered, iucn, cites, appendix, cites, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animalia. The keeled box turtle Cuora mouhotii syn Pyxidea mouhotii is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae The species is endemic to Asia Keeled box turtleC m mouhotiiConservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder TestudinesSuborder CryptodiraSuperfamily TestudinoideaFamily GeoemydidaeGenus CuoraSpecies C mouhotiiBinomial nameCuora mouhotiiGray 1862Synonyms 2 C m mouhotiiCyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862 Pyxidea mouhotii Gray 1863 Emys mouhotii Strauch 1865 Cyclemys mouhoti sic Boulenger 1890 ex errore Pyxidea mouhoti M A Smith 1931 Emys mouhoti Bourret 1941 Pyxidea mouboti sic H M Smith amp James 1958 ex errore Geoemyda mouhoti McDowell 1964 Cyclemys mouheti sic Tikader amp R C Sharma 1985 ex errore Geoemyda mouhotii Artner 1995 Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii Fritz Andreas amp Lehr 1998 Pyxidea mouhotti sic Hallermann Dirksen amp Uetz 1999 ex errore Cuora mouhotii mouhotii Artner 2003C m obstiPyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz Andreas amp Lehr 1998 Pyxidea mouhotti sic obsti Hallermann Dirksen amp Uetz 1999 ex errore Cuora mouhotii obsti Artner 2003 Contents 1 Geographic range 2 Common names 3 Etymology 4 Taxonomy 5 Subspecies 6 Hybridization 7 Description 8 Biology 9 Diet 10 Habitat 11 Conservation status 12 Gallery 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksGeographic range editC mouhotii occurs in Burma China India Laos and Vietnam 3 and also in Bhutan and Thailand 4 Common names editOther common names for C mouhotii include keel backed terrapin jagged shelled turtle 3 and Mouhot s turtle 5 Etymology editThe specific name mouhotii is in honor of Alexandre Henri Mouhot a French naturalist and explorer 5 The subspecific name obsti is in honor of Fritz Jurgen Obst 1939 2018 a German herpetologist 5 Taxonomy editC mouhotii is sometimes treated as the sole species of the monotypic genus Pyxidea 3 6 7 Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA has provided evidence that the species is part of the Cuora group a monophyletic group of Asian box turtles and the name Pyxidea should probably be synonymized with Cuora making the keeled box turtle part of that genus 8 Other phylogenetic studies of Cuora support this conclusion 9 In addition its morphology is not distinct enough from that of Cuora species to keep it separate and it is known to hybridize with Cuora galbinifrons 9 Subspecies editThere are two subspecies which are recognized as being valid 3 4 10 Cuora mouhotii mouhotii Gray 1862 Cuora mouhotii obsti Fritz Andreas amp Lehr 1998Nota bene A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Cuora Hybridization editThe southern Vietnamese population of Cuora mouhotii lives alongside Cuora picturata Since Cuora mouhotii is known to hybridize with the closest living relatives of Cuora picturata Cuora galbinifrons and Cuora bourreti there is a possibility of hybridization in the wild between these two populations 11 Description editThe keeled box turtle s upper shell carapace has three large raised ridges and is serrated on the back end The lower shell plastron is different variations of brown in color ranging from light brown to dark brown The upper jaw is strong while the snout is short and curved The feet are only partially webbed which suggest a terrestrial lifestyle as opposed to an aquatic one Male and female keeled box turtles can be distinguished by the color of their eyes as well as their nails A male generally has longer and thicker nails than a female and eyes that are either black or brown A female generally has shorter thinner nails and eyes that are orange or red 12 Biology editThe biology of C mouhotii is not well known 13 In one survey males and females had an average straight carapace length around 15 to 17 cm 5 9 to 6 7 in The breeding season is in May through September The average clutch size was four eggs which are smooth white and about 4 4 cm 1 7 in long On average they typically lay two clutches in a breeding season Like many other turtles the keeled box turtle does not care for its young Females have been noted to dig nests with their rear legs and cover the clutches with soil and also to lay eggs under fallen leaves 13 The male keeled box turtle is very aggressive during the act of mating In some instances the male turtle will chase and injure a female The male will often persist until the female allows its advances Diet editThe keeled box turtle is herbivorous and eats a wide variety of vegetation in the natural environment with a preference for wild fallen fruits It will also occasionally eat worms snails and other meat 13 Habitat editThe keeled box turtle is a terrestrial species and can be frequently found in small caves and rock crevices It can also be found in forests in deep layers of leaves Conservation status editC mouhotii is listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN 3 The population of the keeled box turtle has been on a steep decline in some areas particularly Vietnam This can be attributed to people capturing it for food and pets as well as Vietnam legally exporting large numbers Although there are other possible reasons behind this population decline deforestation and hunting have proven to be a major threat to this turtle especially Threats include habitat destruction and degradation during deforestation In parts of its range it is threatened by overexploitation as it is collected from the wild especially for food 14 It is also used in traditional medicine 15 It is consumed locally and traded internationally for the food market and the pet trade 14 In China the species is bred in captivity on a small scale for the pet trade 14 Gallery edit nbsp C m mouhotii plastron nbsp C m obsti plastron nbsp Male C m obsti References edit Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 Fritz U Havas P 2007 Checklist of Chelonians of the World Vertebrate Zoology 57 2 149 368 a b c d e Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000 Cuora mouhotii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2013 1 Downloaded on 20 October 2013 a b Cuora mouhotii The Reptile Database a b c Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press xiii 296 pp ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Cuora mouhotii p 183 C m obsti p 193 Pyxidea mouhotii Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS Zhang L et al 2008 The complete mitochondrial genome of the keeled box turtle Pyxidea mouhotii and phylogenetic analysis of major turtle groups Journal of Genetics and Genomics 35 1 33 40 Honda M et al 2002 Phylogenetic relationships of the Asian box turtles of the genus Cuora sensu lato Reptilia Bataguridae inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences Zoological Science 19 1305 1312 a b Stuart BL Parham JF 2004 Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Indochinese box turtle Cuora galbinifrons Archived 4 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 1 164 777 Fritz U et al 1998 Eine neue Unterart der Dreikiel Scharnierschildkrote Pyxidea mouhotii Gray 1862 Zool Abh Mus Tierkd Dresden 50 33 43 in German with an abstract in English Ly Tri Huy Duc Hoang Stewart Bryan L 2013 Occurrence of the endangered keeled box turtle Cuora mouhotii in Southern Vietnam bioone org N p n d Web 23 Oct 2013 lt http www bioone org doi full 10 2744 CCB 0964 1 gt Keeled box turtle Cuora mouhotii Keeled box turtle videos photos and facts N p n d Web 25 Oct 2013 lt http www arkive org keeled box turtle cuora mouhotii Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine gt a b c Ji Chao W et al 2011 Reproduction and nesting of the endangered keeled box turtle Cuora mouhotii on Hainan Island China Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10 2 159 164 a b c Inclusion of Pyxidea mouhotii in Appendix II in accordance with Article II 2 a of the Convention and satisfying Resolution Conf 9 24 Annex 2a Criteria A and Bi Archived 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Proposal 28 CITES Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Santiago Chile 3 15 November 2002 da Nobrega Alves RR et al 2008 Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine conservation implications Biodiversity and Conservation 17 8 2037 2049 Further reading editBernhardt K 1995 Pyxidea mouhotii Gray 1862 J AG Schildkr Panzerechsen 95 2 7 18 in German Boulenger GA 1889 Catalogue of the Chelonians Rhynchocephalians and Crocodiles in the British Museum Natural History New Edition London Trustees of the British Museum Natural History Taylor and Francis printers x 311 pp Plates I III Cyclemys mouhotii pp 132 133 Boulenger GA 1890 The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma Reptilia and Batrachia London Secretary of State for India in Council Taylor and Francis printers xviii 541 pp Cyclemys mouhoti p 31 Das I 2002 A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India Sanibel Island Florida Ralph Curtis Books 144 pp ISBN 0 88359 056 5 Pyxidea mouhotii p 131 Gunther ACLG 1864 The Reptiles of British India London The Ray Society Taylor and Francis printers xxvii 452 pp Plates I XXVI Pyxidea mouhotii p 16 Plate IV figure D Smith MA 1931 The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma Reptilia and Amphibia Vol I Loricata Testudines London Secretary of State for India in Council Taylor and Francis printers xxviii 185 pp Plates I II Cyclemys mouhoti pp 78 80 Figure 14 External links editGray JE 1862 Notice of a new Species of Cyclemys from the Lao Mountains in Siam Journal of Natural History Third Series 10 157 Cyclemys mouhotii new species Gray JE 1863 Observations on the Box Tortoises with the Descriptions of Three New Asiatic Species Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863 173 179 Parham JF et al 2001 New Chinese turtles endangered or invalid A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA allozyme electrophoresis and known locality specimens Animal Conservation 4 4 357 367 dead link Photo gallery Pyxidea World Chelonian Trust Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Keeled box turtle amp oldid 1152387222, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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