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Wikipedia

Police dog

May 04, 2023

For other uses, see Police dog (disambiguation).

A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military. Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers. The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever.[1] In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement.[2]

A Belgian Malinois police dog during a demonstration in England
A military police dog training.
An FBI Dutch Shepherd police dog.

Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world. They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures.[3] Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose. Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training.[4] In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense.[5][6]

In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone upon the word canine.[7]

History

Early history

Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages. Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws.[clarification needed] The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St. Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers.[8] By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this.[9] Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities.[10]

The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness.[10] In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime.[11] Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals.[citation needed]

Modern era

 
Bloodhounds used by Sir Charles Warren to try to track down the serial killer Jack The Ripper in the 1880s.
 
German shepherd in use by Schutzpolizei officer and SA auxiliary during the German federal election, March 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power

One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer. He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them.[12]

It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899.[13] These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide.[14] In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit. The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals.

In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds.[15]

Training

 
Belgian Malinois being trained to attack

Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel.[16]

Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler. The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability. First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit.[17] This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement. However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens.

For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course. They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation.[18] This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect. Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language. Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands. This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer.[19]

Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose". Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking. Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical. Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics. Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics. When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i.e. bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states.[20][21]

In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay.[22]

Specialization

Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas.

  • Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects.
  • Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines. Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition.[23]
  • Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search.
  • Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used.

Retirement

Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working. Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years.[24]

However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing. In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler.[25]

In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners.[26]

Accusations of brutality and racial partiality

A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U.S. as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color. A series of 13 linked reports, found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite and injure people.[27] The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black. Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo. Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes. Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake. Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs.[28]

Usage by country and region

Australia

The Australian Federal Police employ "general purpose" police dogs, whose duties include searching for missing persons, suspect apprehension, and keeping the peace. The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes, such as detecting firearms, explosives, illegal narcotics, and currency.[29] The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints.[30]

Bangladesh

Border Guards Bangladesh, Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti-narcotic and anti-bombing campaigns.[31]

Belgium

The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police. It has 35 dog teams, most of which are Belgian Malinois. Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants. About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people. These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings. The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units.[citation needed]

Canada

 
K9 units search for a missing person in York Region, Ontario.

Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908. However, they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937.[32] By the 1950s, the RCMP had German Shepherds, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers in service.[33]

Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects. Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release. This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects. A dog has the legal status of property in Canada. As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects. The dog is effectively a weapon.

In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog. The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force.[34]

Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public. This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search.[35] The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s.98 of the Customs Act.

In 2017, it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada, and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs.[32]

Denmark

There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3. Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced, and highly trained. Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations. Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence. Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations.

Hong Kong

Main article: Police Dog Unit

The Police Dog Unit (PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau. Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection. In addition, the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations.[citation needed]

Netherlands

The Dutch Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit, and supports other units with specially trained dogs. The dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent. They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, and locating drowning people and fire accelerants.

The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own. For example, the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands.

India

In India, the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force, and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir.

For regional security, the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes.[36] The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb-sniffing squad.[37]

Israel

Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat.[38] Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service.[39]

Italy

 
Italian police dog of Guardia di Finanza in Malpensa airport

All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue. The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924, Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps.[40] The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy.[41] German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes, Labradors for drug, weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection.[42]

Japan

Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms.[43] Between the 16th and 19th centuries, samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night.[44][45] In modern times, the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.[46]

Kenya

Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police.[47] Since the 1950s, the main police dog in service is the German shepherd, with Labradors, Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes.[48] Since the 2000s, the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long-term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya.[49]

Nepal

The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations.[50] Since then, police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009.[51]

Pakistan

Pakistan Customs uses a K-9 unit for anti-smuggling operations. Pakistan's Sindh Police also have a specialized K-9 unit.

Peru

 
A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental, military and police operations. The National Service of Agrarian Health (SENASA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit.[52][53] The brigade is present at Jorge Chávez International Airport and in Peruvian territory.[52]

For the National Police of Peru, they prefer the German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd Malinois, Beagle, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months.[54] The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country's main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport,[55] with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection.[56]

The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations.[57] During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement.[58]

Russia

Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg. Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect. Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives, which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States.[59]

Sweden

The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines. There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police. Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training. The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8–10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog.[60]

United Kingdom

 
MetPol Kiro Demi and PC Graham Clarke. UK National Police Dog Champion 2008

Police forces across the country, as well as the RAF Police, employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used. The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force.[33]

There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work. In 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded.

All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally. To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8. The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards.

United States

 
A Belgian Malinois police dog in Wisconsin.

Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States. Police dogs are operated on the federal, state, county, and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations. Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics, explosives, and other weapons, search-and-rescue, and cadaver searches.[61] The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks.[62]

On the federal level, police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons, or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people.[63] Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service.[64] Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security. An expert on police dogs, L. Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said, "detector dogs are a critical component of national security – and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities."[65] The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80–90 percent of dogs purchased by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Department of Defense come from foreign vendors, mostly located in Europe.[65]

Most police agencies in the United States – whether state, county, or local – use police dogs as means of law enforcement. Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 division of at least one dog; in these cases, police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call.[citation needed] In larger cities and metropolitan areas, police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs.[66] In these cases, individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts. In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers.[22] The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in-service training to recertify their skills and credentials. This training must last at least 24 hours each year.[67]

 
Police badge of a New York K9 officer

Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act, it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal, including police dogs and police horses, in all 50 states.[68] However, police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer.[69] Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance.[70]

Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems. Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates. Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners.

In October 2017, the U.S. House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs. Congressman Mike Rogers (R-AL) said that the continued ISIS-inspired attacks in the U.S. and all over the world "have driven demand through the roof"[65] for police dogs.

The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States.[71]

Supreme Court cases

The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America. Some U.S. Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

  • United States v. Place (1983) – The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person's personal items in a public place, even if done without a warrant.[72]
  • City of Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000) – The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint to for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery. In the case, the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion.[73]
  • Illinois v. Caballes (2005) – The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug-detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop, and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy, because a well-trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances.[74]
  • Florida v. Harris (2013) – The Court held that a police dog's alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant.[75] Further, the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog's reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court.[76]
  • Florida v. Jardines (2013) – The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court. The front porch of a house is considered a private place, and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door.[77]
  • Rodriguez v. United States (2015) – The Court held that, without reasonable suspicion, the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment.[78]

See also

References

References

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  70. ^ Palmer, Brian (18 July 2008). "So Help You, Dog – How does a canine cop become a "sworn officer"". Slate. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  71. ^ "We're Tracking Police Dog Bites Across the Country". The Marshall Project. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  72. ^ "United States v. Place – Supreme Court Opinions". Sandra Day O'Connor Institute. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  73. ^ "City of Indianapolis v. Edmond". Oyez. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  74. ^ "Illinois v. Caballes – 543 U.S. 405, 125 S. Ct. 834 (2005)". LexisNexis. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  75. ^ "Florida v. Harris". Oyez. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  76. ^ "Florida v. Harris – 568 U.S. 237, 133 S. Ct. 1050 (2013)". LexisNexis. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  77. ^ "Florida v. Jardines". Oyez. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  78. ^ "Rodriguez v. United States". Oyez. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

Works cited

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police dogs.
  • National Police Canine Association (US)
  • United States Police Canine Association
  • The North American Police Work Dog Association
  • Los Angeles County Police Canine Association US
  • Virginia Police Canine Association US
  • American Working Dog Association

May 04, 2023
police, other, uses, disambiguation, police, that, trained, assist, police, other, enforcement, officers, search, rescue, military, their, duties, include, searching, drugs, explosives, locating, missing, people, finding, crime, scene, evidence, protecting, of. For other uses see Police dog disambiguation A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers search and rescue or the military Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives locating missing people finding crime scene evidence protecting officers and other people and attacking suspects who flee from officers The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd Belgian Malinois Bloodhound Dutch Shepherd and Labrador Retriever 1 In recent years the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive focus agility and smaller size though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement 2 A Belgian Malinois police dog during a demonstration in England A military police dog training An FBI Dutch Shepherd police dog Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world They are often assigned to a K 9 Unit with a specific handler and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures 3 Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year depending on where and how they are trained and for what purpose Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training 4 In many countries intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense 5 6 In some English speaking countries police dog units are referred to as K 9 or K9 which is a homophone upon the word canine 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Modern era 2 Training 2 1 Specialization 3 Retirement 4 Accusations of brutality and racial partiality 5 Usage by country and region 5 1 Australia 5 2 Bangladesh 5 3 Belgium 5 4 Canada 5 5 Denmark 5 6 Hong Kong 5 7 Netherlands 5 8 India 5 9 Israel 5 10 Italy 5 11 Japan 5 12 Kenya 5 13 Nepal 5 14 Pakistan 5 15 Peru 5 16 Russia 5 17 Sweden 5 18 United Kingdom 5 19 United States 5 19 1 Supreme Court cases 6 See also 7 References 7 1 References 7 2 Works cited 8 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable s bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws clarification needed The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St Malo France where dogs were used to guard docks and piers 8 By the late 14th century bloodhounds were used in Scotland known as Slough dogs the word Sleuth meaning detective was derived from this 9 Between the 12th and 20th centuries police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities 10 The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness 10 In London the existing law enforcement the Bow Street Runners struggled to contain the crime on their own and as a result private associations were formed to help combat crime 11 Night watchmen were employed to guard premises and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals citation needed Modern era Edit Bloodhounds used by Sir Charles Warren to try to track down the serial killer Jack The Ripper in the 1880s German shepherd in use by Schutzpolizei officer and SA auxiliary during the German federal election March 1933 shortly after the Nazi seizure of power One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London Sir Charles Warren Warren s repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer s crimes The results were far from satisfactory with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off requiring a police search to find them 12 It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night but it was the police department in Ghent Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899 13 These methods soon spread to Austria Hungary and Germany in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide 14 In later years many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals In Britain the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull By 1910 railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois Labrador Retrievers and German shepherds 15 Training Edit Belgian Malinois being trained to attack Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier Akita Groenendael Malinois dog Bernese Mountain Dog Bloodhound Border Collie Boxer Bouvier des Flandres Croatian Sheepdog Doberman Pinscher German Shepherd German Shorthaired Pointer Golden Retriever Labrador Retriever Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel 16 Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability First the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit 17 This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement However having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset this could be dog obedience crowd control communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens For a dog to be considered for a police department it must first pass a basic obedience training course They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation 18 This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country s native language Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior so it is easier for the officer to learn new words commands rather than retraining the dog to new commands This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer 19 Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be single purpose or dual purpose Single purpose dogs are used primarily for backup personal protection and tracking Dual purpose dogs however are more typical Dual purpose dogs do everything that single purpose dogs do and also detect either explosives or narcotics Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on i e bag or vehicle without a warrant in most states 20 21 In suspect apprehension having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay 22 Specialization Edit Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas Apprehension and attack dogs This dog is used to locate apprehend and sometimes subdue suspects Detection dogs Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana heroin cocaine crack cocaine or methamphetamines Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition 23 Dual purpose dog Also known as a patrol dog these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking handler protection off leash obedience criminal apprehension and article area and building search Search and rescue dogs SAR This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects Belgian Malinois German Shepherds Golden Retrievers Labrador Retrievers and Bloodhounds can all be used Retirement EditThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely pregnant or raising puppies or are too old or sick to continue working Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform the working life of a dog is 6 9 years 24 However when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing In 2013 a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire England was introduced wherein the police force offered 805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler 25 In many countries police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners 26 Accusations of brutality and racial partiality EditThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U S as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K 9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch bite and injure people 27 The rate of police K 9 bites in Baton Rouge Louisiana a majority Black city of 220 000 residents averages more than double that of the next ranked city Indianapolis and nearly one third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men most of whom are Black Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes Police officers are often shielded from liability and federal civil rights laws don t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake Even when victims can bring cases lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs 28 Usage by country and region EditAustralia Edit The Australian Federal Police employ general purpose police dogs whose duties include searching for missing persons suspect apprehension and keeping the peace The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes such as detecting firearms explosives illegal narcotics and currency 29 The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints 30 Bangladesh Edit Border Guards Bangladesh Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti narcotic and anti bombing campaigns 31 Belgium Edit The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country s federal police It has 35 dog teams most of which are Belgian Malinois Some dogs are trained to detect drugs human remains hormones or fire accelerants About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings The federal police s explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units citation needed Canada Edit K9 units search for a missing person in York Region Ontario Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908 However they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937 32 By the 1950s the RCMP had German Shepherds Schnauzers and Doberman Pinschers in service 33 Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects A dog has the legal status of property in Canada As such developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects The dog is effectively a weapon In 2010 an Alberta Court of Queen s Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele a man who was near fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer s police dog The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force 34 Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search 35 The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s 98 of the Customs Act In 2017 it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs 32 Denmark Edit There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark each of which are ranked in one of three groups Group 1 Group 2 and Group 3 Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced and highly trained Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling rescue searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1 but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs and are only employed for patrol operations Hong Kong Edit Main article Police Dog Unit The Police Dog Unit PDU Chinese 警犬隊 was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau Their roles are crowd control search and rescue and poison and explosive detection In addition the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti crime operations citation needed Netherlands Edit The Dutch Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit and supports other units with specially trained dogs The dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent They specialize in identifying scents identifying the scent shared by an object and a person narcotics explosives and firearms detecting human remains and locating drowning people and fire accelerants The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own For example the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands India Edit In India the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K 9 Unit Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir For regional security the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city s street dogs to be trained for security purposes 36 The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds Labrador Retrievers and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb sniffing squad 37 Israel Edit Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat 38 Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service 39 Italy Edit Italian police dog of Guardia di Finanza in Malpensa airport All the law enforcement in Italy Carabinieri Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order Anti Drug Anti explosive Search and Rescue The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924 Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps 40 The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy 41 German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes Labradors for drug weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection 42 Japan Edit Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms 43 Between the 16th and 19th centuries samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night 44 45 In modern times the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 46 Kenya Edit Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police 47 Since the 1950s the main police dog in service is the German shepherd with Labradors Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes 48 Since the 2000s the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya 49 Nepal Edit The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations 50 Since then police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009 51 Pakistan Edit Pakistan Customs uses a K 9 unit for anti smuggling operations Pakistan s Sindh Police also have a specialized K 9 unit Peru Edit A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew during the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental military and police operations The National Service of Agrarian Health SENASA of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit 52 53 The brigade is present at Jorge Chavez International Airport and in Peruvian territory 52 For the National Police of Peru they prefer the German Shepherd Belgian Shepherd Malinois Beagle Weimaraner Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months 54 The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country s main airport Jorge Chavez International Airport 55 with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection 56 The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations 57 During the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement 58 Russia Edit Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States 59 Sweden Edit The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police Dogs aged 18 48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training The police dogs live with their operators and after retirement at age 8 10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog 60 United Kingdom Edit MetPol Kiro Demi and PC Graham Clarke UK National Police Dog Champion 2008 Police forces across the country as well as the RAF Police employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever increasing number of dogs being used The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force 33 There are over 2 500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work In 2008 a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded All British police dogs irrespective of the discipline they are trained in must be licensed to work operationally To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training and then again every year until they retire which is usually at about the age of 8 The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers ACPO sub committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards United States Edit A Belgian Malinois police dog in Wisconsin Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States Police dogs are operated on the federal state county and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties similar to those of other nations Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics explosives and other weapons search and rescue and cadaver searches 61 The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks 62 On the federal level police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people 63 Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshals Service 64 Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security An expert on police dogs L Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said detector dogs are a critical component of national security and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities 65 The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80 90 percent of dogs purchased by the U S Department of Homeland Security and U S Department of Defense come from foreign vendors mostly located in Europe 65 Most police agencies in the United States whether state county or local use police dogs as means of law enforcement Often even the smallest of departments operates a K 9 division of at least one dog in these cases police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection and teams are often on call citation needed In larger cities and metropolitan areas police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs 66 In these cases individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized and teams usually serve scheduled shifts In both cases police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers 22 The U S Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in service training to recertify their skills and credentials This training must last at least 24 hours each year 67 Police badge of a New York K9 officer Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal including police dogs and police horses in all 50 states 68 However police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer 69 Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers this swearing in is purely honorary and carries no legal significance 70 Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large scale fights or riots by inmates Also many penal systems will employ dogs usually bloodhounds in searching for escaped prisoners In October 2017 the U S House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs Congressman Mike Rogers R AL said that the continued ISIS inspired attacks in the U S and all over the world have driven demand through the roof 65 for police dogs The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States 71 Supreme Court cases Edit The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America Some U S Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are United States v Place 1983 The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment s prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person s personal items in a public place even if done without a warrant 72 City of Indianapolis v Edmond 2000 The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint to for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery In the case the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion 73 Illinois v Caballes 2005 The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy because a well trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances 74 Florida v Harris 2013 The Court held that a police dog s alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant 75 Further the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog s reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court 76 Florida v Jardines 2013 The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court The front porch of a house is considered a private place and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door 77 Rodriguez v United States 2015 The Court held that without reasonable suspicion the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment 78 See also Edit Dogs portal Law portalDetection dog Dogs in warfare Nosework Working dogReferences EditReferences Edit What Do K 9 Police Dogs Do American Kennel Club 3 September 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2022 What Breeds Make the Best Drug Dogs 3DK9 Detection Services 28 October 2020 Retrieved 3 June 2022 German Shepherd Dog The typical breed associated with law enforcement work K9 Unit Duties and Responsibilities New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 Retrieved 22 May 2022 They are expected to follow both verbal and hand commands of their handler FAQs AMSOIL Northland Law Enforcement K 9 Foundation 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2022 18 USC 1368 Harming Animals Used in Law Enforcement United States Code 26 October 2015 Retrieved 26 May 2022 via OneCLE Police dogs and horses to receive special protections in South Australia ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 26 August 2013 Retrieved 25 February 2018 About K 9s National Police Dog Foundation Retrieved 22 May 2022 K 9 or K9 a homophone of canine Police K 9 Unit Central Falls Rhode Island Police Department Retrieved 26 May 2022 sleuth n Etymology Origin and Meaning Online Etymology Dictionary a figurative use of a word that dates back to late 14c meaning a kind of bloodhound a b Pena Melvin 1 July 2014 Police Dogs Just the Facts Dogster Retrieved 26 May 2022 Beattie J M 2012 The First English Detectives The Bow Street Runners and the Policing of London 1750 1840 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 969516 4 Casebook Jack The Ripper Atchison Daily Globe 17 October 1888 The Origins of Police K 9 Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Retrieved 17 December 2012 History of the Police Dog Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 Retrieved 17 December 2012 The Dog Section British Transport Police Allsopp 2012 p 14 17 How to Become a K9 Officer Career and Salary Information Criminal Justice Degree Schools Retrieved 16 April 2019 Dogs of all nations Mason Walter Esplin 1867 Free Download Borrow and Streaming Internet Archive Internet Archive 1915 Grabianowski Ed 3 May 2004 How Police Dogs Work How Stuff Works Retrieved 10 May 2017 SitStay Police dog training 101 sitstay com Retrieved 2 November 2018 The K9 Unit Police Dogs and How They are Trained SoundOff Signal 8 September 2016 Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 Retrieved 10 May 2017 a b Peralta Jessica 27 November 2019 Longtime Westminster police officer K9 decoy gets new partner finally Behind the Badge Foundation Retrieved 11 May 2022 Hardesty Greg 5 February 2020 Meet K9 Iggy the Orange County Sheriff s Department s first gun detecting dog behindthebadge com Hartov Oren Proactive Deterrence PDF K 9 Cop Magazine Archived from the original PDF on 31 May 2013 Retrieved 2 May 2013 Olsen Kevin 2013 English police force sets up retirement plan for dogs Pensions amp Investments 41 24 8 K 9 Burial Protocol The Rocky Protocol PDF www sheriffs org National Sheriffs Association 22 May 2014 Retrieved 16 May 2017 VanSickle Abbie Stephens Challen Martin Ryan Kelleher Dana Brozost Fan Andrew 2 October 2020 When Police Violence Is a Dog Bite The Marshall Project Retrieved 20 February 2023 Remkus Ashley 2 October 2020 We Spent A Year Investigating Police Dogs Here Are Six Takeaways The Marshall Project Retrieved 20 February 2023 AFP National Canine Capability Australian Federal Police 6 April 2016 Retrieved 3 June 2022 Detector Dog Program Australian Border Force 6 July 2020 Retrieved 3 June 2022 DMP takes foolproof security measures for National Mourning Day Dhaka Tribune 14 August 2022 Retrieved 28 August 2022 a b Government of Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police 6 July 2004 Police Dog Services www rcmp grc gc ca a b Sloane Charles F 1955 Dogs in War Police Work and on Patrol Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 46 3 385 395 doi 10 2307 1139438 JSTOR 1139438 CanLII 2010 ABQB 191 CanLII Canadian Evidence Law K9 Searches Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2016 Macrae Penelope 9 August 2012 India stray dogs to form security squad Yahoo Retrieved 3 October 2014 This Adorable Stray Was Rescued amp Is Now All Set To Join An Elite Canine Squad Whats Hot Retrieved 22 May 2022 Allsopp 2012 p 100 Allsopp 2012 p 101 Allsopp 2012 p 102 Allsopp 2012 p 103 Allsopp 2012 p 104 Allsopp 2012 p 105 Allsopp 2012 p 106 Morie Sawataishi Saviour of Japan s akita Samurai dog The Daily Telegraph 11 December 2008 ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Allsopp 2012 p 107 Allsopp 2012 p 108 Allsopp 2012 p 110 Allsopp 2012 p 109 Allsopp 2012 p 111 Allsopp 2012 p 112 a b Brigada Canina www senasa gob pe Retrieved 16 April 2020 Brigada canina luchara contra ingreso de frutas en equipajes de pasajeros www minagri gob pe Retrieved 16 April 2020 Trome Redaccion 17 June 2018 Policia Nacional del Peru recluta a perritos para la Brigada Canina FOTOS Trome in Spanish Retrieved 16 April 2020 Nueva Unidad canina antidrogas reforzara lucha contra el narcotrafico en el aeropuerto jorge chavez Seguridad Ciudadana in European Spanish Retrieved 16 April 2020 Frontline Peru Advisers U S Customs and Border Protection U S Customs and Border Protection Retrieved 16 April 2020 Institucional Administrador Portal Ejercito cuenta con nuevo equipo de guias y canes para busqueda y rescate www ejercito mil pe in European Spanish Retrieved 16 April 2020 Coronavirus en Peru Patrulla canina sale a las calles para apoyar a las Fuerzas Armadas Peru21 in Spanish 25 March 2020 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Allsopp 2012 p 168 Strand Rebecka 11 March 2014 Fakta om polishundar Retrieved 2 September 2016 The K 9 Corps The Use of Dogs in Police Work Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 52 3 Fall 1961 Evans Rebecca I Herbold John R Bradshaw Benjamin S Moore George E 2007 Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service 268 cases 2000 2004 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 8 1215 1220 PMID 17937551 Canine Adoption Program Transportation Security Administration Retrieved 11 May 2022 Dogs that fail training for government work typically have some explosives detection training The dogs are highly active and in most cases will require a lot of attention additional training and significant exercise They are crate trained but not house trained Most dogs have not been exposed to small children or animals other than dogs FBI Working Dogs video FBI gov Federal Bureau of Investigation 13 March 2009 Retrieved 11 May 2022 via YouTube a b c Williams Terri 18 October 2017 Increase in canine explosives detection training seen needed amid rise in passenger travel Homeland Preparedness News Retrieved 25 October 2017 Blau Reuven 26 December 2013 NYPD says down with officers up with police dogs NY Daily News Retrieved 11 May 2022 National Canine K9 Unit Manual PDF United States Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Refuge Law Enforcement May 2015 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Robinson Bryan 7 January 2006 Federal Law Now Protects Canine Cops ABC News published 9 August 2000 Retrieved 16 May 2022 Is killing a K9 the same as killing a human police officer Channel 12 News NBC 18 April 2018 Retrieved 16 May 2022 Palmer Brian 18 July 2008 So Help You Dog How does a canine cop become a sworn officer Slate Retrieved 16 May 2022 We re Tracking Police Dog Bites Across the Country The Marshall Project 17 November 2020 Retrieved 9 December 2020 United States v Place Supreme Court Opinions Sandra Day O Connor Institute Retrieved 24 April 2022 City of Indianapolis v Edmond Oyez Retrieved 24 April 2022 Illinois v Caballes 543 U S 405 125 S Ct 834 2005 LexisNexis Retrieved 24 April 2022 Florida v Harris Oyez Retrieved 24 April 2022 Florida v Harris 568 U S 237 133 S Ct 1050 2013 LexisNexis Retrieved 24 April 2022 Florida v Jardines Oyez Retrieved 24 April 2022 Rodriguez v United States Oyez Retrieved 24 April 2022 Works cited Edit Allsopp Nigel 2012 K9 Cops Police Dogs of the World Newport NSW 2106 Australia Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 921 94181 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police dogs National Police Canine Association US United States Police Canine Association The North American Police Work Dog Association Los Angeles County Police Canine Association US Virginia Police Canine Association US American Working Dog Association Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Police dog amp oldid 1150223629, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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