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Tiger salamander

February 16, 2024

The tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) is a species of mole salamander[2] and one of the largest terrestrial salamanders in North America.[3]

Tiger salamander
Several in captivity
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Ambystomatidae
Genus: Ambystoma
Species:
A. tigrinum
Binomial name
Ambystoma tigrinum
(Green, 1825)
Synonyms[2]
  • Siren operculata Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (invalid)
  • Proteus neocaesariensis Green, 1818 (invalid)
  • Axolotus philadelphicus Jarocki, 1822 (invalid)
  • Salamandra tigrina Green, 1825 (basionym)
  • Salamandra ingens Green, 1831
  • Salamandra lurida Sager, 1839
  • Ambystoma episcopus Baird, 1850 "1849"
  • Siredon harlanii Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854
  • Ambystoma bicolor Hallowell, 1858 "1857"
  • Amblystoma conspersum Cope, 1859 Amblystoma obscurum
  • Baird in Cope, 1868 "1867" Amblystoma xiphias
  • Cope, 1868 "1867" Amblystoma copeianum
  • Hay, 1885

Description edit

 
Tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
Ambystoma tigrinum
 
Biofluorescence in Ambystoma tigrinum

These salamanders usually grow to a length of 6–8 in (15–20 cm) with a lifespan of around 12–15 years.[4] They are characterized by having markings varying in color on the back of their head, body, and tail.[5] The coloring of these spots range from brownish yellow to greenish yellow, while the rest of their back is black or dark brown.[3] They have short snouts, thick necks, strong legs, and lengthy tails.[6] Tiger salamanders are a sexually dimorphic species, as the males are larger in body size, as well as have longer and higher tails than females.[7] Their diet consists largely of small insects, snails, slugs, frogs, and worms, although it is not rare for an adult to turn cannibalistic and consume its own kind.[5][8] Cannibalism in these salamanders can almost always be traced back to a large volume of competing predators and lack of prey in the area.[9] If the opportunity presents itself, tiger salamanders will even feed on other smaller salamander species, lizards, snakelets (baby snakes), and newborn mice.[8][10]

On February 2, 2005, Representative Bob Biggins introduced a bill to make the tiger salamander the official state amphibian of Illinois and to make the painted turtle the official state reptile. The bill was signed into law by Governor Rod Blagojevich on July 19, 2005.[11]

Habitat edit

Tiger salamanders habitats range from woodlands crowded with conifer and deciduous trees to grassy open fields.[3] These amphibians are secretive creatures who spend most of their lives underground in burrows, making them difficult to spot.[4] One significant requirement these salamanders need to thrive is loose soil for burrowing.[12] Tiger salamanders are almost entirely terrestrial as adults, and usually only return to the water to breed. The ideal breeding condition for tiger salamanders ranges from wetlands, such as cattle ponds and vernal pools, to flooded swamps.[5] The colonization of wetlands by tiger salamanders has been positively related to the area of the wetlands.[13] This species is most commonly found on the Atlantic coast from New York down to Florida.[14] They are known, however, to be the widest ranging species of salamander in North America and have been found in smaller populations from coast to coast.[6] Ambystoma tigrinum populations occurring in northern and eastern regions of the United States are thought to be native populations as evidence from a study uncovered the species in these regions seem to be from relict populations. The species which occur on the west coast of the United States are not necessarily native occurring to the region and occur as a result of introduction for sport fishing bait, which has resulted in hybridization.[15] Though tiger salamanders are not indicators of an ecosystem, they are good indicators of a healthy environment because they need good moist soil to burrow in. But pond disturbance, invasive fish, and road construction threaten the annual population.[16]

Breeding edit

Like all ambystomatids, they are extremely loyal to their birthplaces, and will travel long distances to reach them. Some research has shown that females will travel farther than males.[17] However, a single tiger salamander has only a 50% chance of breeding more than once in its lifetime. In a study conducted in South Carolina, breeding migrations of adult tiger salamanders began in late October or November for males and November through February for females.[18] The tiger salamander's ideal breeding period is somewhere between the late winter and early spring, once the ground is warm enough and the water is thawed.[12] Males nudge a willing female to initiate mating, and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom. Some males known as sneaker males will mimic female behavior in order to trick females in taking their spermatophore without alerting the male rival.[19] There appears to be no relation between size and mating success.[20] However, females prefer mates with longer tails over mates with shorter tails.[7] About 48 hours after insemination, the female is ready to deposit her eggs in the breeding pool.[12] One female can lay up to 25–30 eggs per egg mass. She carefully attaches the eggs to secure twigs, grass, and leaves at the bottom of the pool to ensure her eggs safety.[21] In about 12–15 days time, the eggs will be fully hatched and ready to mature in the pool.[21] It takes a tiger salamander approximately three months to reach full maturity and leave the breeding pool.[21] Large-scale captive breeding of tiger salamanders has not been accomplished, for unknown reasons.

The larva is entirely aquatic, and is characterized by large external gills[22][23] and a prominent caudal fin that originates just behind the head, similar to the Mexican axolotl. Limbs are fully developed within a short time of hatching. Some larvae, especially in seasonal pools and in the north, may metamorphose as soon as feasible. These are known as small morph adults. Other larvae, especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates, may not metamorphose until fully adult size. These large larvae are usually known as 'waterdogs',[24] and are used extensively in the fishing bait and pet trades. Some populations may not metamorphose at all, and become sexually mature while in their larval form. These are the neotenes, and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are poor.

Diseases edit

Although immune themselves, tiger salamanders transmit Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which is a major worldwide threat to most frog species by causing the disease chytridiomycosis.[25] Tiger salamanders also carry ranaviruses, which infect reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Using tiger salamander larvae as fishing bait appears to be a major source of exposure and transport to wild populations. One of these ranaviruses is even named the Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). This ranavirus only transmits to other salamanders and was not found in fish or other amphibians.[26] Severe mortality of tiger salamander larvae sometimes occurs from recurring ranavirus infections.

Related species edit

The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)[27] (listed at Vulnerable), the barred tiger salamander (A. mavortium), and the plateau tiger salamander (A. velasci) were all once considered subspecies of A. tigrinum, but are now considered separate species. Genetic studies made it necessary to break up the original A. tigrinum population, though some hybridization between groups occurs.

The California tiger salamander is now federally listed as an endangered species mostly due to habitat loss; however, very few studies have been performed on this species.[28]

The axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander.[29][30] Axolotls live in a paedomorphic state, retaining most characteristics of their larval stage for their entire lifespans. While they never metamorphose under natural conditions, metamorphosis can be induced in them, resulting in a form very similar to the plateau tiger salamander. This is not, however, their natural condition, and dramatically shortens their lifespan.

References edit

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Ambystoma tigrinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T83293207A196342827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T83293207A196342827.en. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Smith, Hobart M. (1978). Amphibians of North America: a guide to field identification. New York: Golden Press. ISBN 978-0-307-63662-1. OCLC 4875093.
  4. ^ a b "Tiger Salamander". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  5. ^ a b c Niemiller, Matthew L.; Reynolds, R. Graham (2011). The Amphibians of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 88, 89, 90. ISBN 978-1-57233-762-6.
  6. ^ a b . Animals. National Geographic. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  7. ^ a b Howard, R.D.; Moorman, R.S.; Whiteman, H.H. (June 1997). "Differential effects of mate competition and mate choice on eastern tiger salamanders". Animal Behaviour. 53 (6): 1345–1356. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0359. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 9236030. S2CID 6967838.
  8. ^ a b Wentz, Alissa. "Ambystoma tigrinum (Eastern Tiger Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web.
  9. ^ McKlean, K.I. (January 2016). "Cannibalistic-morph Tiger Salamanders in Unexpected Ecological Contexts". American Midland Naturalist. 1: 64–65. doi:10.1674/amid-175-01-64-72.1.
  10. ^ "Ambystoma tigrinum". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  11. ^ Biggins, Bob (February 2, 2005). "Bill Status of House Bill 847: State Amphibian Reptile". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Wentz, Alissa. "Ambystoma tigrinum (Eastern Tiger Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  13. ^ Millikin, Alice R.; Coster, Stephanie S.; Welsh, Amy B.; Anderson, James T. (2023). "Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools". Diversity. 15 (2): 124. doi:10.3390/d15020124. ISSN 1424-2818.
  14. ^ "Tiger Salamanders". amphibianfoundation.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  15. ^ Johnson, Jarrett R.; Thomson, Robert C.; Micheletti, Steven J.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (April 2011). "The origin of tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) populations in California, Oregon, and Nevada: introductions or relicts?". Conservation Genetics. 12 (2): 355–370. Bibcode:2011ConG...12..355J. doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0144-2. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 16248640.
  16. ^ Shi, Rowena. "Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society".
  17. ^ Titus, Valorie; Madison, Dale; Green, Timothy (2014). "The Importance of Maintaining Upland Forest Habitat Surrounding Salamander Breeding Ponds: Case Study of the Eastern Tiger Salamander in New York, USA". Forests. 5 (12): 3070–3086. doi:10.3390/f5123070. ISSN 1999-4907.
  18. ^ Semlitsch, Raymond D. (16 August 1983). "Structure and Dynamics of Two Breeding Populations of the Eastern Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum". Copeia. 1983 (3): 608–616. doi:10.2307/1444324. JSTOR 1444324.
  19. ^ Arnold, Stevan J. (2010-04-26). "Sexual Behavior, Sexual Interference and Sexual Defense in the Salamanders Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma tigrinum and Plethodon jordani". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 42 (3): 247–300. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00970.x. ISSN 0044-3573.
  20. ^ Williams, Rod N.; DeWoody, J. Andrew (2009-06-01). "Reproductive Success and Sexual Selection in Wild Eastern Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma t. tigrinum)". Evolutionary Biology. 36 (2): 201–213. Bibcode:2009EvBio..36..201W. doi:10.1007/s11692-009-9058-7. ISSN 1934-2845. S2CID 22305575.
  21. ^ a b c "Eastern Tiger Salamander". Chesapeake Bay Program. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  22. ^ Doug Collicutt. "Raising Tigers! Tiger Salamanders, that is". Nature North.
  23. ^ "Ambystoma tigrinum". AmphibiaWeb.
  24. ^ "Water Dogs". Arizona Highways. September 17, 2015.
  25. ^ Verbrugghe, Elin; Van Rooij, Pascale; Favoreel, Herman; Martel, An; Pasmans, Frank (November 2019). "In vitro modeling of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection of the amphibian skin". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0225224. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1425224V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225224. PMC 6855447. PMID 31725762. S2CID 208035849.
  26. ^ Jancovich, JK; Davidson, EW; Seiler, A; Jacobs, BL; Collins, JP (2001). "transmission of the Ambystoma tigrinum virus to alternative hosts". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 46 (3): 159–163. doi:10.3354/dao046159. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 11710549.
  27. ^ Shaffer, H. B.; S. Stanley (1991). Final report to California Department of Fish and Game. California tiger salamander surveys, 1991 (Report). Rancho Cordova, California: California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division. Contract FG9422
  28. ^ Trenham, Peter C.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Koenig, Walter D.; Stromberg, Mark R.; Ross, S.T. (1 May 2000). "Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)". Copeia. 2000 (2): 365. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0365:LHADVI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 17033926.
  29. ^ (PDF). Aquarium Industries. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-15.
  30. ^ . April 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Tiger salamander.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambystoma tigrinum.
  • Project Tigrinum Florida

February 16, 2024
tiger, salamander, tiger, salamander, ambystoma, tigrinum, species, mole, salamander, largest, terrestrial, salamanders, north, america, several, captivityconservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animaliaphy. The tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum is a species of mole salamander 2 and one of the largest terrestrial salamanders in North America 3 Tiger salamanderSeveral in captivityConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder UrodelaFamily AmbystomatidaeGenus AmbystomaSpecies A tigrinumBinomial nameAmbystoma tigrinum Green 1825 Synonyms 2 Siren operculata Palisot de Beauvois 1799 invalid Proteus neocaesariensis Green 1818 invalid Axolotus philadelphicus Jarocki 1822 invalid Salamandra tigrina Green 1825 basionym Salamandra ingens Green 1831Salamandra lurida Sager 1839Ambystoma episcopus Baird 1850 1849 Siredon harlanii Dumeril Bibron and Dumeril 1854Ambystoma bicolor Hallowell 1858 1857 Amblystoma conspersum Cope 1859 Amblystoma obscurumBaird in Cope 1868 1867 Amblystoma xiphiasCope 1868 1867 Amblystoma copeianumHay 1885 Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Breeding 4 Diseases 5 Related species 6 References 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum source source source source source source source Ambystoma tigrinum nbsp Biofluorescence in Ambystoma tigrinumThese salamanders usually grow to a length of 6 8 in 15 20 cm with a lifespan of around 12 15 years 4 They are characterized by having markings varying in color on the back of their head body and tail 5 The coloring of these spots range from brownish yellow to greenish yellow while the rest of their back is black or dark brown 3 They have short snouts thick necks strong legs and lengthy tails 6 Tiger salamanders are a sexually dimorphic species as the males are larger in body size as well as have longer and higher tails than females 7 Their diet consists largely of small insects snails slugs frogs and worms although it is not rare for an adult to turn cannibalistic and consume its own kind 5 8 Cannibalism in these salamanders can almost always be traced back to a large volume of competing predators and lack of prey in the area 9 If the opportunity presents itself tiger salamanders will even feed on other smaller salamander species lizards snakelets baby snakes and newborn mice 8 10 On February 2 2005 Representative Bob Biggins introduced a bill to make the tiger salamander the official state amphibian of Illinois and to make the painted turtle the official state reptile The bill was signed into law by Governor Rod Blagojevich on July 19 2005 11 Habitat editTiger salamanders habitats range from woodlands crowded with conifer and deciduous trees to grassy open fields 3 These amphibians are secretive creatures who spend most of their lives underground in burrows making them difficult to spot 4 One significant requirement these salamanders need to thrive is loose soil for burrowing 12 Tiger salamanders are almost entirely terrestrial as adults and usually only return to the water to breed The ideal breeding condition for tiger salamanders ranges from wetlands such as cattle ponds and vernal pools to flooded swamps 5 The colonization of wetlands by tiger salamanders has been positively related to the area of the wetlands 13 This species is most commonly found on the Atlantic coast from New York down to Florida 14 They are known however to be the widest ranging species of salamander in North America and have been found in smaller populations from coast to coast 6 Ambystoma tigrinum populations occurring in northern and eastern regions of the United States are thought to be native populations as evidence from a study uncovered the species in these regions seem to be from relict populations The species which occur on the west coast of the United States are not necessarily native occurring to the region and occur as a result of introduction for sport fishing bait which has resulted in hybridization 15 Though tiger salamanders are not indicators of an ecosystem they are good indicators of a healthy environment because they need good moist soil to burrow in But pond disturbance invasive fish and road construction threaten the annual population 16 Breeding editLike all ambystomatids they are extremely loyal to their birthplaces and will travel long distances to reach them Some research has shown that females will travel farther than males 17 However a single tiger salamander has only a 50 chance of breeding more than once in its lifetime In a study conducted in South Carolina breeding migrations of adult tiger salamanders began in late October or November for males and November through February for females 18 The tiger salamander s ideal breeding period is somewhere between the late winter and early spring once the ground is warm enough and the water is thawed 12 Males nudge a willing female to initiate mating and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom Some males known as sneaker males will mimic female behavior in order to trick females in taking their spermatophore without alerting the male rival 19 There appears to be no relation between size and mating success 20 However females prefer mates with longer tails over mates with shorter tails 7 About 48 hours after insemination the female is ready to deposit her eggs in the breeding pool 12 One female can lay up to 25 30 eggs per egg mass She carefully attaches the eggs to secure twigs grass and leaves at the bottom of the pool to ensure her eggs safety 21 In about 12 15 days time the eggs will be fully hatched and ready to mature in the pool 21 It takes a tiger salamander approximately three months to reach full maturity and leave the breeding pool 21 Large scale captive breeding of tiger salamanders has not been accomplished for unknown reasons The larva is entirely aquatic and is characterized by large external gills 22 23 and a prominent caudal fin that originates just behind the head similar to the Mexican axolotl Limbs are fully developed within a short time of hatching Some larvae especially in seasonal pools and in the north may metamorphose as soon as feasible These are known as small morph adults Other larvae especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates may not metamorphose until fully adult size These large larvae are usually known as waterdogs 24 and are used extensively in the fishing bait and pet trades Some populations may not metamorphose at all and become sexually mature while in their larval form These are the neotenes and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are poor Diseases editAlthough immune themselves tiger salamanders transmit Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis which is a major worldwide threat to most frog species by causing the disease chytridiomycosis 25 Tiger salamanders also carry ranaviruses which infect reptiles amphibians and fish Using tiger salamander larvae as fishing bait appears to be a major source of exposure and transport to wild populations One of these ranaviruses is even named the Ambystoma tigrinum virus ATV This ranavirus only transmits to other salamanders and was not found in fish or other amphibians 26 Severe mortality of tiger salamander larvae sometimes occurs from recurring ranavirus infections Related species editThe California tiger salamander Ambystoma californiense 27 listed at Vulnerable the barred tiger salamander A mavortium and the plateau tiger salamander A velasci were all once considered subspecies of A tigrinum but are now considered separate species Genetic studies made it necessary to break up the original A tigrinum population though some hybridization between groups occurs The California tiger salamander is now federally listed as an endangered species mostly due to habitat loss however very few studies have been performed on this species 28 The axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander 29 30 Axolotls live in a paedomorphic state retaining most characteristics of their larval stage for their entire lifespans While they never metamorphose under natural conditions metamorphosis can be induced in them resulting in a form very similar to the plateau tiger salamander This is not however their natural condition and dramatically shortens their lifespan References edit IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2022 Ambystoma tigrinum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T83293207A196342827 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2022 1 RLTS T83293207A196342827 en Retrieved 20 October 2023 a b Frost Darrel R 2021 Ambystoma tigrinum Green 1825 Amphibian Species of the World An Online Reference Version 6 1 American Museum of Natural History doi 10 5531 db vz 0001 Retrieved 23 February 2021 a b c Smith Hobart M 1978 Amphibians of North America a guide to field identification New York Golden Press ISBN 978 0 307 63662 1 OCLC 4875093 a b Tiger Salamander National Wildlife Federation Retrieved 2019 11 29 a b c Niemiller Matthew L Reynolds R Graham 2011 The Amphibians of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee University of Tennessee Press pp 88 89 90 ISBN 978 1 57233 762 6 a b Tiger Salamander Animals National Geographic 10 September 2010 Archived from the original on May 26 2017 Retrieved 2019 11 29 a b Howard R D Moorman R S Whiteman H H June 1997 Differential effects of mate competition and mate choice on eastern tiger salamanders Animal Behaviour 53 6 1345 1356 doi 10 1006 anbe 1996 0359 ISSN 0003 3472 PMID 9236030 S2CID 6967838 a b Wentz Alissa Ambystoma tigrinum Eastern Tiger Salamander Animal Diversity Web McKlean K I January 2016 Cannibalistic morph Tiger Salamanders in Unexpected Ecological Contexts American Midland Naturalist 1 64 65 doi 10 1674 amid 175 01 64 72 1 Ambystoma tigrinum AmphibiaWeb Retrieved 2022 12 16 Biggins Bob February 2 2005 Bill Status of House Bill 847 State Amphibian Reptile Illinois General Assembly Retrieved June 14 2023 a b c Wentz Alissa Ambystoma tigrinum Eastern Tiger Salamander Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 2019 12 04 Millikin Alice R Coster Stephanie S Welsh Amy B Anderson James T 2023 Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools Diversity 15 2 124 doi 10 3390 d15020124 ISSN 1424 2818 Tiger Salamanders amphibianfoundation org Retrieved 2019 12 03 Johnson Jarrett R Thomson Robert C Micheletti Steven J Shaffer H Bradley April 2011 The origin of tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum populations in California Oregon and Nevada introductions or relicts Conservation Genetics 12 2 355 370 Bibcode 2011ConG 12 355J doi 10 1007 s10592 010 0144 2 ISSN 1566 0621 S2CID 16248640 Shi Rowena Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society Titus Valorie Madison Dale Green Timothy 2014 The Importance of Maintaining Upland Forest Habitat Surrounding Salamander Breeding Ponds Case Study of the Eastern Tiger Salamander in New York USA Forests 5 12 3070 3086 doi 10 3390 f5123070 ISSN 1999 4907 Semlitsch Raymond D 16 August 1983 Structure and Dynamics of Two Breeding Populations of the Eastern Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Copeia 1983 3 608 616 doi 10 2307 1444324 JSTOR 1444324 Arnold Stevan J 2010 04 26 Sexual Behavior Sexual Interference and Sexual Defense in the Salamanders Ambystoma maculatum Ambystoma tigrinum and Plethodon jordani Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 42 3 247 300 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 1976 tb00970 x ISSN 0044 3573 Williams Rod N DeWoody J Andrew 2009 06 01 Reproductive Success and Sexual Selection in Wild Eastern Tiger Salamanders Ambystoma t tigrinum Evolutionary Biology 36 2 201 213 Bibcode 2009EvBio 36 201W doi 10 1007 s11692 009 9058 7 ISSN 1934 2845 S2CID 22305575 a b c Eastern Tiger Salamander Chesapeake Bay Program Retrieved 2019 12 04 Doug Collicutt Raising Tigers Tiger Salamanders that is Nature North Ambystoma tigrinum AmphibiaWeb Water Dogs Arizona Highways September 17 2015 Verbrugghe Elin Van Rooij Pascale Favoreel Herman Martel An Pasmans Frank November 2019 In vitro modeling of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection of the amphibian skin PLOS ONE 14 11 e0225224 Bibcode 2019PLoSO 1425224V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0225224 PMC 6855447 PMID 31725762 S2CID 208035849 Jancovich JK Davidson EW Seiler A Jacobs BL Collins JP 2001 transmission of the Ambystoma tigrinum virus to alternative hosts Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46 3 159 163 doi 10 3354 dao046159 ISSN 0177 5103 PMID 11710549 Shaffer H B S Stanley 1991 Final report to California Department of Fish and Game California tiger salamander surveys 1991 Report Rancho Cordova California California Department of Fish and Game Inland Fisheries Division Contract FG9422 Trenham Peter C Shaffer H Bradley Koenig Walter D Stromberg Mark R Ross S T 1 May 2000 Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander Ambystoma californiense Copeia 2000 2 365 doi 10 1643 0045 8511 2000 000 0365 LHADVI 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 17033926 Mexican Walking Fish Axolotls Ambystoma mexicanum PDF Aquarium Industries March 15 2018 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 03 15 Aquarium Online Axolotols Walking Fish April 10 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 04 10 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Tiger salamander nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambystoma tigrinum Project Tigrinum Florida Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tiger salamander amp oldid 1188224942, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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